Nature-based Solutions

Conference 2024
GROWING POSITIVE CHANGE

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Nature-based Solutions Initiative
Founded in 2017, the Nature-based Solutions Initiative
(NbSI) is an international team dedicated to advancing
impactful, interdisciplinary research that shapes policy and

-
practice around nature-based solutions. We do this through
research, teaching, and active engagement with
policymakers and practitioners. Based in the Departments
of Biology and Geography (Smith School for Enterprise and
the Environment) at the University of Oxford, we work
closely with experts in engineering, governance, and
Þnance across the university, as well as with international
and local NGOs in the conservation and development
sectors

Citation

NbSI (2024) Nature-based Solutions Conference 2024:

Growing Positive Change. Report. University of Oxford.

Cover illustrations and report design by Dan Seddon

Primary photography by Aline Soterroni, with additional

photography by Matthew Mulholland

Conference Recordings are available on YouTube.

© 2024
Table of contents
Foreword..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
Cultural and Ceremonial Programme .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
Theme 1: Scaling Nature-based Solutions with Integrity .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12
Working Lunch: Building Bridges for a Healthy Planet ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
Theme 2: Nature-based Solutions for Health and Wellbeing ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
Theme 3: Nature-based Solutions for Adaptation and Humanitarian Crises ............................................................................................................................................................................................................27
Art at the Conference ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................32
Theme 4: Addressing Uncertainty and Building the Evidence ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................37
Theme 5: Balancing Resilience Concerns around Nature-based Solutions .............................................................................................................................................................................................................43
Theme 6: Governance, Markets and Finance for Nature .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................49
Music Performances and Films ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................55
Theme 7: Remembering Our Profound Interconnectedness with Nature .................................................................................................................................................................................................................59
Theme 8: The Role of Nature in RedeÞning our Economic Model ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................64
Theme 9: Restoring Our Relationship with Nature .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................69
Recommended Reading and Weblinks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
Appendix .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77

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Foreword
The Nature-based Solutions Conference 2024, Growing Positive Change, Day 1 expanded the focus beyond carbon, examining the broader beneÞts
was convened at a moment of immense urgency, when the interconnected of nature-based solutions to health, food security, adaptation, and
crises of climate change, biodiversity loss, and social injustice demand a humanitarian responses. We explored evidence on how these solutions can
profound shift in how we live and respond to these escalating challenges. holistically align climate, health, and nature, while addressing the
We gathered in Oxford, a place rich in both human and natural history, not challenges of integrating nature-based solutions into policy, business, and
only to discuss solutions but to rethink our roleÑnot as separate from international frameworks. It was clear that nature-based solutions must
nature, but as part of the rich web of life. prioritise ecosystem health and the leadership, rights, and knowledge of
Indigenous Peoples and local communities, moving beyond oûsetting and
The conference took place during the week of the solstice and began and greenwashing to achieve genuine resilience. Discussions called for creating
closed with a Þre ceremony led by Mindahi Bastida, a caretaker of the a "third space" that bridges conservation and economic growth and building
Otomi-Toltec traditions from present-day Mexico. This was not a symbolic mechanisms for political resilience, such as citizens' assemblies, while
gesture. Many indigenous knowledge systems and practices, cultivated nurturing empathy, especially for youth and local communities.
over generations through close connection with the Earth, are central to
understanding what nature-based solutions can and should be. We aimed
to create a space that welcomed diverse worldviews alongside Western
scientiÞc inquiry, recognising that only by bringing together diûerent
knowledge systems can we hope to address todayÕs complex social and
environmental challenges. The ceremonies also provided moments of
reßection on what is truly at stakeÑa reminder of why we dedicate
ourselves to the work we do.

The setting for the conferenceÑthe Oxford University Museum of Natural

HistoryÑwas intentionally chosen as a space that embodies humanityÕs
long-standing quest to understand lifeÕs astonishing diversity. The
specimens displayed tell the incredible story of evolution and
interdependence, reminding us that this story is our story too.

Over three days, we wove together science, traditional knowledge, music

and art. Each day brought new perspectives on how nature-based solutions
can help us transition from crisis to renewal. The programme was
deliberately designed to balance analytical rigour with personal reßection, Day 2 explored the challenges of scaling nature-based solutions amidst
understanding that systemic change requires not just data and policy but a uncertainty and concerns around permanence, questioning whether
shift in values and relationships. existing governance and Þnancial systems can drive the required
transformation or if new approaches are needed. The discussions

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highlighted the need to balance immediate action with further research, profound connection to the land and a compassionate, collective response.
stressing the importance of integrating ecological, social, and economic We explored ways to restore our relationship with nature, reshape
dimensions to build resilience. Shifting Þnance from harmful subsidies to economic systems, and embrace alternative forms of exchange rooted in
nature-positive investments was seen as crucial, along with strong Indigenous wisdom. Speakers urged a shift from an anthropocentric
regulatory frameworks and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure long- worldview to one that is eco-centric or kin-centric, where reciprocity,
term beneÞts for both people and the ecosystems on which they depend. respect, and relationality are central. Nature-based solutions were
envisioned as part of a broader, more holistic vision of our shared futureÑa
On the Þnal day, the focus shifted toward reimagining the future through future built on collective responsibility, joined up governance, and Þnancial
nature-based solutions, with a particular emphasis on the emotional and systems imbued with care.
human dimensions of systemic change. Through powerful stories of
resilience, cultural connection, and courage, participants were reminded The core message of the conference was simple yet profound: to confront
that true transformation extends beyond policy and dataÑit requires a the existential threats of biodiversity loss and climate change, we must heal
our relationship with nature. We are neither pests nor conquerorsÑwe are
stewards. This calls for a fundamental shift in our values and how we
interact with the natural world. Nature-based solutions are not merely
projects or policies; they represent pathways to a deeper, more reciprocal
bond with the Earth. When we embrace this perspective, our actions
become more grounded, purposeful, and transformative. Cooling the
planet is critical, but it must be done in a way that strengthens, rather than
depletes, the health of the biosphere on which we all depend.

This report is more than a summary of insightful discussions and the current
evidence underpinning nature-based solutions; it serves as a foundation for
an action agenda for the global nature-based solutions community as we
approach COP30 in BelŽm, Brazil, and beyond. As we move forward, we
hope that these pages not only inform but inspire. May the ideas and
connections born from this conference ripple outward, nurturing the
collaboration and courage needed to shape a ßourishing future for all life
on Earth.

Nathalie Seddon
Director, Natural-based Solutions Initiative

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Acknowledgements
We extend our heartfelt appreciation to everyone who participated in the ßames and providing a space for reßection, pause, and connection. You
conference, both in person and virtually. A special thanks goes to our were the heartbeat of the conference.
generous sponsors, particularly WWF-UK and the Agile Initiative, whose
support made it possible to bring together speakers from across the globe We are deeply grateful to the artists and musicians who brought much
and ensure the inclusion of diverse perspectives. beauty and meaning to the event. To Naine Terena for her photographic
essay "I Am a Tree", Jane FrereÕs for "Falls of Caledon", Sam Lee and his band,
Special appreciation goes to Laura Ashby, Paris Grosvenor, Mar’a Rodr’guez and the Greek ensemble Nostos, led by Metaxia Pavlakous (and to Niki
Barrantes, and the entire team at the Oxford University Museum of Natural Mardas for making NostosÕ performance possible and for his wise words at
History for their support and patience in hosting a conference that united the end of day two). Heartfelt thanks to Lyla June Johnston for sharing her
science, art, and culture. To our wonderful chairs, speakers, and poster wisdom through powerful poetry and song, and to Zoe Brown for delivering
presenters, thank you for sharing your expertise, facilitating discussions, her beautiful poem "Web of Life" during the closing ceremony. We are also
and travelling to deeply engage with this event. Particular thanks to James grateful to CŽcile Girardin, Lisa Curtis and Rapha‘l Girardin-Potts for
Allen for stepping in at the last minute to chair session 9 with such skill. We creating the stunning mural that captured the conference's themes.
also recognise our amazing translators, Julia Felmanas and Aline Morgan,
for ensuring that language was no barrier to our collective conversations.
Thank you to the Agile Initiative for supporting our bursary holders. We are
grateful to Film Shed for expertly handling the technical aspects of the
hybrid format, and to Matthew Mulholland of Oxford Media Group for
capturing the eventÕs essence in beautiful photographs and Þlms. Our
thanks extend to the School of Geography Þnance team for their steadfast
support managing the budget, and to Vaults & Gardens for keeping us so
well-nourished with delicious, local vegetarian food.

Much gratitude goes to the Ostara team, particularly Justin Adams,

Rebekah Phillips and Dan Cooney for co-curating and organising the
cultural and ceremonial programme. Justin, your hosting on the Þnal day, as
well as your eûorts to include diverse voices, helped us hold a vision of
hope for the future. Thanks to Chris Parks for leading the water pilgrimage,
and special thanks to John-Paul Frazer for integrating art and ceremony into
the event with such craftmanship, integrity, and love. We also extend our
sincere gratitude to Mindahi Bastida for his powerful and inspiring opening Finally, we thank our incredible team at the Nature-based Solutions
and closing of the conference and to the FireeepersÑIan Wilkinson, Kim Initiative. Thank you for all your hard work, patience, and humour
Kaos, Tugba Kirhan, Dominic Bond, Lucy Wood, Ola Forman, Tom Shopland, throughout the journey. Special thanks go to Lila Stewart-Roberts, Audrey
Jaimie Madeley, Jacob Kestner, and Nadia SchweimlerÑfor tending the Constance Wagner, and Ceri Putman for their months of meticulous

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planning and commitment; to Aline Soterroni for coordinating the Brazilian
delegation, stewarding sessions, and capturing many magical moments on
camera; and to Melissa Felipe Cadillo for managing the Þlm programme.
Our sincere appreciation also goes to Alex Chausson, Sophus zu
Ermgassen, Katrina Kendall, Emma O'Donnell, Zoe Brown, Alison Smith,
John Lynch, Beth Turner, Katie Lois Hutchinson, Lubasi Limweta, Emily
Warner, Will Thompson, Robyn Haggis, Jennifer Lucey, and Xiao Zhang for
enthusiastically and skillfully stewarding panels, chairing online poster
presentations, taking notes, posting on social media and contributing in
countless ways to ensure the conferenceÕs success. Finally, a huge thank
you to Dan Seddon for his warmth and creativity in the conference artwork,
banners, website, and report design, which beautifully tied the themes
together; and to Leon and Luca Tobias for their patience and love.

Above all, we thank the Earth for the gifts and challenges that brought us
together and for inspiring the work we do.

Our Sponsors

AGILE
INITIATIVE

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Cultural and Ceremonial Programme
The cultural and ceremonial programme was co-curated and co-sponsored by Ostara, a newly
launched social enterprise focused on restoring the human relationship with nature. The
programme encouraged reconnection with nature, with ourselves, and with each other, seeking to
deepen the recognition that humans are an integral part of a beautiful web of life, dismantling the
notion that "nature" is something separate from us. Pictures and stories from the cultural and
ceremonial programme are woven throughout this report, just as they were woven into the fabric
of the conference.
 Fire ceremonies
The conference began and ended with a Þre ceremony led by Mindahi Bastida,
staû holder of the Grand Council of the Eagle and the Condor and a guardian of
the Otom’-Toltec traditions from present-day Mexico. In many cultures, Þre is
revered as a sacred elementÑa symbol of cleansing, renewal, and life. At our
opening ceremony, we lit a ßame that burned throughout the week, carefully
tended by a dedicated team of Ostara Firekeepers. This ßame honoured the
land, grounding us in the present moment while helping us connect with
ancestral wisdom. It oûered space to reßect on the past as we reimagined the
future.

Mindahi invited us to slow down and remember our deep kinship with all forms
of life, leading a ritual that celebrated our connection to the elementsÑwater,
earth, air, and ÞreÑwhich are regarded in Indigenous cultures as the sacred
foundations of life. Gathered around the Þre, we gave thanks. This wasnÕt about
enforcing belief, but about inviting each of us to feel life moving within and
around usÑin the warmth of the sun, the swifts circling above, and the water
drawn from the Thames during the water pilgrimage held the previous day.

The ceremony included songs, poems, and heartfelt words, but its deeper
purpose was to create a moment of stillnessÑa chance to reßect on what is
truly at stake. It reminded us why we dedicate ourselves to protecting and
restoring nature. These moments of pause served as a compass for the
conference, guiding our conversations on nature-based solutions. They
reminded us that such solutions are not merely technical Þxes, but pathways to
wholenessÑways to reclaim our belonging to the natural world.

The ceremonies left us with a powerful thought: perhaps the most essential
nature-based solution is restoring our relationship with nature itself.
 Tlalmanalli
The ceremonial space was home to the Tlalmanalli, an altar
created from local ßowers, fruits, seeds and stones, under
the guidance of Mindahi Bastida and Geraldine Patrick
Encina. The practice of setting out oûerings on the ground
with a Tlalmanalli is a tradition of the Nahua people of
Mesoamerica (which included the Aztecs) and means
'Balanced Earth'. According to Nahua tradition, the
Tlalmanalli depicts the equal distribution of life's
fundamental elements toward the four cosmic directions.
The centre of the Tlalmanalli represents time-space in
spiral movement, setting life's elements in motion for co-
creation and eternal co-evolution. The main message from
the Tlalmanalli is that life unfolds in cycles, not a linear
path. Delegates and members of the public were invited to
visit the ßame of the conference, the Tlalmanalli, and to
weave natural materials into hazel panels representing
earth, air, water and Þre.

Water, the giver of life

A water pilgrimage, organised and hosted by Ostara, was held before the
conference to honour the waters and lands of Oxford. Water was collected with
care from sacred, ancient wells and the Thames, reminding us of the
signiÞcance of this element as a symbol of puriÞcation, renewal, and
transformation. A vessel of this water was taken into the heart of the conference
to represent our interconnectedness as part of the web of life, carrying the
intentions of the gathering forward to future events, including COP16 in Cali,
COP30 in BelŽm, and beyond.
Holistic Values of
Nature-based Solutions
DAY ONE
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Theme 1: Scaling Nature-based Solutions with Integrity

Keynote The Transformative Potential of Nature-based Solutions: A Values Perspective

Unai Pascual, Basque Centre for Climate Change

Unai Pascual started with a reßection on the powerful 2. Complex systems thinking
emotions stirred by the conference's opening Þre He reminded the audience that dynamics in nature are non-linear and
ceremony and suggested that these emotions might operate within complex nested systems that connect among them,
hold more signiÞcance than any words spoken in his including through tipping points.
address. He then turned his attention to the values To address these challenges, we must focus on the underlying drivers of
crisis in the Western world, arguing that incremental change, such as power relations and institutional norms.
change is insuûcient to address the scope of the
global polycrisis we face today. 3. Value pluralism
Pascual emphasised the importance of recognising and engaging with
Pascual asked: ÒWhat could make NbS transformative?Ó He argued that the diverse worldviews about human-nature relations. He posed the
semantics of NbS are less important than the politics and money behind normative question, ÒWhich values should we care about and foster and
the term, stressing that for NbS to be genuinely transformative, they must why?Ó suggesting that not all values should be treated equally if we are
be grounded in governance approaches that promote collective action and to achieve signiÞcant goals in terms of environmental and social
responsibility. Citing the work of Elinor Ostrom on collective action, Pascual wellbeing.
highlighted the need for deep changes in social and institutional norms to
foster better ecological and social outcomes. He pointed out that
embracing collective responsibility is essential for addressing the
intertwined crises of nature and values in society.

He outlined three critical elements that transformative NbS should engage

with:

1. Socio-environmental justice
Ensuring that the most vulnerable people from nature degradation are
protected from harm. Pascual stressed that justice is interpreted
diûerently across contexts, and it is crucial to engage with these various
interpretations.

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Challenging the traditional and typically dominant framing of sustainable the Global South opposed the inclusion of NbS framing. The reason, he
development, Pascual argued that the common overlapping "three-circle" explained, stemmed from concerns over politics and Þnance: the Global
modelÑsociety, nature, and economyÑis simplistic and inaccurate. He South requires separate funding for biodiversity and climate change
referred to the Dasgupta Review, which frames the economy within the mitigation, and NbS could lead to double-counting and merging of these
biosphere, urging the audience to consider what kinds of economic growth crucial Þnancial resources.
are necessary and where degrowth may also be required. Pascual also
called for the democratisation of decision-making processes, advocating The opening keynote concluded by underscoring the importance of
for greater transparency and to institutionalize public participation beyond respect and empathy, arguing that certain valuesÑsuch as care,
simply voting every four years in liberal democratic countries. He also stewardship, and respect for natureÑmust be prioritised over individualistic,
advocated for continued experimentation with initiatives such as citizen market-based values. We should also focus on bridging diûerent values
assemblies or similar participatory fora to be introduced into political and knowledge systems rather than attempting to integrate them, as some
systems to democratise decision-making and counter the growing values may be incommensurable.
disconnect between political discussions and the people they aûect.
In the Q&A, Pascual reiterated the importance of recognising the validity of
Turning to the politics surrounding NbS, Pascual noted that during the indigenous and other forms of knowledge, and not just Western scientiÞc
negotiation of the IPBES values assessment in 2022, many countries from knowledge, cautioning that disregarding the diversity of knowledge
systems would be a "big, big, big mistake."

Key takeaways

w Transformative NbS must engage with social and environmental w Collective action and responsibility are key to fostering better social
justice, complex systems thinking, and value pluralism. and ecological outcomes.

w We need deep changes in social and institutional norms to address w Democratisation of decision-making processes is essential to
the underlying drivers of environmental and societal crises. address the growing political and social disconnect.

w The traditional sustainable development model is ßawed; instead,

the economy should be framed within the biosphere.

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Panel discussion
Chair Najma Mohamed, UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)

Panellists Mirna Fern‡ndez, Global Youth Biodiversity Network (GYBN),

Emily McKenzie, Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD),
Charles Karangwa, IUCN, Tristan Tyrrell, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),
Lyla June, Dream Warriors

The Þrst panel assessed the current state of NbS in policy and practice. exploitation and nature commodiÞcation: "Seeing nature as your mother is a
Taking in a range of voices, this panel identiÞed the main challenges, laying safeguard in and of itself, because you cannot sell your mother." Fern‡ndez
the groundwork for the conference. The panel also explored a considered also presented concerns from a youth perspective, particularly regarding
strategy for eûective and ethical advancing of nature-based solutions, the misuse of NbS for carbon and biodiversity oûsetting, which she warned
including how to elevate their role in the Rio Conventions and have often legitimises further ecosystem destruction and leads to greenwashing
economy-wide targets in climate pledges at the UNFCCC COP30 in BelŽm. and human rights violations. She argued that Þnancial barriers prevent
rightsholders from accessing funds and stressed that Indigenous Peoples
Najma Mohamed set the scene by emphasising the and local communitiesÕ initiatives to protect and restore nature should not
interconnectedness of humans and nature: "without be measured by the same standards as private sector actions. Her three
ßourishing nature, we cannot survive", she said. She asks from youth were: Þrst, to assess and address the negative impacts of
pointed out the grave risk posed by ecosystem NbS implementation; second, to explicitly exclude oûsetting and
collapse, reminding participants that one-Þfth of greenwashing from NbS standards; and third, to place ecosystem integrity
ecosystems are at risk, with unequal impacts across and rights, including land tenure and Indigenous and womenÕs rights, at the
communities, especially those in conßict zones. core of NbS. Fern‡ndez also called for Þnancial barriers to be removed for
Mohamed reiterated the signiÞcance of the working rightsholders and for harmful subsidies to be repurposed to support better
deÞnition of NbS, as articulated in the 2022 UNEA resolution, and noted its stewardship of ecosystems.
inclusion in all three Rio Conventions. However, she highlighted that
conversations around NbS remain politically charged. Mohamed urged the Emily McKenzie provided an overview of the Taskforce on Nature-related
panel to address the impact of historical forces like colonialism and past Financial Disclosures (TNFD), which was founded in 2021. The TNFD is a
emissions on climate and biodiversity with honesty and courage. framework for the private sector to assess, manage, and disclose their
dependencies and impacts on nature and the resulting risks and
Mirna Fern‡ndez acknowledged the leadership role of Indigenous Peoples, opportunities for organisations. Its goal is to shift Þnancial ßows towards
stating, "they are more than knowledge holders Ð they are the ones putting activities that help nature thrive, in line with the Global Biodiversity
into practice the actions to protect biodiversity and stop climate change." Framework (GBF). McKenzie stressed the importance of transparency and
She shared the indigenous cosmovision of nature as "Mother Earth," that integrity in private sector engagement with NbS, noting that the TNFD was
people all over the Andean region inherit and share with many diûerent developed in dialogue with Indigenous Peoples to ensure respectful
cultures, emphasising that such a worldview inherently prevents engagement. She highlighted the need for further guidance on transition

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planning to achieve net zero and the goals and targets of the Global deÞnitions and recognition of the broader beneÞts of NbS, which extend
Biodiversity Framework and on deÞning and measuring "nature positive" beyond biodiversity and include co-beneÞts like social and gender equity.
outcomes. Capacity building, she noted, is crucial for both private sector He also highlighted the importance of ensuring that global targets are
actors and Indigenous communities to learn from each other and apply translated into local action through national biodiversity strategies and
best practices. action plans (NBSAPs).

Charles Karangwa shared an anecdote about a corporation interested in Lyla June raised concerns about the commodiÞcation of Indigenous
investing 200 million USD in NbS, but only to acquire carbon credits. He knowledge and lands through NbS, particularly when these projects
warned that without integrity, NbS risks becoming another buzzword, used intersect with Þnancial markets. She warned that NbS can perpetuate
merely for corporate social responsibility (CSR) or carbon and biodiversity colonial systems, especially when Indigenous lands are used for oûsetting
oûsets. Karangwa underscored that NbS should not be seen as a or sold without consultation. She pointed out the example of Shell, which
replacement for urgent actions such as phasing out fossil fuels. He uses NbS for carbon oûsetting despite its signiÞcant ongoing emissions.
highlighted the IUCN NbS Global Standard, which has been downloaded "Beware of the corporate co-opting of NbS," she cautioned, adding that NbS
over 63,000 times, as a key tool for ensuring the integrity of NbS projects. projects must not overstep Indigenous sovereignty or commodify sacred
The IUCN standard was developed based on science, practitioner lands. June stressed the need for consultation on a case-by-case basis to
experience and Indigenous Peoples and Local CommunitiesÕ knowledge, ensure that NbS respects the rights and knowledge of Indigenous Peoples.
and has two major objectives: Þrst, to avoid potential misuse of the NbS She concluded by emphasising that NbS should not give polluters a
concept by setting a common basis of understanding for what NbS are; and licence to continue polluting and must prioritise cutting emissions at the
second, to provide a robust framework for people, communities, and source.
organisations to design, implement, assess, adapt, improve and upscale
strong NbS interventions. The standard, he noted, aligns with the UNEA In the Q&A, the panel explored how to avoid oûsetting practices that
deÞnition and promotes ecosystem integrity and the rights of people. He undermine biodiversity and human rights and how to Þnance NbS without
called for broader uptake of the standard to combat greenwashing and relying on oûsets. Fern‡ndez reiterated that oûsetting maintains the status
ensure that NbS projects are focused on true environmental and social quo and that Þnancing needs to be repurposed towards local, on-the-
beneÞts. ground action. The panellists agreed on the importance of ensuring
integrity in NbS implementation, with Tyrrell calling for clarity on deÞnitions
Tristan Tyrrell discussed the political concerns surrounding NbS, including and McKenzie advocating for more detailed guidance on measuring "nature
within the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). While NbS is included positive" outcomes.
in the Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), there remains resistance from
some parties, who prefer the more narrowly deÞned ecosystem-based
approaches (EbA). He emphasised that NbS is broader than EbA and Ò[Indigenous Peoples] are more than
includes other beneÞts than simply climate change, but there are ongoing knowledge holders Ð they are the ones
eûorts to remove references to NbS from the COP16 draft decision text. He putting into practice the actions to
pointed out that although NbS features in Target 8 and Target 11 of the GBF,
protect biodiversity and stop climate
we must think about how NbS inßuence and are inßuenced by other
targets, like those on spatial planning, Þnance, the rights of Indigenous changeÓ
Peoples, and a human rights-based approach. Tyrrell called for clarity on
- Mirna Fern‡ndez

15
 Conclusion
NbS must be designed, implemented, Þnanced and governed with integrity with ecosystem health and the rights of Indigenous Peoples
and local communities at the centre. NbS must not be misused to legitimise further ecosystem destruction or greenwashing. Remove
Þnancial barriers for rightsholders to NbS Standards. For NbS to deliver true ecological and social beneÞts, it is essential to engage
Indigenous Peoples and local communities in decision-making and ensure transparency in private sector involvement.

Actions

1. Prevent the commodiÞcation of Indigenous knowledge and lands. 5. Develop national guidance and capacity-building mechanisms to
support the integrity of NbS projects.
2. Ensure leadership by and/or strong partnership with Indigenous
Peoples and local communities in the design, implementation, 6. Provide clearer deÞnitions and metrics for "nature positive"
monitoring and governance of NbS projects. outcomes within the Global Biodiversity Framework.

3. Enforce safeguards to prevent the misuse of NbS to legitimise 7. Shift Þnancial ßows from harmful subsidies to support local, on-
further ecosystem destruction, greenwashing and human rights the-ground NbS actions, ensuring that funding reaches
violations. rightsholders.

4. Ensure NbS enhance the health of the ecosystems they involve. 8. Ensure private sector engagement with NbS is transparent,
respects rights, and aligned with global biodiversity and climate
goals.

16
Working Lunch: Building Bridges for a Healthy Planet

Chair Becky Speight, RSPB

Attendants RSPB, NbSI, UNEP-WCMC, Basque Centre for Climate Change, UN CBD, GYBN and Third World Network, IUCN, COP28 UAE presidency team,
Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), WRI Brazil, WWF-UK, Rutgers University, Bhutan Forestry Oûce, Jamaica Red Cross,
and SwedeBio.

Following the opening session of the NbS Conference 2024, a working On the policy front, there was agreement that positive policy changes are
lunch was held under Chatham House Rules to answer the questions: "How starting to take place. The agreement of the Global Biodiversity Framework
can we build bridges between actors across scales to ensure that policies (GBF) was viewed as an important hopeful milestone, reßecting a broader
and investments deliver genuinely good outcomes? What is needed on the momentum towards change. Other examples like the recent EU restoration
ground in reality?" The discussion was structured in three phases: hope and law demonstrate how small tweaks in national and regional policies can
progress, fears and concerns, and the necessary actions to overcome signiÞcantly move the needle on conservation and restoration. The overall
challenges. The group explored the positive momentum of NbS, expressed sense was that nature, through NbS, is becoming increasingly visible in the
worries about existing challenges, and converged on a set of steps to move mainstream discourse.
the agenda forward.
Addressing barriers
Steps towards positive outcomes There are serious concerns about ensuring that pro-environmental and
The conversation began by reßecting on recent progress that provides socially inclusive policies endure political shifts and resist repeal under
hope. Participants highlighted that conservation today recognises the changing leadership. The example of Brazil was brought upÑhow to protect
broader picture, especially the importance of considering human rights and environmental policies from being dismantled under future administrations,
social inclusion alongside environmental protection. The days of particularly if Þgures similar to Jair Bolsonaro return to power?
conservation and development operating in silos are beginning to fade as Institutionalising these policies to withstand political turmoil was seen as a
the focus shifts towards system-level thinking. This shift is viewed as an critical yet challenging task.
essential step in creating long-lasting, eûective solutions to global
challenges. Participants also noted a growing consensus that NbS are not Concerns were also raised about emerging terms like "bioeconomy," "green
about carbon oûsets but rather a holistic approach to addressing economy," and "nature-positive," and how they are sometimes co-opted or
environmental and social issues. The increasing adoption of the IUCN NbS misused. There is also a signiÞcant gap in the funding needed to
Global Standard was highlighted as a positive step, signalling that we are understand complexity, both social and ecological. The desire to measure
now Þrmly in a phase of practical implementation. A strong community of and quantify nature is necessary for securing funding, yet participants
practitioners is emerging worldwide, dedicated to documenting and expressed worry that focusing too heavily on metrics risks oversimplifying
sharing examples of good practice. This sense of a connected, global complex systems, thereby undermining the integrated approach required
network provides grounds for optimism. for NbS.

17
The tension between the Global North and Global South regarding the Participants agreed that building a successful NbS movement requires
promotion and opposition to the term NbS was another signiÞcant concern. literally and Þguratively creating bridges between diûerent groupsÑbe it
Participants acknowledged that worries about the double-counting of policymakers, local communities, or the youth.
much-needed Þnance for the Global South contribute to this divide,
alongside concerns of Ògreen colonialism.Ó

Building bridges
There was recognition that the NbS discourse often Þnds itself trapped
between two contrasting perspectives: conservation and protection versus
the green economyÕs focus on investing in nature for economic growth. NbS
is sometimes viewed as the battleground between these two powerful
hegemonic discourses, necessitating the creation of a "third space" to
bridge the gap between conservation and economic imperatives, allowing
for a balanced approach that integrates environmental, social, and
economic dimensions.

The need to bridge the divide between diûerent conceptual frameworks,

like Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) and NbS, was highlighted as a
priority. Clarifying the semantics around NbS was seen as essential to avoid
confusion and ensure coherence in actions and metrics. Simplifying
deÞnitions and aligning data structures could help make progress more
Finally, participants acknowledged the challenge of balancing NbS within
eûcient, especially for underfunded practitioners who are repeatedly asked
broader economic policies and ensuring that these initiatives are not co-
to achieve similar objectives without adequate resources.
opted by business-as-usual practices. Legal and judicial systems at the
national level were noted as vital in recognising Indigenous PeoplesÕ
Participants agreed that to make NbS politically resilient, there needs to be
intellectual property rights and ensuring equitable outcomes for all
a demonstration of public demand for these solutions. Initiatives like
stakeholders.
citizenÕs assemblies, such as the PeopleÕs Plan for Nature and transition
towns could play a pivotal role in showing that NbS aligns with what
communities genuinely want. Building local ownership and creating
mechanisms for democratic renewal were suggested as ways to ensure
that policies and projects are grounded in local realities, creating a stronger ÒBeware of the corporate co-opting of NbS.Ó
foundation for political buy-in.
- Lyla June
Empathy emerged as a crucial themeÑrecognising the value of diûerent
perspectives and actively building bridges between them. Youth
communities were noted as being particularly keen to avoid the mistakes of
the past, with a strong focus on integrity before upscaling NbS initiatives.

18
 Actions

1. Create a "third space" to bridge the gap between conservation and

economic growth imperatives.

2. Develop mechanisms for political resilience, such as citizenÕs

assemblies, to ensure policies endure political changes.

3. Clarify the semantics of NbS and align data collection to reduce

confusion and ineûciencies.

4. Focus on building empathy and integrating diverse perspectives,

with special emphasis on youth and local communities.

5. Lean into complexity by creating frameworks that capture holistic

value without oversimplifying.

6. Engage in democratic renewal, showing political leaders that there

is public demand for NbS.

7. Strengthen local ownership of NbS projects, ensuring they are

meaningful and context speciÞc.

19
20
Theme 2: Nature-based Solutions for Health and Wellbeing

Keynote The Science Behind Why Seeing, Smelling, Hearing, and Touching Nature is Good for Our Health
Kathy Willis, University of Oxford

Willis explored the growing body of evidence that have been found to be the most calming. Moreover, the patterns observed
supports the positive impact of nature on human in nature, also play a role in eliciting relaxation. ÒHumans pay attention to
health and wellbeing. She emphasised the need for how much vegetation a landscape has and its fractal patterns, which can
nature-based solutions to be integrated into health inßuence our mental state,Ó she explained.
policies and called for more robust research to ensure
that Ògreen prescribingÓ is as eûective and reliable as The sense of smell, Willis noted, has direct impact on human physiology.
conventional medical treatments. Willis began by Natural smells can activate the parasympathetic nervous system, which is
noting that the beneÞts of access to green spaces are responsible for promoting rest and digestion. A study from Japan
now widely recognised in policy discussions, including those at COP15 and demonstrated a signiÞcant increase in natural killer cellsÑpart of the
within UK health policy. She highlighted the signiÞcant physical and mental immune systemÑamong participants who spent time near Japanese cedar
health beneÞts that come from proximity to nature, such as reduced trees. ÒNatural volatile organic compounds from plants can cross lung
cardiovascular conditions and improved mental health outcomes. Studies membranes and enter the bloodstream, with the potential to have eûects
show that individuals living near green spaces experience lower rates of on metabolic pathways similar to those from taking prescription drugs,Ó
stress and anxiety, as well as improved physical health. Willis pointed to Willis said, emphasising that these eûects can mimic the immune-boosting,
research indicating that access to nature is particularly beneÞcial in more anti-inßammatory and calming beneÞts of some medications. Touch also
deprived communities, where exposure to green spaces can dramatically plays a signiÞcant role in the positive eûects of nature on health. Willis
reduce the likelihood of mental health issues. ÒThere is signiÞcant evidence highlighted the immunity beneÞts of contact with soil: ÒResearch
that those living closer to nature have fewer cardiovascular problems and demonstrates that children playing in soil have an increased microbiome
report better mental health,Ó she stated. diversity and T cells in their blood,Ó she noted, underscoring the importance
of tactile interaction with natural environments.
A critical point raised was the need to determine whether all green spaces
oûer the same beneÞts. She asked, ÒAre all green spaces equal?Ó and Willis then addressed a key question in the emerging Þeld of Ògreen
argued that understanding the type, quality, and design of these spaces is prescribingÓ: How long do people need to spend in nature to experience
crucial for maximizing their health beneÞts. For example, the calming health beneÞts? While current research suggests that 20 to 30 minutes of
eûects of nature appear to be inßuenced by speciÞc sensory interactions, exposure to nature provides the maximum beneÞt, Willis pointed out the
such as sight, smell, and sound. Willis discussed how visual interactions signiÞcant research gaps: Òthere are fewer than 10 studies on this,Ó she said,
with nature can lead to psychological calming within 90 seconds of calling for more research to understand how long-term exposure aûects
exposure. Interestingly, certain coloursÑparticularly green and yellowÑ diûerent populations.

21
Comparing nature-based therapies to conventional medical treatments, Willis concluded by highlighting the need for more quantitative research to
Willis cited a study where 77% of participants who engaged in nature-based support the integration of nature-based solutions into health policy. She
therapy did not take any sick leave in the 12 months following their pointed out that while there is growing evidence for the beneÞts of nature,
treatment. ÒNature-based therapy could be as eûective as cognitive signiÞcant gaps remain in understanding how diûerent types of green
behavioural therapy for certain mental health conditions,Ó Willis explained, spaces, interactions with nature, and durations of exposure aûect health
adding that the long-term beneÞts and lower costs of these therapies make outcomes. ÒWe need evidence to prescribe nature at the same level that
them an attractive option for healthcare systems. Despite this promising we prescribe conventional drugs,Ó she stressed. She also touched on the
data, Willis cautioned that there is still a lack of research comparing the need to consider cultural and geographic diûerences in how people
eûcacy of nature-based therapies to traditional medical prescriptions. She perceive and beneÞt from nature. Diûerent landscapes may have varying
urged the scientiÞc community to focus on Þlling these gaps, particularly in eûects on health depending on cultural context, and the general calming
the areas of cost-beneÞt analysis and the development of frameworks for eûects of nature may be experienced diûerently across global locations.
prescribing nature-based interventions. ÒWe need to frame green prescribing as we do conventional medicine: what
type of drug, what dosage, what mechanism of action, and what is the cost-
beneÞt?Ó Willis emphasised, calling for a more structured approach to the
use of nature in healthcare.

Key takeaways

w Access to green spaces signiÞcantly improves mental and physical w 20-30 minutes of nature exposure provides the maximum health
health, especially in deprived communities, and the type, quality, beneÞt, though more research is needed on duration and type of
and design of green spaces are crucial for maximising health interaction.
beneÞts.
w Nature-based therapies could be as eûective as conventional
w Smell and sight have profound physiological eûects: Natural smells treatments for some mental health conditions, with the potential for
can enhance immune function, while certain colours and patterns in long-term beneÞts and lower costs.
nature can induce calm.
w There are signiÞcant research gaps in understanding how to
prescribe nature eûectively, particularly in terms of dosage, cost-
beneÞt analysis, and long-term outcomes.

WillisÕ keynote called for a deeper integration of nature-based solutions into health policy, driven by scientiÞc research that can quantify and support the
beneÞts of green spaces for human health.

22
Panel discussion
Chair Ilina Singh (Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford)

Panellists Rob McDonald (The Nature Conservancy)

Peninah Murage (London School of Hygiene &
Tropical Medicine)
Marco AurŽlio Carvalho (Brazilian Ecopsychology Institute)
Kathy Willis (Department of Biology, University of Oxford)

This panel explored the interconnections between nature, human health,

and wellbeing, focusing on how NbS can bridge gaps between ecological
and health disciplines. Experts discussed the importance of urban green
spaces, indigenous knowledge, and holistic approaches to health,
advocating for policies that integrate ecology and healthcare.
pollution, stress, and mental health issues. He cited research showing that
Ilina Singh opened the session by questioning how we deÞne both "nature" urban nature can reduce obesity and stress while increasing property
and "wellbeing." She emphasised that these concepts are often poorly values. However, McDonald pointed out that access to nature in cities is
deÞned, particularly in policy discussions. "We donÕt know what often inequitable. "Poor neighbourhoods have less tree coverage than rich
interventions are driving change," Singh pointed out, noting that while there ones in 92% of U.S. cities," he noted. He highlighted the need for urban
is evidence at the individual levelÑparticularly from mindfulness literature planning that integrates health and ecological considerations, stating,
Ñthere is a gap in understanding nature's impact at the societal level. Singh "Nature in cities is our way to have cake and eat it too." McDonald also
proposed a new model of wellbeing, "ecological collective ßourishing," shared that trees in the U.S. save 1,200 lives per year, but the beneÞts are
which calls for a holistic view of health that integrates human and nature disproportionately enjoyed by "mainly white upper-income groups." He
wellbeing. "We need to work with nature; we are part of nature," she called for a more inclusive approach to urban greening eûorts, linking them
explained. This view emphasises that studying human health in isolation to public health initiatives.
from ecological health misses the broader picture. Singh introduced a
Penny Murage provided an example of how NbS are being used in rural
toolkit called ECOFLORET to frame how we can study NbS in a way that
Tanzania to improve health outcomes. In a project that integrates trees into
includes wellbeing for both humans and nature. "How do we wrap science
the landscape, Murage shared that reforesting drylands has helped farmers
around activities like this?" she asked, urging researchers to adopt a more
adapt to rising temperatures. " There is a physiological impact on heat
integrated approach.
adaptation for rural farmers," she explained, noting that the trees provide
Rob McDonald focused on the role of nature in urban settings and the shade and create cooler microclimates. Murage demonstrated the
signiÞcant health beneÞts it oûers. "Cities are quintessentially human but application of the ecosystems cascades framework to examine the links
are also seen as inhumane," McDonald remarked, referencing the well- between ecosystems, their services and health. She also emphasised the
documented links between urban environments and increased rates of need for research that connects ecological attributes of the landscape with

23
health outcomes, particularly in the context of climate adaptation. She Carvalho noted that guides in BrazilÕs natural parks are being trained to lead
stressed the importance of identifying thresholds for health that can forest bathing sessions, helping to promote this practice on a wider scale.
inßuence the health sector, which would provide evidence for nature-based He described forest bathing as a deep experience that often lasts for
interventions, and advocated for more targeted research that can bridge several hours, suggesting that the current threshold for time spent in
the divide between health and ecology. nature, often cited as 20 minutes, may vary depending on the depth of the
interaction. He pointed to forest bathing as an example of a more
immersive approach to nature-based health interventions.
ÒPoor neighbourhoods have less tree
coverage than rich ones in 92% of U.S. The Q&A session explored diûerent perspectives on nature, health, and the
role of urban green spaces. Willis pointed out that the 20-minute threshold
citiesÉNature in cities is our way to
for health beneÞts from nature exposure might not apply universally. For
have cake and eat it too.Ó instance, some women may feel unsafe in certain green spaces, triggering
a "Þght or ßight" response instead of the calming eûect normally associated
- Rob McDonald
with nature. Carvalho elaborated on his experience with forest bathing,
explaining how the duration of nature interactions in these settings can vary
Marco AurŽlio Carvalho introduced the concept of ecopsychology, a Þeld signiÞcantly from other types of nature exposure. McDonald highlighted the
that bridges psychology and ecology, to highlight the profound connection importance of redeÞning "nature" in urban settings, explaining that urban
between human health and nature. "Our fate is linked to trees," he stated, parks, tree-lined streets, and even indoor plants can have psychological
reßecting on the forest bathing project in Brazil that aims to foster beneÞts. "We can also bring nature indoors," he remarked, noting that even
engagement between people and natural areas. Carvalho discussed how a picture of nature can induce a calming eûect. McDonald also urged
the practice of "forest bathing" immerses participants in the natural world, attendees to take responsibility for nature in their own lives: "Increase
encouraging them to develop a deeper connection with the environment. nature in your life, Þght for it, and advocate for it," he said, calling for
"Forest bathing generates love and gratitude for the forest," he explained. individuals to push for more inclusive urban greening eûorts.

Conclusion
Integrating nature into urban design, health policy, and daily life is essential for addressing the health challenges of the modern world.
There needs to be much greater public engagement with nature, more equitable urban planning, and continued research to bridge the
gap between ecological and health disciplines.

24
 Actions

1. Governments and public health organisations should develop 6. Schools should integrate environmental education that links nature
policies that integrate nature-based interventions into public health to physical and mental health, raising awareness from an early age of
guidelines to complement traditional treatments, recognising the the importance of respect for and time in nature.
physical and mental health beneÞts of nature.
7. ScientiÞc research on nature-based health solutions should be
2. Urban planners must ensure equitable access to quality green expanded, focusing on the health beneÞts of nature in both urban and
spaces, particularly in low-income areas, to promote physical activity, rural settings. Priorities include:
reduce stress, and improve overall mental health.
w Gathering data on physiological and psychological beneÞts of
3. Public health campaigns should encourage frequent engagement nature exposure.
with nature, highlighting that even short periods (e.g., 20 minutes) in
green spaces can signiÞcantly improve wellbeing. These campaigns w Investigating optimal exposure durations for diûerent populations.
should also emphasise the need for mutual respect and care between
humans and nature as essential to achieving collective wellbeing. w Conducting cost-beneÞt analyses of nature-based interventions.

4. Healthcare providers should adopt an integrated approach, w Establishing environmental health thresholds to guide
prescribing evidence-based nature-based interventions alongside policymakers.
conventional treatments to enhance long-term health outcomes.
w Encouraging collaboration between healthcare professionals and
5. Businesses can promote wellbeing by incorporating green spaces in ecological researchers, particularly in the context of climate
the workplace and supporting urban greening initiatives. These change adaptation.
actions enhance employee health while contributing to public health
goals.

25
26
Theme 3: Nature-based Solutions for Adaptation and Humanitarian Crises
Nathalie Doswald introduced this third session by calling for greater integration between the currently siloed approaches to disaster risk reduction, climate
change adaptation and mitigation, and environmental management, with nature as an important connector.

Keynote Nature-based Solutions As Stepping Stones Out Of Emergencies

Elisabeth Simelton, Center for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF)

Elisabeth Simelton began by emphasising that NbS values in NbS, explaining how one landscape can serve multiple purposes
should simultaneously beneÞt both people and when managed sustainably. By integrating four types of management
biodiversity, highlighting a crucial point often actionsÑsustainable practices, green infrastructure, amelioration, and
overlooked in trade-oû discussions: ÒWhen we focus conservationÑa single landscape can address water ßow regulation and
on trade-oûs, we often forget about the synergies.Ó carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. These beneÞts, she
She called for a shift away from quick-Þx solutions like stressed, cannot be compartmentalized for separate reporting under the
large-scale industrial agriculture, which tend to ignore diûerent conventions. "Current reporting systems oversimplify the value of
these synergies due to funding pressures and a diverse ecosystems to one-dimensional metrics such as Ôarea,Õ failing to
narrow focus on immediate results. Quoting the IUCNÕs deÞnition of NbS, capture the broader beneÞts of synergies and avoided losses to the wider
she reminded the audience that NbS are designed to Òprotect, sustainably landscape," she explained.
manage, and restore natural or modiÞed ecosystems that address societal
challenges eûectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human Simelton shared three case studies that showcased how NbS can help
wellbeing and biodiversity beneÞts.Ó This deÞnition, she argued, must be at communities avoid loss and damage while stepping out of emergencies. In
the forefront of discussions about food security and emergency responses. Algeria, local communities grow date palms and raise animals in the desert
by understanding and working with wind patterns. This case exempliÞes the
Drawing on earlier talks from Day 1, Simelton asked "Whose values are we importance of leveraging local knowledge and traditional practices to
counting, and who counts? Is it the communities, the private sector, the adapt to environmental challenges. In a refugee camp in Uganda,
governments, or the people who live there, or elsewhere?" This question agroforestry was established by working closely with both refugees and
underscores the complexity of implementing NbS, especially when host communities. Listening to the needs of local people and addressing
diûerent stakeholders prioritise diûerent outcomes, often at the expense of potential triggers for conßict were critical in avoiding maladaptation. Finally,
long-term, synergistic solutions. The separation of the three Rio in Ukraine, even in war-torn areas, integrated small-scale farming systems
ConventionsÑon biodiversity (CBD), climate (UNFCCC), and desertiÞcation have continued, helping to mitigate some impacts on food security, human
(UNCCD)Ñfurther complicates this, as it splits funding and implementation health, and wellbeing. This case highlights the potential for NbS to be
across siloed ministries, hindering cross-sector collaboration and reporting adapted even in post-war reconstruction eûorts.
on synergies. Simelton reiterated the importance of recognising holistic

27
These examples illustrated that NbS are not one-size-Þts-all solutions, with 3. Align international conventions and SDGs
each context requiring adaptation, informed by local knowledge, Greater alignment between the Rio Conventions and the Sustainable
community needs, and environmental conditions. In her conclusion, Development Goals (SDGs) is essential to encourage synergies at the
Simelton outlined three major action points to help move away from local level. Simelton stressed that integrated approaches at the
emergency responses toward more sustainable, long-term solutions: international level can facilitate more eûective NbS implementation on
the ground.
1. Address maladaptation
Prevent conßict triggers and address the short-sightedness of quick-Þx When asked how NbS can be scaled, Simelton emphasised that it is not the
solutions promoted by investors and policymakers. She called for more "what" of NbS that can be scaled, but the "how." She explained, "You can
thoughtful and forward-thinking investments in NbS, which consider scale practices like green infrastructureÑsuch as terraces or agroforestry
long-term beneÞts for both people and ecosystems. systemsÑbut what you grow cannot be scaled. It depends on the local
context and what farmers or communities need and want to grow." She
2. Gather cross-disciplinary data underscored the importance of local context, situation analysis, and
A richer, more diverse body of data is needed to make fact-based community input in determining which NbS strategies are appropriate in
decisions and improve early warning systems. This data will not only each setting. "So, the technology you might be able to scale," she
help reduce disasters and emergencies but will also provide crucial concluded, "but under very careful situation and context analysis Þrst.Õ
insights into the avoided losses and damages attributable to NbS.
In summary, Simelton reminded us of the importance of holistic, context-
speciÞc solutions that balance human wellbeing with biodiversity
conservation. She highlighted the need to overcome systemic barriersÑ
such as siloed policy frameworks and one-dimensional reporting metricsÑ
to unlock the full potential of NbS as a pathway out of emergencies.

28
Panel discussion
Chairs Nathalie Doswald, Head of Adaptation, Asesoramiento
Ambiental EstratŽgico
Karen Sudmeier-Rieux, University of Applied Sciences,
TH-Kšln

Panellists Kevin Douglas, Jamaica Red Cross

Gonzalo GutiŽrrez Goizueta, World Bank
Annisa Triyanti, Utrecht University
Yvonne Walz, United Nations University, Institute for
Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS)

Panel 3 examined barriers and enabling factors for scaling NbS for climate
change adaptation and disaster risk reduction (DRR) at the local, national,
and international levels. The panellists outlined the complexities of
engaging communities, the need for diversiÞed funding, and the
importance of integrating policy frameworks across sectors to achieve
pointed out that too many initiatives have failed because local communities
meaningful impact. A central theme of the session was the necessity of
were not prioritised. "I have seen many initiatives come apart because the
empowering local communities and involving them in every step of NbS
local communities were not engaged meaningfully," he explained, stressing
design and implementation.
that long-term success hinges on community leadership. He also
Karen Sudmeier-Rieux opened the conversation by reßecting on the highlighted land tenure issues, access to funding, and institutional barriers
urgent need to Òbuild bridges for positive changeÓ, across convention, such as changes in government priorities and insuûcient buy-in as major
ministry and local levels. She emphasised the potential of NbS as a bridge challenges for scaling NbS in Jamaica.
for collaboration through crisis prevention and recovery, stating, ÒIt often
takes a disaster or an emergency for things to change and for us to work Annisa Triyanti shifted the conversation towards a broader understanding
together. of risk. She argued that risk should not be viewed as isolated events but as
part of a systemic failure. "ItÕs a culmination of failed governance and human
Kevin Douglas stressed the importance of local community involvement in actions that have not allowed communities to cope, adapt, and transform,"
NbS initiatives. In Jamaica, where the scale of natural hazard-induced she stated. Drawing from her work with the Seasea indigenous tribe in
disasters like ßooding and landslides are exacerbated by the destruction of Sulawesi, Indonesia, Triyanti illustrated how Indigenous communities are
natural buûers such as mangroves and hillside forests, local communities deeply connected to their environment. "The forest is the sacred place, the
must be at the forefront of resilience-building eûorts. "We see ourselves as birthplace of the tribe," she shared, emphasising that indigenous knowledge
accompanying local communities rather than leading them," Douglas plays a crucial role in environmental conservation. Triyanti called for the
remarked, emphasising that communities need to be involved from the recognition of indigenous governance systems, arguing that self-
selection of NbS right through to implementation and monitoring. He governance is vital for the wellbeing of both the community and the

29
environment. "We need to reßect on our role as researchers," she added, of the main barriers to NbS implementation is the "value crisis" in policy and
highlighting the importance of transdisciplinary approaches and diverse planning, where decisions are made through a "one-dimensional value lens"
knowledge systems in addressing complex social and ecological that focuses either on economic or ecological values, without
challenges. acknowledging their interconnectedness. "We need pluralistic valuation of
nature," Walz said, calling for diverse perspectives to be incorporated into
decision-making processes. She also underscored the relevance of this
ÒWe need to acknowledge those risks and approach when setting priorities for addressing Loss and Damage.
try to prevent them, but we have to avoid
In Q&A, speakers and audience explored the power dynamics of funding
being paralyzed by them.Ó
and the challenges of ensuring that adaptation funds reach the most
- Karen Sudmeier-Rieux vulnerable communities. Douglas reiterated the importance of
championing local leadership, while Doswald added that donor ßexibility in
the early stages of projects is essential to give space and time for
community engagement. Triyanti emphasised the need for longitudinal
Gonzalo GutiŽrrez Goizueta provided insights into the Þnancial challenges funding to build capacity within communities, arguing that "it takes a long
facing NbS projects. He emphasised the need to attract private sector time to build self-governance and resilience." The discussion also
investment to scale NbS, pointing out that public money is scarce and addressed the economic challenges of scaling NbS. Responding to a
highly competitive. "I really believe we need to incentivize private sector question about the role of insurers in NbS funding, GutiŽrrez highlighted
participation if we want to see more NbS implementation, at least in the that insurers are familiar with reducing risk and may play a crucial role in
current economic system we live in," he said. GutiŽrrez acknowledged that future investments. He also reiterated the importance of holistic NbS
while NbS projects generate multiple co-beneÞts, the high transaction projects: "We need to acknowledge those risks and try to prevent them, but
costs and risks often deter private investors. He advocated for leveraging we have to avoid being paralyzed by them." Sudmeier-Rieux suggested
public funds to de-risk private investments and build sustainable Þnancing government investments in de-risking as a valuable use of public funds.
structures for NbS. "We are starting to build up the track record, and I hope
we see a Ôsnowball eûectÕ in evidence building," he stated, highlighting the
need for robust impact measurement and reporting to attract more
substantial investments.

Yvonne Walz focused on the role of policy and planning as key enablers for
scaling up NbS. She highlighted the need for alignment between diûerent
policy frameworks such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and
the United Nations Convention to Combat DesertiÞcation (UNCCD). "NbS is
an umbrella term," she explained, noting that it encompasses various
approaches like Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) and Eco-DRR, each
with speciÞc goals. Walz emphasised the need to bridge these approaches
to maximize co-beneÞts across sectors. However, she pointed out that one

30
 Conclusion
Scaling NbS for climate change adaptation and DRR necessitates a holistic approach that integrates community leadership, diversiÞed
funding, and policy coherence across sectors. Therefore, to scale NbS with integrity requires collaboration across disciplines and a strong
focus on building a successful track record to attract investment and community support.

Actions

1. Align global frameworks such as the CBD, UNFCCC, and UNCCD to 5. Develop and share a robust evidence base for NbS projects to
promote integrated approaches to climate resilience, biodiversity showcase their long-term beneÞts and attract more investments,
conservation, and land restoration through NbS. while documenting best practices for scaling globally.

2. Ensure Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) lead 6. Promote collaboration across climate science, biodiversity, and
the design, implementation, and monitoring of NbS, recognising social sciences, bringing together IPCC, IPBES, and other platforms
their traditional knowledge as key to the success and sustainability to integrate diverse knowledge into NbS strategies.
of initiatives.
7. Implement decision-making processes that recognise the full
3. Move beyond single-focus NbS projects (e.g., carbon spectrum of natureÕs contributions, including ecological, cultural,
sequestration) to incorporate climate adaptation, biodiversity, and and economic values, ensuring transparency and inclusivity in NbS
social resilience for long-term ecosystem and community beneÞts. planning.

4. Encourage ßexible and long-term funding models that 8. Integrate socio-ecological systems thinking into national and
accommodate evolving NbS projects, with risk-tolerant Þnancial local policy frameworks to address interconnected crises and
mechanisms to attract private sector investment and support deliver beneÞts for climate, biodiversity, and community resilience,
innovation. with monitoring, reporting and funding mechanisms allowing for the
integration of values.

31
Art at the Conference
I am a Tree!
Naine Terena de Jesus, 2022, Brazil

Naine TerenaÕs ÔI Am a Tree!Õ proposed a dialogue between human

and non-human realms by oûering a record of the world of the trees.
It raises the question: ÒAre you a tree?Ó ÒWhat is rooted in you beyond
what we can see?Ó

For Brazilian Indigenous Peoples, all things have an ÒownerÓ Ð a

guardian that is in conversation with human beings. Taking this as a
source of departure, I Am a Tree! presented a photographic essay
portraying trees from South Africa, Brazil and Germany, seeking to
establish a poetic interaction.

The following text, by the Terena teacher ƒvelin HekerŽ, translates ÔI

Am a Tree!Õ into words. It discusses her people's understanding of the
relationship between living beings and cosmological plant beings.

ÒYour eyes can see as far as the horizon allows. I am the owner of the
food you eat and the air you breathe. I have been here for thousands of
years. I have followed your birth and your fall. I take care of your
generation now. I will keep caring for future generations. You may not
understand me, but the wind whispers and asks me to warn you about
times to come. Even when you do not understand me, I ask
Orekayuvakae, the creator, to send a Humurukuku bird to warn you
about the moments of dangers or joy that are to come. I am the
beginning of everything. I am never the end. I cross centuries and ages. I
am belonging. I am knowledge. I am the Koixomuneti shaman that
heals you and takes away what is negative from your matter and soul. It
is through my hands that birth is given and grandchildren come into this
world. My roots and my rustling heal your human pains. I am the
beginning of all things. I am a tree.Ó
The Falls of Caledon
Jane Frere, Medium Charcoal on HahnemŸhle Natural Bamboo
janefrere.info / druimarts.com

The Falls of Caledon (the term for the ancient forest that once
stretched across a large part of Scotland once called Caledonia) is
an imagined waterfall somewhere in the mountains close to my
studio and home in the Highlands. The cascading falls oûer a refuge
for a rich diversity of biota in irrigated crevasses escaping
overgrazing deer. Our hillsides have become Ôgreen desertsÕ, barren
and bereft of the diversity of trees, ßora and fauna that once thrived
and cloaked the mountain sides. Using bamboo instead of cotton-
based paper was a deliberate choice to use a natural medium with a
lower environmental impact. Charcoal, by contrast, may not have the
same sustainability credentials, but it is still a valuable and versatile
material that artists have used since the time of the earliest cave
drawings.

You don't need to look back as far as the stone age to understand
that the once-vast Scottish forest, known to our ancestors as the
great wood of Caledon, was home to bears, wolves, lynx, and more.
It was a rich equilibrium of biodiversity that seems almost
unimaginable in our depleted 21st-century world. The Falls of
Caledon is a reßection of both extinct predators and the few
present-day survivors, like the Highland wildcat. Like a palimpsest,
some creatures emerge clearly while others are more spectral, their
presence almost erased. The fragility of charcoalÑan ephemeral
mediumÑserves as a reminder of how easily nature itself can fade
or be lost if we are not vigilant.
Conûuence of Solutions: Journey to Belém (CoP30) and beyond
Artists CŽcile Girardin (Nature-Based Insights & Nature-Based Solutions Initiative), Lisa Curtis (independent artist), and
Rapha‘l Girardin-Potts (student) captured the conference's emerging themes in a mural outside the museum. This mural
illustrated the work and approaches the nature-based solutions community will need as we look ahead to the United Sponsored by
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP30) in BelŽm, Brazil, in 2025 and beyond. It intertwined hopes,
reßections, values, and global evidence, crossing disciplines and cultures to shape an agenda for scaling nature-based
-
solutions that support both societal and ecological wellbeing. The action agenda was depicted as a ßowing river,
symbolising the convergence of diverse knowledge needed to address climate and biodiversity challenges. This river
imagery also represents the journey towards building an economy that sustains and nurtures the web of life, rather than
contributing to its unraveling.
 Evaluating the Role of Biodiversity in the
Climate-Biodiversity-Health Nexus
CAROLINA RODRIGUEZ 1 , PAULINE REBOUILLAT 2 , MARLIS WULLENKORD 3
1C E N T R E F O R E N V I R O N M E N TAL AN D C L I M AT E S C I E N C E , 2 D E PAR T M E N T O F C L I N I C AL S C I E N C E S & D I V I S I O N O F O C C U PAT I O N AL AN D E N V I R O N M E N TAL M E D I C I N E ,
3 E N V I R O N M E N TAL P S Y C H O L O G Y R E S E AR C H G R O U P, D E PAR T M E N T O F AR C H I T E C T U R E AN D B U I LT E N V I R O N M E N T ( LT H ) , L U N D U N I V E R S I T Y, L U N D , S W E D E N

Posters showcasing case studies, projects and Conclusion Biodiversity

Direct Indirect

evidence This study highlights biodiversity's critical role in addressing

climate change and its implications for human health.
Seasonal
Synergy/
trade-offs
Long-term

Feedback loops
Exposure

Objective
Experience

Subjective

Although extensive research covers the individual

During the conference, posters showcasing the latest research in connections between biodiversity, climate change, and
health, there is a significant gap in studies integrating all three
the Þeld of NbS and across all nine conference themes were areas, a concerning finding given the urgency of these Climate Human
change health
presented. In-person posters were displayed in the upper gallery interconnected global challenges.
Towards nature-based solutions as a design Direct

Acute
Indirect

Gradual

of the museum where attendees could ask authors questions Vulnerability factors

about their research. Three online poster sessions were also held Background for disaster risk reduction in rural mountai Climate Change-Biodiversity-Human Health Nexus, illustrating interactions as impacts
(blue and beige) or benefits (green). Gray arrows represent the number of publications
in 2023.

with presenters from across the world, highlighting a diverse Global issues like climate change, biodiversity loss, and escalating health crises
Amy Oen (NGI, [email protected]), Anders Solheim(NGI), Annelies De Nijs (Agence TER
are interconnected and require comprehensive solutions. The Climate-
range of case studies, projects and scientiÞc evidence on NbS Biodiversity-Health Nexus illustrates a complex web of interdependencies that Background
underpinning the conference sessions. present both challenges and opportunities for globalNearly
sustainability.
solutions play a crucial role in enhancing biodiversity, which
to risks
Nature-based
50% of rural
in turn
from
areas worldwide are classified as mountainous regions and are exposed
supports
geological and hydrometeorological hazards. Mountains tend to amplify these
climate change adaptation and mitigation, and improves
risks, human health.
especially under extreme weather events. However, NbS in rural mountainous regions
have not received the same attention as those in densely populated urban areas, nor have
they been extensively explored in national disaster risk reduction (DRR) plans.
The PHUSICOS project has focused on investigating the use and benefits of NbS in such
Download all the posters here areas through the implementation of NbS at demonstrator cases. The project results have
culminated in an NbS guidebook, designed to inspire by showcasing NbS as landscape
interventions. This guidebook is visually impactful and presents NbS strategies in relation to
six specific landscapes or ecosystem narratives within a river basin perspective.
Watch poster sessions on YouTube

Figure 1: Number of publications in the worldwide peer-reviewed literature on the

relationship between biodiversity, climate change, and health, 2004-2023. Data from
Scopus.

Examples of Nature-based Solutions. Left: Fulltofta Nature Reserve, Scania, Sweden. Right: Stormwater
management infrastructure in Augustenborg, Malmö, Sweden Research gaps and future
Evidence for the links between directions
Biodiversity and Climate Change Sparsely vegetated lands ecosystem Despite advances, the literature addressing all three
components of the nexus is sparse. We identify a
Afforestation
Biodiversity crucially underpins ecosystem resilience and climateon steep slopes
adaptation, yet selected by need for integrated research approaches to
pressing
it is severely threatened by climate change. Our study highlights significant
stakeholders as NbS to reduce comprehensively
snow understand and mitigate the
impacts such as altered species distributions andavalanche
disrupted ecological
release at Capet Forest. interconnected effects of environmental and health
interactions, emphasizing the need for robust conservation strategies. crises. " 6758 trees planted over 4-year period
Interdisciplinary collaboration is crucial yet
" 9 tree species selected based on climate
Biodiversity and Human Health
and elevation (1800-2200 m asl.) challenging due to varying methodologies and priorities
While the global importance of biodiversity for ecosystem services is recognized, across fields. Developing common frameworks and
the direct effects on human health through exposure " Trees densely
to diverse planted in polygon integrating diverse research insights are vital for
environments
pattern (30 per 35 m 2 and 16 per 17 m2)
are less understood, revealing a gap in linking ecological health to physical advancing our understanding of this complex nexus.
and mental well-being. " Monitoring has documented tree loss
(expected and required for growth)
Research Team
Climate Change and Human Health " 20-30 years of monitoring tree health
This research is part of the Nature-Based Solutions at the Climate-Biodiversity-Health Nexus
Exposure to climate change varies widely, from directand maintenance
impacts of tripods expected
like extreme project, fundedAfforestation inExcellence
by the Lund University the Pyrenees, France.
Programme for Tripods
Sustainable Development.
until trees solid
weather events to indirect effects through altered ecosystems, enough
affecting for protection
both to protect saplings (D2.4, www.phusicos.eu).
physical and mental health across different populations.
Rivers and lakes ecosystem
Key references
Sedimentation basin and buffer Henrik
Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/
strips
" IPCC (2014)Climate Change 2014 Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working
Smith, Cecilia Akselsson, 1
Carolina Rodriguez
1
Pauline Rebouillat Marlis Wullenkord
2Peter Nilsson, 2Jonas Björk, 3Maria Johansson,
tele, S. Díaz, and H. T. Ngo). IPBES secretariat. https://www.ipbes.net/global-assessment. selected by local farmers as NbS to reduce
" IPBES. (2019). Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (E. S. Brondizio, J. Set-
Contact: [email protected]

erosion and flooding, alleviate drought

severity, and improve water quality.
" 3 m wide buffer strips planted in two
areas with either clayey or peaty soil
Making the Current System
Work for Nature
DAY TWO
-
Theme 4: Addressing Uncertainty and Building the Evidence

Keynote Moving beyond uncertainty to deliver nature-based solutions at scale

Kathryn Brown, The Wildlife Trusts

Kathryn BrownÕs keynote addressed the importance of 2. River Otter beaver reintroduction
pragmatic action and the role of uncertainty in This example showed positive ecological outcomes such as
delivering NbS at scale. Brown emphasised that while improved biodiversity and natural ßood management, even though
measurement and data collection are vital, lack of the intervention was not originally planned (it is not known how the
perfect information should not be used as an excuse to beavers arrived). The success of the project highlighted the
delay or hinder action. She argued that "getting importance of learning from action and adapting as the outcomes
something nearly right is better than being perfectly unfold.
wrong," stressing that overly complex measurements can sometimes mask
uncertainties and lead to inaction. 3. The Wildlife Trusts' Health & Wellbeing Programme
This programme focused on improving mental health through social
Brown highlighted the need for eûective frameworks that account for prescribing initiatives that connect people with nature. Brown noted
uncertainty and provide guidance for implementing NbS. While that while not all beneÞts were fully measured, the programme
acknowledging the value of precise data, she stressed that simplicity and demonstrated signiÞcant cost savings, reinforcing the potential of
clarity can sometimes have a stronger impact on policy uptake. For NbS to support public health and reduce costs to the NHS
example, The Wildlife TrustÕs health and wellbeing programmes
demonstrated that even simple economic analysesÑsuch as cost savings Brown questioned whether everything in NbS needs to be measured,
from social prescribingÑcan open doors for further discussions on the particularly when it comes to complex, intangible outcomes like community
beneÞts of NbS without needing to quantify every outcome. feelings or the intrinsic value of nature. She acknowledged that while
measurement is critical, focusing solely on data can overlook the broader
Three case studies illustrated BrownÕs message of pragmatic action: beneÞts of NbS and slow down progress. The key, she argued, is to balance
pragmatism with ongoing learning, allowing action to guide future
1. Temperate rainforest programme improvements.
This initiative, re-creating rainforest in the west of the UK and funded
by Aviva, is taking a straightforward approach to opportunity
mapping to restore temperate rainforests in Wales. By combining
simple mapping techniques with future climate projections, the
project demonstrated how practical methods can be used to
establish the best locations for resilient ecosystems.

37
 Key takeaways

w Pragmatic action is essential, even when data is incomplete.

Overemphasis on measurement can mask uncertainty and hinder
progress.

w Frameworks can help guide the implementation of NbS but should

remain simple to encourage policy uptake.

w Learning through action is crucial. The success of projects like the

River Otter beaver reintroduction illustrates that not all NbS beneÞts
can be predicted or measured upfront.

w Measurement should be practical and relevant, focusing on key

outcomes that can drive policy discussions and further action, rather
than attempting to quantify everything.

w Nature-based health interventions such as social prescribing

programmes can bring signiÞcant beneÞts to public health and save
costs, even without complex data collection.

BrownÕs keynote encouraged the NbS community to move beyond

uncertainty, combining action with continuous learning to deliver
nature-based solutions at scale.

38
Panel discussion
Chair Valerie Kapos, UN Environment Programme World
Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)

Panellists John Lynch, Nature-based Solutions Initiative,

University of Oxford
Mike Morecroft, Natural England
Merata Kawharu, Te Whare W
naka o Aoraki Lincoln University
Sara Lšfqvist, ETH Zurich
Gus Fordyce, Nature-based Insights

Panel 4 went deeper into how NbS should balance uncertainty with the
need for actionable data and for timely action. Panellists explored both the
complexity and necessity of monitoring and evaluating NbS outcomes, as
well as the challenge of balancing scientiÞc frameworks with pragmatic,
community-led approaches. The session revealed diverse perspectives on
how to deal with uncertainties, especially in terms of measurement, social
Mike Morecroft highlighted the importance of Ôlearning by doingÕ: There is
impacts, and the integration of indigenous knowledge.
good evidence that NbS can deliver climate change adaptation and
mitigation at the same time as biodiversity, but there have also been
Valerie Kapos began the session by encouraging the panel to embed
failures. There is a need for urgency in scaling up NbS implementation to
multiple world views, beneÞts and values when discussing the uncertainties
respond to the pressing nature of climate change challenges, so we must
around NbS. She also raised the challenge of needing to simplify NbS for
learn from both successes and failures. Morecroft advocated for better
decision-makers, while embracing their inherent complexity.
research, monitoring, evaluation, and data publication, linked to NbS
schemes. He pointed to the Nature Returns programme as an example of a
John Lynch argued that even though there is little direct monitoring of NbS
landscape-scale initiative that integrates scientiÞc research and monitoring
outcomes, assumptions based on broader environmental correlations can
with practical outcomes for both people and nature. It is also exploring the
provide suûcient guidance. For example, indicators like vegetation cover
practicalities of green Þnance.
and water tables can help estimate carbon storage and greenhouse gas
reductions following peatland restoration. He acknowledged, however, that
Merata Kawharu discussed how the Maori concept of whakapapa (the
this approach introduces uncertainties, particularly in climate resilience and
layering of time and relationships between species) informs NbS in New
the biodiversity of species used in restoration eûorts. Lynch supported the
Zealand. Kawharu stressed the importance of a values-based approach,
IUCN global standard, which calls for regular monitoring and adaptive
where intent and accountability guide action rather than solely relying on
management, emphasising that NbS should be based on a robust evidence
data. She mentioned that the framing of NbS is crucial to getting the right
framework, even if not all factors can be measured to the same level of
answers, as indigenous knowledge systems like whakapapa help
detail.

39
understand reciprocal relationships between humans and the land. households already in power,Ó she said, warning of the need for thorough
KawharuÕs approach focused on a symbiotic relationship with nature, as social monitoring to ensure equitable distribution of beneÞts. Lšfqvist
exempliÞed by projects like the Orakei Auckland urban reforestation, which called for improved regulations and public support to ensure that Þnance
seeks to recreate ecological corridors and cultural sites. Kawharu stressed for nature is directed toward sustainable and socially just outcomes.
that NbS must not be conÞned to Western scientiÞc frameworks alone. "The ÒMonitoring matters to promote equitable outcomes,Ó she said, advocating
direct translation of NbS concepts into Maori culture is often diûcult," she for more stringent regulations to ensure that NbS projects deliver holistic
said, noting that indigenous knowledge systems oûer a holistic beneÞts.
understanding of human-nature relationships that are essential for NbS
success. She described walking "backwards into the future," a Maori Gus Fordyce expanded on the need for dynamic monitoring and evaluation
approach to viewing time and nature, which prioritises ancestral knowledge (M&E) systems that can handle uncertainty in NbS projects. He described
to guide present-day ecological restoration. NbS as complex, multi-faceted systems that require long-term thinking and
a willingness to work with uncertainty. "See it like a spiderÕs web,Ó Fordyce
Sara Lšfqvist brought attention to the importance of equity in NbS, arguing said, explaining that every part of an NbS project is interconnected, and
that it is "imperative for the long-term success" of these projects. She practitioners must understand how diûerent parts of the system might
warned that NbS initiatives, particularly those funded by carbon Þnance, ÔwobbleÕ or go wrong. He advocated for systems thinking and the use of
could have detrimental eûects on local communities if not carefully socio-ecological models to navigate uncertainty and improve the
monitored. ÒThe most vulnerable human communities overlap with places eûectiveness of NbS. Fordyce also touched on the diûculty of integrating
with the most NbS potential,Ó she pointed out, stressing that these large-scale global datasets with local-level data. ÒGlobal and regional
communities must not be an afterthought. LšfqvistÕs research showed that datasets are useful for decision-makers," he said, "but they could be simply
community-led restoration projects tend to achieve better ecological wrong or inaccurate." The challenge, he explained, lies in Þnding ways to
outcomes, but she cautioned that positive outcomes like job creation do connect these broad datasets with the realities on the ground without
not necessarily equate to equity. ÒBeneÞts may be accumulated in losing the valuable insights they oûer for larger-scale analysis.

"The direct translation of NbS concepts

into Maori culture is often difficult.Ó
- Merata Kawharu

40
 Conclusion
It is important to balance uncertainty in NbS with action, prioritising adaptive, evidence-based management that respects and integrates
indigenous knowledge and equity considerations. While uncertainty will always exist, it should not prevent progress. Instead, NbS should
be viewed as evolving solutions that require continuous monitoring, learning, and community engagement to succeed in the long term.
ÔLearning by doingÕ, even with limited data, is key to making progress.

Actions

1. Improve regulations on social outcomes to ensure that NbS 4. Embrace adaptive learning and encourage practitioners to
Þnance does not negatively impact local communities and that continuously develop and modify their strategies based on
social monitoring is integral to all projects. evidence - "learning by doing" from both successes and failures.

2. Embed local leadership and in particular support Indigenous 5. Slow down on producing large datasets and new standards and
leadership of NbS projects to ensure cultural accountability and focus on putting existing frameworks into action, adopting a more
long-term success. practical, results-oriented approach.

3. Expand monitoring tools that capture NbS outcomes beyond 6. Increased collaboration between natural and social scientists to
carbon mitigation, using a broad range of metrics to assess success tackle the challenges of NbS implementation as both Þelds are
across diûerent landscapes and communities. essential to understanding and managing complexity.

41
42
Theme 5: Balancing Resilience Concerns around Nature-based Solutions

Keynote Brazilian Cerrado: A Biodiversity Hotspot Facing Global Challenges And Searching For Local Solutions
Mercedes Bustamante, Department of Ecology, University of Brasilia
Mercedes BustamanteÕs keynote centred on the critical Indigenous Peoples and local communities, who play a crucial role in
role of the Brazilian Cerrado in meeting the goals of the maintaining biodiversity, are also facing signiÞcant pressures from
Paris Agreement, and the complex challenges it faces agricultural expansion and climate change. Water management is
due to agricultural expansion, deforestation, and becoming a key area of conßict, as irrigation demands are projected to rise
climate change. The Cerrado, BrazilÕs second-largest in a region already experiencing a drying climate. Additionally, Bustamante
biome, spans 23.3% of the country and serves as a raised concerns about "green land grabbing," where land is appropriated
mosaic of ecosystems that store signiÞcant amounts of under the guise of environmental protection, but often excludes the
carbon, primarily in its belowground biomass and soils. participation of local communities.
However, it is under severe threat, with deforestation in the Cerrado
surpassing that of the Amazon in 2023. In closing, Bustamante called for a transformation of "sacriÞce zones" like
the Cerrado into "sacred zones," where the focus is on restoration,
Bustamante emphasised that the Cerrado is a biodiversity hotspot, a vital protection, and sustainable use of biodiversity. She advocated for a
region for water resources, and home to 38 Indigenous societies and bioeconomy model in Brazil that balances agricultural needs with
numerous local and traditional communities. However, land-use changes environmental conservation, while protecting the rights of Indigenous
driven by meat, grain, and biomass production, along with a changing Þre communities and addressing the political challenges posed by the
regime, are pushing the Cerrado towards becoming a carbon source powerful agriculture lobby.
instead of a sink. Bustamante warned that the region is becoming hotter
and drier, with unsustainable agricultural practices leading to "agrosuicide," During the Q&A, Bustamente discussed the potential for a sustainable
where the land is no longer suitable for farming. bioeconomy in Brazil, the risks posed by eucalyptus plantations, and the
challenge of engaging with investment funds that promote land conversion.
A key part of her talk focused on the need for zero deforestation policies She highlighted the need for collaborative eûorts across sectors to promote
and well-planned land management strategies to protect the CerradoÕs restoration and resilience in the Cerrado.
ecosystem services. She highlighted that BrazilÕs commitment to large-
scale restoration under the Paris Agreement has seen little progress thus
far, with only a small portion of the biome being restored. Bustamante
stressed the need to restore 10% of the Cerrado (an area equivalent to 35%
of pastures in the biome) to maintain its ecological and climate stability.

43
Key takeaways

w The Cerrado is crucial for biodiversity, carbon storage, and

water resources, but faces severe deforestation and
degradation from agricultural expansion.

w The region is becoming hotter and drier, threatening its

agricultural viability and turning it from a carbon sink into a
carbon source.

w Restoring 10% of the biome, with the potential use of

degraded pastures is essential to maintaining ecological
balance and meeting BrazilÕs Paris Agreement
commitments.

w Indigenous and local communities are key stewards of

biodiversity but face pressures from land grabs and
agricultural expansion.

w Brazil must adopt a sustainable bioeconomy model,

focusing on land restoration, biodiversity conservation, and
better management of natural resources.

44
Panel discussion

Chair Stephanie Roe, WWF-US

Panellists Pete Smith, University of Aberdeen

Alexandra Deprez, Institute for Sustainable Development and
International Relations (IDDR)
Alejandra Calzada Vazquez Vela, WWF Mexico
David Croft, Reckitt, Global Head of Sustainability
Mercedes Bustamante, Department of Ecology, University of
Brasilia

This panel focused on the critical issue of balancing resilience in NbS

against climate impacts, socio-economic pressures, and ecosystem
vulnerabilities. As NbS gain traction as vital tools for both carbon dioxide
"ThereÕs more to life than carbonÓ
removal (CDR) and climate adaptation, this session explored how to ensure - Pete Smith
their durability while avoiding unintended consequences like
commodiÞcation and short-term thinking. The panellists, from diverse long-term, non-reversible storage solutions such as geological storage.
backgrounds in academia, business, and conservation, emphasised the However, he cautioned, "We need to make sure that the CDR options we
need for holistic strategies that address both ecological and social choose are future-proof." He highlighted the Þnite nature of ecosystem
dimensions of NbS. carbon sinks, noting, "Sinks saturate," and emphasised the risks of over-
relying on NbS for carbon storage without considering other environmental
The chair, Stephanie Roe, introduced the session by noting that NbS can be and social factors. He raised concerns about large companies purchasing
eûective at building resilience but that, as ecosystems are aûected by land for NbS without consulting local communities, noting, "That wouldnÕt
climate change, the resilience and eûectiveness of NbS may be at risk. On be a nature-based solution." Smith argued that robust monitoring, reporting,
the one hand there are concerns on the durability and permanence of NbS, and veriÞcation (MRV) systems are essential to ensure that NbS projects
and on the other hand some are worried that this concern around can deliver long-term beneÞts. He concluded by reminding the audience
permanence is hindering investment in and implementation of NbS. Roe that while carbon is important, "ThereÕs more to life than carbon."
asked ÒAre these concerns valid?Ó. On the question of investment, Roe
highlighted a trend of increasing investment in NbS since 2021, despite a Alexandra Deprez framed NbS and CDR within broader environmental and
dip in the voluntary carbon market which was primarily due to credibility, social factors, urging a rethinking of how we approach net-zero strategies.
additionality and integrity concerns, rather than resilience concerns. She pointed out that while some CDR will be necessary to reach net-zero
by mid-century, various examples show policymakers and industries are
Pete Smith began by discussing the multiple CDR options, from geological being tempted to rely on it as a future Ôget out of jail cardÕ instead of
to land-based biological methods, and how investors are often drawn to reducing fossil fuel emissions at the source today. "There are environmental

45
constraints to CDR that are not adequately being considered in current communities. However, he acknowledged that businesses need support
IPCC models," Deprez stated, emphasising the risks of over-relying on CDR, from policy frameworks to make this transition eûective.
especially at the expense of ecosystems and food security. She raised
concerns about commodifying nature through market-based approaches, Mercedes Bustamante expressed her deep concerns about the global
such as carbon credits, which could justify ongoing fossil fuel use rather trend toward the commodiÞcation of nature, especially through carbon
than prioritising genuine emission reductions. "We need to reframe the markets and pointed out that these market mechanisms often fail to
discussion and prioritise steep emission cuts now," she argued, while recognise the broader ecological and social beneÞts that ecosystems
scaling NbS and building a supply of technology-based CDR with strict provide. Bustamante advocated for a more holistic view of resilience that
sustainability criteria in parallel. She called for improved scientiÞc integrates both ecological and social resilience. "Global challenges require
assessment of what is the sustainable CDR budget across various options. action with a regional and local lens," she noted, underscoring the
importance of context-speciÞc solutions in places like the Amazon and
Alejandra Calzada Vazquez Vela spoke about the critical role NbS play in Cerrado.
Mexico, especially mangrove restoration. She noted the increasing
vulnerability of mangroves to climate change and extreme weather events, During the Q&A, in response to a question about how to incentivize
explaining, "We are Þrm believers that NbS are one of the ways to go, it investment from businesses in long-term resilience, David Croft reiterated
might be the only one." Calzada described the painstaking process of the need for integrated solutions that address multiple challenges at once,
restoring mangroves, which can be expensive and slow, but she also rather than focusing solely on short-term proÞts. "We have to tackle not just
highlighted the social resilience that comes from these projects. "We are the problem in front of us," Croft said, emphasising that businesses need to
building other forms of resilience socially around the mangrovesÑsocial recognise the long-term value of building resilience into their operations.
cohesion, livelihoods, and awareness," she shared. An interesting initiative He also noted that policy support is crucial to create incentives for
involved the creation of an insurance policy for mangroves, which provides companies to make these kinds of investments. Alejandra Calzada
funds for immediate restoration after hurricanes. This policy is an example responded to a question about how to integrate resilience into NbS
of a proactive way to support resilience. "If we act right away after a projects, which often focus on carbon-heavy ecosystems. She pointed out
hurricane, restoration is likely to be much more successful," she stated, the importance of monitoring systems, particularly in vulnerable
demonstrating the importance of planning for uncertainty. ecosystems like mangroves. "We have dedicated eûorts on mangrove
monitoring, setting in place systems to identify patterns of resilience," she
David Croft focused on how global businesses are increasingly recognising said. These systems, she explained, allow decision-makers to adapt quickly
their dependence on nature and the importance of integrating NbS into to changes and prevent further damage after extreme events.
their value chains. "We are very dependent on nature," he stated, pointing
out that businesses have historically commodiÞed natural resources Pete Smith acknowledged the diûculty in measuring resilience but argued
without considering the ecological or social impacts. He emphasised the that we have enough knowledge to begin incorporating resilience factors
need for new business models that treat natural ecosystems as more than into NbS design. "It is very diûcult to measure resilience, but we can get
just commodities. "Decommodifying supply chains and building value back started," he said, calling for more proactive measures to enhance
into ecological and social systems increases land value for local ecosystem and community resilience in the face of climate change.
landowners," Croft said, stressing the importance of involving local
communities in decision-making. Croft highlighted how this approach not
only improves business resilience but also beneÞts ecosystems and

46
Mercedes Bustamante tackled the critical issue of commodifying NbS, Pete Smith addressed a question about the conßict between short-term
warning that Þnancial markets often oversimplify nature's value by reducing net-zero targets and the longer-term need for durable, resilient NbS. "Net-
it to monetary terms. "I am really worried about calling nature 'assets'," she zero is a pressing need," he said, acknowledging the urgency of cutting
said, cautioning against approaches that might lead to exploitation or emissions quickly to meet the Paris Agreement targets. However, Smith
market-driven destruction of ecosystems. Bustamante emphasised that cautioned against sacriÞcing long-term sustainability for short-term gains
focusing solely on the economic value of NbS risks undermining their long- and Mercedes Bustamante echoed this sentiment, expressing concern
term sustainability, especially in vulnerable regions like Brazil. David Croft about the disconnect between short-term policies and long-term
agreed that Þnancial mechanisms alone are not enough, stressing the need ecological realities. "There is a lack of alignment in long-term strategies
for a broader valuation of ecosystem services beyond market logic. He with biodiversity," she said, emphasising the need to rethink policy
noted, "We need metrics to understand the details in order to drive change," frameworks to ensure that both biodiversity and climate goals are
explaining that businesses need better tools to assess the full ecological addressed together.
and social impacts of their operations.

Conclusion
NbS require a holistic approach, addressing ecological, social, and economic dimensions. As NbS become increasingly integral to climate
strategies, it is essential to move beyond carbon-focused goals and consider the broader value of ecosystems. Long-term thinking is vital,
integrating resilience into policies and business models, and ensuring that NbS are designed to beneÞt nature and people, as part of
nature.

Actions

1. Break down silos and adopt a more integrated approach, connecting developing a sustainable supply of CDR methods, while acknowledging
carbon mitigation with biodiversity conservation and social resilience. their limitations, risks, and potential beneÞts.

2. Plan for resilience and uncertainty, particularly in vulnerable 4. Avoid commodiÞcation and embrace a broader valuation that
ecosystems like mangroves. incorporates social, ecological, and cultural dimensions.

3. Reframe the discussion on CDR by prioritising the elimination of fossil 5. Embed ecological and social values into business models, with policy
fuels and the end of deforestation, simultaneously, working towards support needed to incentivise long-term investment.

47
48
Theme 6: Governance, Markets and Finance for Nature
Cristiane Fontes opened by emphasising the urgent need for economic transformation in the world, spotlighting the new momentum in Brazil and the
governmentÕs commitments within its climate-environmental agenda. She shared new research and policies aimed at driving the shift from a forest-destructive
economy to a ÔNew Economy for the Brazilian Amazon,Õ rooted in locally led innovation, traditional knowledge, and working with biodiversity sustainably. Fontes
shared cautious optimism for this pathway, fuelled by the innovative work of diverse actors. She underscored BrazilÕs zero-deforestation commitment as central
to the new economic approach, which is key not only for mitigation, but also for the adaptation agenda of the Brazilian Amazon.

Keynote Bioeconomy & Biodiversity Nexus: Insights from Brazil and G20 Bioeconomy Initiative
Carina Pimenta, Government of Brazil, Ministry of Environment and Climate

Carina Pimenta shared key insights on BrazilÕs pathway Given its rich biodiversity, including six biomes and three marine
towards bioeconomy, joining the event remotely from ecosystems, along with diverse social and economic landscapesÑBrazil
the G20 Bioeconomy Initiative meeting in Manaus. has what Pimenta termed Òbioeconomies in plural.Ó Brazil recently
Pimenta reßected on the signiÞcance of establishing published a National Bioeconomy Strategy, jointly developed by the
bioeconomy principles in the heart of the Amazon, Ministries of Environment, Finance and Industry, alongside thirteen further
noting that discussions were focused on the government ministries. Pimenta stressed the importance of building this
relationship between bioeconomy, biodiversity loss, consensus in deÞning bioeconomy, stating: Òfor us, bioeconomy was not a
and climate mitigation and adaptation policies. choice of one industry over another, it was not a choice of a policy target or
goal, it was a choice of an economic model, alongside with environmental,
Pimenta laid out Brazil's proposed guiding principles for bioeconomy conservation and restoration goals.Ó
globally, emphasising three key areas: the essential role of science,
technology, and innovation in addressing both economic and Pimenta added that social justice is central to BrazilÕs bioeconomic model:
environmental concerns; the sustainable use of biodiversity as the basis for Òfor us, justice, ethics and inclusion are integral parts of the concept, it does
bioeconomic growth; and bioeconomy as an inclusive strategy aligned with not make sense for Brazil to develop an economic model that will not target
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). She framed these principles as our social and regional inequalities.Ó She also underscored the importance
crucial for building a transformational path for Brazil, ensuring that of traditional knowledge, noting: ÒBioeconomy is always a conjunction of
development does not come at the expense of the environment or social products, services and biodiversity and biological resources, but
equity. bioeconomy should also be a conjunction of traditional and scientiÞc
knowledge.Ó

49
She explained that the policy aims to protect the rights, as well as ÒIt is a vision for Brazil for the next 20-30 years, the Amazon and other
economic, social and cultural advancement of populations living in and regions need an economic model that looks into the forest and looks into
protecting biodiverse regions, for example through beneÞt-sharing the people.Ó
mechanisms.
Pimenta She emphasised that civil societyÕs involvement is critical for
Expressing hope for the future of BrazilÕs bioeconomy, Pimenta noted that developing the best bioeconomy policies, as it brings essential knowledge
the diversity of bioeconomy products and providers has grown rapidly in and evidence to the table. Responding to concerns around competing
recent years: ÒI think that we are going far, we are developing more than we demands for biomass and the need to ensure bioeconomy truly sustains
can see or show in numbers,Ó adding that bioeconomy in Brazil is a long- biodiversity, Pimenta said that Brazil is exploring policy models to minimise
term commitment: conßicts between sectors such as biofuels and agriculture, without causing
further deforestation.

Key takeaways

w The G20 bioeconomy principles focus on integrating science, w Balancing competing demands for resources, particularly biomass,
sustainability, and inclusivity to ensure the model aligns with both is a challenge for Brazil, and policy models are being developed to
environmental and social goals. address this without further deforestation.

w BrazilÕs newly launched National Bioeconomy Strategy emphasises w Brazil's bioeconomy is a long-term vision aimed at achieving social,
sustainable use of Brazil's diverse ecosystems, integrating traditional environmental, and economic balance over the next 20-30 years.
knowledge to ensure local communities are at the forefront of policy
making and beneÞt-sharing.

"Bioeconomy is always a conjunction of products, services and biodiversity and

biological resources, but bioeconomy should also be a conjunction of traditional and
scientific knowledge.Ó
- Carina Pimenta

50
Panel discussion
Chair Cristiane Fontes, World Resources Institute (WRI) Brazil

Panellists ValŽria Paye, Fundo Pod‡ali

Jo Anderson, Carbon Tanzania
Siddarth Shrikanth, Just Climate
Helen Avery, Green Finance Institute (GFI)
Will Baldwin-Cantello, WWF UK

Panel 6 explored the interdependencies of governance, markets, and

Þnance in resourcing and implementing high-integrity NbS. The discussion
addressed the challenges of Þnancing NbS, particularly in the context of
bioeconomy development, biodiversity, and climate mitigation policies.

Introducing the panel session, Cristiane Fontes brought attention to the

Indigenous rights, sharing a Þlm - Forest: A Garden we Cultivate Ð which
illustrates the millennia-long stewardship of the Amazon forest by
Indigenous Peoples, underscoring their critical role in protecting these Jo Anderson addressed the challenges of ensuring integrity in carbon
ecosystems, as well as their intimate, profound and diverse relationship projects, focusing on his experience with Carbon Tanzania, a REDD forest
with the Amazon forest. conservation initiative. He raised three key issues: Þrst, improving the
accuracy of carbon reporting and baselines; second, ensuring that carbon
ValŽria Paye emphasised the importance of Indigenous rights and self- projects do not harm Indigenous and Local Communities; and third, making
management, referencing her work with Fundo Pod‡ali. "Our right to self- sure carbon oûsets genuinely contribute to global emissions reductions.
determination, self-management, food systems, and all other processesÉ Anderson emphasised the importance of land rights and governance in
up until 1988, Indigenous Peoples in Brazil couldnÕt even organise carbon projects, stating, "Clear and unalienable land rights are a massive
ourselves, we didnÕt have a voice." She underscored that Fundo Pod‡ali was part of making this the best possible sector." He argued that with strong
created by and for Indigenous Peoples and is managed by Indigenous land rights, local governance and agency over Þnances, these projects can
Peoples. The fund supports a wide range of priorities, including the be Òan extremely powerful mechanism for funding locally led nature
demarcation of Indigenous territories, protection against illegal miners, and stewardship.Ó
the promotion of the indigenous economy and womenÕs leadership.
Siddarth Shrikanth reßected on the complexities of Þnancing nature-
Paye stressed the need for partnerships that respect indigenous ways of based solutions and unlocking institutional capital. He observed that,
organising and do not impose external models: "The process of those who despite recent increases in nature Þnancing due to public subsidies
invest telling us what to doÉ no, we donÕt agree with that. We need to build following COVID-19, private Þnance for NbS remains limited. Shrikanth
the way together." argued that there is a role for private Þnance in this space, noting that
nature has long been commodiÞed for economic purposes like agriculture.

51
He asked, "Why not weave in other forms of value?Ó, but stressed that concluded that companies need to understand at a sectoral level what they
Òpolicy is incredibly important,Ó particularly for governing land tenure and need to contribute to nature targets, and what they need to do. ÒWe really
regulating markets. Shrikanth pointed out that most of the institutional need nature positive pathways in order to start moving us forward. That is
capital is governed by strict rules aimed at generating economic returns, when I think you will start to see the money ßowing.Ó
which limits its application to NbS projects. Despite this, Shrikanth remained
optimistic about the potential for private investment to support land-use
transitions aligned with bioeconomy and Indigenous rights. "The process of those who invest telling
us what to doÉ no, we donÕt agree with
that. We need to build the way together.Ó
- ValŽria Paye

Will Baldwin-Cantello discussed the imbalance in global Þnancial ßows,

with $7 trillion going to nature-negative activities compared to only $200
billion for conservation and restoration (UNEP, 2023). He argued that while
private Þnance is not a solution for all NbS, unlocking it where possible can
help public funds go further. Baldwin-Cantello noted three key barriers to
private Þnance ßowing into NbS: the lack of information on returns and
impacts, the Þnance sectorÕs limited capacity to understand these
opportunities, and the quality and quantity of NbS projects. He highlighted
the WWFÕs NbS Accelerator and Forest Restoration Catalyst as initiatives
designed to bridge the gap between projects and private Þnance, by
supporting projects to reach investment readiness and addressing the
ÔÞnancial literacy gapÕ within NbS project leaders.
Helen Avery raised the importance of measuring and managing nature-
In the Q&A, the panel discussed the role of subsidies in supporting nature-
related risks in Þnancial decision-making. She argued that Þnancial
positive activities and the need for strong regulatory frameworks to
institutions and companies must integrate nature-related risks into their
incentivise companies to move on nature. Shrikanth called for reform of
climate risk frameworks, stating, "We havenÕt measured our impacts on
public subsidies, which currently fund many nature-negative activities.
nature, the location of supply chains, the health of those ecosystems, what
Avery noted that without incentives or regulations, corporations are unlikely
our dependencies areÉ" Avery emphasised the need for mandatory
to shift their focus to nature. Baldwin-Cantello added that approaching
regulations on nature-related disclosures, as voluntary compliance has
Þnancial institutions through the lens of environmental crime is a valuable
been minimal. She underscored that without clear pathways for action,
entry point to driving action on nature-related risks. The discussion also
companies are reluctant to disclose their impacts, and without disclosures,
touched on the importance of ensuring that carbon projects are well-
the Þnance sector cannot properly address nature-related risks. Avery

52
managed and inclusive of Indigenous and local Peoples, particularly in securing the right kind of funds or Þnance for any intervention and adjusting
terms of beneÞt-sharing and transparency. economic models to better complement indigenous ways of organising.
Paye echoed the call for greater commitment to supporting Indigenous
The panel concluded with reßections on the role of regulation in unlocking PeoplesÕ initiatives, noting that Indigenous territories are globally
private Þnance for NbS and the need for long-term commitment from recognised for their eûective conservation, but they are still subjected to
governments and institutions. Baldwin-Cantello stressed the importance of external models imposed from the outside. .

Conclusion
Leadership and governance by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities must be central to nature-based solutions, and Þnancial
systems need to adapt to respect their livelihoods and ways of organising. Private Þnance will be needed to reach the scale of impact we
need to response to the climate and nature crises. However, private Þnance alone will not solve the challenges; public subsidies and
strong regulatory frameworks are essential to shifting Þnancial ßows from nature-negative to nature-positive activities. We need the right
kind of Þnance for the intervention and only where it is wanted locally.

Actions

1. Champion Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities to lead and 5. Develop and share Ônature-positive pathwaysÕ that deÞne at a
govern NbS projects, ensuring that proposals and projects are sectoral level what companies are expected to contribute to nature
aligned to their priorities and livelihoods. targets, and the actions they can take.

2. Ensure that carbon projects are well-managed, locally accepted, 6. Close the Þnancial literacy gap within NbS project leaders to make
and prioritise the rights, governance, and beneÞt-sharing of projects more investment-ready and connected to public policies.
Indigenous and local Peoples.
7. Ensure that NbS Þnance frameworks are built with integrity and
3. Reform public subsidies to prioritise nature-positive activities and focus on long-term sustainability, not short-term returns.
reduce support for nature-negative practices.
8. Secure the right resources for NbS interventions, recognising that
4. Enforce mandatory regulations for nature-related risk disclosures not all projects will Þt within private Þnance frameworks.
to incentivise companies to address their impacts on ecosystems.

53
Day 2 Wrap-Up
Niki Mardas concluded Day 2 by reßecting on the transformative power of
community and ceremony in fostering deeper connections to nature. He
recounted a 2006 symposium in the Amazon, where spiritual leaders gathered to
reßect on their dependence on the environment. The ceremonial culmination at
the meeting of the waters highlighted how shared experiences can inspire
collective urgency and purpose, underscoring the role of ritual in driving change.
Mardas stressed the need for political action to address biodiversity loss and
climate change. While global agreements like the Glasgow Declaration and Paris
Agreement demonstrate political consensus to end deforestation, action remains
insuûcient, and continued political eûort is needed to turn commitments into
tangible results.

Mardas also critiqued the private sector's slow progress, citing a study of 557
Þnancial institutions that found only 20% had plans addressing deforestation. He
warned against separating positive and negative Þnance, arguing that eûective
environmental Þnance must consider both to avoid funding activities that harm
ecosystems.He emphasised the importance of integrating traditional ecological
knowledge into modern conservation eûorts, noting how such practices often
promote sustainable living. Finally, Mardas used the symbolism of water as a
connector to nature, drawing on personal experiences to highlight water's
transformative power. He called for a collective mindset shift that honours our ties
to the earth and our responsibility to protect it.
Music Performances and Films
Beneath the dramatic silhouette of an illuminated Iguanodon,
Sam Lee enchanted delegates with a selection of songs from his
recently released album Songdreaming, accompanied by his
wonderful band. Sam Lee, a Mercury Prize-nominated folk artist,
is not only celebrated for his soulful voice but also for his deep
commitment to conservation, ecology, and cultural preservation.
As a passionate song collector, writer, broadcaster, and activist,
his performance wove together music, storytelling, and a
powerful message about humanityÕs connection to nature.

Nostos, a voice ensemble led by Metaxia Pavlakou, presented two

moving songs. The Þrst piece, a Cretan lullaby titled £¯Ã· Ç¿ Ïÿ· Ç¿
ó»·¯ (Take the Child, Sleep), conveyed the gentle beginnings of life,
evoking the tenderness of early childhood. The second song, Ÿ·
³¯»³Ã³¿ dz ÿǻ»¯ (Tricked by the Birds), originated from Thrace in
northern Greece and provided a wry, reßective look at the arc of life's
hopes and dreams, ultimately touching on the inevitability of human
experiences and fate. Together, these two songs encapsulated the
cycle of lifeÑfrom birth, through the various stages of growth, to the
realities of life's end. The performance oûered a wonderful musical
journey, blending cultural heritage with themes that resonated deeply
with the broader themes of the conference.
Film Programme: Nature-based Solutions in Action
around the World
A selection of inspiring short Þlms were screened throughout the week for
both delegates and members of the public. Some Þlms celebrated the
beauty of nature; others were of community-led nature-based solutions
projects from diûerent parts of the world, each telling stories of positive
change in human relations with nature. Explore the full programme of Þlms
in the Appendix.
Reimagining the Future with
Nature-based Solutions
DAY THREE
-

57
Opening Remarks
The Þnal day invited participants to think beyond the conÞnes of the dominant
economic system. Justin Adams opened the day with a call for transformationÑaway
from the destructive forces of capitalism and the pursuit of endless growth, which
have driven the degradation of nature. He stressed that this transformation requires the
restoration of relationships: with ourselves, each other, and the Earth. ÒItÕs about
bringing these worlds together. ItÕs about marrying head, heart, and hands into the
work we actually do when we leave the conference.Ó He reminded the delegates of the
Þre that had burned through the night, tended by dedicated Þrekeepers, holding space
for our shared intention and deepening our commitment to this essential work.

Adams invited everyone to use the Þnal day of the conference as an opportunity to
begin weaving together new ways of thinking, feeling, and doing. The sessions were
designed to reimagine our future by remembering relationship, redeÞning our
economic model, and restoring our connection with nature as a society.
Theme 7: Remembering Our Profound Interconnectedness with Nature
Chair Nicole Schwab, World Economic Forum

Co-notes followed
by panel discussion Lyla June, Dream Warriors
Naine Terena de Jesus, Activist, Artist, Social Entrepreneur and Researcher
Mac Macartney, Embercombe
Geraldine Patrick Encina, Earth Time Keepers

The panel focused on rekindling humanity's

relationship with the Earth, reminding us that we are
not separate from nature but an integral part of its web
of life. The session called for a shift from an
anthropocentric worldview, where humans are at the
centre, to an ecocentric or kincentric worldview, which
recognises humans as co-creators and stewards of the
planet. The speakers emphasised the importance of
honouring indigenous knowledge, engaging in small, meaningful actions,
and embracing reverence, reciprocity, and respect for the natural world.

Nicole Schwab, Chair of the session, set the tone by calling for "a profound
shift" in how we relate to the Earth, stating that we are "just a strand in the
great web of life." Schwab urged the audience to bring "our whole beings" to
this work of reconnection with nature, moving beyond the dominant
anthropocentric worldview of the West. She emphasised that this shift is
essential for reimagining a future where humans live in harmony with
nature.

Lyla June shared a beautiful poem inspired by the canyons of New Mexico. "These human hands can be a blessing to the Earth when
The poem began: "When I close my eyes at night, I can feel the rock being guided by the right values and principles.Ó
cut open by water. I hear a grandfather's song and it sounds like sand
walking down the river bottom." In the talk that followed, Lyla challenged - Lyla June
the common perception of humans as inherently destructive to nature.
Instead, she introduced the concept of humans as "keystone species"Ñ

59
those that play a vital role in maintaining the balance and health of Naine Terena de Jesus reßected on the history and experiences of her
ecosystems. She explained that human-nature relationships are often people, the Terena, who come from the Cerrado and Pantanal biomes, both
framed in two extremes: conservation (protecting nature by leaving it severely degraded ecosystems. She began her talk with a powerful
untouched) and exploitation (using nature for economic gain). June statement: "I will try to summarise 524 years of not being seen in 12
proposed a third approach: "co-creation with nature, as nature.." minutes." She shared a photograph of herself with her son in their ancestral
territory, illustrating how deeply intertwined her people are with the land.
June emphasised that Indigenous Peoples around the world have long She explained that the base of their economy is "family agriculture" and that
understood their role as stewards of the Earth. "We see ourselves not as during the pandemic, the Terena people were able to support themselves
pests but as keystone species," she said. She oûered several examples of and others by sharing food. "This is not agribusiness; it is indigenous
indigenous practices that demonstrate humansÕ beneÞcial role in technology, it is indigenous education," she emphasised.
ecosystems. For instance, she spoke of the clam gardens in the PaciÞc
Northwest, where Indigenous Peoples created intertidal rock walls to
expand the habitat for clams. These gardens, which cover 35% of the
coastline on Quadra Island, British Columbia, are 3,500 years old. "The
success of these clam gardens is based on a connection founded in
respect, reciprocity, and reverence," June explained, adding that these
human-made structures fostered a rich, non-human-centric food web.

June also highlighted the creation of Terra Preta in the Amazon, a unique
composting technology developed by the M¿b•ng™kre (Kayap—)
Indigenous People. This technology has produced several feet of fertile
topsoil, challenging the notion that the Amazon rainforest is "pristine"
wilderness. Instead, she explained, it is "the co-creation, with humans, of a
productive, beautiful, biodiverse forest." June summed up her message by
saying, "These human hands can be a blessing to the Earth when guided by
the right values and principles." She stressed that humanity's "hardware" (our
physical bodies) is driven by our "software" (our worldview), and that we
need to reÞne this software based on common indigenous principles:
respect, reciprocity, reverence, relationality, responsibility, and humility.
Terena spoke passionately about the need to "reboot" our systems of
education and knowledge, centring indigenous wisdom. She referred to this
as "the education of the senses"Ña holistic approach that integrates life,
death, happiness, and wellbeing with the natural world. "Our actions need
to start at home and culminate in public policies," Terena urged. She
explained that people must understand the direct impact of environmental
degradation on human health and wellbeing: "Deforestation like in the
Amazon ends up in our body."

60
Terena stressed the importance of equity in knowledge, calling for the 2. What are your deepest and most profound gifts? Macartney
recognition and integration of both indigenous and scientiÞc knowledge encouraged the audience to reßect on the unique gifts they have been
systems. "We have to talk to governments, private corporations, and the given, stating, "Our work should be built around our gifts."
population," she said, emphasising that action must come from multiple
levels of society. She concluded by reßecting on the sense of 3. What are your deepest and most profound responsibilities? He
powerlessness that many people feel in the face of overwhelming reminded the audience that we all belong to each other, saying, "In the
environmental challenges, particularly Indigenous women who face end, we have to rediscover that we are family, that we belong to each
persecution and violence. She encouraged the audience to dig deep within other."
themselves to Þnd "ritual memories" that connect them to the land and to
life. Macartney also emphasised the need for resilience in the face of daunting
global challenges. "Do we love life enough," he asked, "that in spite of a
tsunami of bad news and suûering, we say: I sustain, I persist, till the last
"Do we love life enough, that in spite of a breath that I take?"
tsunami of bad news and suffering, we
Geraldine Patrick Encina spoke about the importance of recovering
say: I sustain, I persist, till the last breath indigenous principles of life, which are based on natural time-space cycles.
that I take?Ó She shared her research into the Mesoamerican calendar system,
explaining how peoples with ancient roots view their landscapes as sacred,
- Mac Macartney governed by deities such as Tl‡loc (the rain god) and Chicomec—atl (the
goddess of corn). Patrick Encina described how these communities
manage their landscapes according to the sacred 260-day cycle, which
Mac Macartney shared his personal story of awakening to a deep guides their agricultural practices and ensures the sustainability of their
connection with the Earth. He urged the audience to "Þnd our way back to food systems. She emphasised the attitude original peoples have for the
some sense of wholeness" and emphasised that building deep relationship Earth, saying, "The types of relationships Indigenous Peoples have with the
with the earth need not require spiritual belief but can be grounded in "a Earth are those of co-responsibility, reverence, and acknowledgment."
love of life." Macartney expressed that love for life, family, community, and Patrick Encina urged the audience to reconnect with natural cycles,
the natural world is the foundation of our connection to the Earth. suggesting that we start each day with a small ritual acknowledging the
four elementsÑearth, air, water, and ÞreÑand the divine.
He posed three reßective questions for the audience to consider:

1. What is it that you most deeply and profoundly love? Macartney

explained that this is "a journey, not a question." He emphasised that
eventually this question will lead to answers that eûectively describe
what it is we consider to be sacred, and suggested "to that, you should
be of service."

61
Panel discussion
Speakers shared practical steps for rekindling a deep connection with nature. Macartney spoke of the power of small, meaningful actions, such as planting
potatoes with his son. June suggested writing "love letters to creation" and making bird or bee baths to serve species beyond our own. "Small actions build
momentum and grow," she reminded the audience. When asked how to reach people who may be resistant to these ideas, Macartney advised focusing on
storytelling and creating environments where people feel safe, relaxed, and open to new ideas. June added that people are "hungry for something real" and
that even small truths can begin to shift perspectives.

Terena echoed the importance of reconnecting with personal and cultural memories, describing these as "the rituals and technologies of living well." She
encouraged the audience to reßect on their own memories of connection with nature and to work together to create new, shared traditions that honour the
Earth.

Conclusion
Reconnecting to the Earth and remembering our deep kinship with all life enables us to situate our work more powerfully. It is key to
reimagining the future and maybe the most powerful nature-based solution we have. Small, meaningful steps help us to reconnect with
the Earth, a recognition of humanityÕs role as a keystone species, and a shift in worldview toward one of respect, reciprocity, and
reverence.

Actions

1. Recognise humanity's ecological role in co-creating with nature, as 3. Promote Indigenous education and ensure equity and recognition for
many Indigenous Peoples have done for millennia. "These human diverse knowledge systems. "Our actions need to start at home and
hands can be a blessing to the Earth when guided by the right values culminate in public policiesÓ Ð Naine Terena.
and principles." Ð Lyla June
4. Rekindle connection with nature through simple actions, such as
2. Shift from an anthropocentric to an ecocentric or kincentric planting food, creating rituals, or making habitats for other species.
worldview, learning from common Indigenous principles of respect, Small actions can create signiÞcant change.
reciprocity, reverence, relationality, responsibility, and humility.
5. Spread awareness to governments, corporations, and individuals
about the interconnections between human wellbeing and
environmental degradation.

62
-

63
Theme 8: The Role of Nature in Redeûning our Economic Model
Speakers Kamanamaikalani Beamer and Kate Raworth

This session focused on the need to bridge worldviews as we seek to and social justice, to be embedded in the governance structures of the
reshape our global economic systems, emphasising regeneration and islands. Beamer stressed the need to "love your land, reconnect yourself
interconnectedness. Both speakers, Kamanamaikalani Beamer and Kate and your family to resources, and love and connect with water." He pointed
Raworth, explored how connections between ancestral practices and 'newÕ out that ancestral Hawaiian systems of governanceÑmarked by balance,
economic models can guide a future that is respectful of nature and built regular redistribution of wealth, and regenerative processesÑcould serve
on principles of equity. as a model for building sustainable economies today.

Kamanamaikalani Beamer began by emphasising the deep, intrinsic

connection between people and nature in Hawaiian culture. He explained "The world we were raised inÑ20th-
that the Hawaiian word ÔAinaÕ means "that which feeds," reßecting the idea century economicsÑis all about supply
that land and nature are not separate from humanity but are fundamental
to our existence. He also deÞned ÔAlohaÕ which is a greeting but also means
and demand, rational, ego-driven, and
love, peace, compassion. "There is no separation when you love Aina," focused on limitless growth.Ó
Beamer stated, underscoring the spiritual and physical bond between the
land and the people. - Kate Raworth

Beamer spoke about the ancestral circular economy practiced in Hawai»i,

where natural resources were used sustainably, with careful attention to not Kate Raworth expanded on BeamerÕs insights by introducing her Doughnut
over-exploit. He explained that traditional agro-ecological systems allowed Economics model, which challenges traditional economic thinking centred
people to take only what they needed from nature, then return resources to on limitless growth. Raworth explained that the Doughnut framework
maintain balance. "We only take some, and we return what we donÕt need," combines a social foundation (the basic needs required for a good life) with
he said, highlighting the regenerative practices that are central to Hawaiian the planetary boundaries (the ecological limits we must respect to avoid
indigenous governance systems. These practices reßect the Hawaiian environmental collapse). "The world we were raised inÑ20th-century
understanding that ÔwaiÕ (water) is the source of life and wealth (waiwai), economicsÑis all about supply and demand, rational, ego-driven, and
showing how the circular economy is modelled on nature itself. focused on limitless growth," she remarked, emphasising the need to move
away from these outdated principles.
However, Beamer warned that the modern economy in Hawai»i has strayed
far from these principles. Today, "approximately 80% of food in Hawai»i is
imported," a result of gentriÞcation and reliance on external systems. He
advocated for Aloha Aina, a guiding principle of environmental stewardship

64
Raworth proposed that the inner and outer limits of the doughnut provide a reciprocal relationship with nature. "We do modify the landscape," he
roadmap for sustainable economies. "How can our place be as generous as added, "but when we do it, it is done in a way to beneÞt generations six or
nature? How can all the people of our place thrive?" she asked, urging us to seven generations in the future."
consider how local economies can be both socially and environmentally
responsible. She also acknowledged the "gulf" between Western economic Raworth and Beamer both emphasised the need for Ôcorporate
systems and indigenous worldviews, noting the importance of building psychotherapyÕ, a process in which companies reassess their purpose,
conceptual bridges between them. governance, ownership and Þnance structures to ensure they are aligned
with long-term sustainability goals rather than short-term proÞt. "Is a
One of the key challenges, Raworth explained, is to redesign Þnance to companyÕs purpose in service of something bigger than itself, or is it in
prioritise ecological and social wellbeing over proÞt. "ThereÕs nothing service of extraction to serve itself?" Raworth asked, challenging businesses
immutable, inherent, innate: Þnance is a design. ItÕs made up by us," she to move away from exploitative practices and towards a model of
stressed, urging for a transformation of the global Þnancial system, which regeneration and responsibility.
currently drives unsustainable growth and environmental degradation. For
Raworth, the future of Þnance must be "deeply redeÞned," not just The conversation also touched on the importance of alternative economic
sustained, because "the earth is dying, and yet Þnance wants its returns." systems, including bartering and resource-sharing, which are often
practiced within families and communities but are not reßected in
In the joint discussion, both Beamer and Raworth highlighted the need to traditional economic measures. "We need to think about how to exchange
rethink humanityÕs relationship with nature and the economic systems that resources, so everyone is fed," Beamer urged, pointing to the potential of
govern our lives. Beamer spoke about the concept of ÔknownershipÕ, asking, non-monetary forms of exchange to build more resilient and equitable
"Do you know the land, and does it know you?" This idea moves beyond economies.
ownership, suggesting that true sustainability comes from a deep,

Conclusion
There needs to be a fundamental shift in how we think about economics, drawing on both indigenous wisdom and contemporary
frameworks like Doughnut Economics to build systems that honour the interconnectedness of all life. Beamer and Raworth urged us to
rethink our relationship with the land, each other, and the Þnancial systems that shape our future.

65
 Actions

w Mindset change: Raworth encouraged participants to reßect on w Redesign Þnance: Both speakers stressed the urgency of
their own approach to economics and sustainability: "Think of our redesigning Þnancial systems based on indigenous wisdom and
own mindset, how can I change the way I speak, teach, and practice, frameworks such as Doughnut Economics, to prioritise ecological
to keep ourselves moving and meet each other on the bridge" health and social justice, rather than sustaining a broken system
predicated on endless growth.
w Support courageous actions: Beamer called for greater support
for initiatives that protect natural resources. "Indigenous Peoples w Enable alternative forms of exchange: Encourage non-monetary
should not be the only ones protecting nature. How can we support forms of exchange, such as bartering and sharing resources, as
courageous actions?" ways to build more sustainable and equitable communities.

w Reconnect with nature: Beamer also emphasised the importance

of individual and familial connections to the land: "Love your land,
reconnect yourself and your family to resources, and love and
connect with water."

"We need to think about how to exchange

resources, so everyone is fed.Ó
- Kamanamaikalani Beamer

66
Keynote The Role of 8Human Nature9 in a Transformed Global Economy
Harvey Whitehouse, University of Oxford
Conformism is a dirty word, implying slavish copying and lack of Whitehouse went on to describe how eûorts to address the climate crisis,
independent thought. But Whitehouse argued that it is one of humanityÕs biodiversity loss, and other environmental challenges could beneÞt from a
greatest natural assets and could be harnessed to tackle urgent global deeper understanding of our natural conformism and the way it has been
challenges such as climate change, inequality, and environmental harnessed over the course of world history to facilitate cooperation. He
degradation. argued that understanding this collective inheritance was necessary to
establish and spread more sustainable lifestyles in the future. He observed
Whitehouse began by describing psychological experiments he and his that trying to persuade people to change their behaviour based solely on
colleagues have carried out, showing that from a very early age, humans scientiÞc theories and evidence was not enough to precipitate change at
everywhere copy other people more faithfully when their actions are less the pace and scale needed to prevent environmental catastrophes. We also
obviously goal directed. He explained that this is crucial for understanding need to harness our natural conformism. As he put it: "We need to reinvent
conformism Ð the human propensity to imitate behaviours that are forms of routinised ritual that are best adapted to the ways weÕd like to live
materially pointless, but which allow us to establish group-deÞning norms, in the future.Ó
conventions, customs, and rituals. He went on to argue that the human
capacity to create distinctive traditions in this way was scaled up over the
course of world history through routinization Ð that is the establishment of "We need to reinvent forms of routinised
highly repetitive group-deÞning practices. This allowed early farming
ritual that are best adapted to the ways
societies to grow and spread and later it facilitated the rise of the Þrst states.
The emergence of multi-ethnic empires was accompanied by the spread of
weÕd like to live in the future.Ó
even more routinized rituals, sowing the seeds of the world religions we
know today.
- Harvey Whitehouse

As Whitehouse put it: ÒRoutinizing collective rituals has two very powerful
eûects. Firstly, it makes deviations from the standard script easy to detect. Whitehouse argued that although our natural conformism and its potential
And this means that when people step out of line, they can be socially to change behaviour at scale via routinization might readily be deployed as
sanctioned. Secondly, when rituals become habitual, this makes us less a nature-based solution to the climate crisis, this capacity was currently
reßective and more willing to accept whatever the groupÕs leaders tell us. under-utilized. In part this had to do with the declining power of routinized
Both these factors take conformism to a new level.Ó rituals associated with secularization. But it can be seen across many
diûerent spheres of modern life. In our domestic lives, for example, we are
less likely than ever before in human history to engage in highly structured
rituals such as family mealtimes. Our ideas about formal education are
increasingly focused on instrumental outcomes such as on exam results
and league tables. Our workplaces are likewise organised increasingly
around audit culture and maximizing eûciency. Working hours are

67
becoming more ßexible and less synchronized and factory production lines
more automated. At the same time as more old-fashioned forms of
routinization and cohesion are going into decline, new varieties of
conformism are becoming established in their place. Advertising is now
increasingly shaped by algorithms that track what kind of content we like to
view on the internet and accordingly directs us towards more and more of
it. In eûect, our consumption of products and ideas is being herded in ways
that suit commercial interests rather than the interests of the wider societies
in which we live.

According to Whitehouse, one way to remedy these problems is to reclaim

the power of ritual and routinization in more positive ways. He argued that
the best way to manage our natural conformism is not by pursuing a
conservative agenda serving the kinds of patriarchal or elitist institutions we
cleaved to in the past but by harnessing whatever forms of routinized ritual
that are best adapted to the needs of the kinds of societies weÕd like to
build for the future. For example, in the domain of education, we could use
classes and assemblies to embed more environmentally friendly norms
and practices. In the world of work, we could also develop new traditions
celebrating purposeful capitalism. By focusing more on the prosocial
contributions of peopleÕs jobs, we could also make working life more
motivating. Government and public sector canteens could routinize more
sustainable forms of food consumption. In our homes too we could embed
stronger cultural systems involving more ethical norms, aimed at reducing
carbon emissions, improving biodiversity, and fostering values like
inclusivity and global citizenship. Since organised religion is also central in
the lives of billions of people around the world, this is a domain also where
ritual has a crucially important role to play in fostering more sustainable
norms and behaviours.

68
Theme 9: Restoring Our Relationship with Nature
Chair Alexa Firmenich, SEED Biocomplexity & Ground Eûect
James Allen, Olab

Panellists Constantino Aucca & Florent Kaiser, Acci—n Andina

Suzan Craig, Tahi New Zealand
Jojo Mehta, Stop Ecocide International
Jane Frere, Artist, Druimarts
Alan Watson Featherstone, Founder of Trees for Life

This Þnal session explored how community-driven initiatives, ancient

knowledge, and new paradigms for legal and ecological frameworks can
contribute to NbS, emphasising the importance of integrating local and
indigenous knowledge systems with practical, community-led eûorts to
restore ecosystems. The panellists reßected on the deep connections
between culture, ecology, and community participation, highlighting the
necessity of moving beyond technocratic approaches to embrace a
multidimensional understanding of restoration.

James Allen opened the session by focussing on bringing the conference

themes to life, as one speaker put it: ÒWeÕre not the academic panel, weÕre They want to be part of the solution. We are tired of people coming from
working in the real world.Ó He encouraged the audience to consider both the big cities to tell us what to do and how to be organised, just because
longer-term visions, like nature-based economies and wellbeing they have PhDs or masterÕs degrees."
economies, and short-term actions we can make now. Inviting self-
reßection, he posed the questions: ÒHow can I restore relationship? with Acci—n AndinaÕs work is driven by the communities' desire for action and
nature? Éwith my community? Éwith the land? Éwith myself?Ó unity across borders. "For us, it was hard to start this massive program. We
asked them to believe," Aucca shared. He underscored that conservation
Constantino Aucca described the transformative work of planting 10 million eûorts must include and empower local communities, emphasising,
native trees across six countries in the high Andes, in partnership with 16 "Conservation without money is just conversation and not including local
institutions. This initiative is rooted in ancient Inca knowledge and communities is bad conversation ." His reßections reveal how ancient
collaborative communal work, known as "Ayni and Minka." Aucca knowledge and modern collaboration are crucial for eûective
highlighted the importance of mobilizing local communities to be part of environmental management.
the solution, stating, "The communities are tired of being part of the
magazines and videos.

69
Florent Kaiser provided a broad view of the ecological challenges in the how society values and protects the natural world. Mehta highlighted the
Andean region, particularly the urgent need to restore water systems as disconnection between humans and nature embedded in the current
glaciers rapidly melt. "Glaciers are melting rapidlyÑ the last Venezuelan economic system, as raised in earlier sessions and argued that naming and
glacier disappeared this year," Kaiser noted, emphasising the critical role of criminalizing the worst harms against nature could create a shift in moral
forests in capturing water in the high Andes to compensate for the loss of responsibility. Mehta also stressed the importance of fostering global
glacial sources. He explained that the only solution for that is restoring conversations around ecocide, pointing out that legal deÞnitions have
native forests that capture and store the water. Kaiser also criticised the already started to catalyse change across legal, academic, and policy
dominant economic and environmental systems that prioritise proÞt over domains.
people and ecosystems. "Our economic systems are built to control power
and amass wealth," he said, echoing concerns about the commodiÞcation Jane Frere gave a deeply emotional and imaginative perspective. Drawing
of nature. Instead, Kaiser advocated for collective responsibility, suggesting on her past experiences working with Palestinian communities, Frere
that we need to "unlearn multiple things" and shift toward systems of care reßected on her decision to shift focus from anthropocentric to ecocentric
and stewardship, not just for ecosystems but for water and human concerns, placing nature at the core of her work. Frere expressed frustration
communities. with the lack of urgency in global environmental action, citing Santiago
Zabala, "The greatest emergency in the world is the absence of
Suzan Craig shared her journey as an eco-preneur in New Zealand, where emergency!". She argued that governments and systems are failing to
she has been leading Tahi, an enterprise that has regenerated 800 acres of address the scale of ecological crises largely due to an "absence of
biodiversity-rich land. She described the funding challenges: "Restoration is imagination." Frere believes in the power of art to inspire change: "As artists, I
expensive and ongoing," illustrating how Tahi turned to diverse income believe that we help people see the world diûerently," she said.
streams, including honey production and ecotourism. "Without carbon
credits, we did ecotourism and honey," she explained, showcasing how One of her projects involves a citizen science proposal in Scotland, where
innovative business models can support conservation. At the heart of TahiÕs climbers would be trained to collect native tree seeds at montane levels.
mission is a 100-year vision centred around biodiversity restoration. "We put Another initiative is to encourage walking groups to engage in meditative
biodiversity in the centre. All our decisions are made around Ôwhat do we do drawing exercises, fostering a deeper connectivity with nature. This involves
to bring birds back,Õ" Suzan shared. She warned against perverse incentives taking groups into the forest, sitting in front of a tree, and engaging by a
that favour monocultures for quick Þnancial returns, urging instead for a process of meditation and observation before the drawing begins. Frere
longer-term, biodiversity-focused approach. "ThereÕs a perverse incentive explained that such time and commitment engenders a reverence to the
when you look at thisÑusually monocultures based on the return of tree, as well as inducing health beneÞts to the participant. FrereÕs reßections
investment instead of Ôbiodiversity trees,Õ" she explained. For Suzan, aligning emphasise the role that art can play in connection of people to nature.
business with ecological goals is key: "The power of purpose not only brings
amazing people to work with you but also makes you Þnancially viable.Ó Alan Watson Featherstone reßected on his personal journey growing up in
a nature-deprived environment in Scotland and shared how this shaped his
Jojo Mehta brought a legal and moral dimension to the discussion, lifelong commitment to restoring the Caledonian Forest.
focusing on the growing movement to recognise ecocideÑsevere
environmental destructionÑas an international crime. "Criminal law has a
unique power to deÞne what is acceptable and what is not," she stated,
emphasising how legally codifying ecocide could lead to a profound shift in

70
AlanÕs philosophy is built on four pillars: positivity, passion, purpose, and rooted in a long-term vision of ecological and cultural restoration. "The only
power. He shared, "Human love nurtures, ampliÞes, and strengthens the life thing that transcends generations is culture," Alan emphasised, reßecting
force wherever it is directed." For him, the relationship between humans and on the need to think far beyond the present when it comes to conservation.
nature is deeply spiritual and restorative, and his work in the Highlands is

Conclusion
We must embrace a multidimensional approach to restoring our future with nature-based solutions, one that integrates cultural values,
community participation, innovative economic models, and robust legal frameworks. Restoring our relationship with nature is not merely
a technical endeavour but a deeply interconnected cultural, social, and environmental commitment.

Actions

1. Promote ecocide awareness: Jojo Mehta urged attendees to talk about 4. Foster collective responsibility: Florent Kaiser called for a shift towards
ecocide and to advocate for its recognition as a crime. "Talk about collective responsibility, advocating for a return to systems of care. "We
ecocide in your circles. How do we bring it to the table in as many need to unlearn multiple things," he said, urging a reevaluation of how
contexts as possible?" she asked. we approach ecological restoration.

2. Align business with ecological restoration: Suzan Craig emphasised 5. Focus on Indigenous leadership and knowledge: Constantino Aucca
the need for purpose-driven business models that prioritise biodiversity. emphasised the need for Indigenous leadership and community
"Be bold, be ambitious, and do it," she encouraged, pushing for involvement in NbS projects, urging practitioners to include local
businesses to embrace long-term ecological goals. people in decision-making processes. "The communities are tired of
being part of the magazines and videos. They want to be part of the
3. Engage with nature through art: Jane Frere encouraged people to solution," he said.
reconnect with nature by observing and appreciating its details. "Start
looking in diûerent ways in order to see. Look at the tiny details. Try to 6. Cultivate and share love through your work: Alan Watson
look into the eye of a butterßy," she suggested. Featherstone reßected: "Human love nurtures, ampliÞes, and
strengthens the life force wherever it is directed."

71
Day 3 Wrap-Up
As the day drew to a close, Justin Adams invited the audience to pause and reßect on a single
commitment to carry forwardÑone that would extend beyond the Þre of the closing
ceremony. He shared three themes that emerged from the rich, complex, and expansive
discussions of Day 3: ReconnectÑwith each other, with ourselves, and with Mother Earth;
RememberÑthat we are all deeply interconnected; and from that place of connection,
ReimagineÑa future we can co-create together by building bridges between diûerent
knowledge systems and disciplines.

In her closing remarks, Nathalie Seddon expressed deep gratitude to everyone who made
the conference possible and shared three key reßections that resonated throughout the
event: 'Ceremony, Courage, and Community.' Ceremony encourages us to slow down, listen
to nature, and make more careful decisions as we move forward. Courage is needed to hold a
vision of a ßourishing future, where an economy nurtures rather than disrupts the web of life,
bridging good science with traditional knowledge to enable deep systemic change. Finally,
community emphasises the importance of the connection and solidarity built during the
conference, which are essential for making this vision of a ßourishing future a reality.

ÒCeremony, Courage and Community.Ó

 Web of Life
I am entangled I am entangled
with the earthworms with each thread of life on earth.
who shudder at the tremor Entangled with birth and death.
of a surface running train This web of life
when theyÕve been born As vital to our being
to writhe and dance As the rise and fall
with the pitter patter Of human breath
of pouring rain.
How can we remember
I am entangled our profound interconnectedness?
with the trees Use these hands
that are felled and to co-create, not destroy.
replaced with grain Return to our role
and the mother cows as keystone species.
Written during and with swollen wombs Serving this sacred
performed at the conference that birth suffering with love and joy.
by NbSI DPhil student and for our gain.
poet, Zo‘ Brown How do we come back to wholeness?
I am entangled Restore relationships we have severed.
with their pain. Keep in mind, these times are urgent.
So, letÕs slow down and remember.
I am entangled
with ancient mycelium
Zoë Brown 2024
uprooted in the
tilling of soil
and the billions of years
of life on earth
grave-robbed and burnt
as oil.

Designed by Freepik
74
Recommended Reading and Weblinks
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(IBE) (2022). Terms of Reference - Forest Bathing Project. (Portuguese)
Amazon Concertation (Ed.) (2023). Indigenous Bioeconomy: Ancestral
knowledge and social technologies. S‹o Paulo, Arapyaœ. (Amaz™nia Fundo Pod‡ali
Concertation Journals, 3).
Holden, P., Hoûman, T., Djenontin, I.N.S., et al. (2023). Stories of social
Beamer, K., Elkington, K., Souza, P., et al. (2023). Island and Indigenous (in)equity in nature-based solutions.
systems of circularity: how Hawai»i can inform the development of universal
circular economy policy goals. Ecology and Society, 28(1):9. Jane Frere - Artist, Druimarts.

Bose, S., Dong, G., and Simpson, A. (2019). The Financial Ecosystem: The Johnston, L.J., and De Vito, J. (2017). Lifting Hearts Oû The Ground.
Role of Finance in Achieving Sustainability. Springer International Publishing.
Lšfqvist, S., Kleinschroth, F., Bey, A., et al. (2023). How social considerations
Boyland, M., Tuhkanen, H., Green, J., and Barquet, K. (2022). Principles for improve the equity and eûectiveness of ecosystem restoration. BioScience,
just and equitable nature-based solutions. SEI discussion brief. Stockholm 73(2), pp.134-148.
Environment Institute, Stockholm.
Macartney, T.S. (2018). The ChildrenÕs Fire, heart song of a people.
Carbon Tanzania
Mauchaza, B.T., Harris, M., Antonova, M., et al. (UNEP-WCMC) (2024). What is
Chepstow-Lusty, A.J., Frogley, M.R., Bauer, B.S., et al. (2009). Putting the rise the state of evidence on how Nature-based Solutions promote
of the Inca Empire within a climatic and land management context. Climate transformative change for the sustainable use and management of
of the Past, 5(3), pp.375-388. biodiversity in socio-ecological systems? Biodiversa+.

Deprez, A., Leadley, P., Dooley, K., et al. (2024). Sustainability limits needed McDonald, R.I. (2015). Conservation for cities: How to plan & build natural
for CO2 removal. Science, 383(6682), pp.484-486. infrastructure. Island Press, Washington, DC.

Doughnut Economics Action Lab (DEAL). McDonald, R., and Beatley, T. (2020). Biophilic cities for an urban century:
Why nature is essential for the success of cities. Springer Nature.
Earth Timekeepers
Mehta, J. (2024). How two friends tried to make ecocide an international
Embercombe crime. World Service Outlook [Podcast].

Funda•‹o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) (2024). Bras’lia National Park could Mohamed, N., and Huntjens, P. (2023). Dismantling the Ecological Divide:
become a reference for forest bathing. Toward a New Eco-Social Contract. Issue Brief 15. UNRISD, Geneva.

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Morecroft, M.D., Moat, J., Swartz, M., et al. (2024). Nature Returns Interim Thomson, E. (2022). Raising the bar - a baseline review of Þnance sector
Report. Natural England NERR139. NERR139 Nature Returns Interim Report action on deforestation, Global Canopy, Oxford, UK.
Edition 1, PDF, 8.0 MB (naturalengland.org.uk)
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F. (2024). Natural regeneration of drylands and associated pathways to nature loss. Nairobi.
human health outcomes: perspectives from rural households.)PLOS
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Griûn, R., Macleod, K.K., Alves Beloqui, A.I., Midgley, A., Herrera Garcia, L.D.
Parmesan, C., Morecroft, M.D., Trisurat, Y., et al. (2022). Terrestrial and and Jongman, B. (2023). Assessing the beneÞts and costs of nature-based
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and New York, NY, USA, pp.197Ð377. Coherence and Alignment among Sustainable Land Management,
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Appendix
Film Programme

Creator/Organisation Title Country/Region

Morten L Kringelbach & Chris Park Conßuences: The weaving waters of Oxford England

RE:TV RE:considering Nature-Based Solutions Global

UN World Restoration Flagships, Acci—n Andina RESTORE: The High Andes South America

National Geographic The Territory Brazil

Alam Sehat Lestari (ASRI) Radical Listening Indonesia

World Resources Institute Brazil Bruno Mariani: From Banker to "Tree Whisperer" Brazil

RE:TV Freetown the Treetown Sierra Leone

UN World Restoration Flagships, Department of Forests and Soil
Conservation (DoFSC) of Nepal, Department of National Parks and Nepal
RESTORE: The Land of Tigers and People
Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) of Nepal, WWF Nepal.
Emerson and Viviane: Saving an Endangered Palm by
World Resources Institute Brazil Brazil
Farming It

Trees for Life One man's dream to restore a forest Scotland

UN World Restoration Flagships & Sri Lanka Ministry of Environment. RESTORE: The Wave Breakers Sri Lanka

UN World Restoration Flagships, Regreening Africa, CIFOR. RESTORE: AfricaÕs Drylands Africa

Soares Family: Making Agroforestry in the Amazon a Family

World Resources Institute Brazil Brazil
Aûair

Nature-Based Solutions Initiative Working with Nature: Cities England

77
 Patrick Assump•‹o: Using Agroforestry to Restore Para’ba
World Resources Institute Brazil Brazil
Valley to Glory

UN World Restoration Flagships, The Ministry of Agriculture, Maritime RESTORE: From Fires to Forests
Fisheries, Rural Development and Water and Forests of Morocco, The
Mediterranean
Ministry of Agriculture of Lebanon, The General Directorate of Forestry
of Tunisia, The General Directorate of Forestry of TŸrkiye.
Olivia del Giorgio At the Edge of the Forest South America

World Resources Institute Brazil Silvany Lima: Cultivating "Money Trees" in Brazil's Dry Forest Brazil

Nature-based Solutions Initiative, University of Oxford Working with Nature: Highlands Scotland
UN World Restoration Flagships, Government of Comoros, Government SIDS
of Saint Lucia, Government of Vanuatu, The Small Island Developing RESTORE: Big Ocean States
States Coalition for Nature.
Forest People Programme, If Not Us Then Who?, Wampis Nation, Nia Tarimat Pujut: Living in Harmony with Nature in Peru Peru
Tero, International Work Group for Indigenous Aûairs

Katrina Kendall & Deuxire Production KATIWALA Philippines

Edivan Guajajara, Chelsea Greene, Rob Grobman, Fisher Stevens We are Guardians Brazil

Eddie Butterworth Beavers as a Nature-Based Solution? England

AIME Sea the Weed Australia

78
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79