Mastère Professionnel Co-

Construit M2 Ingénierie
Automobile et Aéronautique

Automotive
Technologies

Omar Triki Lecture 1 2023-2024

The evolution of the automotive industry is a fascinating journey that spans over a century. It has seen
remarkable technological advancements, changes in design, and shifts in consumer preferences. Here's a
brief overview of how the automotive industry has evolved:
 Early Beginnings (Late 19th Century):
1. The automotive industry's roots can be traced back to the late 19th century when inventors like Karl
Benz, Gottlieb Daimler, and Henry Ford developed the first gasoline-powered automobiles.
2. These early vehicles were basic, hand-built machines with limited speed and range.
 Mass Production (Early 20th Century):
1. Henry Ford's introduction of the assembly line in 1913 revolutionized automobile manufacturing.
This innovation significantly lowered production costs and made cars more affordable for the
average person.
2. The Model T Ford became a symbol of mass production and accessibility.
 Automobile Design and Features (1920s - 1930s):
1. During the 1920s and 1930s, automotive design began to evolve, with manufacturers offering
various body styles and additional features, such as enclosed cabins and more comfortable
interiors.
2. Streamlining and aerodynamics became important design considerations.
 Post-World War II Boom (1940s - 1950s):
1. After World War II, there was a massive economic boom in the United States, leading to increased
consumer demand for cars.
2. This period saw the rise of iconic car models like the Chevrolet Bel Air, Cadillac Eldorado, and Ford
Thunderbird.
~1880s

Carl Benz's first motor carriage

• Safety and Regulation (1960s - 1970s):
1. Growing concerns about automobile safety led to the introduction of safety features such as
seatbelts, airbags, and crumple zones.
2. Emission regulations also emerged during this period due to environmental concerns.
• Globalization (1980s - 1990s):
1. The automotive industry became increasingly globalized, with companies expanding their
operations and supply chains internationally.
2. Japanese automakers gained prominence for their reliability and fuel efficiency.
 Digital Revolution (2000s - Present):
1. The 21st century brought significant advancements in automotive technology, including the
widespread adoption of digital systems.
2. Electric vehicles (EVs) gained popularity as concerns about environmental impact and fuel
efficiency grew.
3. Autonomous driving technology and connected vehicles became major areas of development.
 Sustainability and Electric Vehicles (2010s - Present):
1. Concerns about climate change and emissions led to a focus on sustainability, resulting in the
development of hybrid and fully electric vehicles.
2. Tesla, with its electric car models, played a significant role in popularizing electric mobility.
~2020s Challenges

 Shared Mobility and Future Trends (Present and Beyond):

1. Car-sharing services like Uber and Lyft have transformed the way people think about
transportation.
2. The automotive industry is also exploring advanced technologies like hydrogen fuel cells, further
autonomous driving capabilities, and sustainable materials for vehicle construction.

 Environmental Regulations and Electrification (Ongoing):

1. Many countries are implementing stricter emissions regulations, pushing automakers to invest
heavily in electrification and reduce their carbon footprint.
2. Electric vehicle infrastructure, such as charging networks, continues to expand to support the
growing adoption of EVs.

The automotive industry's evolution is ongoing, with a strong emphasis on sustainability, technology, and
changing consumer preferences. As society's needs and values evolve, the industry will likely continue to
innovate and adapt to meet these challenges.
Technological Progress

The evolution of the automotive industry from mechanical to electric to electronic has been a gradual
process driven by technological advancements and changing consumer preferences. Here's a simplified
overview of this evolution:

 Mechanical Era (Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century):

1. The automotive industry began in the late 19th century with the invention of the internal combustion
engine (ICE).
2. Early automobiles were purely mechanical, relying on engines powered by gasoline or diesel fuel.
3. Mechanical components like gears, levers, and pulleys controlled vehicle functions, and there was
limited automation or electrical/electronic integration.
 Electric Era (Early to Mid-20th Century):
1. In the early 20th century, electric vehicles (EVs) gained popularity as an alternative to internal
combustion engine vehicles.
2. EVs used electric motors and batteries to power the vehicle, which led to quieter and cleaner
transportation.
3. However, limited battery technology and infrastructure hindered the widespread adoption of electric
vehicles, and ICE vehicles dominated the market.
 Electronic Era (Late 20th Century to Present):
1. The electronic era of automobiles began in the mid-20th century with the introduction of electronic
components.
2. Initially, electronic systems were used for basic functions like ignition and fuel injection control,
improving engine efficiency and emissions.
3. As technology advanced, more electronic features were added, including electronic fuel injection,
anti-lock braking systems (ABS), airbags, and onboard diagnostics (OBD).
4. In the late 20th century, computerized engine control units (ECUs) became commonplace, allowing
for precise control of engine parameters.
5. The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw the proliferation of electronic systems for safety (e.g.,
traction control, stability control) and convenience (e.g., infotainment, GPS navigation).
 Electric and Electronic Integration (21st Century):
1. In the 21st century, electric and electronic technologies converged as hybrid and fully electric
vehicles gained popularity.
2. Electric vehicles (EVs) replaced internal combustion engines with electric motors powered by
advanced lithium-ion batteries.
3. These EVs relied heavily on electronic systems for battery management, regenerative braking, and
power distribution.
4. Smart infotainment systems, advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), and autonomous driving
features became common in modern vehicles.
5. Connectivity and software updates over-the-air (OTA) also became essential aspects of modern
automotive design.
 Autonomous and Connected Era (Ongoing):
1. The automotive industry continues to evolve with a focus on autonomous driving capabilities,
connected vehicles, and electric mobility.
2. Self-driving technologies rely heavily on sophisticated electronic systems, including sensors,
cameras, LIDAR, radar, and powerful onboard computers.
3. Connectivity and data exchange between vehicles and infrastructure (V2X) and between vehicles
and the cloud (IoT) are driving further advancements.
4. Electrification is accelerating, with more automakers producing a variety of electric vehicles to
reduce emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.

Overall, the transition from mechanical to electric to electronic vehicles reflects a shift toward cleaner, more
efficient, and technologically advanced transportation solutions. The automotive industry will likely continue
to evolve, with a focus on sustainability, connectivity, and automation in the coming years.
What parts make typical modern car?
 Engine: The engine is the heart of the car, responsible for converting fuel into mechanical energy to
propel the vehicle. Common types include gasoline, diesel, electric, and hybrid engines.
 Transmission: The transmission is responsible for changing gears and transferring power from the
engine to the wheels. Automatic and manual transmissions are the most common types.
 Chassis: The chassis is the framework that supports the car's body and various components,
including the suspension and steering system.
 Suspension System: The suspension system consists of springs, shock absorbers, and other
components that provide a comfortable ride and help maintain tire contact with the road.
 Wheels and Tires: Wheels support the tires, which are crucial for traction and ride comfort. Some
cars also have a spare tire.
 Braking System: The braking system includes components like brake pads, rotors, calipers, and
brake lines, which are essential for slowing down or stopping the vehicle.
 Steering System: This system allows the driver to control the direction of the car. Common types
include rack-and-pinion and power-assisted steering.
 Electrical System: The electrical system includes the battery, alternator, starter motor, and various
sensors. It provides power to the car's electrical components, including lights, radio, and more.
 Fuel System: This system stores and delivers fuel to the engine. It typically includes a fuel tank, fuel
pump, and fuel injectors.
 Exhaust System: The exhaust system removes and directs the exhaust gases produced by the
engine out of the vehicle while also reducing emissions.
 HVAC System: The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system controls the interior
climate, providing heating and cooling to passengers.
 Safety Features: Modern cars are equipped with a range of safety features, including airbags, anti-
lock braking systems (ABS), traction control, stability control, and advanced driver assistance
systems (ADAS) like adaptive cruise control and lane-keeping assist.
 Entertainment and Infotainment: Most cars come with audio systems, touchscreen displays, and
connectivity options for smartphones and other devices.
 Interior: This includes the seats, dashboard, controls, and various interior trim components that make
up the passenger compartment.
 Exterior: The exterior of the car includes the body panels, doors, windows, lights, and other features
that define its appearance.
 Emissions Control Systems: These systems are designed to reduce harmful emissions and include
components like catalytic converters and oxygen sensors.
 Drivetrain: In addition to the engine and transmission, the drivetrain includes components like the
driveshaft, axles, and differentials, which transmit power to the wheels.
 Fluids: Cars require various fluids, including engine oil, transmission fluid, coolant, brake fluid, and
windshield washer fluid, to function correctly.
 Battery and Charging System: In hybrid and electric vehicles, there are high-voltage batteries and
charging systems to power electric motors.
 On-Board Computer Systems: Modern cars have sophisticated computer systems that control
various functions, monitor performance, and diagnose issues.
How Electronics have significantly advanced automotive technology?

 Improved Engine Control: Electronic Engine Control Units (ECUs) can monitor and adjust various
engine parameters in real-time, such as fuel injection timing, air-fuel mixture, and ignition timing. This
results in better fuel efficiency, lower emissions, and increased engine performance.
 Enhanced Safety: Electronics have led to the development of advanced safety systems like Anti-
lock Braking Systems (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), and traction control. These systems
help drivers maintain control of the vehicle during challenging conditions, reducing the likelihood of
accidents.
 Advanced Infotainment Systems: Modern vehicles are equipped with sophisticated infotainment
systems that include touchscreen displays, GPS navigation, smartphone integration, and voice
recognition. These systems provide a more enjoyable and convenient driving experience.
 Fuel Efficiency: Electronic systems, such as hybrid and electric powertrains, regenerative braking,
and engine start-stop technology, have significantly improved fuel efficiency and reduced greenhouse
gas emissions.
 Driver Assistance Systems: Electronics play a crucial role in the development of driver assistance
systems like adaptive cruise control, lane-keeping assist, blind-spot monitoring, and automatic
emergency braking. These technologies enhance driver safety and reduce the risk of accidents.
 Diagnostic and Maintenance Tools: Onboard diagnostics and electronic sensors make it easier for
mechanics to diagnose and troubleshoot vehicle issues. This leads to quicker and more accurate
repairs, reducing downtime and costs for vehicle owners.
 Improved Comfort: Electronic components have made modern cars more comfortable with features
like climate control systems, adjustable seats, and customizable lighting.
 Enhanced Communication: Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)
communication systems rely on electronics to improve traffic flow, reduce congestion, and enhance
overall road safety.
 Reduced Emissions: Electronics, along with improved engine management, have contributed to
lower emissions from vehicles, helping to meet stricter environmental regulations.
 Energy Recovery: Electronic systems enable energy recovery through technologies like
regenerative braking in hybrid and electric vehicles, which increases overall efficiency.
 Data Collection and Analysis: Electronics allow for the collection of valuable data about vehicle
performance, driver behavior, and road conditions. This data can be used for vehicle design
improvements, maintenance recommendations, and traffic management.
 Customization and Personalization: Electronic systems enable vehicle owners to customize
various settings and features to their preferences, enhancing the overall driving experience.
 In summary, electronics have played a pivotal role in advancing automotive technology by improving
performance, safety, efficiency, comfort, and convenience while also contributing to environmental
sustainability. These advancements have led to more sophisticated and capable vehicles that benefit
both drivers and society as a whole.
~1950s

In this vehicle there are no ECUs, and no networks!

 If we brake too hard we skid
 If we accelerate too hard we spin the wheels
~1980s

We now introduce some electronic controls into our vehicle to provide individual
functions, such as ABS
 The control electronics are directly connected by wires to related sensors and
actuators
~1980s

We now introduce some electronic controls into our vehicle to provide individual functions,
such as ABS
 The control electronics are directly connected by wires to related sensors and actuators
 These controls are quite simple, and each one only performs one function (e.g. ABS,
fuel injection, ignition control), sometimes they are so simple that there’s no software!
Now, if we brake too hard we shouldn’t skid, yet if we accelerate too hard, we we’ll still spin the
wheels!
The first electronic control units (ECUs) developed in the automotive industry were relatively simple
compared to modern ECUs, which are highly advanced and capable of controlling various vehicle
functions. Here are some of the earliest ECUs used in automobiles:

1.Engine Control Modules (ECMs): One of the earliest types of ECUs was the Engine Control
Module, which began to appear in the 1960s and 1970s. These early ECMs were primarily
responsible for basic engine functions, such as controlling ignition timing and fuel injection. They used
analog circuitry and were relatively limited in their capabilities compared to modern ECMs.

2.Electronic Ignition Control Units: Electronic ignition control units were among the first electronic
components used in vehicles. They replaced traditional mechanical ignition systems with electronic
components that could precisely control ignition timing. This technology started to emerge in the
1960s.

3.Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) Control Units: ABS control units, which were introduced in the
1970s and 1980s, were among the first safety-related ECUs. They helped prevent wheel lockup
during braking by modulating brake pressure to individual wheels. This was a significant advancement
in automotive safety.
4.Transmission Control Modules (TCMs): TCMs began to appear in vehicles in the 1980s. They
were responsible for controlling automatic transmissions, optimizing gear shifts, and improving fuel
efficiency.

5.Airbag Control Modules: Airbag control modules became prevalent in the 1990s. These ECUs are
designed to deploy airbags in the event of a collision, enhancing occupant safety.

6.Body Control Modules (BCMs): BCMs started to be used more extensively in the 1990s as well.
They are responsible for controlling various electrical and electronic functions within the vehicle's
body, such as lighting, door locks, and window controls.

It's important to note that early ECUs were relatively basic compared to the sophisticated and
interconnected ECUs found in modern vehicles. Over time, advancements in microprocessor
technology, sensors, and software have led to the development of more powerful and multifunctional
ECUs, enabling vehicles to become smarter, safer, and more fuel-efficient. Today, a modern vehicle
can have numerous ECUs that control everything from engine performance and emissions to
infotainment and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS).
Electronic Control Units (ECUs) play a crucial role in modern automotive systems by controlling various
aspects of a vehicle's operation. ECUs are essentially small computers that manage and regulate specific
functions within the vehicle. They are composed of several key components and serve diverse purposes in
the automotive industry.
Here's an overview of what ECUs are and the components they typically consist of:
 Microcontroller/Processor: The brain of the ECU is a microcontroller or microprocessor. It receives
input from various sensors and makes decisions based on pre-programmed algorithms and logic.
 Sensors: ECUs rely on a network of sensors to collect data from various parts of the vehicle. These
sensors can include:
1. Engine sensors: These monitor parameters like engine temperature, air/fuel mixture, throttle
position, and exhaust gas composition.
2. Transmission sensors: These keep track of transmission temperature, gear position, and vehicle
speed.
3. Wheel speed sensors: Used in anti-lock braking systems (ABS) and traction control systems
(TCS).
4. Oxygen sensors: Monitor the oxygen content in the exhaust gases to adjust the air-fuel mixture.
5. Environmental sensors: Some ECUs incorporate sensors for ambient temperature, humidity, and
atmospheric pressure.
 Actuators: ECUs control various actuators to influence vehicle behavior. Common actuators include:
1. Fuel injectors: Regulate the amount of fuel delivered to the engine.
2. Ignition coils: Control the timing and intensity of spark in the engine.
3. Throttle body: Manages the engine's air intake.
4. Brake actuators: Control braking pressure in ABS systems.
5. Transmission solenoids: Manage gear shifts in automatic transmissions.
 Memory: ECUs store program code, calibration data, and diagnostic information in non-volatile
memory (typically flash memory). This allows for updates and reprogramming as needed.
 Input/Output Interfaces: ECUs have input and output interfaces to communicate with other ECUs
and components in the vehicle network. Common communication protocols include CAN (Controller
Area Network) and LIN (Local Interconnect Network).
 Power Supply: ECUs require a stable power supply, often provided by the vehicle's electrical system.
 Diagnostic Interface: Many ECUs have diagnostic ports or interfaces that mechanics and
technicians can use to diagnose and troubleshoot vehicle issues.
 Housings and Connectors: ECUs are typically housed in protective enclosures to shield them from
environmental factors and vibrations. They also have connectors for wiring connections to sensors
and actuators.

The specific ECUs in a vehicle can vary depending on its make and model. Some common types of
automotive ECUs include the Engine Control Module (ECM), Transmission Control Module (TCM), Anti-
Lock Braking System (ABS) Controller, Airbag Control Module (ACM), and more. Each of these ECUs is
responsible for managing specific subsystems or functions within the vehicle.
Overall, ECUs are critical for optimizing engine performance, improving safety, reducing emissions, and
enhancing overall vehicle control and functionality in modern automobiles.
~Early 1990s

Now, we want to share data between our ECUs, so we link them together, using a single CAN bus
 Our ABS ECU can now reliably ask the Ignition controller to change the ignition timing
(reducing the engine output) if it detects wheel(s) slipping  we have traction control and
antilock braking control
We also wire a switch to the ABS ECU that allows the driver to turn off the traction control
function…
 We also add a diagnostic connector to permit mandatory OBD functions (and other
diagnostics)
~Late 1990s/Early 2000s

We improve and integrate some functions, so our ABS ECU become and Electronic Stability Control
(ESC) ECU, and we merge our Ignition and Fuel Injection Controllers into an Engine Management
ECU
Each time we add a vehicle function we add an ECU, until we reach the limit for a single CAN bus.
So we introduce multiple CAN buses, and link them with a gateway
The torque reduction request from the ESC is routed by the gateway between the buses to the
engine
~Mid-Late 2000s

We keep introducing ECUs, and new networks such FlexRay for more advanced chassis control
(e.g. electronic suspension control), and LIN (e.g. for ‘smart switch packs’, and ‘smart motors’)
 The “Traction Control OFF” switch is one of these switches; its status is now communicated
via LIN
 The gateway routes the switch status (along with the other data we choose) between the
networks
Many of our ECUS (including the gateway ECU) are now based on the Autosar Classic Platform
~Early 2010s

We introduce a touchscreen-based entertainment system; using CAN to transfer new graphics or

animation files to this might take many hours!

To avoid this, we start using Ethernet for software updates (and some other diagnostics), using a
technology called Diagnostics over Internet Protocol (DoIP) to get shorter download times
We retain CAN to meet OBD regulations