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Power Network Analysis Notes

Power network notes

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14 views

Power Network Analysis Notes

Power network notes

Uploaded by

Ikshore Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

2.6 Three Phase Transformer Connections


Windings of a three phase transformer can be connected in various configurations as
(i) Star-star
(ii) Delta-delta
(iii) Star-delta
(iv) Delta-star
(v) Open delta
(vi) Scott connection.
These configurations are explained below.
Star-Star (Y-Y)
 Star-star connection is generally used for small, high-voltage transformers. Because of star
connection, number of required turns/phase is reduced (as phase voltage in star connection
is 1/√3 times of line voltage only). Thus, the amount of insulation required is also reduced.
 The ratio of line voltages on the primary side and the secondary side is equal to
the transformation ratio of the transformers.
 Line voltages on both sides are in phase with each other.
 This connection can be used only if the connected load is balanced.
Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ)
 This connection is generally used for large, low-voltage transformers. Number of required
phase/turns is relatively greater than that for star-star connection.
 The ratio of line voltages on the primary and the secondary side is equal to the
transformation ratio of the transformers.
 This connection can be used even for unbalanced loading.
 Another advantage of this type of connection is that even if one transformer is disabled,
system can continue to operate in open delta connection but with reduced available
capacity.

EE8301 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Star-Delta OR Wye-Delta (Y-Δ)


 The primary winding is star star (Y) connected with grounded neutral and the secondary
winding is delta connected.
 This connection is mainly used in step down transformer at the substation end of the
transmission line.
 The ratio of secondary to primary line voltage is 1/√3 times the transformation ratio.
 There is 30° shift between the primary and secondary line voltages.
Delta-Star OR Delta-Wye (Δ-Y)

Figure 2.6.1 Three Phase Transformer Connections


[Source: “‘Electric Machinery Fundamentals” by Stephen J. Chapman, Page: 168]

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 The primary winding is connected in delta and the secondary winding is connected in star
with neutral grounded. Thus it can be used to provide 3-phase 4-wire service.
 This type of connection is mainly used in step-up transformer at the beginning of
transmission line.
 The ratio of secodary to primary line voltage is √3 times the transformation ratio.
 There is 30° shift between the primary and secondary line voltages.
Above transformer connection configurations are shown in the following figure.
Open Delta (V-V) Connection
Two transformers are used and primary and secondary connections are made as
shown in the figure below. Open delta connection can be used when one of the
transformers in Δ-Δ bank is disabled and the service is to be continued until the faulty
transformer is repaired or replaced. It can also be used for small three phase loads where
installation of full three transformer bank is un-necessary. The total load carrying capacity
of open delta connection is 57.7% than that would be for delta-delta connection.

Figure 2.6.2 Open Delta (V-V) Connection


[Source: “‘Electric Machinery Fundamentals” by Stephen J. Chapman, Page: 169]

Scott (T-T) Connection


Two transformers are used in this type of connection. One of the transformers has center
taps on both primary and secondary windings (which is called as main transformer). The
other transformer is called as teaser transformer. Scott connection can also be used for
three phase to two phase conversion. The connection is made as shown in the figure below.

EE8301 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 2.6.3 Scott (T-T) Connection


[Source: “‘Electric Machinery Fundamentals” by Stephen J. Chapman, Page: 170]

Transformer Phasing: The Dot Notation and Dot Convention


The Dot Notation
Generally, when we study about Transformers, we assume that the primary and
secondary voltage and currents are in phase. But, such is not always the case. In
Transformer, The phase relation between primary and secondary currents and voltages
depends on how each winding is wrapped around the core.

Figure 2.6.4 (a) Primary and Secondary voltage in Phase


[Source: “‘Electric Machinery Fundamentals” by Stephen J. Chapman, Page: 172]

Refer to fig (1) and (2), you may see that the primary sides of both transformers are
identical i.e. primary windings of both transformers wrapped in the same direction around
the core.
But in fig (2) you may notice that the secondary winding is wound around the core in the
opposite direction from the secondary winding in fig (1).

EE8301 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Consequently, the voltage induced in the Secondary winding in fig (2) is 180° out of
phase as compared with the induced voltage in secondary in fig (1) and the direction of
secondary current (IS) is opposite from the primary current (IP)

Figure 2.6.4 (b) Primary and Secondary voltage 180° out of Phase
[Source: “‘Electric Machinery Fundamentals” by Stephen J. Chapman, Page: 173]

So we see that
1. The primary and secondary voltage and current are in phase in fig (1)
2. The primary and secondary voltage and current are 180° out of phase in fig (2)

Dot Convention
To eliminate any confusion in the phase relation between primary and secondary
voltage and current, a dot convention has been adopted for transformer schematic
diagrams. Dots are placed on the top of primary and secondary terminals as shown in fig
(3) and (4)
In fig (3), we see that dots are placed at the top in both primary and secondary terminals. It
shows that the primary and secondary current and voltages are in phase. Moreover, the
primary and secondary voltages (VP and VS) have similar sine wave, also the primary and
secondary (IP and IS) currents are same in direction.
The story is opposite in fig (4). We can see that one dot is positioned at the top in
primary terminal and the other one (dot) is placed at bottom of secondary terminal. It
shows that the primary and secondary current and voltages are 180° out of phase. In
addition, the primary and secondary voltages (VP and VS) sine waves are opposite to each
other. Also the primary and secondary currents (IPand IS) are opposite in direction.
EE8301 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Figure 2.6.5 Phase relation between primary and secondary voltages and currents
[Source: “‘Electric Machinery Fundamentals” by Stephen J. Chapman, Page: 175]

EE8301 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

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