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Unit 3 Waves Worksheet

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Unit 3 Waves Worksheet

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Name: _______________________________________________

Unit 3 Worksheet

Date:

Time:

Total marks available:

Total marks achieved: ______

1
Questions
Q1.

X-rays are electromagnetic waves used to obtain images of bones.

An x-ray machine produces x-ray waves with a frequency of 1.25 × 1018 Hz.

(a) Calculate the time period of these x-rays.

(2)

time period = ........................................................... s

(b) X-rays have a speed of 3.00 × 108 m/s in air.

Calculate the wavelength of these x-rays.
(3)

wavelength = ........................................................... m

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q2.

X-rays and gamma rays are examples of ionising radiation.

(a) Which of these is another example of ionising radiation?

(1)
A infrared
B microwave
C radio
2
D ultraviolet

(b) Give one use of x-rays and one use of gamma rays.
(2)
x-rays
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
gamma rays
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(c) (i) State the formula linking speed, frequency and wavelength of a wave.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the wavelength of a gamma ray with a frequency of 2.8 × 1019 Hz.
[speed of gamma ray = 3.0 × 108 m/s]
(3)

wavelength = ........................................................... m

(d) X-rays and gamma rays are electromagnetic waves.

Which of these graphs is correct for waves travelling at a constant speed?
(1)

3
(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q3.

The diagram represents a water wave travelling on the surface of some water.

(a) Which arrow represents the amplitude of the wave?

(1)
A P
B Q
C R
D S

4
(b) Which arrow represents the wavelength of the wave?
(1)
A P
B Q
C R
A S

(c) What type of wave is this water wave?

(1)
A electromagnetic
B gravitational
C longitudinal
D transverse

(d) The time period of the wave is 2.7 s.

Calculate the frequency of the wave.
(2)

frequency = ........................................................... Hz

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q4.

This question is about waves.

(a) The diagram represents a wave.

(i) Determine the amplitude of the wave by measuring it with a ruler.

(1)
amplitude = ........................................................... cm
(ii) Determine the wavelength of the wave by measuring it with a ruler.
(1)
5
wavelength = ........................................................... cm

(b) Microwaves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

(i) Name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that has a lower frequency than microwaves.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Microwaves travel at a speed of 3.0 × 108 m / s in air.
A microwave has a wavelength of 2.7 cm.
Calculate the frequency of this microwave.
[wave speed = frequency × wavelength]
(3)

frequency = ........................................................... Hz

(c) A student uses a microwave source and a receiver to investigate microwaves.

Photograph 1 shows how the student sets up their apparatus.

The meter shows the strength of the microwaves detected by the receiver.
The strength of the microwaves is measured in arbitrary units.
The student varies the distance between the microwave source and the receiver, and records the
meter readings.
(i) Photograph 2 shows the analogue meter for one of the readings.

6
Give the reading on the analogue meter.
(1)
reading = ........................................................... arbitrary units
(ii) The graph shows the results of the student's investigation.

The student concludes that the meter reading is inversely proportional to the distance between the
microwave source and the receiver.
To be inversely proportional
meter reading × distance = constant
Comment on the student's conclusion.
You should use data from the graph in your answer.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................

7
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q5.

(a) Diagram 1 shows water waves just before they reflect off the side of a stationary boat.

(i) Draw the normal at the point where the direction of travel of the waves meets the side of the boat.
(1)
(ii) Measure the angle of incidence of the water waves.
(1)
angle of incidence = .......................... degrees

(iii) Complete the diagram to show the wavefronts after they reflect off the side of the boat.
(3)
(b) The boat starts to move, creating its own waves on the surface of the water.
(i) Surface water waves are transverse.
Describe the difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
8
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Diagram 2 shows the boat moving towards an observer.

Explain why the frequency of the water waves measured by the observer is larger than the frequency
of the water waves created by the boat.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q6.

Diagram 1 shows a ray of violet light entering a prism.

9
(a) (i) Calculate the angle of refraction for the violet light.
(1)

angle of refraction = ........................................................... degrees

(ii) State the formula linking refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
(1)

(iii) Calculate the refractive index of the prism for violet light.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
(3)
refractive index = ...........................................................

Diagram 2 shows rays of red light and violet light entering the same prism.

Red light has a longer wavelength than violet light.

(b) Deduce a possible relationship between the wavelength and the refractive index for colours of the
visible spectrum.
10
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q7.

This question is about atmospheric optical illusions.

(a) A mirage is an optical illusion formed due to total internal reflection of light from the sky at the
boundary between cold air and hot air.
Diagram 1 shows how a mirage is formed.

(i) State the formula linking critical angle and refractive index.
(1)

(ii) The critical angle of the cold air at the boundary is 88.500°
Calculate the refractive index of the cold air.
Give your answer to 5 significant figures.
(3)

11
refractive index = ...........................................................

(b) (i) Diagram 2 shows a ray of light from the Sun.

The refractive index of the atmosphere is greater than the refractive index of space.
Complete the diagram by drawing the path of the ray of light through the atmosphere.
(2)

(ii) Diagram 3 shows a ray of light from the Sun when the Sun is directly overhead.

Explain why the ray of light does not change direction when it enters the atmosphere.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

12
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iv) Suggest why the Sun appears not to be circular when it is close to the horizon at sunset.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q8.

This question is about electromagnetic (EM) waves.

(a) The boxes show some EM waves and their uses.

Draw one straight line from each EM wave to its correct use.
One has been done for you.
(3)

(b) Which of these is a hazard of microwave radiation?

(1)
A blindness
B cell mutation
C internal heating of tissue
D skin burns
13
(c) State the name of an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength longer than microwave radiation.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q9.

The diagram shows the apparatus used to demonstrate the existence of electromagnetic radiation just
beyond the visible spectrum.

Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun passes through a slit and a prism.

The electromagnetic radiation refracts through the prism onto the screen.

Five thermometers are placed in front of the screen.

(a) Complete the table to show the missing parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
(3)

14
(b) Suggest why the lower part of each thermometer should be painted black.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c) The equipment is left for a short period of time.

The thermometers now show higher temperatures than before.

State the part of the electromagnetic spectrum in this demonstration that would give the largest
temperature increase.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q10.

This question is about electromagnetic waves.

(a) Draw a straight line from each electromagnetic wave to its correct use.
One has been done for you.
(4)

(b) State a hazard to humans of excessive exposure to infrared waves.

15
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c) State a precaution that would reduce a person's risk of exposure to ultraviolet waves.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q11.

(a) A student investigates a sound wave with a frequency of 25 000 Hz.

(i) Calculate the wavelength of this sound wave.
[speed of sound = 330 m/s]
(3)

wavelength = ........................................................... m
(ii) The oscilloscope trace represents the sound wave.

Determine the amplitude of the oscilloscope trace.

(2)

16
amplitude = ........................................................... V

(b) (i) Diagram 1 shows a coil of wire wrapped around a cardboard tube.
The coil is fixed to the cardboard tube.
On diagram 1, draw field lines to represent the magnetic field produced when the current is in the
direction shown.
(3)

(ii) Diagram 2 shows a model of a loudspeaker that uses the coil and the cardboard tube.
The cardboard tube is fixed to a thin piece of card, which is clamped at both ends.

17
The student holds a bar magnet near the bottom of the cardboard tube.
Explain why this causes the loudspeaker to produce a sound.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) When the frequency of the alternating current is 10 kHz, the student hears a sound.
The student increases the frequency of the alternating current to 25 kHz.
Explain why the student cannot hear a sound now, even though the card is still vibrating.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iv) Suggest a change to the apparatus that would increase the loudness of the sound when the
frequency of the
alternating current is 10 kHz.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

18
(Total for question = 14 marks)

Q12.

A sonometer is a piece of equipment used to investigate the frequency of waves on a string.

The photograph shows a sonometer.

The string is under tension. When the string is plucked it vibrates to produce a sound wave.

(a) Describe how an oscilloscope should be used to measure the frequency of the sound wave from the
sonometer.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) A student investigates how the frequency of sound from the sonometer varies with the length of the
string.
This is the student's method.
19
• apply a constant tension force to the string
• pluck the string and measure the frequency of the sound wave produced
• move the bridge to change the length of the string
• pluck the string and measure the new frequency of the sound wave produced
Repeat the method for different lengths of string.
(i) Give a control variable for the student's investigation.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The table shows the student's results.

Calculate the mean frequency for a string length of 60 cm.

(2)

mean frequency = ........................................................... Hz

(iii) Plot a graph of the mean frequency and string length data on the grid.
(3)
(iv) Draw the curve of best fit.
(1)

20
(v) Determine the string length needed to produce a sound wave of frequency 75 Hz.
(1)
string length = ........................................................... cm
(vi) The student cannot hear the sound from the sonometer for some of the string lengths tested.
Explain which of the string lengths produce sounds that humans cannot hear.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 14 marks)

Q13.

This question is about refraction.

(a) State what is meant by the term refraction.

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

21
.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The diagram shows a ray of light from a torch incident on the surface of a pool of water.

The angle of refraction of the ray of light is 33°

(i) Draw the path of the ray of light in the water.
(2)
(ii) State the formula linking refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
(1)

(iii) Show that the refractive index of water is about 1.3

(2)

(c) The torch is moved below the surface of the water. Light from the torch is incident on the water
surface at an angle greater than the critical angle.
(i) Explain the meaning of the term critical angle.
You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(2)

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
22
.............................................................................................................................................

(iii) Calculate the critical angle of water.

Assume the refractive index of water is 1.3
(3)

critical angle = ........................................................... °

(iv) A ray of light leaves the torch as shown in the diagram.
Complete the path of the ray of light.
(2)

(Total for question = 14 marks)

Q14.

This question is about sound waves.

(a) Describe an experiment to measure the speed of sound in air.

You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(5)

23
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) An oscilloscope can be used to determine the frequency of a sound wave.

The diagram shows an oscilloscope trace of a sound wave.

(i) Calculate the period of this sound wave.

(3)

24
period = ........................................................... s
(ii) Calculate the frequency of this sound wave.
(2)

frequency = ........................................................... Hz

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q15.

This is a question about light.

(a) State what is meant by the term critical angle.

You may include a diagram to help your answer.
(2)

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The photograph shows a pair of binoculars.

25
The diagram shows a cross-section through one half of a pair of binoculars.

There are two glass prisms inside this half of the pair of binoculars.
Complete the path of the light ray as it travels through this half of a pair of binoculars to the eye.
[critical angle of glass = 42°]
(3)

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q16.

Two students do an experiment to measure the speed of sound in air.

They use two blocks of wood that make a loud noise when hit together.

They do their experiment outside in a wide-open space.

(a) Describe how the students should use their equipment to measure the speed of sound in air.
You may draw a diagram to support your answer.
(5)

26
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The table shows the students' results.

(i) Calculate the mean time for the last row in the table.
(2)

27
mean time = ........................................................... s
(ii) The students think that some of their time readings are anomalous.
State how the students should deal with these anomalous readings.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain which distance in the table is likely to give the most accurate value for the speed of sound
in air.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q17.

The diagram shows a ray of light travelling from air into glass.

(a) Use a protractor to determine the angle of refraction.

(1)
angle of refraction = ........................................................... degrees

28
(b) State the formula linking refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
(1)

(c) Calculate the refractive index of this glass.

(3)

refractive index = ...........................................................

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q18.

The photograph shows an oscilloscope.

An oscilloscope can be used to determine the frequency of a sound wave.

(a) (i) Name the piece of equipment that should be used with an oscilloscope to detect a sound wave.
29
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe how an oscilloscope can be used to measure the time period of a sound wave.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Diagram 1 shows an oscilloscope screen when a sound wave is detected.

It also shows the settings of the oscilloscope.

(i) Determine whether the sound can be heard by humans.

Include a calculation of frequency in your answer.
(4)

30
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The oscilloscope settings are changed, as shown in Diagram 2.

On Diagram 2, draw the wave that would be displayed on the oscilloscope screen if the same sound
wave is detected using these new settings.
(2)

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q19.

A student does an investigation to determine the refractive index of a block made from flint glass.

(a) She directs a ray of red light at the block, as shown in diagram 1.

31
(i) Some of the light is reflected from the surface of the block at point A.
On diagram 1, draw this reflected ray of light.
(1)

(ii) Use a protractor to determine the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction of the red light at
point A on diagram 1.
(2)
angle of incidence = ........................................................... degrees

angle of refraction = ........................................................... degrees

(iii) State the formula linking refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
(1)

32
(iv) Calculate the refractive index of the glass for red light.
(2)

refractive index = ...........................................................

(v) Describe how the student could improve her investigation to obtain a more reliable value of the
refractive index.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The student replaces the red light with a blue light.
Diagram 2 shows a ray of blue light directed at point A, at the same angle of incidence as the
previous ray of red light.
The dashed lines on diagram 2 show the previous path of the ray of red light.

33
The refractive index of flint glass for blue light is higher than the refractive index of flint glass for red
light.
Complete diagram 2 by drawing the path of blue light from point A until it passes into air.
(3)

(Total for question = 12 marks)

Q20.

A student investigates the reflection of light by a plane mirror.

The student uses a ray box, a ruler, a pencil and a mirror.

(a) Name the apparatus that can be used to measure angles during the investigation.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The diagram shows a ray of light directed to a point on the mirror.

34
(i) Label the angle of incidence.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Measure the angle of incidence.
(1)
angle of incidence = ........................................................... degrees
(iii) Complete the diagram to show the ray reflected from the mirror.
(2)

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q21.

A student does an experiment to determine the refractive index of a glass block.

(a) The student places the glass block on a piece of paper and draws round the block with a pencil.
Name two additional pieces of equipment the student will need for his experiment.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................

(b) The diagram shows the path of a ray of light as it travels towards and then through the glass block.
(i) Draw the path of the ray of light when it leaves the glass block.
(2)
(ii) Draw the normal line at the point where the ray of light enters the glass block.
(1)

35
(iii) Determine the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction at the point where the ray of light
enters the glass block.
(2)
angle of incidence = ........................................................... °

angle of refraction = ........................................................... °

(iv) State the formula linking refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
(1)

(v) Calculate the refractive index of the glass block.

(2)

refractive index = ...........................................................

(c) A teacher suggests that a more accurate value for the refractive index can be found using a graphical
method.
Design a method to obtain a value for the refractive index of the glass block using a graph.
You may draw a diagram to support your answer.
(3)

36
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 13 marks)

Q22.

This is a question about refraction.

(a) (i) State the formula linking critical angle and refractive index.
(1)

(ii) Diamond has a critical angle of 26 degrees.

Calculate the refractive index of diamond.
(2)

37
refractive index = ...........................................................
(iii) The diagram shows a light ray entering a block of diamond.
Complete the diagram to show the light ray emerging from the block.
(3)

(b) A student plans an investigation to determine the refractive index of glass.

The student uses a graph of sin(i) against sin(r) to determine the refractive index.
(i) The student uses this equipment

• a ray box
• a rectangular glass block
• a protractor
• a pencil
Describe how the student should collect her data.
You may draw a diagram to support your answer.
(4)

38
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The table shows the student's results.

Plot a graph of the student's results.

(3)
(iii) Draw a line of best fit.
(1)

(iv) Use the graph to calculate the refractive index of the glass block.
39
(2)

refractive index = ...........................................................

(Total for question = 16 marks)

Q23.

Diagram 1 shows what happens when light is incident on a piece of transparent material.

(a) When very bright light shines on this transparent material, a small amount of light is reflected at point
X.
(i) On diagram 2, draw the reflected ray from point X.
(2)

(ii) Measure the angle of refraction at point X on diagram 2.

40
(1)
angle = ........................................................... degrees
(iii) State the formula linking refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
(1)

(iv) Show that the refractive index of the transparent material is about 1.7
(2)

(v) State the formula linking refractive index and critical angle.
(1)

(vi) Calculate the critical angle for the transparent material.

(2)

critical angle = ........................................................... degrees

(b) Explain the behaviour of the light at points Y and Z.

(3)

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
41
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 12 marks)

Q24.

This question is about light.

(a) Diagram 1 shows a light ray entering a glass prism.

(i) Describe what happens to the light ray when it enters the prism at point A.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State the name of line XY.
42
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) State the formula linking critical angle and refractive index.
(1)

(iv) The refractive index for the glass in this prism is 1.6
Calculate the critical angle for the glass in this prism.
(3)

critical angle = ........................................................... °

(v) Complete Diagram 1 by continuing the path of the light ray from point B.
(2)

(b) Diagram 2 shows a similar prism that is made from a material with a different refractive index.
The critical angle for the material of this prism is 55°
Complete Diagram 2 by continuing the path of the light ray.

43
(2)

(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q25.

This question is about refraction in a semi-circular glass block.

(a) The diagram shows a ray of light incident on the flat side of the glass block.

(i) Draw the normal where the incident ray of light strikes the glass block.
Label this line normal.
(1)
(ii) Some light from the incident ray passes into the glass block and is refracted.
Draw the refracted ray of light.
Label this line refracted ray.
(2)
44
(iii) Some light from the incident ray is reflected at the boundary.
Draw the reflected ray of light.
Label this line reflected ray.
(2)
(b) A student investigates the refraction of light by the semi-circular glass block using the equipment in
the photograph.

Design an experiment to investigate how the angle of incidence of a ray of light affects the angle of
refraction in the glass block.

You may draw a diagram to help your answer.

(6)

.............................................................................................................................................

45
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q26.

(a) Describe an experiment to determine the refractive index of a glass block.

In your answer you should include

• a labelled diagram
• the apparatus needed
• the method used
(6)

.............................................................................................................................................

46
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Give two uses of total internal reflection.

(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q27.

This question is about refraction.

(a) Diagram 1 shows a ray of light incident on the boundary between a liquid called acetone and air.

47
(i) Calculate the critical angle for the boundary between acetone, and air.
(1)
critical angle = ........................................................... °
(ii) State the formula linking critical angle and refractive index.
(1)

(iii) Calculate the refractive index of acetone.

(2)

refractive index = ...........................................................

(b) Diagram 2 shows a ray of light incident on the boundary between water and air.

48
Explain how the refractive index of water compares to the refractive index of acetone.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q28.

The refractive index, n, of a material can be calculated using this formula.

(a) A student uses this method to determine the refractive index of a material.

• draw around a semi-circular block of material

• shine a light ray towards the centre of the straight edge of the semi-circular block
• use a pencil and a ruler to mark the positions of the incident ray and the refracted ray
• remove the block
• draw a normal where the ray was incident on the block
• measure the angle of incidence and angle of refraction
• calculate the refractive index using the formula
49
Repeat the method for different angles of incidence.
(i) Name the independent variable in this investigation.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The table shows the student's results for an angle of incidence of 40°.

Calculate the mean value for the angle of refraction.

(2)

mean angle = ........................................................... degrees

(iii) Describe how the student could improve their method to get a more accurate value for the
refractive index.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Diagram 1 shows a ray of light refracted by a transparent block of material.

(i) Calculate the refractive index of this material.

(2)

refractive index = ...........................................................

(ii) State the formula linking critical angle and refractive index.
50
(1)

(iii) The refractive index of a different material is 1.7

Calculate the critical angle of this material.
(2)

critical angle = ........................................................... degrees

(c) Diagram 2 shows a ray of light travelling through an optical fibre.

The optical fibre is made of a material with a refractive index of 1.7

Explain the path of the ray in the optical fibre.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 12 marks)

Q29.

(a) The diagram shows a fishing boat fitted with a high frequency sound wave emitter.
The boat is above some fish.

51
The high frequency sound waves travel from the emitter to the fish and then back to the emitter, where
they are detected.
(i) Name the wave behaviour that causes the sound waves to change direction when they reach the
fish.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The table gives some data about the sound waves used.

Calculate the distance between the sound wave emitter and the fish.
(4)

distance = ........................................................... m

(b) High frequency sound waves decrease in amplitude as they travel through soft tissue in the human
body.
The graph shows this decrease in amplitude for three different high frequency sound waves.

52
(i) Estimate the distance travelled by a 2 MHz wave when its amplitude is 25% of its original value.
(1)

distance = ........................................................... cm
(ii) Describe what the graph shows about the penetrating ability of high frequency sound waves as
they travel through soft tissue.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q30.

Sound waves with a frequency above the range of human hearing are known as ultrasound.

(a) State the frequency range for human hearing.

(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The frequency of ultrasound waves can be determined using an oscilloscope.

(i) Give the name of the piece of apparatus that could be connected to the oscilloscope to detect the
53
ultrasound waves.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) The time period of the ultrasound waves must be measured to determine their frequency.

Describe how the oscilloscope is used to measure the time period of the ultrasound waves.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

The oscilloscope settings are also shown.

(i) Determine the time period of the ultrasound waves.

(2)

time period = ........................................................... s

(ii) Calculate the frequency of the ultrasound waves.

(2)
54
frequency = ........................................................... Hz

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q31.

This question is about sound waves.

(a) Sound is an example of a type of wave.

State the name of this type of wave.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The speed of sound in liquids is greater than the speed of sound in gases.
(i) Describe the arrangement of particles in liquids and in gases.
You may use diagrams to help your answer.
(2)

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why the speed of sound in liquids is greater than the speed of sound in gases.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

55
.............................................................................................................................................

(c) A buzzer is an electrical device that produces sound.

The frequency of sound produced by the buzzer is 1400 Hz.
(i) State the formula linking speed, frequency and wavelength of a wave.
(1)

(ii) Sound travels at a speed of 340 m/s in air.

Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave from the buzzer.
(2)

wavelength = ........................................................... m
(iii) Two students use this method to investigate sound from a moving source.
Student A connects a piece of string to the buzzer.
She spins round so that the buzzer moves in a horizontal circular path.

• she spins round at a slow speed

• she then spins round at a high speed

Student B stands several metres away from student A.

The sound heard by student A is different to the sound heard by student B.

Discuss the differences in the sounds heard by student A and student B.
(5)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
56
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 13 marks)

Q32.

Sound travels as a wave.

(a) A buzzer produces a sound wave of frequency 2.9 kHz and wavelength 12 cm.
(i) State the equation relating wave speed, frequency and wavelength.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the speed of the sound wave.
(3)

speed = ........................................................... m/s

(b) Some electromagnetic waves are dangerous to people.

Describe how the dangers of these electromagnetic waves vary with wavelength.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
57
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q33.

When a meteor explodes, light waves and sound waves are produced at the same time.

(a) (i) State the formula linking average speed, distance moved and time taken.
(1)

(ii) A person standing 1860 m away from the site of a meteor explosion hears the sound of the
explosion 5.6 s later.
Calculate the speed of sound in air.
(2)

speed of sound = ........................................................... m/s

(iii) A scientist stands a long way from the meteor explosion.
Explain why he hears the explosion at a different time to when he sees it.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Sound is a longitudinal wave.

Describe what is meant by the term longitudinal wave.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
58
(c) In 2013, a meteor exploded above Russia.
Just before the meteor exploded, it was travelling at a speed of 19.2 km/s.
The mass of the meteor was estimated to be 1.25 × 107 kg.
(i) State the formula linking kinetic energy, mass and speed.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the energy in the kinetic store of the meteor just before the meteor exploded.
(2)

energy in kinetic store = ........................................................... J

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q34.

A student investigates the speed of sound in air.

(a) The student sets up two microphones, A and B, as shown in Diagram 1.

The microphones are connected to a datalogger.

A sound is made to the left of microphone A.
The datalogger records the time when the sound wave reaches each microphone.
The student uses the data to calculate the time taken for the sound wave to travel from microphone A
to microphone B.
(i) Describe how the student could determine the speed of sound in air using his calculated value of
time taken.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

59
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why the student does not use a stop clock in this investigation.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The student investigates how the speed of sound in air varies with temperature.
He places several Bunsen burners in the space between the microphones, as shown in diagram 2.

He uses this method

• light all the Bunsen burners on a low heating flame

• measure the air temperature in three places between the microphones using three temperature
sensors
• use the datalogger to record the time taken for a sound wave to travel from microphone A to
microphone B
• determine the speed of sound
The student repeats this method as the air temperature increases.
(i) Suggest why it is important for all the Bunsen burners to burn the same amount of gas each
second.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The table shows the student's results.

60
Calculate the mean temperature for the last row in the table.
Give your answer to a suitable number of decimal places.
(2)

mean temperature = ........................................................... °C

(iii) The student plots his results and draws the line of best fit.
Draw a circle around the anomalous result.
(1)

(iv) State how the student should deal with the anomalous result.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(v) Explain why a line graph is the correct type of graph to display these results.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
61
(vi) Describe the relationship between the speed of sound in air and temperature.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 13 marks)

Q35.

The diagram shows two students holding a piece of string with a box attached.

The box has a buzzer inside and can move along the string.

The buzzer in the box emits a loud sound of constant frequency.

The box moves away from student A at a constant speed.

Explain why the sound heard by student A has a different frequency to the sound emitted by the buzzer.
(5)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

62
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q36.

(a) Describe an investigation to determine the speed of sound.

You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(5)

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) A microphone is connected to an oscilloscope.

A sound is detected by the microphone.
The diagram shows the oscilloscope trace.

63
(i) Determine the period of the sound wave.
(3)

period = ........................................................... s
(ii) Calculate the frequency of the sound wave.
(2)

frequency = ........................................................... Hz

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q37.

Diagram 1 shows two identical buzzers connected with springs.

64
Spring A is connected to a post.

A force acts on the apparatus for a short period of time, pulling both buzzers to the right.

During this time, buzzer A moves 2 cm and buzzer B moves 4 cm.

(a) (i) Explain why buzzer B travels with twice the average speed of buzzer A.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) A student connects the microphone to an oscilloscope to measure the frequency of sound from the
two buzzers while the force acts on the arrangement.
Explain the difference in the measured frequencies of sound from buzzer A compared to buzzer B.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Diagram 2 shows an oscilloscope trace.

The trace represents the sound wave received by the microphone from buzzer A.

65
Measure the period of the sound waves from buzzer A.
Give your answer in standard form.
(3)

period = ........................................................... s

(c) Diagram 3 shows two distant galaxies and the Earth.

Light emitted from a nearby star has a wavelength of 590 nm.

The light from an identical star in galaxy P arrives at the Earth.
The wavelength of the light from the star in galaxy P is 600 nm.
(i) Calculate the change in wavelength for light from the star in galaxy P.
(1)

change in wavelength = ........................................................... nm

(ii) Galaxy Q is twice as far away from the Earth as galaxy P.
Suggest how the speed of galaxy Q relates to the speed of galaxy P.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest a value for the change in wavelength of light from an identical star in galaxy Q when the
light arrives at the Earth.

66
(1)
change in wavelength = ........................................................... nm
(iv) Explain how comparing the speeds of the two galaxies provides evidence for the Big Bang theory.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 15 marks)

Q38.

Sound travels as a wave.

(a) Which of these statements about sound waves is incorrect?

(1)
A they can be reflected

B they can travel through a vacuum

C they can be refracted

D they transfer energy

(b) Sound waves are a type of wave known as longitudinal waves.

(i) Name the other type of wave.
(1)

67
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give one example of this other type of wave.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(c) A buzzer produces a sound wave of frequency 2.9 kHz and wavelength 12 cm.
(i) State the equation relating wave speed, frequency and wavelength.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the speed of the sound wave.
(3)

speed = ...........................................................m/s

(d) Two students investigate the Doppler effect by throwing a buzzer to each other.
Student A throws the buzzer to student B.

When the buzzer is thrown, student A notices that the sound produced changes.
Explain how the sound heard by student A changes.
You may include a diagram in your answer.
(3)

.............................................................................................................................................

68
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q39.

An ultrasonic distance-measuring device can be used to measure the length of a room.

The device emits a pulse of sound with a frequency of 40 kHz.

The device also emits a bright beam of red visible light.

(a) Explain what is meant by a frequency of 40 kHz.

(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) A sound wave from the device travels at 345 m / s.

(i) State the formula linking wave speed, frequency and wavelength.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave.

(3)

69
wavelength = ........................................................... m
(iii) The device emits a sound wave.
The sound wave travels to the wall, reflects back to the device and is received by the device.
The distance from the device to the wall is 2.35 m.
Calculate the time between the sound wave being emitted and received by the device.
(4)

time = ........................................................... s

(c) Suggest why the device emits visible light.

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(d) Sound waves and light waves can have different frequencies and wavelengths.
Describe three other differences between sound waves and light waves.
You may draw diagrams to support your answer.
(3)

.............................................................................................................................................

70
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 14 marks)

Q40.

The photograph shows a security camera.

The camera detects light waves and sound waves.

(a) State two differences between light waves and sound waves.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The camera detects infrared waves, which allow the camera to record videos in the dark.
(i) Which of these electromagnetic waves has a longer wavelength than infrared waves?
(1)
A gamma rays
B microwaves
C ultraviolet rays
D visible light waves

(ii) Which of these is another use for infrared waves?

(1)
A fluorescent lamps
B heating lamps
C satellite transmissions
71
D sterilising medical equipment

(iii) Which of these is a harmful effect of infrared waves?

(1)
A blindness
B cancer
C internal heating of body tissue
D skin burns

The security camera has an alarm that produces a loud, high-pitch sound.

On the grid, draw a trace to represent the sound wave produced by the alarm.
(2)

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q41.

(a) A student uses an oscilloscope to determine the speed of sound.

The diagram shows the oscilloscope trace produced by the sound wave.

72
The student uses two microphones and a ruler to determine the wavelength of the sound wave.
He finds that the wavelength is 1.4 m.
(i) State the formula linking the speed, frequency and wavelength of a wave.
(1)

(ii) Use the oscilloscope trace to calculate the speed of the wave.
(5)

speed = ........................................................... m/s

(b) Another student uses this method to determine the speed of sound.
Step 1 The student stands 50 m away from her teacher, measuring the distance with a metre ruler.
Step 2 The teacher makes a loud sound and flashes a light at the same time.
Step 3 The student starts the stopwatch when she sees the flash of light.
Step 4 She stops the stopwatch when she hears the loud sound.
The speed of sound is calculated using the formula

Evaluate whether this method could produce an accurate value for the speed of sound in air.
(5)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
73
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q42.

A car is moving along a road.

(a) The car has an initial velocity of 26 m / s.

The car then accelerates at 1. 2 m / s2 until it reaches a velocity of 35 m / s.
(i) State the formula linking acceleration, change in velocity and time taken.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the time taken for the car to accelerate to 35 m/s.
(3)

time = ........................................................... s

(b) A radar speed gun is used to measure the speed of the moving car.

The radar speed gun emits radio waves towards the moving car.
The moving car reflects the radio waves back to a detector on the gun.
The detected radio waves have a different frequency from the emitted radio waves.
This change in frequency is used to measure the speed of the moving car.
74
Explain this change in frequency when the car is moving towards the radar speed gun.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q43.

This question is about wave behaviour.

(a) The boxes give three types of wave behaviour and the diagrams give three examples of wave
behaviour.

Draw one straight line from each wave behaviour to the example that best shows that behaviour.
(3)

75
(b) State two properties that all waves have in common.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q44.

Wi-Fi signals are electromagnetic waves that can be transmitted at frequencies of 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz.

(a) (i) State a similarity of the Wi-Fi signals at 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

76
(ii) The two Wi-Fi signals have different frequencies.
State another difference between the Wi-Fi signals.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) State the formula linking speed, frequency and wavelength.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the wavelength of Wi-Fi signals transmitted at 5.2 × 109 Hz.
[speed of light = 3.0 × 108 m / s]
(2)

wavelength = ........................................................... m

(c) (i) Which type of wave is a Wi-Fi signal?

(1)
A longitudinal
B mechanical
C sound
D transverse

(ii) Describe the difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave. You may draw a
diagram to help your answer.
(2)

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q45.

Wind speed affects the wavelength of water waves on the surface of the sea.

77
The table shows the wavelength of waves on the surface of the sea for different wind speeds.

(a) Plot a graph of this data.

(3)
(b) Draw the curve of best fit.
(1)

(c) Describe the relationship between wind speed and the wavelength of waves on the surface of the
78
sea.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(d) A student claims that ships are most likely to be damaged by water waves that have a wavelength
equal to the length of the ship.
Based on the student's claim, determine whether a ship of length 350 m is likely to be damaged by
water waves if the wind speed is 29 m / s.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q46.

(a) A light ray travels from air into water.

Diagram 1 shows the direction of the light ray and the wavefronts in air.

79
The refractive index of water is greater than the refractive index of air.
(i) Complete diagram 1 by showing

• the wavefronts in the water

• the path of the light ray in the water
(3)
(ii) Explain what happens to the wavelength of light when it passes from air into water.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Diagram 2 shows what can happen when a light ray travelling in glass meets the boundary with air.
The wavefronts are not shown in this diagram.

80
(i) Add the normal to diagram 2.
(1)
(ii) Measure the angle of incidence in diagram 2.
(1)
angle of incidence = ........................................................... degrees
(iii) The glass has a refractive index of 1.6
Calculate the critical angle of the glass-air boundary.
(3)

critical angle = ........................................................... degrees

(iv) Explain the path of the light ray shown in diagram 2.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 13 marks)

81
Q47.

This question is about waves.

(a) The diagram shows a wave.

(i) What is the wavelength of the wave?

(1)
A 4.0 cm

B 4.4 cm

C 5.0 cm

D 8.8 cm

(ii) What is the amplitude of the wave?

(1)
A 4.0 cm

B 4.4 cm

C 5.0 cm

D 8.8 cm

(b) The diagram shows the types of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum.

82
(i) Which of the following statements about electromagnetic waves is correct?
(1)
A they all have the same amplitude
B they all have the same frequency
C they all have the same speed in free space
D they all have the same wavelength

(ii) Electromagnetic waves have many different uses.

Explain the uses of three different radiations in the electromagnetic spectrum.
(6)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

Use ......................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................

Use ......................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

3 ..........................................................................................................................................

Use ......................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q48.

A toy produces continuous waves when floating on the surface of a pool of water.

The waves spread out as circular wavefronts.

Diagram 1 shows the wavefronts produced when the toy is not moving, as viewed from above.

Diagram 2 shows the wavefronts produced when the toy is moving across the surface of the pool of
83
water.

(a) Draw an arrow on diagram 2 to show the direction the toy is moving.
(1)
(b) Explain how the frequency of the waves at point A is different to the frequency of the waves at point
B.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q49.

Answer the questions with a cross in the boxes you think are correct . If you change your mind
about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

This question is about waves.

(a) The diagram shows a wave at an instant in time.

84
(i) Which arrow on the diagram shows the wavelength of the wave?
(1)
A
B
C
D

(ii) Which arrow on the diagram shows the amplitude of the wave?
(1)
A
B
C
D

(b) The boxes give some properties of waves, and definitions of these properties.
Draw a straight line linking each wave property to its correct definition.
(2)

(c) Light and sound are two examples of waves.

The table shows whether waves can transfer energy and whether they can be reflected and refracted.
Which row of the table is correct for light waves and for sound waves?
(1)

85
(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q50.

This question is about waves.

(a) (i) Which of these waves is longitudinal?

(1)
A infrared
B radio
C sound
D ultraviolet

(ii) Draw a straight line linking each electromagnetic wave to its correct hazard.
(2)

(b) (i) Which of these is a use for x-rays?

(1)
A checking for broken bones
B cooking food
C detecting forged banknotes
D smoke detectors

86
(ii) Which of these is a use for infrared waves?
(1)
A checking for broken bones
B cooking food
C detecting forged banknotes
D sterilising medical instruments

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q51.

A dentist takes an x-ray image of a patient's teeth using photographic film.

(a) The film, which is initially white, changes to black when it absorbs x-rays.
The film is placed inside the patient's mouth and the x-ray source is outside the patient's body.
The teeth and soft tissue appear differently on the x-ray image.
Use words from the box to complete the sentences.
(2)

The tooth appears white because most of the x-rays are .............................................................. by the
tooth.
The soft tissue appears darker in colour because most of the x-rays are
..............................................................
by the soft tissue.
(b) Explain why the dentist has to leave the room before taking the x-ray image but it
is safe for the patient to stay in the room.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
87
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c) The x-rays used have a frequency of 3.5 × 1016 Hz.

(i) State the formula linking wave speed, frequency and wavelength.
(1)

(ii) X-rays have a speed of 3.0 × 108 m/s.

Calculate the wavelength of these x-rays.
(3)

wavelength = ........................................................... m

(d) X-rays are electromagnetic waves.

Radio waves are also electromagnetic waves.
State one other similarity and one difference between x-rays and radio waves.
(2)
similarity ....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

difference ....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks)

88
Mark Scheme
Q1.

Q2.

89
Q3.

90
Q4.

91
Q5.

92
Q6.

93
Q7.

94
Q8.

95
Q9.

96
Q10.

97
Q11.

98
Q12.

99
Q13.

100
Q14.
101
102
Q15.

103
Q16.

104
Q17.

105
Q18.

106
Q19.

107
Q20.

108
Q21.

Q22.

109
110
Q23.

111
Q24.

112
Q25.

113
Q26.

114
Q27.

115
Q28.

116
Q29.

117
Q30.

118
Q31.

119
120
Q32.

Q33.

121
Q34.

122
Q35.

123
Q36.

124
125
Q37.

Q38.

126
(Total for question = 10 marks)

127
Q39.

128
Q40.

129
Q41.

130
Q42.

131
Q43.

132
Q44.

133
Q45.

134
Q46.

135
Q47.

136
(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q48.

137
Q49.

138
Q50.

139
Q51.

140
141

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