METALS

Module 7 Overview:
The development of civilization has relied heavily on the

Metals
discovery of metals. Prehistoric man used metals to
build tools and weapons and as our knowledge of
metallurgy has developed, metals have played an
essential role in the advancement of man’s daily living –
forging the path to today’s modern society.

CE104 Today we can see a variety metals used in the

construction industry, from the metal roof, decorative
Construction wall cladding, structural steel and concrete steel
reinforcement to the small fasteners such as nails, bolts
Materials & and screw etc.

Testing Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Know the definition of metal and its different

properties and categories.
2. Know the different types of metals used in
Engr. Luis Alfonso R. Tanchico
Special Lecturer construction.
Cel # 09169121330 3. Know the different test on metals, specifically test on
[email protected] reinforcing steel bars.
4. Know how to compute the weight of reinforcing steel
bars.

Metal
Metal (from the Greek word “metallon”, mine, quarry, metal) is a material that is typically hard,
opaque, shiny and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are generally:

a. malleable - they can be hammered into thin sheets or pressed permanently out of shape
without breaking or cracking,
b. ductile - they can be drawn into thin wires and
c. fusible – they can be fused by melting.

A metal can be a chemical element, (about 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are
metals) such as iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), etc., or an alloy (a combination of a metal
with at least one other metal or nonmetal) such as brass (copper and zinc), steel (iron and
carbon), bronze (cupper and tin) etc.

Properties of metals:

1. Tensile Strength – is the ability of a metal to resist being pulled apart by opposing forces
acting in a straight line. It is expressed as the number of pounds of force required to pull
apart a bar of the material 1 inch wide and 1 inch thick.
2. Shear Strength – is the ability of a metal fractured by opposing forces not acting in to resist
a straight line.
 3. Compressive Strength - is the ability of a metal to withstand pressures acting on a given
plane.
4. Elasticity – is the ability of a metal to return to its original size and shape after being
stretched or pulled out of shape.
5. Ductility – is the ability of a metal to be drawn or stretched permanently without rupture or
fracture. Metals that lack ductility will crack or break before bending.
6. Malleability – is the ability of a metal to be hammered into various shapes without rupture or
fracture.
7. Fusibility – is the ability of a metal to be fused together by melting.
8. Toughness – is the ability of a metal to resist fracture plus the ability to resist failure after
damage has begun. A tough metal can withstand considerable stress, slowly or suddenly
applied, and will deform before failure.
9. Hardness – is the ability of a metal to resist penetration and wear by another metal or
material. It takes a combination of hardness and toughness to withstand heavy pounding.
The hardness of a metal limits the ease with which it can be machined, since toughness
decreases as hardness increases. The hardness of a metal can usually be controlled by
heat treatment.
10. Brittleness – is the tendency of metal to fracture or break with little or no deformation,
bending or twisting. It is usually not a desirable mechanical property. Normally, the harder
the metal the more brittle it is.
11. Machinability and Weld-ability – are the ease or difficulty with which a metal can be
machined or welded.
12. Corrosion Resistance – is the resistance of a metal to eating or wearing away by air,
moisture or other agents.
13. Heat and Electrical Conductivity – is the ease with which a metal conducts or transfer heat
or electricity.

Categories of Metal

A. Ferrous Metal
1. They contain Iron
2. They will corrode unless protected
3. They are attracted by magnets
B. Non-ferrous metal
1. They do not contain Iron
2. They are mostly pure metal
3. They are not magnetic

5 COMMON TYPES OF METALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION

ALUMINUM

Aluminum is widely used in building because of its intrinsic properties of

lightness and corrosion resistance.

Aluminum is used in external facades, roofs and walls, in windows and

doors, in staircases, railings, shelves, and other several applications.
IRON

Cast and wrought iron are two distinctly different products, both with
specific purposes in construction. Cast iron is melted, poured, and
molded. Wrought iron is rolled in the final stages of its production.
Cast iron is most often used in large architectural projects – think the
dome of the U.S. Capitol. Wrought iron can be riveted to make things
like beams, trusses, and girders.

COPPER

Copper is the oldest known metal used by man. It is one of the most
versatile engineering materials available on our planet. The
combination of copper’s physical properties, conductivity, corrosion
resistance, ductility, and strength, make it suitable for a wide range of
projects. Within the construction industry copper is most often used
for cladding, electrical wiring, heating systems, oil and gas lines,
rainwater systems, and roofing.

TITANIUM

Titanium is another lightweight, extra strength metal popular in the

construction industry. This particular metal is mostly used for heating and
cooling systems due to its high-level of corrosion resistance. But titanium
can also be found in pipes, roofing, and some security systems that install
plates or frames for extra reinforcement.

STEEL

Steel is the most widely used as well as the most recycled metal on
earth. It is an alloy of iron and carbon, usually containing between 0.2
to 1.5 % carbon, often combined with other constituents such as
manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt or
silicon depending on the desired alloy properties. The majority of
manufactured steel is used by the construction industry because
sustainable structures can be built quickly at low prices. Steel can
most often be found in bridge deck plates, coastal defenses,
educational buildings, high-rise buildings, hospital buildings, low-rise
buildings, office buildings, stadiums, and security fencing.

FOUR CATEGORIES OF STEEL

1. CARBON STEEL - It is a steel with carbon content up to 2.1% by weight.

Three Types of Carbon Steel
a. Low carbon steel – contains 0.04% to 0.30% of carbon in iron give us low carbon steel,
also known as mild steel. It is used for tubing in moderate pressure applications.
Reinforcing bars and in I-beams in construction are usually from low carbon steel. Any
applications that require a high amount of steel without much forming or bending are
also suitable for it. An example is a ship’s hull.
b. Medium carbon steel - contains 0.31% to 0.60% of carbon and a manganese content
ranging from 0.060% to 1.65%. This product is stronger than low carbon steel, and is
more difficult to form, weld and cut. Medium carbon steel’s applications include ones
 that need high tensile strength and ductility. They find applications in gearing and shafts,
railway wheels and rails, steel beams in buildings and bridges etc. Another use is
pressure vessels, except if it contains cold gases or liquids because of its tendency to
cold cracking.
c. High carbon steel - contains more than 0.61% to 1.50% of carbon is high carbon steel.
This steel is harder and more brittle than the previous two, it is very difficult to cut, bend
and weld. It finds applications in making chisels and cutting tools. Great qualities include
hardness and good resistance to material wear. It may also be used in presses and for
manufacturing drill bits.

Although all the above-mentioned steels are commonly referred to as carbon steels, they
contain other elements to improve certain properties, like chromium for corrosion resistance
or manganese to improve its harden ability and tensile strength.

2. ALLOY STEEL - This type of metal contains multiple elements to enhance various
properties. Metals such as manganese, titanium, copper, nickel, silicon, and aluminum may
be added in different proportions. This improves steel’s harden ability, weld ability,
corrosion resistance, ductility and formability. Alloy steel are work horses of industry
because of their economic cost, wide availability, ease of processing and good mechanical
properties. Applications for alloy steels are electric motors, bearings, heating elements,
springs, gears, and pipelines.

3. STAINLESS STEEL - Stainless steel contains high amounts alloying ingredient often on
the order of 15% to 30%, chromium (usually at least 11%), nickel or molybdenum. This is
why it has 200 times higher resistance to corrosion than mild steel. It makes it the ideal
candidate to manufacture kitchen utensils, piping, surgical and dental equipment. Also, as
no coating is necessary, you can have a metallic look like you want with the right surface
finish.

4. TOOL STEEL - Tool steels are used for variety of high-hardness, abrasion resistant.
Specific tool application are; dies (stamping or extrusion), cutting, mold making, or impact
application like hammers (personal or industrial). It is also a common material in making
knives. Their high hardness makes them an ideal choice for these applications. They
contain molybdenum, vanadium, cobalt, and tungsten as constituent metals.

TYPES OF STEEL FOR CONSTRUCTIONS

Steel buildings are known to have higher resistance due to their strength, and steel construction
does not cost as much as concrete or wood construction usually does. It is important to note that
there are various advantages of using steel over wood in construction, and due to the number of
places starting to incline towards using steel based on its numerous benefits, it has become
awfully common. Steel construction is also environment friendly, and can resist natural calamities
like earthquakes.

1. PLAIN CARBON STEEL OR MILD STEEL

This is the most common type of steel used in building construction, which is also known as mild
steel. It is incalculably strong and durable, and ensures a sturdy built. Due to the strength that
carbon steel provides, it is hugely useful in buildings and has proved to be of great advantage. It
does not crack when bent, it is immensely flexible, and it is ductile and has great plasticity, along
with the fact that it can endure calamities like earthquakes without it causing cracks in the steel.
This is the most advantageous factor of carbon steel. A steel building is hardly ever prone to
collapse or destruct in any form. It can withstand any sort of calamity and is strong enough to not
crack, in turn being able to save its occupants. Other construction materials might easily collapse
or break down, but steel does not, and carbon steel is highly strong to survive any major problems
Due to its weld ability, plain-carbon steel is higher in strength than any other.

2. REBAR STEEL

More commonly known as reinforcing steel bar (RSB), this type of steel is used as a tension
device for reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry structure. It is created out of carbon steel,
with ridges given to it for mechanical anchoring in a better way in the concrete. It holds the
concrete into compression, and it is available in various types of grades, which are usually found
in varying specifications in yield strength, vital tensile strength, chemical composition, and
elongation percentage. It provides resistance, durability and aesthetic resistance with local
resistance and stuffiness that spreads through a wide area that other types of steel aren't usually
equipped in. It has immense expansion potential and comes in various sizes depending on the
country and construction. With its recyclable tendencies, rebar is proven to be very useful.

3. STRUCTURAL STEEL

Structural steel shapes are made out of this kind of steel, which is formed out of a precise cross
section, at the same time it follows definite standards for mechanical properties and chemical
composition. Structural steel comes in various shapes like 1-Beam, Z shape, H&S shape, L shape
(angle), structural channel (C-beam, cross section), T shaped, Rail profile, bar, rod, plate, open
joist of web steel etc. Structural steel is ductile, strong, durable, and it can be morphed into almost
any shape based on the construction; it can be constructed almost immediately the moment it is
received at the construction site. Structural steel is fire resistant in itself but fire protection should
be provided in case there is a possibility of it getting heated up to a point where it starts to lose its
strength. Corrosion must be prevented when it comes to structural steel, but tall buildings are
known to have withstood various kinds of calamities when built using structural steel.
USES OF STEEL IN CONSTRUCTION

 STEEL FRAME
Incorporation of steel frames made construction of skyscrapers possible. Here, a vertical column
and horizontal I - beams form a grid. This supports other elements of the building that are attached
to the grid. It is used to better withstand stress of the structure. Bolts and fasteners or welding are
used to connect beams to columns. I - beams in the center are usually wider and so more
resistant to bending moments. Wide sheet of steel is used to cover the top of the frame. As for the
floor surface, precast concrete is a popular option. Due to steel softening with high temperatures,
fire resistant elements are usually incorporated. Various materials and techniques are used for the
outer part of the structure as well.

 WIND POST
Wind post are used in exterior masonry walls. They protect walls from heavy wind forces and
usually installed within the cavity wall and fixed by special fastenings. Their regular and required
spacing intervals are calculated by an engineer.

 METAL ROOFING
Metal roofs can be fabricated from galvanized steel (steel coated with zinc or a mixture of zinc,
aluminum and silicon). Stainless steel, lead and copper can also be used. The main advantage of
such roof is their durability. Metal usually gets epoxy or ceramic-coated in order to prevent the roof
from rust and damage caused by water.
  REINFORCED CONCRETE
Concrete strength can be improved by the use of steel bars, which are embedded before concrete
sets. This technology is crucial for modern buildings. Such rebars, are usually made from twisted
strands with anchoring ridges. Reinforced concrete can still be destroyed due to mechanical input
or chemical reactions, such as corrosion caused by chloride. First reinforcement was applied by a
French industrialist, François Coignet, who used iron embedded in concrete. It was not as much to
improve the strength but to prevent walls from overturning. Tensile stresses were known to an
English builder, William B. Wikinson, who used reinforced concrete in a two-story construction.
Reinforced concrete was first commercialized by G.A. Wayss, a German engineer. Among the first
skyscrapers built using this technology was Ingalls Building in Cincinnati. This 16-story
construction was completed in 1904.

 FIXINGS AND FASTENERS

Fixings and fasteners are often made from stainless steel. They are widely used in automotive,
aerospace and other manufacturing industries. They are crucial for stability and safety of
construction and civil engineering in general. There are many different types of fixings and
fasteners for specific types of constructions.

TEST OF REINFORCING STEEL BAR

 Tensile test - also known as tension test; is a fundamental type of mechanical test where a
carefully prepared specimen is loaded in a very controlled manner while measuring the
applied load and the elongation of the specimen over some distance, Tensile test are
simple, relatively inexpensive and fully standardized. It is used to determine the modulus of
elasticity, elastic limit, elongation, proportional limit, reduction in area, tensile strength and
other tensile property. By pulling on steel, you will quickly determine how it will react to
forces being applied in tension. As the material is being pulled, you will find its strength
along with how much it will elongate. The necessary strain measurement at the specimen
for accurate determination of the yield point is determined with the makro extensometer. It
accurately records the strain up to break without being affected itself. The main product of a
tensile test is a load versus elongation curve which is then converted into a stress versus
strain curve.
Tensile Properties:
1. Modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus- defines the properties of a material as it
undergoes stress, deforms, and then returns to its original shape after the stress is
removed. It is a measure of the stiffness of a given material. Its interest is to compute how
much a rod or wire stretches under a tensile load.
2. Yield point - defined as the stress applied to the material at which deformation starts to
occur while the material is loaded.
3. Proportional limit- is the highest stress at which stress is directly proportional to strain.
4. Elastic limit- is the greatest stress of the material can withstand without any measurable
permanent strain remaining on the complete release of load.
5. Ultimate tensile strength- is the maximum engineering stress level reached in a tension test.
The strength of the material is its ability to withstand external forces without breaking.
6. Measure of ductility (elongation and reduction of area)- the ductility of the material is a
measure of the extent to which a material will deform before fracture. The amount of
ductility is an important factor when considering forming operations such as rolling and
extrusion.
7. Tensile strength - the maximum stress the material will sustain before fracture. The tensile
strength is calculated by dividing the maximum load by the original cross section area of the
test specimen.
8. Yield strength - the stress corresponding to a specified permanent deformation. The
specified permanent deformation has been standardized in the non-ferrous industry as
0.2% offset on the stress strain curve.
9. Elongation is a mechanical property of metal that is the degree of which a material may be
bent, stretched or compressed before it ruptures. It is the point between tensile strength
and is expressed as a percentage of the original length.

Note: Computing the tensile strength of RSB is similar as that of concrete, as discussed in
module 5. Yield strength is the basis for design, since permanent deformation will occurs here.

 Flexure test/Bend Test- flexure test on reinforcing steel bars are used to test ductility. The
specimen must not lose strength and no cracks must be detected on visual inspection. A
simple test called bend test is conducted on site can assess the quality and ductility or
resistance to fracture of that material. When you bend the steel rod to make an angle of 90
to 135 degrees and then bend it back straight, there should not be cracks on it. If the
original shape is retained or gained once it is straightened, you can assure that it is of good
quality steel. The purposes of these tests are to allow to determine the materials ductility,
bend strength, fracture strength and its resistance to fracture. These characteristics can be
used to determine whether a material will fail under pressure and are especially important
to any construction process involving ductile materials loaded with bending forces. If a
material begins to fracture or completely fractures during a three or four-point bend test it is
valid to assume that the material will fail under a similar in any application, which may lead
to catastrophic failure.
 Shear test- the most common use of shear test is to determine the shear strength, which is
the maximum shear stress that the material can withstand before failure occurs. Shear test
is designed to apply stress to a test sample so that it experiences a sliding failure along a
plane that is parallel to the forces applied. Generally, shear forces cause one surface of a
material to move in the opposite direction so that the material is stressed in a sliding
motion. Shear strength is a very important design characteristic of many types of fasteners
Such as bolts and screws. For example, when a bolt is used to secure two plates together it
will experience a shear forces if the plates themselves experience any forces parallel to
their plane that attempt to separate them. If the small fastener fails in shear it may lead to a
chain of failures that could lead to a chain of failures that could lead to the entire destruction
of a much larger structure.

 Fatigue test- a fatigue test helps determine a material's ability to withstand cyclic fatigue
loading conditions. Usually, the purpose of a fatigue test is to determine the lifespan that
may be expected from a material subjected to cyclic loading, however fatigue strength and
crack resistance are commonly sought values as well. The fatigue life of a material is the
total number of cycles that a material can be subjected to under a single loading scheme. A
fatigue test is also used for the determination of the maximum load that a sample can
withstand for a specified number of cycles. All of these characteristics are extremely
important in any industry where a material is subject to fluctuating instead of constant
forces. By design, a material is selected to meet or exceed service loads that are
anticipated in fatigue testing applications. Cyclic fatigue tests produced repeated loading
and unloading in tension, compression, bending torsion or combinations of these stresses.
Fatigue tests are commonly loaded in tension - tension, compression - compression and
tension into compression and reverse.

 Relaxation and creep test - testing of reinforcing bars and similar metallic products at
room temperature is used to investigate the long-term behavior of such materials or
products under load. Such knowledge is very important when the material or products is/are
to be used in, for example, buildings or structures expected to have a life of decades or
more.

 Trestle test - testing can be used for such purposes as checking the character of weld or
the conformability of a material.
  Impact test – testing provide information on the fracture toughness of a material. If
performed at low temperatures, it can also be used to find the transition temperature of the
material.

Note: A mill test report (MTR) and often also called a certified mill test report, certified material test
report, mill test certificate (MTC), inspection certificate, certificate of test, or a host of other names, is
a quality assurance document used in the metals industry that certifies a material's chemical and physical
properties and states a product made of metal (steel, aluminum, brass or other alloys) complies with an
international standards organization (such as ANSI, ASME, etc.) specific standards.

Generally, there are two types of steel bars available in the market.

1. Mild steel bars (plain round bars) (as per IS: 432, part-I- 1982) are used for tensile stress
of in reinforced cement concrete work, these steel bars are plain in surface (round bars)
and are round sections of diameter from 6 to 50 mm. These rods are manufactured in long
lengths and can be cut quickly and be bent easily without damage.

Grade lI Mild steel round bars are not recommended for use in structures located in earth
quake zones subject to severe damage and for structures subject to dynamic loading (other
than wind loading) such as railways and highways bridges.

Every lot or consignment of mild steel bars brought at the site of work should be tested in
laboratory before use in the work. However, for small work one can use mild steel bars on
the basis of verifying tests results made by manufacturer in his own laboratory; which are
available with supplier.

Some of manufacturers stamped MS bars grade with their make and name and also give
certification of test and grade. On the basis of the above information, you can store mild
steel bars grade-wise at the site of work.

2. Deformed Steel Bars or Reinforcing Steel Bars (RSB) (as per IS: 1786-1985) are rods of
steels provided with ridges, lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface of bar, these bars
minimize slippage in concrete and increases the bond between the two materials.
Deformed bars have more tensile stresses than that of mild steel plain bars. These bars
can be used without end hooks. The deformation should be spaced along the bar at
substantially uniform distances.

To limit cracks that may develop in reinforced concrete around mild steel bars due to
stretching of bars and some loss of bond under load, it is common to use deformed bars
that have projecting ribs or are twisted to improve the bond with concrete. These bars are
produced in sections from 6 mm to 50 mm dia. These rods are manufactured in long
lengths and can be cut quickly and be bent easily without damage and are sold
commercially at 6, 7.5 and 9 meters in length. Longer lengths are pre-ordered up to 12
meters or longer.

In addition, the strength of bonds of deformed bars calculated should be 40 to 80 % higher

than that of plain round bars of same nominal size. And it has more tensile stress than that
of plain round bars of same nominal size.

Cold twisted deformed (Ribbed or Tor Steel Bars) bars are recommended as best quality
steel bars for construction work by a Structural Engineer.
Other types of steel bars:

 TMT Bars (Thermo Mechanically Treated Bars) are high strength deformed steel bars used
in reinforced cement concrete (RCC) work manufactured with the help of advancement of
technology. TMT bars are latest production in MS steel bars and have superior properties
such as strength, ductility, welding ability, bending ability and highest quality standards at
international level.

 Stainless Steel Reinforcing Bar – corrosion of carbon steel rebars is greatly accelerated
when chlorides are present in the concrete (along with the requisite moisture and oxygen
levels to sustain the corrosion reactions), In some parts of the world, chlorides may be
incorporated into the original mix due to their presence in the sand. aggregate or water.
Most often, chlorides penetrate through the "cover" when the external surfaces of the
concrete are exposed to seawater, marine atmospheres or de-icing salts,

Several methods are currently employed in an attempt to reduce the corrosion of carbon
steel rebars. These include: rebar coatings (fusion-bonded epoxy, galvanizing); increased
concrete cover, reduced water/cement ratios; corrosion inhibitors added to the concrete
mix, concrete sealers, cathodic protection; and concrete coatings or membranes.

However, there is increasing interest in the use of reinforcing materials that have inherently
good corrosion resistance, thus minimizing the need for maintenance and monitoring of the
structure. Stainless steels are such materials and they have been used as concrete rebars
in Europe, North America, Asia, Australia and Africa.

General Precautions for Steel Bars in Reinforcement

 Steel bars are clear, free from loose mil scales, dust and loose rust coats of paints, oil or
other coatings which may destroy or reduce bond strength.
 Steel bars should be stored in such a way as to avoid distortion and to prevent deterioration
and corrosion.
 Steel bars should not be clean by oily substance to remove the rust.
 The bar is bent correctly and accurately to the size and shape as shown in drawings.
 If possible, the bar of full length is used.
 Overlapping bars do not touch each other and these should be kept apart with concrete.
 The overlap if given should be staggered.
 The cranks in the bar at the end should be kept in position by using spots.
 The steel bars should not be disturbed while lying cements concrete.
 Required cover under steel bars should be given before laying the cement concrete.
 No overlap is given in the bar having a diameter more than 36 mm, if required, the bar
should be welded.

Structurally, steel bars can be used in two ways;

1. As reinforcement - It is pre-assembled inside the form followed by pouring of fresh

concrete.
2. As stressed steel reinforcement - Heavy tension forces are applied before the casting of
concrete (pre-stressed concrete) or after concrete has been cured and gained its
maximum strength (post-stressed concrete).
Grade and Strength of Steel Bar

Yield stress Tensile stress

Grade
Class End Tip (minimum) (minimum)
Color ASTM PNS (SI) Psi N/𝑚𝑚 psi N/𝑚𝑚
Structural white
33 230 33,350 235 56,500 400
Commercial Grade
Mild Steel yellow
40 275 40,000 275 70,000 480
Intermediate Grade II
Mild Steel Grade I green 60 415 60,000 415 90,000 620
Medium Tensile Steel blue 75 540 75,000 540 110,000 760
Note: This table is for bars of up to 32 mm in diameter, bars larger than 32 mm in dia. has a lower yield and tensile stress
Weldable bars have an additional red end tip color.

Weight of Steel Bars of Different Diameter.

When we want to purchase Mild steel members from the market, the shopkeeper quotes the price
of steel members in weight.

When any type of steel members for use in house construction is required, we calculate the length
of steel member in feet or meter but we are ignorant about the weight of steel.

Standard weight of reinforcing bars in the Philippines (ASTM grade 33 / PNS grade 230)
Diameter Nominal Unit weight Weight (Kg) per Length (M)
(mm) section (𝑚𝑚 ) (kg/M) 6M 7.5 M 9M
10 78.54 0,616 3.696 4.620 5.544
12 113.10 0.888 5.328 6.660 7.992
16 201.10 1.578 9.468 11.835 14.202
20 314.20 2.466 14.796 18.495 22.194
25 491.90 3.853 23.118 28.897 34.677
28 615.75 4.834 29.000 36.225 43.506
32 804.25 6.313 37.878 47.347 56.817
36 1,017.90 7.990 47.940 59.925 71.910

Note: For simplicity of calculations, we can estimate the weight of rebar by using the density of
mild steel grade 33 (7.85 g/𝑐𝑚 ) or by multiplying 7.85 x 10 Kg/𝑚𝑚 M to the cross-sectional
area 𝜋𝐷 /4 (𝑚𝑚 ) and length (M)

Example:
6 meters, 10mm diameter RSB= 6 x (3.14)( 10 )/4 x 7.85 x 10 = 3.69 Kg
9 meters, 25 mm diameter RSB = 9 x (3.14)( 25 )/4 x 7.85 x 10 = 34.66 Kg

Summary:

Metals plays an important role in the construction industry because of its properties. One of the
most common metal used in construction is steel because of its tensile, hardness and durability
properties, and is usually used as structural steel (I, H, C or other pre-formed sections) and
reinforcing steel bars (RSB). The most common test on steel is tensile test and bend test.
Feedback:

Prior to this learning module, we know that metals are used in construction, but we do not notice
the type of metals used and the test needed to assure its quality.

Upon learning things in this m odule, you m ust already hav e a gras p of how metals
play an important role in civil engineering, specifically, in civil work s const ruction.
In the succeeding learning modules, we will discuss t he other important m ateria ls
us ed in construction and the test needed t o assure its qualit y.

Suggested Reading:

Topics on Metals and reinforcement in;

Simplified Methods on Building Construction, M. B. Fajardo Jr., 2001

Elements of Roads and Highways, M. B. Fajardo Jr., 2002

References:

DPWH Standard Specification 1988

DPWH Testing Manual 1988
Simplified Methods on Building Construction, M. B. Fajardo Jr., 2001
Elements of Roads and Highways, M. B. Fajardo Jr., 2002
The Internet