-

PATHOLOGY INSTRUMENTS >

-
PRK

- EDTA
① VACUTAINER -
plain
/BULBS Y Fluoride
- cituate

Y Heparin
Black citrate

wintrobe tube
② ESR
>
-

-
westergren tude I stand

③ Salah BM aspiration needle

④ Jamshidi trephine biopsy needle
⑤ True cut biopsy needle
⑥ Lumbar puncture needle
Sahli's 16 estimation tube
⑦ Sahli's Ho estimation
-
- He pipette
Y God
- glass stirrer

X comparator
distilled H20

⑧ RBC pipette ,
WBC pipette

⑨ Improved neubeurs Chamber

⑩ Urinometer
A
>
- Antisera
⑪ Blood grouping - Antisera B
Y Antiseva D

⑫ Blood Bags
paraffin block
⑬ Tissue processing
>
-

mould
T leukharts plate/I
Y Metal Cassete
#
I Vacutainers/Bulds

EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetra acetate) -

*

mix ea
H6AiC
↓ Blood group
PS
ESR - Wintrode's method A
modified westerguen
*
-
>

* Plain BU16 ->

centrifuge + Serum separate

Biochemical
↓
Jerolog ical
tests tests
LFT KFT

lipid profile

* Fluoride Buld Blood

-
sugar
test

Fluorideinhibits enolase
↑

* Citrate Bulb
- > coagulation related
tests
↓
PT ,
PT-INR

apTT ,

D-Dimer
T * Heparin 6016 (H)
-

* chromosomal/Cytogenic studies
* ABG analysis
* OFT
* electrolytes

* trisodium citrate (4 : 1)
* ESR by westergren .
 Sedimentation Rate
Erythrocyte
#2 ESR

Principle :
Anticoagulated Blood >
-

Vertically >
-
RBC
(nr) sediment
bottom
I
Wit * ESR distance
travel

Mechanism : #
① Promoting factors >
-

Fibrinogen Ig
7
,

() factors #
charge
>
resisting
-

RB(
+

Of RBC's
e adhere RBC
⑪ neutralize
O
charge
% povieux +

&
Stages : D Stage of Rouleaux formation (10 min)
[Ihr) ② stage of sedimentation (40 min) Inv
③ stage of
Packing (10 min)

Wintrose's Tube westergren tude & stand

at both ends
* lower end closed * open
* both side marking O to 10 l
* = 300mm , d = 2 5 mm
.

10 to 0
O to 200 mark
I
* = 110 mm ,
diameter : 3 mm
(1 : 4)
* Black Buld blood use
* ESR PCV both
,
(trisod Citrate)
.

* EDTA blood use

* modified Westerguen - EDTA

① ESR Female <20mm
Male < 10 mm

age so saa Female 30 mm

Male 20 mm

(ES) age

*D ESR * ESR ↓

Eogent ( inflammation (RA SLE)

infection
, Polycythemia
Hyperviscocity
[
Anemia syndrome
less
less-ve
Macrocytosis Sickle cell 5
Multiple Myeloma(Igh) Microcytosis
u Pregnancy Spherocytosis
dilutional Liver Kidney disease
O aremid Malignancy ,

ESR N prognostic A
#3 crew
* Salah BM Aspiration Needle

sides sites : PSIS , sternum, tibial heads

(infants)
↓
smears

diy
↓
fix (Methanol 95 % )
↓

stainRomanowsky , pearls stain

Smear >
-
hematopoetic tissue
↑
Fatty Marrow

Stellate Jamshidi trephine BM biopsy

#4 ↑ needle

sites : PSIS ,

↓ Tibia (child) Sternum

,

Handle
>
- H & E stain
biopsy

#5
True cut
biopsy
needle

Coplin Jav
>
-

(cytology slides can be

placed)
 >
- diagnostic+ dialysis
Needle Y therapeutic
# 6 lumbarPuncture

* Best site
> to by
Cytoly

indications CI

↓ ↓
Skin infection Near site
suspicious Meningitis ICP ↑
-
11- SAH
-
11- CNS diseases uncorrected coagulopathy
Acute S .

( Trauma

Meningitis
& CSF + Clear , colorless
T
PMNL/Neutrophils >
- 0-5/mm3
Y
4 Glucose
proteins
>
-

+>
50-80
15-45
mg/dl
mylde

Acute Bacterial Chronic Viral

Bacterial / aseptic
/Pyogenic / tuberculous /Acute
lymphocytic
* Pneumococcus
* MTB , Cryptococcus * enterovirus
A PMNL
Glucose # * proteins highly PMNL slight

* pus like cloudy ↓

( f()
/purulent ppt don't use
CSF (c) web like) Z CSF
 H6 + Acid > -

Acid heratin
[brown) 16 &

+
#7 Sahli's 46 estimation Method

- comparator

N/10 -
nCl

Stirrer
I
H6
↑ T Sahli's Ho estimation tube
/glass Pipette
rod

#8 Improved Neubars Chamber

* use : RBC ,
WBC , platelett
· sperm counts

estimation
#9 RBC pipette
RBC estimation
↓
- Hayem's fluid
G &
** - dacie
-
fiuids
-

=>
~ dilution factor :
200

#10 WBC pipette

WBC estimation
-

↓
- - Use
Turks Fluid
-

=>
~ dilution factor
20

Urinometer
# 11 - measure specific
gravity
of
Urine
 Blood grouping
# 12
↓ -
Forward
Reverse
grouping grouping
↓ ↓
look for look for
Ag Af

* Capacity -

Blood
#13 bags =
(350 or

450 me)

* Blood donation
criteria * Anticoagulants
>
-
18-60 yu5 CPD 21 days
Ho men >12 5 .

CPDA 3) days
>
-

Women 11 .
5
COD + SAGM 42 days
w+
-
T 45kg
>
-

BP 100 -

140

① 60-go

- T<37 5C .

>
-
Pulse : 60-100
, regular
>
-

donation interval 3-4 months

 Storage T life span
Types
°

pRBC 2 - 6 C 35 -
42
& days
whole
Blood

20 -

24 C
°
agitation - days
5

platelets
room T)
(
cout
2
+
agitation

FFP
°

- 25 C I year
(fresh frozen ou
plasmas Colder

25 %
Cryoppt
-

ov
colder

⑪ Transfusion Guidelines :

start complete
Whole blood
30 mins after
, PRBC 14 hours
removing
from
refrigirator

S
plts within
FFP immediately 30 mins

Cryoppt
 tissue > histology
-

abnormal-1-> histopath
# 14. Tissue
processing

① Fixation (10 % Formaldehyde)

↓ Y
(petrefaction by Jac
&
.

/autolysis

② Dehydration (lower to higher grade alcohols)

↓
30% 30 % 70 %

③
Clearing (xylene)

↓
I ④ infiltration
M P
.
[ paraffin
+ 56 C
·
waX

↓
⑤ tissue embedding
↑

&
tissue block paraffin
prepare blocks

!
*

L moulds

metal cassettes
/lerkhart ate

⑥ Section
cutting
(microtome)
↓
⑦ water bath
↓
- adhesive
>
⑧
Section slide coated egg Albumin agent .
⑨ Deparatination
>
-

hot plate or over

↓
also
Xylene

⑩ Hydration
(higher to lower grade alcohols)

↓
⑪ staining & Mounting
(H & E)