Week 13
Week 13
• Magnetization.
• Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions.
• Magnetic Energy Density.
• Definition of Inductance.
Magnetostatic Fields in Material
Non-magnetic materials have random magnetic dipoles that stay in random directions
even with the presence of applied external magnetic fields.
External
magnetic
field
When Magnetic materials are subjected to external magnetostatic fields, they become
Magnetized.
This magnetization vector is proportional to the applied external field. 𝑀 ∝ 𝐻
𝑀 = 𝛾! 𝐻 𝛾! : Magnetic susceptibility
Most materials in nature are non-magnetic (𝜇# ≈ 1), even some good metals (𝜇#_%& ≈
0.999991, 𝜇#_'( ≈ 1.00002). The class of materials that have high relative permeability
is called ferromagnetics (𝜇#_)* ≈ 5000).
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions
To relate the tangential components across the interface, evaluate Ampere’s law
around some contour.
∆2 ∆2 ∆2 ∆2
∮ 𝐻 0 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼*-/( → 𝐻,0 ∆𝑤 + 𝐻,- .
+ 𝐻.-
.
− 𝐻.0 ∆𝑤 − 𝐻,-
.
− 𝐻.-
.
= 𝐾 ∆𝑤
(1) The plane 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0 separates two magnetic materials. Given 𝐾=0 and,
𝐻, = −2 𝑎⃑4 + 6 𝑎⃑5 + 4 𝑎⃑6 (A/m)
Medium 2
Find the magnetization vector in medium 1. 𝜇!# = 2
𝑦
ce
𝑀, = 𝛾!,𝐻, = (5 − 1)(−2 𝑎⃑4 + 6 𝑎⃑5 + 4 𝑎⃑6 ) terfa
In
𝑀, = −8 𝑎⃑4 + 24 𝑎⃑5 + 16 𝑎⃑6 (A/m) 𝑎⃑% 𝜇!" = 5
2 Medium 1
Find the magnetic flux density in medium 1.
−2 𝑥
𝐵, = 𝜇" 𝜇# 𝐻, = 𝜇" −10 𝑎⃑4 + 30 𝑎⃑5 + 20 𝑎⃑6 (Wb/m2)
In the case of continuous charge distributions, defined by a charge density (𝜌% , 𝜌& or
𝜌' ), the energy stored in the electric field is calculated using an integral equation.
1 𝜇 . 𝜀 .
𝑊! = L 𝐵 0 𝐻 𝑑𝑣 = L 𝐻 𝑑𝑣 → 𝑤! = 𝐻
2 2 2
Magnetostatic energy Magnetostatic energy
stored in the field (J) density (J/m3)
In the case electrostatic and magnetostatic fields exist in the same space, the total
electromagnetic energy is given by.
1 . .
𝑊0"0 = L 𝜀𝐸 +𝜇 𝐻 𝑑𝑣
2
Definition of Inductance
The amount of magnetic flux that can be generated for every Ampere of current in a
given structure is called Inductance. It measured the ability of a structure to store
magnetic energy as current passes through it.
𝑁𝜓 𝑁 ∫ 𝐵 0 𝑑𝐴 Unit is Henry (H)
𝐿= =
𝐼 𝐼
∇×𝐸 = 0 , 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙 = 0 ∇ 0 𝐽⃑ = 0 DC case
EM Boundary Conditions
∇×𝐻 = 𝐽⃑ , 𝐵 . 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝐸,0 = 𝐸.0 𝐷,- = 𝐷.- + 𝜌;
𝜀 . 𝜀 .
𝐽⃑ = 𝜎𝐸 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻 𝐷 = 𝜀𝐸 𝑤: = 𝐸 𝑤! = 𝐻
2 2
Faraday’s Law
Magnetic flux is the number of magnetic field lines crossing a given surface.
Let’s find a direct relation between the change in magnetic field and the
corresponding induced electric field.
𝑑𝜙
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝐵
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = − = −L 0 𝑑𝐴 Maxwell’s
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Equations of
Electromagnetics
We know that 𝜕𝐵
𝑉 = − L 𝐸 0 𝑑𝑙 𝐸𝑚𝑓 = / 𝐸 0 𝑑𝑙 ∇×𝐸 = −
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐷
So, we have ∇ ×𝐻 = 𝐽⃑ +
𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝐵
/ 𝐸 0 𝑑𝑙 = − = −L 0 𝑑𝐴
Note: 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∇0𝐵 =0
The electric field is
generated even in the 𝜕𝐵 ∇ 0 𝐷 = 𝜌9
∇×𝐸 = −
absence of a circuit! 𝜕𝑡
Q&A
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you have any
questions.