Explain why the monsoon wind that is shown develops.

[4] –
Strong heating of ground / High temperatures over land - Causes air to rise/become lighter /
less dense -Low pressure created - High pressure created - Winds move from high to low
pressure. The monsoon shown develops because the land heats faster than the sea. The
warm air is less dense so it rises, creating an area of low pressure. Winds move from an area
of high pressure to an area of low pressure. So the moist, cool winds from the sea move to
land where they meet the warm air rising from the land. Convection takes place and humid,
warm air rises. Once it reaches a certain height it cools and condenses.
Explain how topography and climate affect the people's lives in mountain areas. [6] -
Farming is difficult because of the cold climate -People live indoors because of the cold
climate -Craft industries because people live indoors in winter -People wear thick clothes
because of the cold climate. -Transhumance is done because of the mountainous
topography -Tourism is a source of income because of the beautiful mountain scenery, -Lack
of development because of inaccessibility -Roads blocked because of landslides, avalanches,
etc. -Farming is difficult because of thin, stony soils
Explain how the climate of desert areas affects agricultural and industrial development.[6]
Agriculture -Lack of rain – poor growth / low yields/crops die -Winds – cause soil
erosion/crop damage -Water supply – need for storage and / irrigation, wells, canals, Karees
-Hot – evaporation of water / high evapotranspiration -Sunny – need for shade e.g. date
palms -Storms / heavy showers - cause crop damage Industry -People do not want to live
there / lack of people to work -Lack of water for production processes -Lack of agricultural
raw materials -Areas are usually un- or under-developed / cracked, sandy roads -Unpleasant
working conditions. The extremely hot and dry climate of the deserts makes agriculture very
hard. Aridity causes a lack of rainfall, without water crops do not grow well—the strong
winds cause soil erosion.
Describe the route of the main monsoon across Pakistan. [4] –
East to west / from North-East / from East -From Bay of Bengal / Northern India -Across
Punjab / upper Indus Plain -Towards the Northern Areas/mountains / interior Asia
Emerges from the bay of Bengal crosses north-western India and enters eastern Pakistan
where the Punjab, and upper Indus plain lie. Rises over to the northern mountains.
Explain the importance of the arrival of the monsoon to people who live and work in
urban areas. [4]
Benefits -Cooler – better working and living conditions / pleasant climate -Fresher – less
dust, pollution, cleaner air -Water supply – for drinking, factories, market gardens, buffalo
(not rural farming)
In what ways does the winter climate make life difficult for people who live in
mountainous areas? [6] -snow covers groundwater shortage / water freezes -no farming in
winter/nothing grows/need to store food / no fishing -live indoors / cannot work outside -
animals kept in sheds / need feeding / no pasture -roads or railways blocked/closed / no
travel/communication -damage to buildings e.g. by avalanches, landslides, frozen
pipes/death of people -fog / no air travel -power lines cut -telephone lines cut / no
telecommunication -no tourism -need to keep warm / need for heating -long nights / short
days -less income / less work / less trade / economic activity stop
Tourism, Snow melts,
 Explain two factors that affect winter temperatures in Pakistan. [4] -Insolation/angle of the
sun -As the overhead sun moves to the southern hemisphere / over Tropic of Capricorn, rays
-spread over a larger area -Altitude/height of the land -As this increases temperatures
decrease -Air is less dense so holds less heat/heat radiated from the surface decreases with
-altitude Continental / maritime effect -Land loses heat in winter -No moderating sea winds
(d) Consider the feasibility of improving water supply to farmers in Punjab and Sindh. [6] In
favor -Rainfall in monsoon season can be stored -Snow melts from mountains -Indus river
system brings water from highlands -Can make more storage/reservoirs/dams/barrages -
Can build more canals -Can use groundwater / build more tube wells . Reduce
waste/seepage/flooding -Clear silt/silt traps -Control water pollution-Modern technology,
e.g. tube wells, sprinklers -Education of farmers -Plant trees for more rainfall Against -Cost
of reservoirs, tube-wells canals, etc. -Indus Treaty limits supply/conf.ict with India over
supplies -Lower water table restricts groundwater -Other constraints, e.g. education,
wastage, conflict between users etc. -Can be ruined by floods Improvements -More storage
-More canals - But -Need for investment -Lack of training for farmers -Lack of water supply -
Conflict with India
(i) To what extent could government action increase agricultural production in Pakistan? [6]
Possibilities -Improve education e.g. model farms, traveling advisors, training centers,
colleges -Loans eg. For machinery, HYV, fertilizer -Subsidies e.g. for imported machinery,
fertilizer prices lower -More fertiliser/pesticides factories or imports -More machinery
factories or imports -Land reforms eg. Consolidation -Improve water availability e.g.
reservoirs, canals -Cure of waterlogging and salinity eg. SCARP -Weather forecasts -Media
e.g. radio, TV Problems -Lack of money -Illiteracy -High population -Other calls on
government investment/attention -Fears of unemployment due to mechanization -Land
reforms may fail due to corruption/power of landlords [May/
(ii) (ii) How can deforestation affect water supplies? [4] -Too little: Muddy water
undrinkable/polluted -Reduced evapotranspiration so less rain -Silt in reservoirs reduces
storage -Silt blocks irrigation channels 68 | P a g e -Irregular flow/ comes in bursts -Too
much: Flooding/faster runoff
(iii) (c) (I) what is sustainable forestry? [3] -ensuring supplies are there for future selective
cutting -replanting trees that have been cut down/re-afforestation -maintaining/looking
after forests -planting species that do not need irrigation (ii) Why does Pakistan need to
increase the area of irrigated plantations? [3] -Too many trees have been cut down/too
much deforestation -To provide more wood for industry, increase in population, etc. -To
relieve waterlogging/waterlogging and salinity -To prevent erosion of banks/slopes -To
replace areas where forests cannot be replaced (e.g. due to soil erosion or urbanization) -
For tourism -To reduce imports (d) (I) Why is afforestation called ‘a long-term investment’?
[2] -trees take many years to grow -many years before the financial return/start
production/results are seen -the high cost of planting -costs during growth
(iv)
(v)
(vi) (iv) Why is it important that forests by the coast are protected? [4] -Breeding grounds for
fish } -Feed amongst roots / protected by roots } -Shelter from storms / cyclones / high
tides / flooding -Prevents coastal erosion -Resource for local people – wood for houses,
boats, food, fruit -Habitat / shelter for wildlife -Under threat from oil spills / overcutting /
polluted effluent / etc.
(vii) With reference to Fig. 2, explain how deforestation can cause soil erosion. [5] -Soil is
exposed / lack of protection from leaves and branches -Surface water flow carried soil away
- Lack of infiltration into ground -Less water absorbed by roots / less evapotranspiration -No
roots to hold soil -No leaf fall to add humus/fertility -Leaching of nutrients / nutrients lost -
No new plants grow There has been development of forests in lowland areas of Punjab and
Sindh using irrigation
(viii) (ii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing more irrigated plantations of
trees in lowland areas of Punjab and Sindh. [6] Advantages -Timber for named use e.g.
construction, fencing, firewood -Food for animals / people -Leaf fall for humus / fertility -
Rainfall / humidity -Shade / shelter/ reduce temperatures -Clean air / more oxygen /
absorbs CO2 -Scenic beauty/ promote tourism -Protection from soil erosion -Employment /
work -Habitat for wildlife -Eucalyptus trees can reduce waterlogging and salinity
Disadvantages -High cost /long term investment / not a quick profit -Cost of
maintenance/care -Need for irrigation / more demand on water supplies -Loss of land for
housing/farmland / other land use -Problems caused by roots, leaves, etc.
(ix) State two effects of deforestation in mountain areas. [2] -Increased surface runoff -soil
erosion/leaching / infertile -landslides/avalanches -floods -less rainfall} climatic change -
higher temperatures} -loss of habitat / rare species -shortage of firewood/food -siltation in
reservoirs (dams) Explain how one of these could be controlled. [4] (Soil erosion etc.
controlled by) -planting trees to hold the soil -planting trees to protect the soil -terracing -
contour plowing -selective cutting -education/awareness (Siltation controlled by) -Silt traps -
Dredging/removal of silt from re
(x) irrigated forests’ -most by rivers/by Indus -6/7 in Punjab/most in Punjab/upper Indus plain -
1 in Lower Sindh/near Hyderabad/lower Lower Indus Plain -1 on border of Punjab and
NWFP/confluence of Indus and Gomal