ORGANIZATIONS Postal Union, the World Health Organization, the air operations safe, stable and secure around

he air operations safe, stable and secure around the world.

International Maritime Organization. Besides reaching Remember, the ICAO is not a global regulator, and it is
Welcome to SWENAS's introductory course to civil agreements on their own matters of expertise, these always the local authorities of each country that enforce
aviation maintenance. agencies work alongside the UN and interact with each their own laws and regulations.
The purpose of this course is to help you to get familiar other, sharing information, inputs and recommendations
wherever their interests coincide. Now we'll take a look at the International Air Transport
with the commercial aviation industry in general, Association, or IATA. IATA stands for International Air
understand the current market and its history, get Let us immerse in the first organization called ICAO, Transport Association, and is a non-governmental trade
acquainted with the different organizations involved in International Civil Aviation Organization. The agency association made up of the world's most important
regulating the industry, and identify the different charged with coordinating agreements on air travel is the airlines, covering over 80% of commercial traffic today.
documents, manuals and processes involved in the field of International Civil Aviation Organization. As with all other IATA supports the airline industry by setting standards and
aircraft maintenance. specialized agencies, its members are states. The ICAO helping to formulate policies. IATA was founded in 1945.
In this class we shall see the different organizations and was established in 1944 in Chicago during the Convention The Second World War had finished, commercial aviation
authorities that regulate and influence the commercial on International Civil Aviation, also known as the Chicago was booming around the world, as more and more heavy
aviation industry. Convention. 52 member states signed a document transport aircraft were hitting the market. IATA basically
agreeing to certain rules of airspace, aircraft registration, came into existence as an agreement between the major
We have all heard that aviation is one of the safest means safety, security, sustainability and the rights of the airlines of the world, who mainly state-owned, to regulate
of transportation out there. While technological advance signatories in relation to air travel. For example, Article 1 and structure airfares at an international level. You are
does play an important role, this is mainly thanks to the states that every state has complete and exclusive probably more familiar with IATA's industry standards
heavily regulated environment in which the aviation sovereignty over airspace above its territory, while Article than you realize. They issue unique identifying codes for
industry operates. Aircraft cannot be designed, produced, 3bis states that every other state must refrain from different actors within the industry, from three-letter
sold, operated and maintained unless they comply with resorting to the use of weapons against civil aircraft in airport codes to airlines' two-letter codes. You can find
extensive international regulations and standards. This flight. The document also contains 19 annexes, each one both on your airline boarding pass, which has also been
applies to pretty much every other player in the industry, containing standards and recommended practices for standardized by IATA. Their codes also extend to baggage
from airports and maintenance centers to travel agents different areas of the industry. Annex 14 states standards handling, and even travel agents. IATA's members meet
and air traffic controllers. and recommended practices for the design, construction once a year at what is considered to be the main annual
and operation of aerodromes, while Annex 6 includes event in the airline industry. Here, they discuss industry
In this section we shall take a close look at the different specifications for the Meteorological Service for problems, trends, and decide policies to pursue or
organizations and authorities that oversee this industry, International Air Navigation. Today the ICAO is funded and implement to benefit the industry.
their roles and their importance. directed by 193 national governments, and its main
function is to coordinate the discussion between its At a national level, the most important actor is the Civil
Within the United Nations are 17 specialized agencies, Aviation Authority of a country. Let's take a closer look at
each tasked with providing a platform for international members and to recommend standards for the aviation
industry. Once there is a diplomatic consensus around a its main functions. A Civil Aviation Authority is the
discussion and agreements on a particular matter. These government body of a country with the power to regulate
include the World Meteorological Organization, the new standard's scope and details, it is then adopted by
those same 193 countries in order to bring worldwide all aspects of civil aviation. There is virtually no activity
International Telecommunications Union, the Universal related to the operation of an aircraft that does not have
alignment to their national regulations, helping to make
to conform to the regulations enforced by the local So you now have a grasp of the main organizations operations worldwide. Obtaining this certificate is often a
aviation authority. The authority maintains and enforces a regulating the civil aviation industry and their roles. That's costly part of aircraft development.
long list of regulations with different parts pertaining to all for now, see you in the next class.
different activities in civil aviation. Worldwide, the most Aircraft registration is another crucial aspect. According to
prominent authorities are the American FAA and the the Chicago Convention, aircraft must be registered with
European EASA. Most other states in the world follow the local authority to fly legally. Each aircraft receives a
ECONOMICS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION unique identification code, prominently displayed on the
trends set by these two authorities, and save for a few
exceptions, their regulations are usually the same. This Hello and welcome to SWENA's training. airframe. A certificate of airworthiness, issued by the local
means that when an aircraft, for example, has been authority, confirms that the aircraft conforms to its type
certified by the FAA, other countries usually follow suit. In We shall now look at several important certificates design and is in an airworthy condition.
fact, in some cases, for example, spare parts, an FAA or encountered within commercial aviation. As previously
mentioned, aviation is an intensively regulated activity, Noise certification is also important, with guidelines
EASA certificate of airworthiness is accepted by the local established by organizations like the ICAA to regulate
authority as valid. with local authorities issuing certificates to declare
compliance with relevant regulations. Authority-issued aircraft noise levels. Manufacturers must conduct specific
Let's take a look at the list of federal aviation regulations certificates, particularly those from the FAA or EASA, are noise measurement methods to ensure compliance with
emitted by the FAA, organized into parts, with each part among the most crucial documents in aviation. these guidelines. The corresponding noise certificate,
dealing with a specific type of activity. Airworthiness Certification processes are typically intense and time- issued by the local aviation authority, confirms compliance
standards for transport category planes are detailed in consuming, as they involve meeting numerous conditions with local noise regulations.
part 25, while the airworthiness standards for aircraft and standards. Obtaining a certificate serves as an official Additionally, air carriers must purchase insurance to cover
engines is detailed in part 33. A repair station has to guarantee of stringent quality and safety standards. their operations, and aircraft must always travel with valid
comply with the regulations outlined in part 145, while insurance certificates. Radio licenses, issued by
airports are certified according to part 139. As a side note, Let's begin by examining operator certificates. The FAA
distinguishes two types of air carriers: regularly scheduled telecommunications organizations, are also required for
since 1958, these rules have typically been referred to as transmitting equipment installed and operated in aircraft.
FARs, short for Federal Aviation Regulations, however, air carriers, referred to as Part 121 carriers, and charter-
another set of regulations, title 48, is titled Federal type carriers, known as Part 135 carriers. Each carrier Export certificates of airworthiness are necessary when
Acquisitions Regulations, and this has led to confusion applying for certification must demonstrate compliance exporting aircraft from one country to be registered in
with the use of the acronym FAR. Therefore, the FAA with specific requirements to the FAA, covering aspects another. Repair stations must be certified by the National
began to refer to specific regulations by the term 14 CFR. such as management structure, financing, insurance, Aviation Authority to carry out maintenance work, even if
When all the governing regulations are met, the FAA aircraft, and maintenance capabilities. they are located in a different country. Personnel involved
issues the corresponding certification, legally authorizing Moving on to aircraft certificates, the type certificate is a in aviation, including pilots, crew, mechanics, and
the activity. engineers, must comply with health regulations and hold
regulatory document that confirms the airworthiness of
an approved aircraft design. It is issued by the local appropriate licenses.
authority of the country where the aircraft was designed.
Certifying an aircraft design with authorities like the FAA
or EASA is significant, as it facilitates easier sales and
Finally, let's discuss certifications for repairs and 3. Embraer: Founded in Brazil in 1969 and now privatized, 4. Pratt & Whitney: Known for innovations like the geared
alterations performed on aircraft. Major repairs or Embraer focuses on regional jets like the ERJ and E-Jet turbofan engine, Pratt & Whitney is a key player in both
alterations must be approved by the government families, bridging the gap between smaller regional jets narrow-body and wide-body engine markets.
authority, usually requiring specific instructions from the and larger narrow-body aircraft.
manufacturer. Once completed, a form detailing the
actions taken and modifications made is issued to the 4. Bombardier: Originating as a snow vehicle
manufacturer in Canada, Bombardier expanded into 5. International Aero Engines (IAE): A consortium of
corresponding aviation authority. aerospace companies including Pratt & Whitney, IAE
aircraft manufacturing with products like the Dash 8/Q400
In conclusion, these certificates play a crucial role in turboprop and CRJ regional jet families. Airbus acquired manufactures engines for narrow-body aircraft like the
ensuring the safety, compliance, and airworthiness of the C-series program, now known as the A220, while De Airbus A320 family.
aircraft and personnel within the aviation industry. Havilland Canada took over the Q400 program. Understanding the landscape of aircraft and engine
That's all for now. See you in the next class. 5. Irkut: Representing Russia's latest attempt to penetrate manufacturers provides insight into the dynamics of the
the commercial aircraft market, Irkut developed the MC- commercial aviation industry. That wraps up this
21 single-aisle airliner, targeting competition against the overview. See you in the next class!

AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURES Boeing 737 and Airbus A320.

Welcome back to Sawanus Training's introduction to 6. Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC): THE ATA 100 STANDARD
aircraft maintenance. Let's delve into an overview of the Established in 2008, COMAC produces regional jets like
major manufacturers of aircraft and engines for the ARJ-21 and the C919 single-aisle airliner, aimed at Hello and welcome to SWENA's training. In this class, we
commercial aviation. competing with Boeing and Airbus in the Chinese will delve into the ATA 100 standard, a crucial standard in
domestic market. the aviation maintenance industry. Airlines for America,
Aircraft Manufacturers: previously known as the Air Transport Association of
Engine Manufacturers: America or ATA, is a US trade association and lobbying
1. Airbus: Formed in the 1970s as a consortium of group representing the interests of major airlines in the
European companies, Airbus has become the largest 1. CFM International: A joint venture between Safran
Aircraft Engines and General Electric (GE), CFM dominates US. As the US civil aviation market holds significant
commercial aircraft manufacturer globally. Their product importance, trends set in the US have historically
range includes the A320, A330, A340, A350 families, and the jet engine market with engines like the CFM56,
powering aircraft like the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737. influenced the global aviation industry.
now the A220 after acquiring the Bombardier C-series
program. 2. General Electric (GE): With a significant stake in CFM In 1956, ATA introduced the ATA 100 standard, initially
International, GE also manufactures engines known as the ATA Spec 100. This standard has been widely
2. Boeing: Established in 1916 by William E. Boeing, adopted by major aircraft manufacturers worldwide for
Boeing has grown to be the second-largest aircraft independently, representing a substantial portion of the
market share. identifying parts, systems, subsystems, and documents of
manufacturer worldwide. Known for iconic models like the an aircraft. These specifications outline the format and
737, 747, 767, 777, and 787 families, Boeing's aircraft have 3. Rolls-Royce: Another major player in the jet engine content guidelines for organizing manuals and technical
shaped commercial aviation. market, Rolls-Royce engines are widely used in wide-body documents provided by manufacturers, promoting
aircraft, competing with GE and Pratt & Whitney. commonality for enhanced learning and understanding
among personnel involved in aircraft operation and by the manufacturer. The third number element - Task Cards: Instructions for maintenance personnel to
maintenance. represents subjects within sections, such as separate carry out specific tasks on the aircraft, signed and filled out
components. For example, 792151 refers to the air oil heat upon completion.
exchanger, where 1 is the separate component.
Subsequent numbers designate maintenance task - Procedures: Standard steps for specific tasks, including
The core aspect of the ATA 100 standard is the assignment communication protocols.
of specific chapter numbers to each component, system, specifications, such as 420 for installation.
and subsystem of an aircraft, irrespective of the aircraft With this explanation, you now have a solid understanding - Forms: Documents filled out with specific details,
type. For instance, information on an aircraft's landing of the ATA 100 standard. That's all for now. See you in the associated with tasks like inspections.
gear can be found in chapter 32 of the maintenance next class.
manual, while information on doors can be found in - Roster: List of approved personnel qualified to work on
chapter 52, oxygen in chapter 35, and fuel in chapter 28. specific aircraft.

Although the fundamental concept of assigning numbers DOCUMENTS 3. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Documents:
to different components and types of information remains - Airworthiness Directives (ADs): Notifications to
consistent, the ATA 100 specification has evolved over Hello and welcome to SWENA's training. In this class, we
will explore the various documents relevant to aircraft owners and operators of aircraft regarding known safety
time and has ultimately transitioned to today's standard, deficiencies that must be corrected to maintain
the ATA iSpec 2200. This standard encompasses industry- maintenance, their importance, and the organizations
responsible for them. Aviation is heavily documented for airworthiness.
wide numbering for aircraft systems, as well as content
and electronic formatting specifications for technical legal and practical reasons, with numerous manuals and - Advisory Circulars: Informational documents guiding
documents across various delivery mediums. documents used in the industry. aviation industry entities on compliance with
1. Manufacturer's Documents: airworthiness regulations.
The objectives of these standards include minimizing costs
and efforts expended by operators and manufacturers, - Service Bulletins (SBs): Issued by manufacturers to - Regulatory Documents: Rules governing aviation
enhancing information quality and timeliness, and operators detailing modifications or tasks based on activities emitted and enforced by the CAA.
ensuring that manufacturers provide data meeting airline problems encountered in the field.
operational needs. These documents often relate to each other. For example,
- Service Letters or Service Information Letters: Provide a CAA mandate requiring aircraft to be equipped with
Let's examine an example to understand how the format information on products to operators, often to be ADS-B out systems prompted manufacturers to issue
works within a maintenance manual. The identifying code incorporated into manuals in subsequent revisions. service bulletins instructing operators on installation.
comprises three paired elements: ATA chapter, section, Operators then issued engineering orders detailing
and subject. ATA chapters categorize aircraft assemblies 2. Operator-Issued Documents: procedures for maintenance personnel.
and systems, such as chapter 79 for the oil system. The
second number element denotes sections within - Engineering Orders (EOs): Generated by the airline's Understanding these documents is crucial for ensuring
chapters, with the first digit assigned by ATA and the engineering department for modifications, compliance compliance with regulations and maintaining aircraft
second by the manufacturer. For instance, 7921 with service bulletins, airworthiness directives, repairs, safety and airworthiness. That concludes this class. See
represents oil cooling, where 79 is assigned by ATA and 21 etc. you in the next video.
 5. Non-Destructive Testing Manual (NDTM): This manual 12. Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL): The MMEL
instructs qualified personnel on specific non-destructive lists onboard systems, instruments, and equipment that
testing techniques to ensure early recognition of may be inoperative for flight in a specified aircraft model,
MANUFACTURES MANUALS structural damage in the airframe, engine, or aircraft part. allowing operators to customize maintenance based on
their operating requirements.
Hello and welcome to SWENA's training. In this class, we 6. Wiring Diagram Manual (Aircraft Wiring Manual): The
will explore the various manuals provided by aircraft Wiring Diagram Manual provides a physical view of the 13. Component Maintenance Manual (CMM): Similar to
manufacturers, which offer guidelines for the use and aircraft's electrical systems and subsystems, aiding the AMM but at a component level, the CMM outlines off-
maintenance of their products. These manuals are technicians in locating components, connectors, cables, aircraft maintenance tasks for specific components and
essential resources for ensuring the safe and proper and circuits for repairs. includes procedures for restoring structural components.
operation of aircraft and their systems. 7. System Schematic Manual (SSM): The SSM offers a 14. Engine Manual: This manual contains data for
1. Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM): This formal functional view of electric, mechanical, hydraulic, or monitoring engine condition and performing
document outlines the correct procedures for all pneumatic systems and subsystems, helping technicians maintenance on engines and their components, as
maintenance tasks performed on an aircraft, including understand system workings and perform fault isolation engines may be installed on different aircraft and
lubrication, system checks, and servicing. It serves as the procedures. maintained separately.
basis for an airline's maintenance task cards. 8. Standards Practice Manual (SPM): The SPM contains 15. Maintenance Planning Documents (MPDs): MPDs
2. Illustrated Parts Catalog (IPC): The IPC aids in localizing, information on manufacturers' product standards, semi- describe repetitive tasks required to maintain aircraft and
identifying, and requisitioning exchangeable equipment, finished product standards, and related proprietary parts, are submitted to aviation authorities for approval.
units, assemblies, or detailed parts installed on the aiding mechanics or engineers in checking proper
procedures for aircraft maintenance tasks. When manuals are incomplete or do not cover specific
aircraft. It includes parts for which maintenance practices situations encountered, manual supplements are issued,
are provided and is organized by chapters for easy 9. Weight and Balance Manual: This manual provides which are later incorporated into subsequent manual
reference. weight and balance limitations and detailed information revisions.
3. Structural Repair Manual (SRM): The SRM details on aircraft loading capabilities to ensure the aircraft's
center of gravity remains within safe limits. Understanding the purpose and use of these manuals is
procedures for repairing structural damage sustained by crucial for ensuring the safe operation and maintenance
an aircraft. If necessary procedures are not found in the 10. Aircraft Flight Manual (Operating Manual): The of aircraft. That concludes this class. See you in the next
SRM, repair organizations must contact the manufacturer Aircraft Flight Manual contains parameters, limitations, video.
for specific repair schemes. and instructions necessary for safe aircraft operation,
4. Troubleshooting Manual (TSM): The TSM provides serving as the basis for pilot training and certification.
maintenance personnel with a direct approach to 11. Quick Reference Handbook (QRH): The QRH contains OPERATORS MANUALS
troubleshooting and corrective actions to isolate faults procedures for abnormal and emergency conditions in an
quickly. Welcome back to SWENA's training. Today, we're diving
easy-to-use format, serving as the pilot's troubleshooting into the essential manuals that an air carrier must publish
manual during in-flight problems.
and present to its National Aviation Authority. Let's when flying in RVSM conditions. It includes equipment the need for new regulations and broader regulatory
explore their significance: specifications and operational protocols for maintaining involvement in maintenance requirements.
safe airspace capacity.

7. **CAT II/CAT III Manual**: This manual introduces

1. General Maintenance Manual (GMM): This concepts, guidelines, and policies for certification to With the entry of large jet airplanes into the commercial
comprehensive manual outlines the procedures necessary perform instrument landings. It outlines specific market in the 1950s, the airplane manufacturer became
to maintain the airworthiness of the carrier's fleet. It requirements for approaches, including minimum descent the source of maintenance program development. The
includes details on the organizational structure, personnel altitudes and runway visual ranges. underlying concept was that of hard time, that is, to
responsibilities, and maintenance obligations. overhaul or scrap components after a certain amount of
8. **Placards and Markings Manual**: Providing time. As experience was gained, it became apparent that
2. Minimum Equipment List (MEL): Aircraft-specific and information on safety, operational, and commercial some components did not require as much attention as
based on the manufacturer's master list, the MEL markings on the aircraft, this manual ensures compliance others, and new methods of maintenance control were
identifies equipment that may be inoperable under with regulatory requirements and standardizes markings developed.
certain conditions while maintaining airworthiness. It for maintenance and operational purposes.
serves as a reference for determining whether In the 1960s, several large air carriers formed a task force
maintenance tasks can be deferred and outlines required Each of these manuals plays a critical role in ensuring safe to investigate the capabilities of preventive maintenance.
procedures. and compliant operations for air carriers. By adhering to The findings of the task force led to a document called
the guidelines outlined in these documents, carriers Maintenance Steering Group 1, or MSG-1 for short. A new
3. **Dispatch Deviation Guide (DDG)**: This supplement maintain airworthiness, operational efficiency, and type of maintenance called on-condition maintenance
to the MEL specifies procedures to follow when an aircraft regulatory compliance. That's all for today's class. See you was developed. Aircraft components and items removed
flies with defective or missing equipment. It ensures safe next time! on an on-condition basis are inspected to determine their
operations despite equipment issues. airworthiness. If certain criteria are not met, the item is
4. **Aircraft Ground De-Icing Manual**: Addressing replaced and either repaired, overhauled, or discarded.
aeroplane icing on the ground, this manual outlines AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM Otherwise, it is deemed airworthy and fit to carry on being
procedural requirements for safe de-icing and anti-icing installed on the aircraft.
operations during adverse weather conditions. Hello, and welcome to SWENA's training.
The MSG-1 philosophy was developed further in the
5. **Operation Specifications Manual**: In this manual, In this two-part class, we will look at how the air carrier, following years, and in the 1970s MSG-1 gave way to MSG-
the operator declares operational authorizations, the different organizations, documents, manuals, and 2. It was process oriented and analyzed failure modes
limitations, and procedures to the aviation authority. It certifications interact with each other to form the aircraft from the park level up. MSG-2 introduced a new
specifies approved aircraft types and serial numbers and maintenance program. maintenance philosophy, condition monitoring. In this
outlines operational protocols. case, no services or inspections are scheduled to
In the early days of aviation, maintenance programs were determine integrity or serviceability. Mechanical
6. **Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) developed by mechanics. The programs were simple and performance is monitored and analyzed to prevent
Manual**: Detailing approved requirements and without analytical basis. The formation of airlines created premature deterioration and failure of components or
maintenance procedures, this manual ensures compliance systems based on the statistical information, but limits
and mandatory actions are not prescribed. In simple component considerably. As a result, MSG-3 practices gained by analysis of failures or other indications of
terms, the component is simply repaired or replaced result in a 25-30% cost reduction compared to MSG-2. deterioration.
when it fails. Understandably, this philosophy is best Revisions to the MSG-3 philosophy have provided added
applied to components which are either backed up by methodology for improving coverage of all modes of
other components or whose failure does not affect the failure, such as inclusion of the corrosion prevention and Now we'll look at how maintenance is planned for each
safe operation of the aircraft. The main aspect of this control program, enhanced zonal analysis and lightning or aircraft. As we saw with the MSG philosophy,
maintenance philosophy was its bottom-up approach. high-intensity radiated fields. manufacturers continue to work alongside operators,
Each component was considered individually, working regulators and associations to continue improving and
upwards throughout the system in which it worked. So, to be clear, MSG philosophy divides aircraft
components and systems into three distinct categories developing aircraft maintenance guidelines. The
The main objective of MSG-2 was to prioritize safety with depending on when they are maintained. **Hard time** manufacturer's local civil aviation authority evaluates
little regard to economics. However, after several years of refers to scheduled maintenance control, which applies to these proposals and for each aircraft family emits a
experience, it was determined that in several cases costs all maintenance actions to be accomplished at specific maintenance review board report. It outlines the tasks
could be reduced while at the same time maintaining the time intervals. For instance, the FAA requires that and conditions that must be met in order to ensure aircraft
same safety standards. altimeters be removed and recalibrated every 24 months. airworthiness and is a legal requirement for the aircraft to
Also, components like turbine discs and shafts, which have be considered airworthy. The manufacturer then develops
Then, in 1978, United Airlines, commissioned by the a fatigue life and must be replaced after a certain number a maintenance planning document that specifies which
Department of Defense, developed a methodology for of cycles. **On condition** is assigned to components repetitive tasks have to be performed and how often to
designing maintenance programs based on tested and and systems on which a determination of continued ensure correct maintenance of the aircraft and in
proven airline practices. This new methodology was the airworthiness can be made by visual inspection, compliance with the MRB report. Said tasks must also be
basis for MSG-3, the current industry standard. measurements, tests or other means without detailed in their respective task cards, outlining the
disassembly, inspection or overhaul. This means a correct procedure to follow and data to record in each
Let's go through the main characteristics of MSG-3. This case. Each task procedure is documented in the aircraft
methodology has a task-oriented approach to maintenance task is carried out on a component or system
depending on our assessment of its condition. Not time. maintenance manual. Although specific criteria and time
maintenance that analyzes system failure modes from a intervals outlined in the MPD must be met, it is up to the
system level or top-down. Several inspection tasks for a The best example of an on-condition component is the
engine system, which is monitored closely during its aircraft operator to determine how it will comply. They will
particular system or zone of the aircraft are grouped to rely on the manufacturer's provided tasks and the MPD to
form a zonal inspection program, which can involve tasks operation. By observing parameters such as vibrations,
exhaust gas temperature, fuel flow and oil pressure, it's prepare their own aircraft maintenance program, which
such as corrosion inspections and structural sampling. must be approved by their local aviation authority. The
Maintenance tasks are performed for safety, operational possible to determine whether certain components are in
need of maintenance. **Condition monitoring** is a operator's maintenance program is one of the
or economic reasons. They involve both preventive requirements to obtain the airworthiness certificate.
maintenance and failure-finding tasks. Many items process for systems, components or appliances that have
neither hard time nor on-condition maintenance as their Maintenance programs are constantly updated by means
previously considered as condition monitoring are now of several different documents, including manufacturer's
considered on condition, and rather than wait for the part primary maintenance process. It is accomplished by
appropriate means available to an operator for finding and service bulletins and letters and authority's airworthiness
to fail, minimum maintenance activities, such as directives and circulars. The operator will implement
lubrication and cleaning, can extend the life of a solving problem areas. The user must control the
reliability of systems or equipment based on knowledge changes to its AMP as it gains experience through the
utilization of the aircraft or due to changes in external destinations also influence their maintenance program.
factors, such as reduced flying time due to reduced Some airlines may have long layovers at certain
demand. Those changes will be analyzed and approved, or destinations for commercial reasons and may decide to - Restoration: Reworking, replacement of parts, or
not, by the local authority. carry out some maintenance tasks with local mechanics in cleaning necessary to return an item to a specific
the meantime. Remember, no two air carriers are the standard.
So, you now understand the different historical same and all face different challenges when planning their
approaches to aircraft maintenance and the relationship - Discard: The removal from service of an item at a
maintenance programs. Failure to consider these aspects specified time limit.
between different organizations, manuals and can lead to an inefficient or impractical operation.
documents. Now let's see some examples of the application of the
Now let's take a closer look at the MPD, the types of tasks MPD and why it's important. Regarding the airframe
That's all for part one. See you in part two. it can contain, and the codes used to refer to them: structure, damage prevention and repairs are
Hello and welcome to SWENA's training. - Lubrication: Consumable replenishment by lubricating. contemplated in the following types of tasks:

In this class, we will continue looking at the aircraft - Servicing: Consumable replenishment by servicing. - Structural inspections: Outline tasks where specific
maintenance program and how airlines plan their areas of the airframe are inspected for cracks.
maintenance activities. As mentioned, an aircraft - Operational check: A failure finding task to determine if
maintenance program is a tailored maintenance plan the an item is fulfilling its intended purposes and does not - Supplemental structural inspection: Covers inspections
operator prepares in order to comply with the MPD and require quantitative tolerances. for cracks that were not originally contemplated in the SI
MRB requirements. However, there are certain document, either because cracks were found in an
considerations they must take into account. - Visual check: A visual failure finding task through unexpected area of the airframe, increased crack risk due
observation to determine if an item is fulfilling its intended to a structural modification, or the aircraft is operated
They are: purpose and does not require quantitative tolerances. beyond its intended operating cycles.

- Technical aspects: The operator must have the available - General visual inspection: A visual examination that will - Airworthiness limitation items: Maintenance and
resources to carry out its maintenance work. This can detect obvious unsatisfactory conditions. inspection instructions that must be performed at listed
include operators qualification and certifications or intervals and are adopted using the airworthiness
technical and human resources. - Functional check: A quantitative check to determine if directive process. They are safety critical actions that are
one or more functions of an item perform within specified needed to address unsafe conditions.
- Commercial aspects: Local air traffic movement, limits. This is a potential failure finding task.
seasonal demand, and time of day. Operators may need to - Corrosion prevention and control program: Outlines the
use their aircraft more intensely during holiday periods or - Detailed inspection: An intensive visual examination of a tasks necessary to inspect specific areas of the airframe
at certain times of the day. They will need to choose when specific detail, assembly, or installation. This is a potential for corrosion damage and evaluate its degree of damage.
is more appropriate to carry out specific maintenance failure finding task.
tasks. In the case of electric and electronic systems, new task
- Special detailed inspection: An intensive examination groups have had to be added to the MPD as the
- Operational aspects: The duration and frequency of of a specific item, installation, or assembly to detect development of these systems implies ever more complex
flights, location of its maintenance centers, and damage, failure, or irregularity. wiring systems present on aircraft. The accumulation of
dust or dirt around these cables implies a fire hazard, so often, but only so far. The operator must now prepare a As you can see, no one philosophy is superior and each
tasks included to reduce these risks in those areas include maintenance program in order to comply with the MPD. airline's operating environment will favor one or the other.
general visual inspections, detailed inspections, and In some cases, a combination of both is the best way
restorations. In order to do this, maintenance tasks are usually grouped forward. Let's take a closer look at the reasons that would
together in work packages so as to not interfere with the lead an operator to choose one philosophy over the other.
Civil aviation authorities sometimes emit advisory commercial operation of the aircraft. There are two main
circulars outlining recommended practices and processes ways airlines group tasks: Block packaging is usually preferable when the operator
and steps to implement electrical wiring interconnection has:
system inspections. The MPD also instructs what tasks - Block packaging: Where many tasks are grouped into
need to be performed on specific components. large work packages, resulting in less frequent but longer - A larger fleet
ground time. The advantages of block packaging are it
This is a task to clean the primary and secondary heat reduces spare parts requirements at repair stations, - High aircraft utilization
exchanger. It states that the procedure must follow the logistical considerations for spare parts are simplified, it - Spare aircraft available
steps detailed in the corresponding component allows for modifications to the aircraft to be carried out,
maintenance manual. All MPD tasks must be completed at the rectification of non-routine work, and permits a more - Non-scheduled maintenance tasks
certain intervals, which can be measured in different ways. efficient sequencing of long jobs. The disadvantages are
increased manpower requirements, the risk of the - Flexible manpower
A component may need to be replaced after a certain airplane being cannibalized for parts, high component
calendar period or number of flight hours and a task may - Long-range operations
removal, and increased ground time for the aircraft.
be required to be performed every time a major system is - A single centrally located maintenance space
changed or the aircraft is under repair. - Equalized or phased packaging: Maintenance tasks are
divided into smaller, more frequent packages, allowing for - Seasonal operating differences
Some of the different types of intervals we may encounter shorter aircraft ground time. Its advantages are it
are: simplifies manpower planning, higher aircraft availability, - Contracted maintenance from third-party repair stations

- Days reduced ground time, frequent visits support full

Equalized packaging would favor airlines that have:
component life, and it allows for a more balanced
- Airplane flight cycles workload on small fleets. Its disadvantages are high spare - A smaller fleet
part requirements at outstations, it implies an increase in
- Airplane flight hours production planning and scheduling workload, careful - Low but constant aircraft utilization

- Months planning is required due to the limited aircraft ground

- No or few spare aircraft
time, there is a limited time for the accomplishment of
Aircraft are large and complex systems and contain modifications, short jobs are inherently inefficient, and it - Scheduled operations
thousands of components, each with different provides a limited time to identify and rectify non-routine
requirements as to their maintenance and replacement. work. - Manpower equalization due to fewer human resources
The MPD tells us what tasks must be performed and how
- Short-range operations
- Multiple maintenance locations such as executive flights and charter airlines, and must its design. Until that change is incorporated into the
comply with Part 135. As in the previous example, these production design and type certificate, existing airframes
- Maintenance carried out at in-house repair stations carriers are normally referred to as Part 135 carriers. In may be required to incorporate an STC to rectify the
As mentioned, every aircraft contains thousands of each case, a carrier applying for its corresponding defect.
different parts and systems, each with their own specific certification must demonstrate to the FAA that they meet
specific requirements, such as their management Now let's look at aircraft registration. In accordance with
needs and maintenance intervals. Planning an adequate the Chicago Convention, in order to legally fly an aircraft,
maintenance program that contemplates this is a complex structure, financing, insurance, aircraft, and maintenance
capabilities. the owner or operator must register it with the local
task in authority, who shall issue the operator a unique
Now let's take a look at aircraft certificates. The type identification which must figure prominently on different
certificate is a regulatory authority document and sides of the airframe. Each identifying code contains fixed
CERTIFICATES IN AVIATION constitutes the airworthiness of the approved design of a prefixes that are unique to each country. This identifying
specific aircraft to be manufactured. This certificate is code is unique for any one aircraft at one time, though it
Hello and welcome to SWENA's training. issued by the local authority of the country where the can be passed on to other aircraft after registration. A
We shall now look at several important certificates we can aircraft was designed. To import and operate an aircraft in certificate of airworthiness is issued to an individual
encounter within commercial aviation. As we mentioned a country different from the country of origin, this aircraft by the local authority. This certificate attests that
before, aviation is an intensively regulated activity. Local certificate must be validated by the corresponding local the aircraft conforms to its type design and is in an
authority. For this reason, certifying an aircraft design with airworthy condition.
authorities control aviation activities by emitting
certificates declaring that all relevant regulations have the FAA, or the IASA, is a milestone for any aircraft design,
as this makes it much easier to sell and operate around Due to noise the aircraft makes, the ICAA has established
been met. Authority-issued certificates are some of the guidelines to define and measure noises and appropriate
most important documents within aviation, especially if the world. Obtaining this certificate is one of the costliest
parts of an aircraft's development, ranging from around 1 limits for flight aircraft and airports in order to protect the
they have been emitted by the FAA or EASA. The process surrounding population from noise pollution. Based on
of certification is usually quite intense and time- million US dollars for a small light aircraft to hundreds of
millions of dollars for a large jet airliner. A type certificate these guidelines, civil aviation authorities around the
consuming, as many conditions or standards must be met. world enforce limits on aircraft noise levels, particularly
Obtaining a certificate is an official guarantee of stringent is basically a formal and legal recognition that the aircraft
is safe to fly. Once the type certificate is issued, the design near airfills. When certifying an aircraft design, a
quality and safety standards. manufacturer must carry out specific noise measurement
cannot be changed unless part of the process for
Let's take a look at operator certificates. The FAA certification is repeated to cover those changes. When methods to prove the design complies with the noise
distinguishes two types of air carriers. Regularly scheduled changes are needed, there are two options. One is to guideline. This certificate indicates the noise produced by
air carriers, which include any passenger or cargo airline initiate a modification by the type design holder or the aircraft are measured in decibels, corresponding to
that operates regularly scheduled flights between fixed manufacturer, and the other is to request a third-party different phases of flight, including takeoff, approach and
destinations, and to do so they must comply with Part 14 supplemental type certificate, or STC. The STC defines the cruise. Then, the local aviation authority where the
of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 121. In the product design change, describes how the modification aircraft operates will issue the corresponding noise
industry, these are commonly referred to as Part 121 affects the type certificate, and most importantly, lists the certificate that confirms that the aircraft at one time
carriers. The other type of carriers are charter-type serial numbers of all aircraft affected. A design defect complies with local noise regulations and it must be
carriers, which operate unscheduled on-demand flights, might require an aircraft to incorporate a modification to carried on the aircraft at all times.
 reasons. Sometimes companies do not have the necessary while the aircraft is being built, this is usually an option for
financial resources for aircraft purchase. As you can larger, well-consolidated carriers.
Air carriers are required to purchase insurance to cover imagine, commercial airplanes are very expensive and
their operation from their aircraft crew to passengers, have a large share in the investment items of companies. Without getting into too much detail, let's analyse how
cargo and people on the ground, and an aircraft must Companies that do not have this financial power may aircraft leasing works, who the main stakeholders are and
always travel with a valid certificate insurance. The want to continue their operations by leasing aircraft. how they interact. In this simple structure flowchart, the
Convention on International Civil Aviation requires that Leasing a plane can sometimes provide tax advantages to aircraft lessor purchases an aircraft from the seller, usually
the transmitting equipment be installed and operated in the lessee companies. The airline industry is a rapidly an aircraft manufacturer, becoming the owner of the
an aircraft in accordance with a radio license, and that the changing and dynamic industry. Periodically, the demand aircraft. In this context, the aircraft represents a financial
radio license be carried on all of the aircraft. This particular for some routes may increase or decrease. The airline asset. The lessor shall lease or resell the aircraft to an
license is issued by a different organisation, usually the company may implement a policy to fill some of the gaps operator, usually an air carrier, who shall pay the lessor
low local telecommunications organisation. The emission in the sector quickly. In such cases, leasing a plane can be periodically for its use, and at some point, may end up
of radio signals is monitored worldwide by the a quick solution. Aircraft manufacturing companies purchasing the aircraft from the lessor. Now, leasing
produce aircraft according to orders from companies, and structures are usually more complex, involving many
often it may be necessary to wait a long time for an other players, so let's add on to the previous structure we
AIRCRAFT LEASING ordered aircraft. In such cases, renting a plane may be a looked at. The lessor shall finance the purchase of the
suitable option. aircraft from the manufacturer through loans taken from
Hello, and welcome to Sawena's training. a lender, who may represent the interest of other lenders,
Most airlines have historically bought and owned the banks and investors. The revenue for the lessor is the
In our final class, we shall give an overview of aircraft aircraft they operate. However, over the last 20 years, this difference between the revenue from leasing the aircraft
leasing, how it works, and its relevance in today's trend has reversed, and today more and more airlines are and the payments to repay the loan back to the lender. As
commercial aviation marketing. To begin with, a lease is a opting to lease rather than buy. According to IATA, the the value and risk of an aircraft fleet are so large, aircraft
contractual agreement where the lessee, or user, pays a leasing fleet of passenger planes included over 1,300 can be insured by different insurers, who are represented
lessor, the owner, for use of an asset, which in this specific aircraft in 1990, representing just over 14% of the total before the lender by an insurance representative, and the
case are aircraft. In general, we can say that the lessor number of commercial aircraft with over 50 seats. Despite lease agreement is guaranteed by a security trustee.
company is the owner of a plane, and the lessee company the rapidly changing industry and the various crises during
is the operator of the plane. the first two decades of the 21st century, aircraft leasing There are several types of typical lease agreements for
has grown dramatically. In 2019, the number of passenger aircraft. Let's have a look at them. The first and most
Aircraft leasing is now one of the leading segments of the common is dry leasing. It is the preferred method by many
global leasing industry. The global aviation leasing fleet is aircraft leased has increased tenfold, reaching almost
10,000 aircraft, representing about half of the world's airlines, especially in long-term rental agreements. The
expected to reach $502 billion by 2024. At the same time, lessor company only leases the actual aircraft. The lessee
as it is highly specialised and involves relatively few total commercial air fleet. And so, not all companies
choose to lease all their aircraft. If the company plans to firm undertakes all operational expenses of the aircraft. It
transactions, aviation leasing rarely gets in the news. covers expenses such as crew, management, maintenance
Historically air carriers tended to purchase and own their use the aircraft for a long time, they may opt to order and
purchase the aircraft directly from the manufacturer. As and insurance. The lessee will usually have to comply with
aircraft, but since the 70s more and more airlines have specific terms in the contract in order to maintain the
begun to lease their aircraft instead. This is due to several this is a costly option and implies long waiting periods
value of the aircraft, for example, making sure that all life-
limited parts are not older than the airframe and still have
a specific lifetime left at the end of the lease. Wet leasing
is generally used in short-term lease agreements or to
smaller companies, like charter airlines. The lessor firm
leases the aircraft by undertaking all operational
expenses. All cost items such as crew, insurance and
maintenance are covered by the lessor company, with the
lessee simply paying for the use of the aircraft as a service.
Halfway between dry and wet leasing is damp leasing. The
lessee provides the cabin crew, and the remaining
responsibilities, such as maintenance and insurance, are
covered by the lessor firm.

Let's take a quick overview of the aircraft leasing playing

field. Looking at the proportion of the leasing market
share by fleet size, about 40% is controlled by the two
largest companies, each with fleet values of over $30
billion. Ireland-based Aircam with over 1,100 aircraft, and
US-based General Electric Commercial Aviation Services
trailing with just over 930 aircraft. Consider for a moment
the fact that both companies own more aircraft than most
large airlines in the world. We hope we have given you a
good understanding of the aircraft leasing industry. Thank
you for choosing Sawanus Training. We hope to see you
again soon.