Heat exchanger design tool. Version 1.1.

Last update 13/08/2019

Copyright (C) 2019 CIRAD & CIAT 2019-06-10 v1.1
Authors: Arnaud Chapuis ([email protected]).

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What this file does: this program allows to design heat exchangers for different fuel type in order to heat air useful for drying c
 WARNING : The dimensionnning assumes turbulators are set in th
turbulators design will be included in the next version of the

0. AMBIENT CONDITIONS
Tamb 30 °C

RH 50%

Pressure 101325 Pa

1. HOT AIR DEMAND FOR THE FLASH DRYER

1.1 Define the flash dryer's characteristics

Flash dryer pipe diameter 0.39 m

Air velocity 12 m/s
Inlet air temperature 200 °C
Air mass flow rate 3843 kg/h
1.07 kg/s
rho 7.45E-01 kg/m3
Tmean 388 K
Cp 1010.6 J/kg.K
Heat requirement 183.4 kW

2. FUEL AND COMBUSTION PARAMETERS

2.1 Select fuel
Fuel Diesel

Heat losses assumptions

Heat loss to the ambient 5%

HX efficiency (losses to exhaust) 88%

To account for heat losses the following charateristics are

considered for the calculation of HX dimensions

Heat exchanger power 192.6 kW

Air temperature 208.5 °C

Power burner 218.8 kW

Fuel mass flowrate 17.74 kg/h

2.2 Define excess air ratio and calculate flame temperature

Excess air ratio 2
Flame temperature (adiabatic): enter "calculated" value into
"guess value" cell until they match
T flame (guess) 1248 °C
T flame (calc.) 1248 °C

Temperature difference 0

Note on excess air

Excess air may be evaluated using a smoke analyser placed in

the stack, measuring O2 or CO2 concentration.
The tables below gives O2 and CO2 concentration in the flue gas
as a function of excess air ratio.

Diesel fuel
Excess air ratio O2 % CO2 %
1.3 11.7% 5.1%
1.5 10.1% 7.3%
1.8 8.4% 9.7%
2 7.5% 10.8%
LPG

Excess air ratio O2 % CO2 %

1.3 11.5% 5.1%

1.5 9.9% 7.3%

1.8 8.2% 9.7%
2 7.4% 10.9%
are set in the heat exchanger's pipes. The
rsion of the software, coming soon.

3. SELECT COMBUSTION CHAMBER MINIMUM DIMENSIONS

3.1 Diameter of the combustion chamber: select from the graph according to burne

Diameter (real) 0.5

3.2 Minimum length of the combustion chamber: calculated automatically, cross ch

This is only the minimum length of the combutsion chamber (flame length), using i
The actual combustion chamber length is entered at next step
Minimum lentgh 0.842
4. HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN
The heat exchanger is composed of two blocks, assembled one on top of the other.
At the bottom is the combustion chamber; on top is the shell-and-tube heat exchan
Important note : both blocks have the same length, which should be higher than
the minimum lentgh of the combustion chamber identified at step 3

4.1. Combustion chamber dimensions.

Diameter is automatically retrieved from step 3. Enter total length and clearance be

Diameter 0.5
Length 1.5
Clearance around
0.1
combustion chamber

Approximative width 0.7

4.2. Heat exchanger

4.2.1. Tubes dimensions: enter the dimensions of the heat exhanger's tubes
Inner diameter 25

Outter diameter 33

4.2.2. Tube bundle: define total length and number of tubes

Length of the tube bundle 1.5
Exhaust mass flowrate 538
Air mass flowrate 3843
Flue gas velocity 23.33
Air velocity 46.37
Heat transfer coefficient
281.5
(shell side)
Heat transfer coefficient
227.8
(tube side)
Global heat excahnge
107.6
coefficient
Number of tubes in width
odd rows 6
even rows 5
Number of rows 6
Number of baffles (odd
3
number)
Total number of tubes 33
Clearance on sides 0.0064
Heat exchanger width 0.243
Total heat exchange area
4.51
on tubes
MINIMUM DIMENSIONS
from the graph according to burner power, a value in the range Dmin - Dmax

calculated automatically, cross check with the graph

on chamber (flame length), using in heat exchange calculation.
d at next step
m Automatic calcul, check value on the graph
ssembled one on top of the other.
p is the shell-and-tube heat exchanger
gth, which should be higher than
er identified at step 3

Enter total length and clearance between the combustion chamber and the wall.

m
m

Approximative calculation because it does not take into

m
account the tube thickness

of the heat exhanger's tubes

mm Turbulators yes

mm

ber of tubes
m
kg.h-1
kg.h-1
m.s-1
m.s-1

W.m-2.K-1

W.m-2.K-1

W.m-2.K-1

m
m

m2
5. MAIN DIMENSIONS
Shell side dimensions
Number of baffles 3

Baffle width 243 mm

Baffle lentgh 500 mm

Baffle height 217 mm

Passing section

Passing section before

0.121 m2
pipes
Minimume passing section
0.022 m2
(between pipes)
Air inlet length 375 mm
Baffle height 111 mm

Tube side dimensions

Passing section in tubes
0.016 m2
(total)
Intermediate zone lentgh 80 mm
Exhaust length 80 mm

Combustion chamber dimensions

Diameter in 500 mm
Diameter out 510 mm

Length 1500 mm

Clearance 100 mm

Thins height 50 mm

Block height (in) 710 mm

Block width (in) 710 mm
Number of baffles 5
Baffle lentgh 300 mm

Tube bundle arrangement

D pipe int 25 mm
D pipe ext 33 mm
St = SD 39.4 mm
SL 34.1 mm
Clearance between tubes 6.4 mm
80

217
 Side view cut

375

500 111

111

50 100

1500
500
710
 Tube bundle cut

34.1 39.4
view cut

80

300

510
bundle cut view

243

33

25
6. PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
Instructions: this is an iterative calculation. To make it converge, you
To do so, enter the calculated value in the guess value cell until they
if necessary.

EXHAUST
Temperature
T exhaust (guess) 169 °C
T exhaust (calc.) 169 °C
Exhaust heat loss: thermal power
remaining in the exhaust gas
Heat loss 22 kW
Temperature diffrence 0

BURNER
Flame temperature
T (actual) 1,075 °C
T (adiabiatic) 1,248 °C
Power input 219 kW
it converge, you need to make the "guess" temperature values match the calculated ones.
ue cell until they match. Start with air temperature in intermediate zone, then flue gas tempe

FRESH AIR OUTLET

Temperature 30 °C
 Performance indicators
Thermal effectiveness
Global heat exchange
HOT AIR OUTLET
coefficient

Temperature 209°C

Power exchanged in
Power 193 kW
combustion chamber
Power exchanged in heat
exchanger
Overall efficency
h the calculated ones.
one, then flue gas temperature and exhaust, and start over

PRESSURE DROP
Shell side (air) 8,012 Pa
Tube side (flue gas) 589 Pa

INTERMEDIATE ZONE
Flue gas temperature
T flue gas (guess) 1,061 °C
T flue gas (calc.) 1,061 °C
Temperature diffrence 0 °C

INTERMEDIATE ZONE
Air temperature
T air (guess) 175 °C
T air (calc.) 175 °C
Temperature difference 0 °C
86%

107.6 W.m-2.K-1

36 kW

157 kW

88%
Fuel types
Diesel
LPG
Wood

Turbulator
yes
no
AMBIENT CONDITIONS

Conditions ambiantes
Patm 101325 Pa
RH 60%
T 30 °C
psat 4283 Pa
Y 0.0165 kg H20/kg as

FUEL

Moisture content (w.b) 0%

Fuel flow rate (kg/h) 17.74 kg/h
Débit biomasse 1.77E+04 g/h
LHV dry 44.41 MJ/kg
LHV wet 44.410 MJ/kg
12.336 kWh/kg
Thermal power (LHV) 218.8 kW
Thermal power (boiler
indicatif) 192.6 kW

Fuel composition C H S
Molar weight (g/mol) 12 1 32
Mass fraction (wet) 87.00% 13.00% 0.00%
Mass fraction (dry) 87.00% 13.00% 0.00%

LHV calculated (formule de

Boie) (indicative) 41.7048 MJ/kg
11.585 kWh/kg

Air composition N2 O2 Total

Molar fraction 79.00% 21.00% 100.00%
Molar weight 28 32 28.84
Mass fraction 0.766990291262136 0.233009708738 100.00%
Normal density (kg/Nm3) 1.287476175496

COMBUSTION AIR

Fuel/air ratios
Excess air ratio real 2
Pouvoir comburivore 3.36 kg O2 / kg F
Air stoechiometrique sec 14.42 kg a,0,sec/kg F
Air stoechiometrique 14.6573918646107 kg a,0/kg F
Air réel injecté 29.315 kg a / kg F
Flowrates Mass flowrate (kg/h) Flow rate (Nm3/h)Excess air ratio
Stoechio
Total 520 404 2.00
Air 1 404 2.00
Air 2 0 2.00
Air 3 0 2.00

FLUE GAS

Composition and properties

CO2 H2O SO2
Mass fraction wet (kg / kg G) 10.52% 5.43% 0.00%
Mass fraction dry (kg / kg dg) 11.13% 5.74% 0.00%
Molar fraction (% wb) 6.85% 8.63% 0.000%
Molar fraction (% db) 7.49% 9.44% 0.00000%
Molar weight (g/mol) 44 18 64

Gas normal density (kg/Nm3)

Flow rate of flue gas

Fuel/flue gas ratio 30.3148 kg G / kg F
Mass flow 537.718130172706 kg/h
0.149366147270196 kg/s
Volume flow 421 Nm3/h

Adiabatic flame temperature

Pi 219 kW

Assumption (°C) Cp_av T_calc

T0 30 30
T1 1248 1202.597230429 1248

BOILER

Flue gas inlet temperature 1248 °C

Flue gas exhaust temperature 200 °C
Heat capacity (average) 1206 J/kg.K
Power in flue gas 188.9 kW 86%
Heat capacity (average) 1088 J/kg.K
Power in exhaust 27.6 kW
Heat losses 0%
Power transfered to air 188.9 kW
Constantes
P 101325
R 8.314
T 273

Fuel Diesel

O N Ash H2O Total

16 14
0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00%
0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 100.00%

Recommended excess air (from Riello)

O2 N2 Total Détermination du point de rosée
11.08% 72.97% 1.0000 Point de rosée de l'eau :
11.72% 77.15% 1.0574 Choisir…
9.92% 74.61% 1.0000 …tel que :
10.85% 81.65% 1.0944 …égale :
32 28 28.6291867147

1.27806504227
Cp Flue gas
Typical fuel compositions (mass fractions)
C H S O
Wood 50.40% 6.02% 0.03% 41.50%
Fuel (diesel) 87% 13% 0 0
LPG 86.30% 13.70% 0 0
on du point de rosée
ée de l'eau :
Tr 71.8 °C
Pv fumées 11044 Pa
Pvsat (Tr) 33708 Pa

Cp Flue gas
N Ash LHV dry (MJ/kg)
0.35% 1.66% 18.5
0 0 44.41
0 0 45.4
COMBUSTION CHAMBER AND FLAME DIMENSIONS

From sheet 'Combustion'

Fuel mass flowrate 17.7378184511 kg/h
Flame adiab 1248
Heating power 219 kW
Flue gas flow rate 0.1494 kg/s
537.7 kg/h
From 'Hot air'
Tamb 30 °C

Combustion chamber
Diameter 0.5 m
Length (flame development portion) 1.5 m
Total length 1.5 m

Temperatures °C
Flame temperature (adiabatic) 1248
Flame temperature (actual) 1075
Wall 555.054983431 532.832718

Flame size
Length 0.842 m
Diameter 0.375 m

HEAT TRANSFER
Flame section of the combustion chamber
Radiation from the flame
L 0.674 m
D 0.319 m
S radiating 0.675 m2
Power emitted 30.65 kW

Power transferred to air ( flame zone 26.09 kW

Power transferred to air after the fla 10.36 kW 15
Power transferred to air ( flame zone 36.45 kW 0.79745278

Power remaining in the flue gas 182.36 kW

Approx. Cp 1.302
Temperature of flue gas to heat
exchanger 1061 °C 1061
Last stage of heat exchanger
Air flowrate 3842.78543973 kg/h
T air target 208.5 °C 209
Cp 1020.6 J/kg/K
Inlet temperature 175 175

S combustion chamber 2.35619 m2

h eq 43 W/m2.K
Constant values
Sigma (Boltzmann) 5.67E-08 W/m2.K4
Emissivities
Flame 0.6 Source : Industrial Furnaces, Volume 1
Wall 0.8

Wall receiveing radiation

L 0.674 m
D 0.500 m
S radiating 1.058 m2
Power emitted 4.56 kW

W/m2.K
m2
HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN
Combustion chamber calculated
Length 1500
Diameter 500

Final design
Diameter 0.5
Length 1.5
Clearance around combustion
chamber 0.1
Combustion section width 0.7

Tube bundle
Number of tube in width
odd 6
even 5
Number of rows NL 6
Tube lentgh 1.5
Clearance on sides 0.0064
Total number of tubes 33

Total heat exchange area on tubes 4.51

Heat exchanger width 0.243

SHELL SIDE

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
Fluid Air
Mass flow rate 3842.78543973377
1.067
PASS GEOMETRY
Number of passes 3
Pass width 0.243
 Pass length 0.500
Pass height 0.217
Pass section vert 0.121
Flowing section vert MIN 0.022
Flowing section vert MAX 0.039
Flowing section horizontal 0.024
Wetted perimeter 4.665

Bergman correlation parameters

Reynolds_max range
min max
10 100
100 1000
1000 200000
200000 2000000

Calculation of C2 C2
NL>20 1
N_L < 20 Correlation

Bergman correlation
0.12 3
-2.11 2
14.39 1
85.62 -1
-68.94 -2
21.46 -3
-49.12
log(Remax) 4.82
log(fs) -0.3552013526045
fs 0.4413657688334

TUBE SIDE
Fluid flow characteristics
Fluid type oil burner flue gas
Molar weight 28.8
Flowrate 420.092289197427
Mass flow rate 537.718130172706
Pressure 101325

Turbulators
alpha 60
delta S 10

Other Nusselt correlatons in tubes

without turbulators (indication)
f 0.00815287266324
Nu 2.86E+01
29.6
4.36
3.66

Coefficients for pressure drop correlation with turbulators (Rivier)

Transient (Re =
3000 - 5000)
C1 -2.87E-03
C2 7.51E-04
C3 -1.06E-05
C4 -1.55E-05
C5 1.98E-07
C6 1.42E-04
c 5.27E-04
f (Fanning friction factor) 4.52E-02
GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT / NUT

Bouclage
Combustion chamber
Tin 1248
Tout 1061
Tav K 1427
Cp 1.30E+03
Pex 36.5

Total 214.9
Useful power 193.1

DTLM 403.4
num 746
den 1.85

Pex 156.60
mm
mm

m 0.196349541
m

m
m

Tube dimensions
dint
dex
Surface int
Surface ext
m Suface heat exchange
m Bundle arrangement
St = SD

m2 SL
m Clearance between tubes

HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENTS

kg/h
kg/s

m
m
m
m2
m2 As
m2 0.019802346

C1 m
0.90 0.4
1.15 0.5
0.35.(ST/SL)^ 0.6
0.022 0.84

PRESSURE DROP
 g/mol
Nm3/h
kg/h
Pa

source

Gnielinski 10^6 > Re > 3000

Dittus Boette10^6 > Re > 10000
Uniform flux laminar
Uniform templaminar

th turbulators (Rivier)

Turbulent (Re = 5000 - 16 000)

-6.81E-02
1.44E-02
-1.98E-04
-2.95E-04
3.62E-06
2.96E-03
6.01E-03
2.28E-02
 GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

Tube side
Tin 1061
Tout 169
K Tav K 888.015002 K
Cp 1.18E+03
kW Pex 156.6 kW

kW
kW
kW
 0.025 m
0.033 m
0.117809724509617 m2
0.155508836352695 m2
0.136659280431156 m3

0.0394 m

0.0341 m
0.0064 m

EFFICIENTS

ALL PASSES TOGETHER

Tin 1 30
Tout 1 175
av in K 375.5 K
Cp 1.01E+03 J/kg.K
T film 546.2968078445 K
Massflow tot 1.06744039992605 kg/s
Rho inlet 1.16241660851195 kg/m3
rho av 0.937981977041597 kg/m3
Rho out 0.786188018703392 kg/m3
lamba 0.04041 W/m.K
Eta 0.00002317 m2/s
Prandtl 0.692
Cs = m Cp (tot) 1.08E+03 W/K
Volume flow (tot) average 1.14 m3/s
Section inlet velocity 9.37 m/s
Section average velocity in 7.56 m/s
Max velocity av bergman 46.37 m/s
Min velocity 57.47 m/s

Re max 66047
C1 0.360215103137666
C2 0.934454485596708
m 0.6
Nu (Bergman) 229.9
Bergman
h 281.48 W/m2.K

Bergman
deltaP /pass 2670.82101584404 Pa
Total 8012.46304753211 Pa

P exch 1.56E+05 W

Heat exchange area of the pass

Length 1.50 m
HXA 1 tube 0.1367 m2
HXA All tubes 4.5098 m2
Area IN 1 tube 0.1178 m2
Area OUT 1 tube 0.1555
Section IN 1t 0.0005 m2 0.00883572934
Section tot 0.0162 m2 0.01606496243

PASS 1 TUBE : FLUE GAS

Temperatures Etimate for cp

Tin 1061 °C 1061

Tout 169 °C 169
T average 888 K 888
Cp av 1.176E+03 J/kg.K
Tfilm 717 K
Rho in 0.263157 kg/m3
Rho (mean) 0.395311736255254 kg/m3
Rho out 0.794102952333577 kg/m3
Mass flow m (tot) 0.149366147270196 kg/s

Volume flow (tot av) 1360.2 m3/h

0.377843948386471 m3/s
Velocity in 35.0 m/s
Velocity (mean) 23.3 m/s
Velocity out 11.6 m/s

Eta (kin. Visc.) 6.61E-05 m2/s

Prandtl 6.93E-01
Conductivity 5.24E-02 W/m.K
Ct = m Cp 1.76E+02 W/K
Reynolds 8826
Nusselt calculation
a 0.7037
Nu Gnielinski 28.6
h Gnielinski 59.85 W/m2.K
Nu Rivier 181.2 Rivier with turbulators
h Rivier 379.61 W/m2.K
f secu 0.6
h design 227.8 W/m2.K
fa (Fanning friction factor) 0.023

Pressure drop (total

length) 589.3 Pa
FER COEFFICIENT
(calculated on one tube)
Thermal resistance
Rin 3.73E-02 K/W.nb tube
Rext 3.02E-02 K/W.nb tube
Rth 1tube 5.9E-04 K/W.nb tube
Rglobal 1 tube 6.8E-02 K/W/nbtube

U global 107.59 W/K.m2

NUT = UA_tot/Ct 2.76E+00

R = Ct/Cs 1.6E-01
Correstion factor F 0.8 for multi cross flow
Thermal effectiveness P 0.86
Tt out 169 °C
Ts out 175 °C

Power in flue gas

Tin 169
Tout 30
Tav K 372.624578069185 K
Cp 1.05E+03
Pex 21.9 kW
 Constant
Lambda steel 50 W/m.K
Pressure atm 101325 Pa
Molar weight (air) 28.9 g/mol

Turbulator
yes
Shell side
Tin 30
Tout 175
Tav K 375.583300859437 K
Cp 1.01E+03
Pex -1.57E+02 kW
 6 3.5229 100000
2.47712125471966
-1.15490195998574 p -0.18990344
-1.82390874094432 -0.66900678096 -1.14
-0.684
0.02322737
TemperatureKinematic Viscosity1) Thermal conductivitySpecific Heat
(K) -ν- - cp - - cv -
(10-5 m2/s) Prandtl N (10-5 kW/m K) (kJ/kgK) (kJ/kgK)
175 0.586 0.744 1.593 1.0023 0.7152
200 0.753 0.736 1.809 1.0025 0.7154
225 0.935 0.728 2.02 1.0027 0.7156
250 1.132 0.72 2.227 1.0031 0.716
275 1.343 0.713 2.428 1.0038 0.7167
300 1.568 0.707 2.624 1.0049 0.7178
325 1.807 0.701 2.816 1.0063 0.7192
350 2.056 0.697 3.003 1.0082 0.7211
375 2.317 0.692 3.186 1.0106 0.7235
400 2.591 0.688 3.365 1.0135 0.7264
450 3.168 0.684 3.71 1.0206 0.7335
500 3.782 0.68 4.041 1.0295 0.7424
550 4.439 0.68 4.357 1.0398 0.7527
600 5.128 0.68 4.661 1.0511 0.764
650 5.853 0.682 4.954 1.0629 0.7758
700 6.607 0.684 5.236 1.075 0.7879
750 7.399 0.687 5.509 1.087 0.7999
800 8.214 0.69 5.774 1.0987 0.8116
850 9.061 0.693 6.03 1.1101 0.823
900 9.936 0.696 6.276 1.1209 0.8338
950 10.83 0.699 6.52 1.1313 0.8442
1000 11.76 0.702 6.754 1.1411 0.854
1050 12.72 0.704 6.985 1.1502 0.8631
1100 13.7 0.707 7.209 1.1589 0.8718
1150 14.7 0.709 7.427 1.167 0.8799
1200 15.73 0.711 7.64 1.1746 0.8875
1250 16.77 0.713 7.849 1.1817 0.8946
1300 17.85 0.715 8.054 1.1884 0.9013
1350 18.94 0.717 8.253 1.1946 0.9075
1400 20.06 0.719 8.45 1.2005 0.9134
1500 22.36 0.722 8.831 1.2112 0.9241
1600 24.74 0.724 9.199 1.2207 0.9336
1700 27.2 0.726 9.554 1.2293 0.9422
1800 29.72 0.728 9.899 1.237 0.9499
1900 32.34 0.73 10.233 1.244 0.9569
Ratio of Specific
Dynamic
Heats Viscosity Density1) Diffusivity
-k- -μ- -ρ- -α-
(cp/cv) (10-5kg/m s) (kg/m3) (10-6m2/s)
1.401 1.182 2.017
1.401 1.329 1.765 10.17
1.401 1.467 1.569
1.401 1.599 1.412 15.67
1.401 1.725 1.284
1.4 1.846 1.177 22.07
1.4 1.962 1.086
1.398 2.075 1.009 29.18
1.397 2.181 0.9413
1.395 2.286 0.8824 36.94
1.391 2.485 0.7844
1.387 2.67 0.706
1.381 2.849 0.6418
1.376 3.017 0.5883
1.37 3.178 0.543
1.364 3.332 0.5043
1.359 3.482 0.4706
1.354 3.624 0.4412
1.349 3.763 0.4153
1.344 3.897 0.3922
1.34 4.026 0.3716
1.336 4.153 0.353
1.333 4.276 0.3362
1.329 4.396 0.3209
1.326 4.511 0.3069
1.323 4.626 0.2941
1.321 4.736 0.2824
1.319 4.846 0.2715
1.316 4.952 0.2615
1.314 5.057 0.2521
1.311 5.264 0.2353
1.308 5.457 0.2206
1.305 5.646 0.2076
1.302 5.829 0.1961
1.3 6.008 0.1858
 Steam
Constant
R 8.314
M air 2.89E-02 kg/mol Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2
H° − H°298,15= A*t
Cp = heat capacity
H° = standard ent
S° = standard ent
t = temperature (

Temperatur
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Reference

T Pvap Density Cp Temperatu

5 0.9 1000 4.202 (K)
10 1.2 999.8 4.192 200
15 1.7 999.2 4.1855 300
20 2.3 998.3 4.182 400
25 3.2 997.1 4.18 500
30 4.3 995.7 4.178 600
35 5.6 994.1 4.178 700
40 7.7 992.3 4.179 800
45 9.6 990.2 4.181 900
50 12.5 988 4.182 1000
55 15.7 986 4.183 1100
60 20 983 4.185 1200
65 25 980 4.188 1300
70 31.3 978 4.191 1400
75 38.6 975 4.194 1500
 80 47.5 972 4.198 1600
85 57.8 968 4.203 1700
90 70 965 4.208 1800
95 84.5 962 4.213 1900
100 101.33 958 4.219 2000
105 121 954 4.226
110 143 951 4.233
115 169 947 4.24
120 199 943 4.248
125 228 939 4.26
130 270 935 4.27
135 313 931 4.28
140 361 926 4.29
145 416 922 4.3
150 477 918 4.32
155 543 912 4.34
160 618 907 4.35
165 701 902 4.36
170 792 897 4.38
175 890 893 4.39
180 1000 887 4.42
185 1120 882 4.45
190 1260 876 4.46
195 1400 870 4.485
200 1550 864 4.51
° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
° − H°298,15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
Cp = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
t = temperature (K) / 1000,

1.80E-02 kg/mol

500, - 1700,1700, - 6000,

30.092 41.96426
6.832514 8.622053
6.793435 -1.49978
-2.53448 0.098119
0.082139 -11.15764
-250.881 -272.1797
223.3967 219.7809
-241.8264 -241.8264
Chase, 1998 Chase, 1998

Cp Cp mass S° -(G° - H°29H° - H°298,15

(J/mol*K) (J/kg/K) (J/mol*K) (J/mol*K) (kJ/mol)
1851
1864
1901
35.22 1.9567E+03 206.5 192.7 6.92
36.32 2.02E+03 213.1 195.5 10.5
37.5 2.08E+03 218.7 198.5 14.19
38.74 2.15E+03 223.8 201.3 18
40 2.22E+03 228.5 204.1 21.94
41.27 2.29E+03 232.7 206.7 26
42.52 2.36E+03 236.7 209.3 30.19
43.75 2.43E+03 240.5 211.7 34.51
44.94 2.50E+03 244 214.1 38.94
46.06 2.56E+03 247.4 216.3 43.49
47.11 2.62E+03 250.6 218.5 48.15
48.07 2.67E+03 253.7 220.6 52.91
48.92 2.72E+03 256.6 222.7 57.76
49.75 2.76E+03 259.4 224.6 62.69
50.51 2.81E+03 262.2 226.5 67.7
51.2 2.84E+03 264.8 228.4 72.79
Carbone dioxide

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2

H° − H°298,15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
Cp = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
t = temperature (K) / 1000,
M 4.40E-02 kg/mol

Temperatur298, - 1200,1200, - 6000,

A 24.99735 58.16639
B 55.18696 2.720074
C -33.69137 -0.492289
D 7.948387 0.038844
E -0.136638 -6.447293
F -403.6075 -425.9186
G 228.2431 263.6125
H -393.5224 -393.5224
Reference Chase, 1998 Chase, 1998

TemperatuCp Cp mass S° -(G° - H°29H° - H°298,15

(K) (J/mol*K) (J/kg/K) (J/mol*K) (J/mol*K) (kJ/mol)
298 37.12 8.44E+02 213.8 213.8 -0.01
300 37.22 8.46E+02 214 213.8 0.07
400 41.34 9.40E+02 225.3 215.3 4
500 44.61 1.01E+03 234.9 218.3 8.31
600 47.32 1.08E+03 243.3 221.8 12.91
700 49.57 1.13E+03 250.8 225.4 17.75
800 51.44 1.17E+03 257.5 229 22.81
900 53 1.20E+03 263.6 232.5 28.03
1000 54.3 1.23E+03 269.3 235.9 33.4
1100 55.4 1.26E+03 274.5 239.2 38.89
1200 56.35 1.28E+03 279.4 242.3 44.47
1300 57.14 1.30E+03 283.9 245.4 50.15
1400 57.83 1.31E+03 288.2 248.3 55.89
1500 58.4 1.33E+03 292.2 251.1 61.71
1600 58.9 1.34E+03 296 253.8 67.57
1700 59.33 1.35E+03 299.6 256.3 73.48
1800 59.7 1.36E+03 303 258.8 79.44
1900 60.04 1.36E+03 306.2 261.2 85.42
2000 60.34 1.37E+03 309.3 263.6 91.44
2100 60.61 1.38E+03 312.2 265.8 97.49
2200 60.85 1.38E+03 315.1 268 103.6
2300 61.07 1.39E+03 317.8 270.1 109.7
2400 61.28 1.39E+03 320.4 272.1 115.8
2500 61.47 1.40E+03 322.9 274.1 121.9
2600 61.64 1.40E+03 325.3 276 128.1
2700 61.8 1.40E+03 327.6 277.9 134.2
2800 61.95 1.41E+03 329.9 279.7 140.4
2900 62.1 1.41E+03 332.1 281.5 146.6
3000 62.23 1.41E+03 334.2 283.2 152.8
Nitrogen

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2

H° − H°298,15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
Cp = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
t = temperature (K) / 1000,
M 2.80E-02 kg/mol

Temperatur100, - 500, 500, - 2000,2000, - 6000,

A 28.98641 19.50583 35.51872
B 1.853978 19.88705 1.128728
C -9.647459 -8.598535 -0.196103
D 16.63537 1.369784 0.014662
E 0.000117 0.527601 -4.55376
F -8.671914 -4.935202 -18.97091
G 226.4168 212.39 224.981
H 0 0 0
Reference Chase, 1998 Chase, 1998 Chase, 1998

TemperatuCp Cp mass S° -(G° - H°29H° - H°298,15

(K) (J/mol*K) (J/kg/K) (J/mol*K) (J/mol*K) (kJ/mol)
100 29.1 1.04E+03 159.8 217.5 -5.77
200 29.11 1.04E+03 180 194.3 -2.86
300 29.12 1.04E+03 191.8 191.6 0.05
400 29.25 1.04E+03 200.2 192.8 2.97
500 29.58 1.06E+03 206.7 194.9 5.91
600 30.1 1.08E+03 212.2 197.4 8.89
700 30.76 1.10E+03 216.9 199.8 11.94
800 31.44 1.12E+03 221 202.2 15.05
900 32.09 1.15E+03 224.8 204.5 18.22
1000 32.69 1.17E+03 228.2 206.7 21.46
1100 33.24 1.19E+03 231.3 208.8 24.76
1200 33.72 1.20E+03 234.2 210.8 28.11
1300 34.15 1.22E+03 236.9 212.7 31.5
1400 34.52 1.23E+03 239.5 214.5 34.94
1500 34.85 1.24E+03 241.9 216.3 38.41
1600 35.13 1.25E+03 244.1 217.9 41.9
1700 35.38 1.26E+03 246.3 219.6 45.43
1800 35.59 1.27E+03 248.3 221.1 48.98
1900 35.79 1.28E+03 250.2 222.6 52.55
2000 35.98 1.28E+03 252.1 224 56.14
 Oxygen

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2

− E/t + F − H H° − H°298,15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
Cp = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
t = temperature (K) / 1000,
M 3.20E-02 kg/mol

Temperatur100, - 700, 700, - 2000,2000, - 6000,

A 31.32234 30.03235 20.91111
B -20.23531 8.772972 10.72071
C 57.86644 -3.988133 -2.020498
D -36.50624 0.788313 0.146449
E -0.007374 -0.741599 9.245722
F -8.903471 -11.32468 5.337651
G 246.7945 236.1663 237.6185
H 0 0 0
Reference Chase, 1998 Chase, 1998 Chase, 1998

- H°298,15 TemperatuCp Cp mass S° -(G° - H°29

(K) (J/mol*K) (J/kg/K) (J/mol*K) (J/mol*K)
100 29.1 9.09E+02 173.3 231.1
200 29.11 9.10E+02 193.5 207.8
300 29.39 9.18E+02 205.3 205.1
400 30.1 9.41E+02 213.9 206.3
500 31.08 9.71E+02 220.7 208.5
600 32.11 1.00E+03 226.5 211
700 32.98 1.03E+03 231.5 213.6
800 33.74 1.05E+03 235.9 216.1
900 34.36 1.07E+03 239.9 218.6
1000 34.86 1.09E+03 243.6 220.9
1100 35.29 1.10E+03 246.9 223.1
1200 35.66 1.11E+03 250 225.2
1300 35.99 1.12E+03 252.9 227.2
1400 36.28 1.13E+03 255.6 229.2
1500 36.55 1.14E+03 258.1 231
1600 36.8 1.15E+03 260.4 232.8
1700 37.04 1.16E+03 262.7 234.5
1800 37.27 1.16E+03 264.8 236.1
1900 37.51 1.17E+03 266.8 237.7
2000 37.75 1.18E+03 268.7 239.2
 SO2

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2

+ D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H H° − H°298,15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4
(2*t2) + G S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
Cp = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
t = temperature (K) / 1000,
M 6.40E-02 kg/mol

Temperatur298, - 1200,1200, - 6000,

A 21.43049 57.48188
B 74.35094 1.009328
C -57.75217 -0.07629
D 16.35534 0.005174
E 0.086731 -4.045401
F -305.7688 -324.414
G 254.8872 302.7798
H -296.8422 -296.8422
Reference Chase, 1998 Chase, 1998

H° - H°298,15 TemperatuCp Cp mass S°

(kJ/mol) (K) (J/mol*K) (J/kg/K) (J/mol*K)
-5.78 298 39.87 6.23E+02 248.2
-2.87 300 39.94 6.24E+02 248.5
0.05 400 43.52 6.80E+02 260.4
3.03 500 46.56 7.28E+02 270.5
6.08 600 49.02 7.66E+02 279.2
9.24 700 50.96 7.96E+02 286.9
12.5 800 52.46 8.20E+02 293.8
15.84 900 53.6 8.38E+02 300.1
19.24 1000 54.47 8.51E+02 305.8
22.7 1100 55.18 8.62E+02 311
26.21 1200 55.81 8.72E+02 315.8
29.76 1300 56.28 8.79E+02 320.3
33.34 1400 56.7 8.86E+02 324.5
36.96 1500 57.04 8.91E+02 328.4
 40.6 1600 57.34 8.96E+02 332.1
44.27 1700 57.6 9.00E+02 335.6
47.96 1800 57.83 9.04E+02 338.9
51.67 1900 58.04 9.07E+02 342
55.41 2000 58.23 9.10E+02 345
59.17
 Correlation
Saturation pressure
C1 -5.80E+03
+ C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H C2 1.3914993
D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G C3 -4.86E-02

C4 4.18E-05
C5 -1.45E-08 T
c6 6.55E+00
T 50
pvsat 1.23499E+04

-(G° - H°29H° - H°298,15

(J/mol*K) (kJ/mol)
248.2 -0.01
248.2 0.07
249.8 4.25
253 8.76
256.6 13.54
260.4 18.55
264.2 23.72
267.8 29.03
271.3 34.43
274.7 39.91
277.9 45.46
281 51.07
284 56.72
286.8 62.4
289.5 68.12
292.1 73.87
294.6 79.64
297.1 85.44
299.4 91.25
 -7258.2
73.649
4.17E-06
-7.3037
323.16
12357.9420116599