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RRB JE
petefveÙej FbpeerefveÙej
efmeefJeue
hejer#ee efjceeFb[j mebheeove SJeb mebkeâueve
ÙetLe keâe@efcheefšMeve šeFcme efmeefJeue hejer#ee efJeMes<e%e meefceefle
uesKekeâ
Fbpeer. Deefcele kegâceej Jecee&, Fbpeer. DepeÙe Øeleehe efmebn

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mecheeokeâ SJeb ØekeâeMekeâ Deevevo kegâceej cenepeve ves ™he efØebefšbie Øesme, ØeÙeeiejepe mes cegefõle keâjJeekeâj,
ÙetLe keâe@efcheefšMeve šeFcme, 12, ÛeÛe& uesve, ØeÙeeiejepe-2 kesâ efueS ØekeâeefMele efkeâÙee~
Fme hegmlekeâ keâes ØekeâeefMele keâjves ceW mecheeokeâ SJeb ØekeâeMekeâ Éeje hetCe& meeJeOeeveer yejleer ieF& nw
efHeâj Yeer efkeâmeer $egefš kesâ efueS Deehekeâe menÙeesie SJeb megPeeJe meeoj Dehesef#ele nw~ cetuÙe : 195/-
efkeâmeer Yeer efJeJeeo keâer efmLeefle ceW vÙeeefÙekeâ #es$e ØeÙeeiejepe nesiee~
 efJe<eÙe-metÛeer
RRB petefveÙej FbpeerefveÙej efmeefJeue hejer#ee hee"dÙe›eâce ......................................................................................................................5-6
YeJeve efvecee&Ce meece«eer (Building Materials) ..........................................................................................................7-21
helLej (Stone) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
FËš (Brick) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
cemeeuee (Mortar)................................................................................................................................................................... 11
keâe‰ (Timber) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
keâeBÛe (Glass) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15
hueeefmškeâ (Plastics)............................................................................................................................................................... 16
ueewn leLee Deueewn OeelegSb (Ferrous & nonferrous metal).......................................................................................................... 16
efyešgceve (Bitumen) ................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Yet lekeâveerkeâ FbpeerefveÙeefjbie (Geotechnical Engineering) .......................................................................................22-40
ce=oe ØeefleOeejCe mebjÛevee (Earth retaining structure) .................................................................................................................. 22
ce=oe keâe Yeeweflekeâ iegCe (Physical property of soil).................................................................................................................... 23
ce=oe keâer heejiecÙelee Deewj meerhespe efJeMues<eCe (Permeability of Soil and Seepage Analysis) ........................................................ 26
ce=oe keâer Dehe™heCe meeceLÙe& SJeb OeejCe #ecelee (Shear strength of soil & bearing capacity) .......................................................... 28
ce=oe keâe mebnveve (Compaction of soil) ........................................................................................................................................... 29
ce=oe efmLejerkeâjCe (Stabilization of Soil).......................................................................................................................................... 30
mLeue hejer#eCe leLee DeOe:ce=oe DevJes<eCe (Site investigation & subsoil exploration) ............................................................................. 30
õJe FbpeerefveÙeefjbie (Hydraulics) ............................................................................................................................41-72
lejue heoeLeeX kesâ iegCe (Properties of fluid) ...................................................................................................................................... 41
õJe mLeweflekeâ oeye (Hydrostatic pressure) ......................................................................................................................................... 43
heeFhe ceW õJe oeye keâe ceehe (Measurement of liquid pressure in pipes) ................................................................................... 44
ceewefuekeâ õJe ØeJeen (Fundamental of fluid flow)..................................................................................................................... 45
heeFhe ceWs õJe keâe ØeJeen (Flow of liquid Through Pipe) .......................................................................................................... 47
KegueeR Ûewveue ceW ØeJeen (Flow Through Open Channel) ........................................................................................................... 53
ØeJeen ceehekeâ GhekeâjCe (Flow Measuring Device) .......................................................................................................................... 56
õJeerÙe ceMeerveW (Hydraulic Machine)............................................................................................................................. 56
kebâ›eâerš lekeâveerkeâer (Concrete Technology)..........................................................................................................73-85
meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keâe Øekeâej (Types of cement concrete)............................................................................................................. 73
cenerve SJeb ceesšs efceueeJes keâe iegCe (Property of Fine & Coarse Aggregate) .............................................................................. 73
kebâ›eâerš kesâ iegCe (peue meerceWš Devegheele, leepeer SJeb keâ"esj kebâ›eâerš kesâ iegCe)
(Properties of concrete (Water Cement Ratio, Properties of Fresh & Hardened Concrete) ................................................ 75
efceefßele kebâ›eâerš DeefYekeâuheve (Concrete Mix Design) ............................................................................................................... 75
meefcceßekeâ Deewj Gmekeâe GheÙeesie (Admixture and their use) ....................................................................................................... 76
kebâ›eâerš keâe iegCe efveÙeb$eCe (Quality Control of Concrete) ......................................................................................................... 76
efJehejerle heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW kebâ›eâerš keâeÙe& (Concreting in Adverse Condition) ............................................................................... 79
efJeMes<e kebâ›eâerš kesâ iegCe (lewÙeej efceefßele Deej.meer.meer, hetJe& Øeefleyeue, HeâeFyej Øeefleyeue, hetJe& {eefuele)
(Properties of Special Concrete (Ready mix, RCC, Prestressed, fiber reinforced, Precast, High performance) ................. 79
ceMeerveeW kesâ efmeæeble (Mechanics of Structure) ..................................................................................................86-101
Øeefleyeue SJeb efJeke=âefle (Stress and Strain) .................................................................................................................. 86
veceve IetCe& SJeb keâle&ve yeue (Bending Moment & Shear Force) ................................................................................. 89
peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& (Moment of Inertia)....................................................................................................................... 91
Oejve ceW Øeefleyeue (Stress in Beam) .......................................................................................................................... 91
2
efmebÛeeF& FbpeerefveÙeefjbie (Irrigation Engineering) ...............................................................................................102-113
peue efJe%eeve (Hydrology) ........................................................................................................................................... 102
Je<ee& leLee DeheJeen peue (Rainfall and Runoff) ....................................................................................................... 102
venjeW keâe DeefYekeâuheve (Design Of Cannal) ............................................................................................................ 105
Devle: œeJeCe šQkeâ (Percolation Tank) ........................................................................................................................ 111
efokeâd heefjJele&ve Meer<e& keâeÙe& (Diversion Head Tank) ........................................................................................................ 112
meJex#eCe FbpeerefveÙeefjbie (Surveying Engineering) .............................................................................................114-137
meJex#eCe kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Survey) ................................................................................................................... 114
pejerye SJeb iegefveÙee meJex#eCe (Chain & Cross Staff Survey) ...................................................................................... 115
keâcheeme meJex#eCe (Compass Survey) ..................................................................................................................... 117
meceleueve (Leveling) ................................................................................................................................................. 119
meceesÛÛe jsKeCe (Contouring) ................................................................................................................................ 120
meceleue hešue meJex#eCe (Plain Table surveying).................................................................................................................... 121
efLeÙees[esueeFš meJex#eCe (Theodolite Surveying) ..................................................................................................................... 123
šwkeâescesefš^keâ meJex#eCe SJeb Je›eâ (Tacheometric Surveying & Curve) ....................................................................................... 124
efJeMes<e GösMÙe meJex#eCe (Special Purpose Survey) ................................................................................................................. 126
DeefYeÙeebef$ekeâer (Mechanics) .............................................................................................................................138-141
yeue (Force) ...................................................................................................................................................... 138
DeeIetCe& (Moment) .............................................................................................................................................. 138
yeueeW keâe mebÙeespeve leLee meceeÙeespeve (Composition of Forces & Equilibrium) ............................................................ 138
Ie<e&Ce (Friction) ................................................................................................................................................ 138
meeOeejCe ceMeerve (Simple Machine) ...................................................................................................................... 138
Øeefleyeue SJeb efJeke=âefle (Stress and Strain) ................................................................................................................ 139
Oejves leLee keQâefÛeÙeeB (Beam and Trusses) ................................................................................................................ 139
Fmheele leLee efÛeveeF& FbpeerefveÙeefjbie (Design of Steel & Masonry Structure) .....................................................142-156
efjJesš peesÌ[ leLee Fmheele heefjÛeÙe (Rivet Joint and Steel Introduction) ................................................................................... 142
Jesu[ peesÌ[ (Weld Connection) ........................................................................................................................................... 144
leveve Gheebie (Tension Members) .......................................................................................................................................... 145
mecheer[ve Gheebie (Compression Member) ............................................................................................................................. 146
Oejves (Beam) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 148
mlecYe DeeOeej (Column Base)............................................................................................................................................... 151
Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš (Reinforced Cement Concrete) ................................................................................157-172
keâeÙe&keâejer SJeb meercee efmLeefle DeefYekeâuheve (Working and limit state Design)............................................................................. 157
Fkeânjer SJeb oesnjer Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Oejve keâe DeefYekeâuheve (Singly & Doubly Beam Design) .................................................... 159
Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš KeC[eW keâer keâle&ve leLee DeefYeueeie meeceLÙe& Je uecyeeF&
(Shear and bond strength & length of reinforced concrete section) .................................................................................. 159
T Oejve Ùee heäuewpeoej Oejve (T-Beam or Flanged Beam)....................................................................................................... 161
muewye (Slab)......................................................................................................................................................................... 164
De#eerÙe Yeeefjle keâeuece SJeb veebrJe (Axially loaded column and Foundation) ............................................................................ 166
hetJe&-Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš (Prestressed Concrete) .................................................................................................................... 168
keâchÙetšj DeeOeeefjle DeefYekeâuheve (Computer Aided Design) ............................................................................173-174
heÙee&JejCe FbpeerefveÙeefjbie (Environmental Engineering) ...................................................................................175-196
heÙee&JejCe Øeot<eCe SJeb efveÙeb$eCe (Environmental Pollution and Control) ................................................................................. 175
meeJe&peefvekeâ peue efJelejCe (Public Water Supply) ................................................................................................................... 176
peue mehueeF& Devegj#eCe (Water supply and maintenance)...................................................................................................... 182
3
 Jeeefnle ceue keâer cee$ee (Quantity of Sewage) ......................................................................................................................... 184
Jeeefnle ceue efvekeâemeer leLee meerJej (Sewerage System and Sewers) .......................................................................................... 185
meerJejeW keâe efvecee&Ce SJeb Devegj#eCe (Construction of sewere and maintenance) ....................................................................... 186
mewefhškeâ šQkeâ, FcenewHeâ šQkeâ leLee DeekeämeerkeâjCe kegâC[ (Septic Tank, Imhoff and Oxidation Pond) ............................................ 188
YeJeveeW Je efmeefJeue efvecee&Ce kesâ Øeekeäkeâueve, ueeiele SJeb cetuÙeebkeâve
(Estimating, Costing & Valuation of Building & Civil Works) ...................................................................... 197-203
ceeheve FkeâeF& (Measurement Unit)................................................................................................................................................ 197
YeJeve cetuÙeebkeâve leLee efkeâjeÙee efveOee&jCe (Valuation and Rent Fixation) ................................................................................... 198
YeJeve Ùeespevee, DeefOeefveÙece leLee keâeÙe&-"skesâ (Building Planning, By-Laws and Contracts) ....................................................... 199
oj efJeMues<eCe (Analysis of Rate)......................................................................................................................................... 200
Øeekeäkeâueve kesâ cetue efmeæeble leLee Øeef›eâÙee (Basic Principal and Procedure of Estimating)......................................................... 200
YeJeve, jes[ leLee venj (Buildings, Road & Canal) ............................................................................................................... 201
ceneceeie& FbpeerefveÙeefjbie (Highway Engineering) ...............................................................................................204-215
meÌ[keâ FbpeerefveÙeefjbie (Road Engineering) ............................................................................................................................... 204
ceneceeie& keâe pÙeeefceleerÙe DeefYekeâuheve (Geometrical Design of Highway) ................................................................................ 205
meÌ[keâ hesJeceWš keâe efvecee&Ce SJeb heoeLe& (Construction of road pavement and material) ............................................................ 209
heefjJenve FbpeerefveÙeefjbie (Transportation Engineering) ....................................................................................216-222
jsueJes FbpeerefveÙeefjbie (Railway Engineering) ........................................................................................................................... 216
mesleg FbpeerefveÙeefjbie (Bridge Engineering) ................................................................................................................................ 221
mebjÛeveeDeeW kesâ efmeæeble (Theory of Structure) ................................................................................................223-232
veceve leLee keâle&ve yeue (Bending and Shear Stresses) .................................................................................................................. 223
mebÙegòeâ meerOes leLee veceve Øeefleyeue (Combined Direct & Bending Stresses) ............................................................................... 224
{ueeve SJeb efJe#eshe Ùee efJemLeeheve (slope and Deflection) ...................................................................................................... 224
keâe@uece (Columns) .............................................................................................................................................................. 227
cejesÌ[ (Torsion) .................................................................................................................................................................. 229
Deeyeæ SJeb melele Oejve (Fixed and Continuous Beams) ...................................................................................................... 229
YeJeve efvecee&Ce (Building Construction) .........................................................................................................233-235
DeOe: mebjÛevee SJeb DeefOemebjÛevee (Substructure and Superstructure) .......................................................................... 233
mebjÛevee kesâ Øekeâej (Type of structure) ....................................................................................................................... 234
"skeâe leLee uesKee/efvecee&Ce ØeyevOeve (Contract & Account) ...............................................................................236-239
DeeOegefvekeâ efvecee&Ce lekeâveerkeâer leLee GhekeâjCe (Advanced Construction Techniques And Equipment) ............240-241
YeJeve vekeäMee (Building Drawing) ..................................................................................................................242-249
DeOe:mebjÛevee keâe efvecee&Ce (Construction of sub-structure) ............................................................................250-251
ce=oekeâeÙe& (Earthwork) ............................................................................................................................................... 250
veeRJe (Foundation) .................................................................................................................................................... 250
DeefOe-mebjÛevee keâe efvecee&Ce (Construction of superstructure) ........................................................................252-253
heeÌ[ šskeâ leLee Heâjceeyevoer (Scaffolding, Shoring and Form Work) ........................................................................ 252
FËš efÛeveeF&, helLej efÛeveeF&, kesâefJešer oerJeej efÛeveeF& (Brick Masonry, Stone Masonry, Cavity Wall Masonry) .............. 252
ojJeepee SJeb efKeÌ[keâer (Door & Window) ............................................................................................................................. 252
YeJeve heefjmeppee (Building Finishes) ..............................................................................................................254-255
HeâMe& (Floor) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 254
šerhe Deewj heWš (Pointing & Painting) ................................................................................................................................... 254
ÚleW leLee Úle DeeJejCe (Roofs and Roof Covering) ............................................................................................................. 255
YeJeve Devegj#eCe (Building Maintenance) ......................................................................................................256-256
4
 Government of India, Ministry of Railways,
Railway Recruitment Boards
CENTRALISED EMPLOYMENT NOTICE (CEN) No.03/2018
Recruitment of Junior Engineer (JE), Junior Engineer (Information Technology) [JE(IT)],
Depot Material Superintendent (DMS)

2nd Stage CBT : Short listing of Candidates for the 2nd Stage CBT exam shall be based on the normalized marks
obtained by them in the 1st Stage CBT Exam. Total number of candidates to be shortlisted for 2nd Stage shall be 15
times the community wise total vacancy of Posts notified against the RRB as per their merit in 1st Stage CBT.
However, Railways reserve the right to increase/decrease this limit in total or for any specific category(s) as required
to ensure availability of adequate candidates for all the notified posts.
Duration : 120 minutes (160 Minutes for eligible PwBD candidates accompanied with Scribe)
No of Questions : 150
Syllabus : The Questions will be of objective type with multiple choices and are likely to include questions
pertaining to General Awareness, Physics and Chemistry, Basics of Computers and Applications, Basics of
Environment and Pollution Control and Technical abilities for the post. The syllabus for General Awareness,
Physics and Chemistry, Basics of Computers and Applications, Basics of Environment and Pollution Control is
common for all notified posts under this CEN as detailed below:-
a) General Awareness : Knowledge of Current affairs, Indian geography, culture and history of India including
freedom struggle, Indian Polity and constitution, Indian Economy, Environmental issues concerning India and
the World, Sports, General scientific and technological developments etc.
b) Physics and Chemistry: Up to 10th standard CBSE syllabus.
c) Basics of Computers and Applications: Architecture of Computers; input and Output devices; Storage devices,
Networking, Operating System like Windows, Unix, Linux; MS Office; Various data representation; Internet and
Email; Websites & Web Browsers; Computer Virus.
d) Basics of Environment and Pollution Control: Basics of Environment; Adverse effect of environmental
pollution and control strategies; Air, water and Noise pollution, their effect and control; Waste Management,
Global warming; Acid rain; Ozone depletion.
e) Technical Abilities: The educational qualifications mentioned against each post shown in Annexure-A, have
been grouped into different exam groups as below. Questions on the Technical abilities will be framed in the
syllabus defined for various Exam Groups given at Annexure-VII-A, B, C, D, E, F & G.
The section wise Number of questions and marks are as below :
Subjects No. of Questions Marks for each Section
Stage-II Stage-II
General Awareness 15 15
Physics & Chemistry 15 15
Basics of Computers and 10 10
Applications
Basics of Environment and 10 10
Pollution Control
Technical Abilities 100 100
Total 150 150
Time in Minutes 120
The section wise distribution given in the above table is only indicative and there may be some variations in the
actual question papers.
Minimum percentage of marks for eligibility in various categories: UR -40%, OBC-30%, SC-30%, ST -25%. This
percentage of marks for eligibility may be relaxed by 2% for PwBD candidates, in case of shortage of PwBD
candidates against vacancies reserved for them.
Virtual calculator will be made available on the Computer Monitor during 2nd Stage CBT.
5
 2nd Stage Syllabus for Civil and Allied Engineering Exam Group – JE
1 Engineering Mechanics- Force (resolution of force, moment of force, force system, composition of forces), Equilibrium,
Friction, Centroid and Center of gravity, Simple machines.
2 Building Construction- Building components (substructure, superstructure), type of structure (load bearing, framed and
composite structures).
3 Building materials- Masonry materials (stones, bricks, and mortars), Timber and miscellaneous materials (glass, plastic,
fiber, aluminum steel, galvanized iron, bitumen, PVC, CPVC, and PPF).
4 Construction of substructure- job layout, earthwork, foundation (types, dewatering, coffer dams, bearing capacity).
5 Construction of superstructure- stone masonry, brick masonry, Hollow concrete block masonry, composite masonry,
cavity wall, doors and windows, vertical communication (stairs, lifts, escalators), scaffolding and shoring.
6 Building finishes- Floors (finishes, process of laying), walls (plastering, pointing, painting) and roofs (roofing materials
including RCC).
7 Building maintenance- Cracks (causes, type, repairs- grouting, guniting, epoxy etc.), settlement (causes and remedial
measures), and re-baring techniques.
8 Building drawing- Conventions (type of lines, symbols), planning of building (principles of planning for residential and
public buildings, rules and byelaws), drawings (plan, elevation, section, site plan, location plan, foundation plan, working
drawing), perspective drawing.
9 Concrete Technology- Properties of various types/grades of cement, properties of coarse and fine aggregates, properties of
concrete (water cement ratio, properties of fresh and hardened concrete), Concrete mix design, testing of concrete, quality
control of concrete (batching, formwork, transportation, placing, compaction, curing, waterproofing), extreme weather
concreting and chemical admixtures, properties of special concrete (ready mix, RCC, pre-stressed, fiber reinforced, precast,
high performance).
10 Surveying- Types of survey, chain and cross staff survey (principle, ranging, triangulation, chaining, errors, finding area),
compass survey (principle, bearing of line, prismatic compass, traversing, local attraction, calculation of bearings, angles
and local attraction) leveling (dumpy level, recording in level book, temporary adjustment, methods of reduction of levels,
classification of leveling, tilting level, auto level, sources of errors, precautions and difficulties in leveling), contouring
(contour interval, characteristics, method of locating, interpolation, establishing grade contours, uses of contour maps), area
and volume measurements, plane table survey (principles, setting, method), theodolite survey (components, adjustments,
measurements, traversing), Tacheometric survey, curves (types, setting out), advanced survey equipment, aerial survey and
remote sensing.
11 Computer Aided Design- CAD Software (AutoCAD, Auto Civil, 3D Max etc.), CAD commands, generation of plan,
elevation, section, site plan, area statement, 3D view.
12 Geo Technical Engineering- Application of Geo Technical Engineering in design of foundation, pavement, earth retaining
structures, earthen dams etc., physical properties of soil, permeability of soil and seepage analysis, shear strength of soil,
bearing capacity of soil, compaction and stabilization of soil, site investigation and sub soil exploration.
13 Hydraulics- properties of fluid, hydrostatic pressure, measurement of liquid pressure in pipes, fundamentals of fluid flow,
flow of liquid through pipes, flow through open channel, flow measuring devices, hydraulic machines.
14 Irrigation Engineering- Hydrology, investigation and reservoir planning, percolation tanks, diversion head works.
15 Mechanics of Structures- Stress and strain, shear force and bending moment, moment of inertia, stresses in beams, analysis
of trusses, strain energy.
16 Theory of structures- Direct and bending stresses, slope and deflection, fixed beam, continuous beam, moment distribution
method, columns.
17 Design of Concrete Structures- Working Stress method, Limit State method, analysis and design of singly reinforced and
doubly reinforced sections, shear, bond and development length, analysis and design of T Beam, slab, axially loaded column
and footings.
18 Design of Steel Structures- Types of sections, grades of steel, strength characteristics, IS Code, Connections, Design of
tension and compression members, steel roof truss, beams, column bases.
19 Transportation Engineering- Railway Engineering (alignment and gauges, permanent way, railway track geometrics,
branching of tracks, stations and yards, track maintenance), Bridge engineering (site selection, investigation, component
parts of bridge, permanent and temporary bridges, inspection and maintenance), Tunnel engineering (classification, shape
and sizes, tunnel investigation and surveying, method of tunneling in various strata, precautions, equipment, explosives,
lining and ventilation).
20 Highway Engineering- Road Engineering, investigation for road project, geometric design of highways, construction of
road pavements and materials, traffic engineering, hill roads, drainage of roads, maintenance and repair of roads.
21 Environmental Engineering- Environmental pollution and control, public water supply, domestic sewage, solid waste
management, environmental sanitation, and plumbing.
22 Advanced Construction Techniques and Equipment- Fibers and plastics, artificial timber, advanced concreting methods
(under water concreting, ready mix concrete, tremix concreting, special concretes), formwork, pre-fabricated construction,
soil reinforcing techniques, hoisting and conveying equipment, earth moving machinery (exaction and compaction
equipment), concrete mixers, stone crushers, pile driving equipment, working of hot mix bitumen plant, bitumen paver, floor
polishing machines.
23 Estimating and Costing- Types of estimates (approximate, detailed), mode of measurements and rate analysis.
24 Contracts and Accounts- Types of engineering contracts, Tender and tender documents, payment, specifications.

6
 YeJeve efvecee&Ce meece«eer
(Building Materials)
1. helLej (Stones) ■ efheIeues ngS heoeLe& kesâ he=LJeer kesâ Devoj Ùee yeenj "b[s nesves kesâ yeeo
GlheVe ngF& Ûešdševe keâes keânles nQ–
yeuegDee helLej (Sand stone) nw– DeJemeeoer Ûeóeve DeeivesÙe Ûešdševe (Igneous Rock)
efpeve MewueeW keâe cegKÙe Ieškeâ SuÙegefcevee Ùee ce=efòekeâe nes GvnW keânles Ùeefo efheIeueer ngF& Ûešdševe Yetefce keâer melen mes veerÛes henues mes ceewpeto
nQ– ce=efòekeâeceÙe Ûeóeve DevÙe Ûeóeve ceW DevleJexefOele neskeâj Ùee Deheves efueS mLeeve yeveekeâj
pece peeS Deewj "esme nes peeS lees Ssmeer Ûeóeve keânueeSieer–
YeJeve efvecee&Ce ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesves Jeeues DeÛÚs Øekeâej kesâ helLej keâes
DevleJexOeer DeeivesÙe Ûeóeve
efkeâleveer cee$ee mes DeefOekeâ peue keâe DeJeMees<eCe veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnS–
■ peye ueeJee Yetefceleue mes yeenj Deeves ceW DemeceLe& neslee nw lees Ùen ojej
5%
kesâ Devoj ner "b[e nes peelee nw~ leye Fme lejn yeves "esme heoeLe& keâes
jemeeÙeefvekeâ Âef° mes ceeye&ue neslee nw– keânles nQ– jJesoej Ûešdševe
ÛetveeceÙe Ûešdševe (Calcareous Rock)
■ yesmeeuš efkeâme Øekeâej keâer Ûeóeve nw– yeefn&JesOeer DeeivesÙe Ûeóeve
muesš, uesšsjeFš Deewj Ûeerveer efcešddšer efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ Ûešddševe keâe ■ Jen Ûešdševe, efpemekeâes heleueer ÛeeojeW ceW Deueie-Deueie efkeâÙee pee
GoenjCe nw– efÛekeâveer efcešdšer Ûešddševe mekeâlee nw, keânueeleer nw– mlejerÙe Ûešdševe
helLejeW keâe heâuekeâ efÛekeâvee keâjves Deewj Gmes mece yeveeves keâer Øeef›eâÙee ■ mebieefuele ueeJee mes efveefce&le helLej keânueelee nw– DeeivesÙe
keâes keäÙee keâne peelee nw– ieÌ{eF& (Dressing) ■ 800 C kesâ leehe›eâce hej heâš peelee nw–
o
yeuegDee helLej
JessOeve kesâ efueS meece«eer keâe ØeeflejesOe keäÙee nw– keâ"esjlee ■ Yeejer helLej keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw –
Oeejkeâ oerJeej Je yeeBOe yeveeves ceW
meeceevÙe YeJeveeW ceW «esveeFš helLej GheÙegòeâ veneR neslee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ–
Ùen cebniee neslee nw ■ DeeivesÙe ÛešdševeW nesleer nw– ef›eâmšueerÙe Ûecekeâoej
■ Skeâ efveeqMÛele meceleue ceW KeefvepeeW kesâ Deueie-Deueie nesves keâer Øeke=âefle
Jen helLej efpemekeâer meboueve meeceLÙe& DeefOekeâlece nesleer nw– veerpe
keâes keânles nQ– keäueerJespe
DeÛÚs Øekeâej kesâ YeJeve efvecee&Ce helLej keâe efJeefMe<š ieg®lJe efkeâleves mes ■ Keeve mes legjvle Keeso keâj efvekeâeues ieS helLej kesâ Keoeveer-jme
DeefOekeâ nesvee ÛeeefnS– 2.7 (quarry sap) keâes megKeeves kesâ efueS Fmes Kegueer nJee ceW efkeâleveer
efheIeueer ngF& cewicee keâer IeveerkeâjCe Éeje yeveer ngF& ÛešdševeW nesleer nQ– DeJeefOe lekeâ jKe osvee ÛeeefnS– Ú: mes yeejn ceen lekeâ
DeeivesÙe Ûešdševesb ■ muesš keâer DeJeYebpeve meeceLÙe& nesleer nw– 770 mes 2110 kg/cm2
[esueesceeFš Skeâ Ûetvee helLej nw efpemeceW MgCO3 keâer cee$ee nesleer ■ meyemes cegueeÙece Keefvepe neslee nw– še@ukeâ
nw– 45% ■ yesmeeuš Je š^whe ßesCeer kesâ helLej efvecee&Ce kesâ DeefOekeâ GheÙegkeäle nw–
DeJemeeoer ÛeóeveeW ceW mes keâewve keâeÙeebleefjle ef›eâÙee (cesšecee@efhe&âkeâ SkeäMeve) meÌ[keâeW kesâ
kesâ keâejCe keäJeeš&peeFš ceW yeouelee nw– yeuegDee helLej ■ efJemheâesškeâ heeG[j ceW nesles nQ–
■ hetJe& DeeqmlelJe ceW DeeF& ÛeóeveeW kesâ Yethe=<" kesâ Deboj oeye leLee heesšsefMeÙece veeFš^sš 75³, iebOekeâ 10³
leehe›eâce kesâ heefjJele&ve kesâ keâejCe yeveer veF& Ûešdševe keânueeleer nw– Je uekeâÌ[er keâs keâesÙeues keâe Ûetje 15³
™heevleefjle/keâeÙeevleefjle Ûešdševe ■ ceesn hewceeves hej keâ"esjlee Debkeâes ceW heefjJele&ve neslee nw–
■ helLej keâer cetue efmLeefle keâer DeJemLee, efpemeceW Jen yevelee nw, keânueeleer 1 mes 10 lekeâ
nww– Keoeveer Ùee Øeeke=âeflekeâ leue ■ yeuegDee helLej leLee keäJeeš&dpe efkeâme ßesCeer kesâ Devleie&le Deeles nQ–
■ ÛešdševeeW keâe jemeeÙeefvekeâ JeieeakeâjCe neslee nw– efmeefuekeâeceÙe (Silicious)
ÛetveeceÙe, ce=efòekeâeceÙe leLee efmeefuekeâeceÙe ■ Yeeweflekeâ JeieeakeâjCe ceW mebiecejcej helLej neslee nw– jJesoej efkeâmce
■ ›eâefcekeâ peceeJe keâer ef›eâÙee kesâ Éeje yeveves Jeeueer Ûešdševe keânueeleer ■ muesšer helLej efyenej ceW keâneB efceuelee nw– npeejeryeeie
nw– leueÚšer Ûešdševe (Sedimentary Rock) ■ uewšsjeFš efceuelee nw– Gòej ØeosMe ceW
7
kegâÚ cenlJehetCe& hejer#eCe (Some Important Test) Gòece helLej keâe meboueve meeceLÙe& nesvee ÛeeefnS–
1000 kg/cm2 mes DeefOekeâ
efmceLe hejer#eCe helLej ceW keâerÛeÌ[ceÙe heoeLeeX keâer
GheefmLeefle keâe helee keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâme helLej keâe Deefive kesâ Øeefle ØeeflejesOe GÛÛelece nw–
ce=CceÙe Ûeóeve
efJeefMe° ieg™lJe hejer#eCe FkeâeF& Yeej kesâ efueS
helLej hej efmceLe hejer#eCe efkeâmekeâer peebÛe keâjves kesâ efueS nw–
yevOeve hejer#eCe keâCeeW keâe Deehemeer yevOeve %eele keâjves keâo&ceceÙe heoeLe& (keâerÛeÌ[) keâer GheefmLeefle
kesâ efueS
Jen helLej pees efmeefuekeâeÙegkeäle yeuegDee helLej kesâ keâeÙeeblejCe keâer ef›eâÙee
peue DeJeMees<eCe jvOeÇeW keâer ØeefleMelelee %eele keâjves kesâ Éeje yeveelee nw– keäJeeš&peeFš
hejer#eCe efueS meÌ[keâ efvecee&Ce ceW helLej kesâ efIemeeJe keâer oj ceeuetce keâjves kesâ efueS
efÛej mLeeefÙelJe hejer#eCe efškeâeTheve %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙes ieÙes hejer#eCe keâes keânles nQ– DeheIe<e&Ce hejer#eCe
keâ"esjlee hejer#eCe keâ"esjlee %eele keâjves kesâ efueS meyemes DeÛÚer efieóer ceW helLejeW keâe Deekeâej neslee nw–
2.0 mesceer. mes 5.0 mesceer.
DeheIe<e&Ce hejer#eCe efIemeve ØeeflejesOe kesâ efueS
Mewue keâer keâ"esjlee keâe hejer#eCe efkeâmekesâ Éeje efkeâÙee peelee nw–
meceIeele hejer#eCe ÛeerceÌ[heve kesâ efueS efMceš nLeewÌ[e hejer#eCe
meboueve meeceLÙe& mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& kesâ efueS ■ keâeÙeevlejCe (Metamorphism) kesâ yeeo Ûetvee helLej yeoue peelee
hejer#eCe nw– mebiecejcej ceW
■ Deye lekeâ keâe GheueyOe (available) meyemes keâ"esj helLej (hardest
meefVeIe<e&Ce hejer#eCe efIemeve leLee ÛeerceÌ[heve kesâ efueS stone) nw– nerje (diamond)
DecueerÙe hejer#eCe DecueerÙe iewmeeW Je OegDeeW keâe ØeYeeJe ■ «esveeFš keâeÙeevlejCe ef›eâÙee kesâ yeeo yeouelee nw–
veerpe (Gneiss) ceW
%eele keâjves kesâ efueS
■ DeYeükeâ Ùee ceeFkeâe helLej (mica stone) neslee nw–
ef›eâmšueerÙe hejer#eCe helLej kesâ Dehe#eÙe iegCeeW keâes %eele heesšsefMeÙece leLee SuÙegefceefveÙece efmeefuekesâš
keâjves kesâ efueS ■ Skeâ DeÛÚs leLee Gòece helLej keâe Deehesef#ekeâ IevelJe (specific
■ peye efkeâmeer efvecee&Ce keâeÙe& ceW helLej keâe ØeÙeesie nes jne nes lees Ùes Fme gravity) neslee nw– 2.70
Øekeâej mLeeefhele efkeâS peeles nQ efkeâ Fve hej oeye efoMee (direction ■ Skeâ DeÛÚs leLee Gòece helLej keâer DeJeYebpeve meeceLÙe& (crushing
of pressure) nesieer– strength) nesveer ÛeeefnS– 1000 mes 1400 kg/cm2
Øeeke=âeflekeâ leue kesâ uecyeJeled DeLee&led 90o kesâ keâesCe hej ■ yesmeeuš helLej keâer DeJeYebpeve meeceLÙe& (crushing strength) nesleer
■ Yeeweflekeâ ™he mes yeuegDee helLej neslee nw– keâefCekeâeceÙe nw– 1500 mes 2000 kg/cm2
■ efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâer keâ"esjlee %eele keâjves kesâ efueÙes Gmekeâer melen efkeâmeer ■ «esveeFš, muesš, mebiecejcej helLej peue DeJeMeesef<ele keâjles nQ–
1 ØeefleMele mes keâce
Deewpeej mes KegjÛeer peeleer nw leLee ceesn kesâ hewceeves mes Gmekeâe efceueeve
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùeefo Deewpeej kesâ mLeeve hej Gbieueer kesâ veeKetve mes ■ jemeeÙeefvekeâ ™he mes muesš helLej neslee nw– ce=efòekeâeceÙe
melen KegjÛeer peeÙes lees keâ"esjlee kesâJeue efkeâleves lekeâ ceeheer pee mekeâleer ■ Yet-he=<" yeveeves Jeeueer Keefvepe efceueeJes keânueeles nQ– Ûešdševe
nw– 2 ■ helLejeW keâe Deehesef#ekeâ IevelJe ØeeÙe: efkeâmekesâ yeerÛe jnlee nw–
■ Fceejleer helLejeW kesâ #eÙe keâe keâejCe nw– Ùeewefiekeâ SpeWš 2.00 mes 2.90 kesâ yeerÛe
■ Ûetvee helLej (Lime stone) Øeehle efkeâÙee peelee nw– ■ efkeâmekeâe Deehesef#ekeâ IevelJe meyemes DeefOekeâ nw– «esveeFš
leueÚšer Ûeóeve ■ Skeâ DeÛÚs leLee Gòece helLej ceW Ùes iegCe veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS–
■ uesšsjeFš (laterite) helLej neslee nw– ueÛeerueeheve (flexibility)
ce=CceÙe Ùee ce=efòekeâeceÙe Ûešdševe (Argillaceous Rock) ■ Deuebke=âle keâeÙeeX (ornamental works) ceW ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeuee
helLej neslee nw– met#ce keâCeoej
keäJeešd&peeFš Deewj mebiecejcej Øeeke=âeflekeâ ™he mes kewâmes nesles nQ– ■ jsueJes š^wkeâ ceW helLej ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– yesmeeuš leLee š^whe
keâeÙeebleefjle ■ efkeâme helLej keâer DeJeYebpeve meeceLÙe& meyemes keâce nesleer nw–
ieÇsveeFš heÇeke=âeflekeâ ®he mes keâwmeer Ûešševe nw– uewšsjeFš (16-32 Kg/cm2)
efJeleueerÙe (Un-stratified) ■ meceebie Je jJesoej yeveeJeš Jeeues helLejeW kesâ JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe ØeeflejesOeer
yesmeeuš helLej Øeeke=âeflekeâ ™he mes kewâmee neslee nw– pJeeueecegKeer iegCe nesles nQ– yengle DeÛÚs
■ meÌ[keâ efvecee&Ce kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeuee helLej neslee nw–
heesleIeeš efvecee&Ce kesâ efueS meyemes GheÙegòeâ helLej nw– «esveeFš «esveeFš (Granite)
8
■ «esveeFš helLej keâe IevelJe (density) neslee nw– helLej efÛeveeF& efvecee&Ce ceW helLejeW hej oeye keâeÙe& keâjvee ÛeeefnS–
■
2.6-2.8 gm/cm 3
DeeOeej leue keâer efoMee kesâ uecyeJeled
■ efmceLe hejer#eCe (Smith's test) efkeâÙee peelee nw– ■ «esveeFš nw– DeeivesÙe Ûeóeve
efJeuesÙeMeeruelee leLee keäues heoeLeeX keâer cee$ee ■ Skeâ Yeejer helLej GheÙegòeâ neslee nw– ØeefleOeejkeâ oerJeej kesâ efueS
%eele keâjves kesâ efueS ■ Skeâ DeÛÚs YeJeve efvecee&Ce helLej keâe meboueve meeceLÙe& mes DeefOekeâ
■ efYeVe-efYeVe Deekeâej kesâ DeJeYebefpele helLejeW (crushed stone) keâes nesvee ÛeeefnS– 100MPa
Deueie-Deueie keâjves keâer efJeefOe keânueeleer nw– m›eâerefvebie
(Screening) 2. FËšW (Bricks)
■ keâe@j[eFš (cordite) yee™o ceW neslee nw– 5³ Ssmeeršesve,
30³ veeFš^eseqiuemejerve leLee 65³ ieve keâešve ■ Peecee FËšs nesleer nw– DeefveÙeefcele Deekeâej Jeeueer DeefOekeâ
■ Jes helLej pees 24 Iebšs ceW 4 mes 12 ØeefleMele heeveer meesKe uesles nQ– hekeâer ngF&
jJesoej Ûetves kesâ helLej ■ efouuee Ùee øeâeie keâes..... kesâ ™he ceW heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
■ Mesue (shale) neslee nw– leueÚšer Ûešdševe F&š kesâ Thejer heâuekeâ hej ieºe
■ efpehmece neslee nw– jemeeÙeefvekeâ ™he mes leueÚšer Ûešdševe ■ ce=efòekeâe ceW SsuÙegefcevee keâer DeefOekeâlee– megKeeves hej FËš ceW ojejs
■ meyemes keâce Oeejkeâ #ecelee Jeeuee helLej neslee nw– {eruee helLej heÌ[ peeleer nw leLee efJeke=âle nes peeleer nw~
■ yueeeqmšbie ceW kegâšeF& kesâ efueÙes ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeueer ÚÌ[, efpemes šseqchebie ■ Skeâ DeÛÚer FËš ceW SuÙegefcevee keâer ØeefleMele cee$ee----- kesâ yeerÛe nesleer
ÚÌ[ (temping rod) keânles nQ, yeveer nesleer nQ– nw– 20 to 30%
heerleue (Brass) keâer ■ FËš ce=oe ceW efmeefuekeâe keâer DeefOekeâlee keâe heefjCeece nw–
■ efkeâme Keefvepe keâes meyemes DeefOekeâ cegueeÙece mecePee peelee nw– DeYeükeâ memebpeve keâer keâceer
■ «esveeFš keâe mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& nw– 770 mes 1300 efkeâ.«ee./mesceer2 ■ T<cee Éeje metKe jner FËšeW hej Ùeefo Je<ee& nes peeÙes lees FËšeW keâe
■ ueieYeie 30³ SuÙegefcevee Deewj Mes<e efmeefuekeâe Jeeues Ûetvee helLej keâes Deekeâej efyeieÌ[ peelee nw, Fme Øekeâej keâe oes<e keânueelee nw–
keânles nQ– kebâkeâj Ûeheäme (Chaffs)
■ jemeeÙeefvekeâ Âeq<š mes mebiecejcej efkeâme Øekeâej keâe neslee nw– ■ cemeeues kesâ peesÌ[ (mortar joints) kesâ meeLe, FËšeW keâer efÛeveeF& ceW
ÛetveeceÙe helLej FËšeW keâe Deekeâej efueÙee peelee nw– 20cm×10 cm×10cm
■ yesmeeuš helLej ceW efmeefuekeâe keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– 40 mes 52³
■ I.S.I. kesâ Devegmeej Skeâ DeÛÚer FËš keâer DeJeYebpeve meeceLÙe& nesleer
■ [e@š yeveeves ceW helLej kesâ Keoeveer leue keâes efkeâme Øekeâej JÙeJeefmLele nw– 105 kg/cm2
efkeâÙee peelee nw– jsef[Ùeue/DejerÙe
■ hepeeJes ceW FËšeW keâes hekeâeves kesâ yeeo GvnW ueieYeie........lekeâ ÚesÌ[vee
■ MJesle, Yetje Ùee iegueeyeer jbie keâs Mewue keâe Keefvepe nw– DeYeükeâ
Dehesef#ele neslee nw– 12 efove
■ yeuegDee helLej keâe Deehesef#ekeâ IevelJe neslee nw– 2.65 mes 2.95
■ keâeuee helLej ØeeÙe: efkeâme efpeues ceW heeÙee peelee nw– peÙehegj ■ FËš keâer efcešdšer ceW ceewefuekeâ DebMe nesles nQ–
■ ›eâe@Ùeesefueve keâes jemeeÙeefvekeâ Âeq<š mes Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee peelee nw– efmeefuekeâe 3/5 Yeeie leLee SuÙegefcevee 1/5 Yeeie
ce=efòekeâeceÙe helLej Je ueesne, kewâequmeÙece, ceQiveerpe, cewiveerefMeÙece,
■ mebiecejcej, «esveeFš, keäJeeš&dpe Deeefo helLej Fmekesâ Devleie&le Deeles meesef[Ùece Deeefo 1/5 Yeeie
nQ– jJesoej efkeâmce keâer Ûešdševe ■ FËšeW ceW yeeuet keâer cee$ee DeefOekeâ nesves hej GveceW–
■ meJee&efOekeâ mejvOeÇlee Jeeuee helLej nw– Mesue helLej Yebiegjlee Dee peeleer nw
DeefOekeâ Deeie ØeeflejesOeer efJeMes<eleeSB nQ– keâe@chewkeäš yeuegDee helLej ■ yee@keämeeFš Deewj [esueesceeFš FËšW nesleer nw– #eejerÙe G<ceemen FËšW
FËšeW keâer DeeoMe& efcešdšer keâe megIešdÙelee metÛekeâebkeâ nesvee ÛeeefnS–
he=LJeer keâer melen hej efheIeues ngS ueeJee keâe keâ"esjerkeâjCe FveceW mes ■
efkeâmekesâ efvecee&Ce keâe keâejCe nw– yesmeeuš Deewj š^whe 7 mes 16³
■ Jen FËš efpemekeâer DeJeYebpeve meeceLÙe& 140 kg/cm2 mes keâce veneR
Jen Ûetvee helLej pees DeefOekeâ ceesšeF& keâer Yet™heer Deef›eâmšueerÙe
nesleer nw Gmekeâe «es[ neslee nw– AA class
yeveeJeš ceW heeÙee peelee nw, FveceW mes keäÙee keânueelee nw–
keâe@chewkeäš Ûetvee helLej ■ metKeer ngF& FËšeW (unburnt bricks) keâer DeJeYebpeve meeceLÙe& nesveer
ÛeeefnS– 20 mes 25 kg/cm2
ce=og ÛeóeveeW ceW megjbie yeveeves kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ efJemHeâesškeâ keâe ÛeÙeve ■ 24 Iebšs heeveer ceW [tyeer ngF& ØeLece ßesCeer keâer FËšeW (first class
keâjW– DeceesefveÙee [eÙeveeceeFš
bricks) keâes Fmemes DeefOekeâ heeveer keâe DeJeMees<eCe veneR keâjvee
efkeâmekeâe FkeâeF& Jepeve keâce neslee nw– yeuegDee helLej ÛeeefnS– Yeej keâe 15 ØeefleMele Ùee 1/6 Yeeie
[^sefmebie helLej keâer yeesmšs[ heefjmeppee FveceW mes keäÙee nw– ■ FËš yeveeves kesâ efueS ce=oe, peue Deewj DevÙe DeJeÙeJeeW keâes efceefßele
Demelele meceeveeblej efveMeeve yeveevee keâjves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw– ietbLevee (Kneading)
9
■ Skeâ efÉleerÙe ßesCeer keâer FËš keâer vÙetvelece DeJeYebpeve meeceLÙe& nesleer Fmekeâer cee$ee DeefOekeâ nesves hej
nw– 70 kg/cm2 mes keâce veneR FËšs metKeves hej DelÙeefOekeâ
■ A ßesCeer keâer FËš keâer vÙetvelece mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& nesveer ÛeeefnS– efmekegâÌ[ peeleer nw leLee ojejW
105 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2
heÌ[ peeleer nQ~
■ nmle efveefce&le FËšeW keâer DeJeYebpeve meeceLÙe& nes mekeâleer nw–
3. Ûetvee Ùen ieeuekeâ keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw
30 mes 150 kg/cm2 kesâ ceOÙe
Deewj efmeefuekeâe kesâ keâCeeW keâes
■ Ùeefo Kegueer nJee ceW metKeves kesâ efueS jKeer ngF& keâÛÛeer FËšeW ceW ojej
heÌ[ peeÙes lees Ùen oMee&leer nw– DeefOekeâ ce=efòekeâe efheIeueeves ceW meneÙekeâ neslee nw~
■ peye Skeâ FËš heeveer ceW [gyeesÙeer peeleer nw lees Ùen heeveer meesKeleer nw~ Ûetves keâe Devegheele DeefOekeâ nesves
heeveer meesKeves kesâ yeeo FËš keâer meeceLÙe& ceW keâceer nes mekeâleer nw– hej, efmeefuekeâe kesâ keâCe keâce
25 ØeefleMele leeheceeve hej ner efheIeue peeles nw
■ Deefle peueer ngF& FËš (overburnt brick) ØeÙeesie nes mekeâleer nw– efpememes FËš efJeke=âle nes peeleer nw~
kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS efceueeJee (Aggregate) 4. ueewn DeekeämeeF[ Ùen ieeuekeâ keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw
■ efvecee&Ce keâeÙe& kesâ efueS, Gòece FËšW efkeâme Jeie& ceW Deeleer nQ– Deewj yeeuet kesâ keâCeeW keâes keâce
ØeLece ßesCeer leeheceeve hej efheIeueeves ceW
■ Jen FËš pees GÛÛe leehe›eâce hej efyevee efheIeues leLee cegueeÙece ngS Yeej
meneÙekeâ neslee nw~
Jenve keâj mekeâleer nw keânueeleer nw– T<ceemen FËš
Fmekeâer cee$ee 5 ØeefleMele mes
■ Skeâ ØeLece ßesCeer keâer T<ceemen FËš Fme leehe›eâce mes DeefOekeâ hej
cegueeÙece nes peeleer nw– 1650oC mes DeefOekeâ DeefOekeâ nesves hej FËš keâe jbie
■ cee@[guej FËšeW keâe Deekeâej neslee nw– 19cm × 9cm × 9 cm keâeuee veeruee heÌ[ peelee nw~
■ øeâe@ie Meyo keâe leelheÙe& neslee nw– 5. cewiveerefMeÙee Fmekeâer DeefOekeâ cee$ee nesves hej
FËš kesâ Thej yeveeÙee ieÙee efÛevn FËš cebs heerueeheve Dee peelee nw~
■ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ kesâ Devegmeej FËšeW keâer uecyeeF& peeBÛeves kesâ efueS
■ Skeâ Ieve ceeršj FËš efÛeveeF& ceW ceevekeâ FËšeW keâer mebKÙee efkeâleveer
vÙetvelece efkeâleveer FËšeW keâes efueÙee peevee ÛeeefnS– 20
nesleer nw– 500
■ keâewve meer ce=oe FËšW yeveeves kesâ efueS DeÛÚer nesleer nw– ■ helLej efÛeveeF& ceW helLejeW keâe Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebmlejCe leue Deewj oeye
$e+legnle ce=efòekeâe efoMee keäÙee nesleer nw– DeefYeuecye (Normal)
■ ce=efòekeâe ceW SuÙegefcevee keâer DeefOekeâlee–
■ meeceevÙe YeJeve FËšes keâer mebheer[ve Øeyeuelee efkeâmemes keâce veneR nesveer
megKeeves hej FËš ceW ojejs nesves ueieleer nQ Deewj štš peeleer nw ÛeeefnS– 3.5 N/mm2
leLee efJeke=âle nes peeleer nw~ ■ peye Skeâ ØeLece ßesCeer FËš keâes 24 Iebšs lekeâ "C[s peue ceW [gyeesÙee
FËš efvecee&Ce ceW ce=oe kesâ Ieškeâ peelee nw lees Gmes Deheves Meg<keâ Yeej kesâ______mes DeefOekeâ peue
DeJeMeesef<ele veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnS– 20%
›eâ.meb. Ieškeâ Ieškeâes kesâ ØekeâeÙe&
■ FËš keâe ueeue jbie efkeâmekeâer efJeÅeceevelee kesâ keâejCe neslee nw–
1. yeeuet Ùee Ùen FËš keâer efceóer keâe ØecegKe Dee@Ùejve Dee@keämeeF[
efmeefuekeâe Ieškeâ nw~ ■ efyevee ef$ekeâesCeerÙe keâesCe Jeeueer FËš keâe Jen Yeeie pees uecyeeF& Deewj
Ùen FËš keâes efmekegâÌ[ves, Heâšves ÛeewÌ[eF& kesâ DeeOes kesâ yejeyej nes, keäÙee keânueelee nw–
leLee šsÌ{e nesves mes jeskeâlee nw~ keäJeerve keäueespej
yeeuet FËš keâer meeceLÙe& keâes pees FËš Jepeve ceW nukeâer nesleer nw, T<cee mebÛejCe OJeefve Deewj veceer
yeÌ{elee nw~ keâce keâjleer nw, Gmes keânles nQ–
KeesKeueer FËš, keâesšj FËš, keâesefMekeâerÙe FËš
FËš cebs Fmekeâer cee$ee
DeeJeMÙekeâlee mes DeefOekeâ nesves DeÛÚs FËš keâer efÛekeâveer efceóer ceW SuÙetefcevee keâe ØeefleMele nesvee
ÛeeefnS– 20% – 30%
hej FËšW Yebiegj nes peeleer nw~
■ FËš ce=oe (Brick Earth) ceW SuÙegefcevee keâe cegKÙe keâeÙe& keäÙee nw–
2. Suegefcevee Fmecebs yevOekeâ heoeLe& keâs iegCe vecÙelee yeÌ{vee
nesles nw~ ■ Skeâ DeÛÚer FËš keâe Jen Ieškeâ, efpemekeâer DeefOekeâlee keâÛÛeer FËš keâes
Suegefcevee kesâ keâejCe ner FËš megKeeves Ùee hekeâeves hej efmekegâÌ[ves SJeb DeefveÙeefcelelee keâe keâejCe yeveleer
keâes {euee pee mekeâlee nw~ nw– SuÙegefcevee
10
■ T<ceemen FËšeW keâer vÙetvelece DeJeYebpeve meeceLÙe& nesleer nw– ■ Skeâ npeej FËšeW kesâ efueS keâjerye efkeâleves Ieveceeršj efcešdšer keâer pe™jle
125 kg/cm2 mes keâce veneR nesleer nw– 2
■ T<ceemen FËšW 24 Iebšs ceW heeveer keâe DeJeMees<eCe keâjleer nQ– ■ meceeve Deekeâej Je Deeke=âefle kesâ keäues yueekeâ keânueeles nQ– FËš
5 mes 10 ØeefleMele ■ ØeLece ßesCeer kesâ FËš keâer peue DeJeMees<eCe #ecelee Gmekesâ Meg<keâ Yeej kesâ
_____ mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– 16.6%
■ DeÛÚer FËš ce=oe ceW efmeefuekeâe keâe ueieYeie ØeefleMele neslee nw–
■ yeeb[ keâe Øekeâej efpemeceW Skeâevlej jös ceW ns[j leLee mš^sÛej neslee nQ–
50 mes 60 ØeefleMele Deb«espeer yeeB[
■ FËšeW keâer efcešdšer ceW peye vecekeâ leLee #eej keâer cee$ee DeefOekeâ nes peeleer ■ FËš efÛeveeF& ceW FËš kesâ efouues (øeâe@ie) keâes Deece leewj hej jKee peelee
nw lees FËšeW keâer melen hej Skeâ mehesâo lelJe pecee nes peelee nw, efpemes nw– Meer<e& Heâuekeâ
keânles nQ– ueesvee ueievee (Efflroscence) ■ FËšeW keâe meeceLÙe&-DeeOeeefjle JeieeakeâjCe efkeâme DeeOeej hej efkeâÙee peelee
■ Skeâ T<ceemen FËš kesâ efueS Ieškeâ pees neefvekeâejkeâ neslee nw– Ûetvee nw– IS : 3102
■ Skeâ ieesue keâesvee FËš (bull nose brick) meeceevÙele: ØeÙeesie keâer ■ FËšeW keâes GheÙegòeâ Deekeâej ceW {eueves kesâ efueS keâewve-mee hueeefmškeâlee
peeleer nw– mebiece oerJeejeW kesâ leerKes keâesvees hej Øeoeve keâjlee nw– SuÙegefcevee
■ FËšeW keâer heLeeF& ceW ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeuee uekeâÌ[er keâe meebÛee nesvee ■ ce=efòekeâe keâer FËšW efpeme efceóer mes yeveeF& peeleer nQ, GmeceW keäÙee neslee
ÛeeefnS– MeerMece keâer uekeâÌ[er keâe nw– 35 – 70% efmeefuekeâe Deewj 10 – 20% SuÙegefcevee
■ FËš peueeves keâe leeheceeve nw – 9000 mes 12000C
■ FËšeW keâe efouuee (frog) meeOeejCeleÙee yeveeÙee peelee nw, Fmekeâer–
■ ne@heâcewve Yešd"e mes ØeLece ßesCeer keâer FËšW Øeehle nesleer nQ, ueieYeie–
Thejer melen hej
90³ lekeâ
■ FËš peye hetâue (swelling) peeleer nw, lees Fme oes<e keâes keânles nQ–
■ ne@heâcewve Yešdše ceW kegâue efkeâleves Øekeâes<" nesles nQ– 12
yueesefšbie
■ I.S. : 1077-1970 kesâ Devegmeej meeOeejCe FËš keâe Deekeâej nesvee
■ KeesKeueer FËšW (hollow bricks) ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nQ–
ÛeeefnÙes– 19 mesceer. × 9 mesceer. × 9 mesceer.
KeesKeueer oerJeej ceW
■ peye FËšeW keâer heLeeF& ceW heeveer ØeÙeesie neslee nw lees Ùen heLeeF&
■ ›eâesceeFš FËšW nesleer nQ– Goemeerve T<ceemen FËšW keânueeleer nw– ieerueer heLeeF& (Wet moulding)
■ Yešd"s ceW heerueer FËšW nesleer nQ– Thej keâer Deesj (top) ■ FËš kesâ meeBÛes ceW iegbpeeFMe FËš kesâ megKeeves Je hekeâeves ceW FËš kesâ efkeâme
■ hepeeJes ceW FËš keâes hekeâeves hej ØeLece ßesCeer keâer FËšeW keâer Deewmele ØeYeeJe keâes efveef<›eâÙe keâjves kesâ efueS oer peeleer nw– mebkegâÛeve
efvekeâemeer nesleer nw– 50³ ■ Je=òeekeâej FËš (circle bricks) ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw–
■ FËš Yešd"s (kiln) ceW FËšeW keâer hekeâeF& hetjer nesleer nw– 24 Iebšs ceW Je=òeekeâej ceerveejeW leLee ieesue kegâDeeW ceW
■ Peecee (Jhama) FËš nesleer nw– yengle DeefOekeâ hekeâer ngF& ■ DelÙevle megIešdÙe (plastic) ßesCeer keâer šeFueeW keâer efcešdšer ceW nesleer
■ KeesKeueer FËšeW keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw– nw– yeeuet keâer Deuhe cee$ee
leehe keâe ØeeflejesOe keâjves kesâ efueS ■ šsjekeâesše efcešdšer lewÙeej keâjves ceW efmeefuekeâe keâer cee$ee nesleer nw–
■ Skeâ T<ceemen FËš keâe Yeej neslee nw– 2400 kg/m3 60 mes 65 ØeefleMele
■ T<cee men ßesCeer keâer FËš efkeâleves mes keâce leehe›eâce hej veneR efheIeueveer ■ hekeâeÙes ieÙes šsjekeâesše keâe Øeeke=âeflekeâ jbie neslee nw– nukeâe heeruee jbie
ÛeeefnS– 1700oC ■ jeWo Ûekeäkeâer (pug mill) ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw– FËš ce=oe keâes
■ heLeeF& kesâ heMÛeeled FËšeW keâes megKeevee ÛeeefnS– ietbLeves ceW
Oethe mes otj nJee ceW 3 mes 8 efoveeW lekeâ ■ šeFueeW keâes peueeves (burning) kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle leehe›eâce neslee nw–
1250 mes 1300oC
■ nwJeer [dÙetšer ceMeerve ceW yeveer FËšeW keâe peue DeJeMees<eCe Fmemes DeefOekeâ
veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– Yeej keâe 5 ØeefleMele 3. cemeeuee (Mortar)
■ DeÛÚer efkeâmce keâer FËšeW keâe Yeej Øeefle Ieveceeršj neslee nw–
1500 mes 1900 efkeâ«ee.
■ keâueer Ûetvee nw– kewâefuMeÙece Dee@keämeeF[
■ kesâJeue jemeeÙeefvekeâ ef›eâÙee kesâ hetCe& nesves kesâ efueÙes DeeJeMÙekeâ peue keâer
■ FËšeW ceW ueesvee ueieves keâe keâejCe neslee nw–
cee$ee keâes efceueekeâj yegPeeÙes ieÙes peues ngÙes Ûetves mes Glheeefole Ûetvee pees
meuhesâš ueJeCeeW keâer DeefOekeâlee Meg<keâ heeG[j kesâ ™he ceW GheefmLele jnlee nw– peueÙeesefpele Ûetvee
■ Gòece iegCeJeòee Jeeueer FËš keâer efcešdšer kesâ efueS cegKÙe DeJeÙeJe nw– ■ YeJeve efvecee&Ce Ùee FbpeerefveÙejer mebjÛevee keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS meyemes Gòece
SuÙegefcevee leLee GheÙegkeäle Ûetves keâer efkeâmce nesleer nw– peueerÙe Ûetvee
■ leehemen FËšeW keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– efÛeceefveÙeeW/onve ■ heeveer ceW Megæ Ûetvee– IegueveMeerue nw
keâ#eeW ceW ■ Jees Ûetvee efpemeceW GÛÛe kewâequMeÙece Dee@keämeeF[ keâer cee$ee nesleer nw,
■ heâeÙej keäues ceW neslee nw Megæ– neF[^sš SuÙegceerefveÙece efmeefuekesâš keânueelee nw– Megæ Ûetvee/mehesâo Ûetvee
11
■ nJee mes mecheke&â efkeâS efyevee Ùee nJee keâer DevegheefmLeefle ceW Ûetvee helLej ■ ueer-ÛewefšefueÙej hejer#eCe..... kesâ keâejCe meercesvš keâer efveoe&sef<elee keâes
keâes ueeue nesves lekeâ iece& keâjves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw– efvemleeheve henÛeevelee nw– kesâJeue cegòeâ Ûetvee
■ peueerÙe Ûetvee (hydraulic lime) heeveer ceW– ■ OPC keâe Deefvlece peceeJe keâeue......mes DeefOekeâ vener nesvee ÛeeefnS–
pece peelee nw leLee meKle nes peelee nw 10 hrs.
■ Megæ Ûetvee, hewâš ueeFce (fat lime) keânueelee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ– Ùen ■ meercesvš keâe peceeJe keâeue.... keâes efceueeves mes yeÌ{eÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
yegPeves kesâ yeeo Deheves DeeÙeleve keâe ogiegvee efpehmece
■ meeOeejCe heesš&uewC[ meercesvš keâer meeceevÙe meIevelee ueieYeie nesleer nw–
Ùee efleiegvee nes peelee nw
30%
■ I.S 712-1973 JeieeakeâjCe kesâ Devegmeej Megæ Ûetves keâe JeieeakeâjCe
■ efJekeâeš GhekeâjCe keâe ØeÙeesie..... kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw– meIevelee
efkeâÙee ieÙee nw– C ßesCeer Ûetvee
hejer#eCe
■ yegPes Ûetves keâes Fbefiele keâjlee nw– Ca(OH)2
■ heeveer kesâ Yeerlej mebjÛevee kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle Ûetvee nw– peueerÙe Ûetvee meerceWš cemeeues kesâ cegKÙe Devegheele leLee GheÙeesie
■ peye Ûetves ceW heespeesueevee efceueeÙee peelee nw lees heefjCeece neslee nw– (meercebsš : yeeuet) Devegheele GheÙeesie
Ûetves ceW peueerÙe iegCe Dee peelee nQ
1 : 6 Je 1 : 5 efÛeveeF& keâeÙe& leLee hueemšj kesâ
■ ßes<" peueerÙe Ûetvee ceW efÛekeâveer efcešdšer keâe ØeefleMele neslee nw–
efueS
20 mes 30³
■ peueerÙe Ûetves ceW efveefnle cegKÙe DeJeÙeJe nw pees Gmes peue ceW ÂÌ{ yeveeÙes 1:3 [eš keâeÙe& leLee Øeyeefuele FËš keâeÙe&
jKeves keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw– efÛekeâveer efceóer kesâ efueS
■ Megæ Ûetves keâes yegPeeves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeueer meyemes GheÙegòeâ 1:2 šerhe keâeÙe& kesâ efueS
efJeefOe nw– šQkeâ ceW yegPeevee ■ meerceWš keâer mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& keâer peebÛe kesâ efueS Ieve kesâ meeBÛes keâe
■ Ûetves keâe Jen iegCe, efpemekesâ keâejCe Jen heeveer keâer ceewpetoieer ceW Deekeâej neslee nw– 7.06 cm
pecekeâj keâ"esj nes peelee nw, keânueelee nw– peueerÙe iegCe ■ heesš&ueQ[ meercesvš ceW Jen Ùeewefiekeâ ceW pees peue efceueeves kesâ yeeo meyemes
■ Megæ Ûetves Ùee Hewâš ueeFce ceW DeMegefæÙeeW keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– henues pecelee nw– š^eF&–kewâefuMeÙece SuÙetefcevesš
5³ mes keâce ■ DelÙeefOekeâ meeOeejCe DeefOeefceßeCe pees kebâ›eâerš kesâ ØeejefcYekeâ
peceeJekeâeue keâes lJeefjle keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
■ DeveyegPes Ûetves keâe peceeJe efkeâmekeâer ceewpetoieer ceW neslee nw– kewâefuMeÙece keäueesjeF[
keâeye&ve [eF& Dee@keämeeF[ ■ Skeâ ceevekeâ yewie ceW meercesvš keâe DeeÙeleve nw– 0.034m3
■ heespeesueevee Ûetves keâe DeejeqcYekeâ peceeJe meceÙe neslee nw– 2 Iebšs ■ meercesvš kesâ meeceLÙe& keâe efJekeâeme Deewj Gmekeâer met#celee nw–
yegPeeves keâer Øeef›eâÙee kesâ oewjeve, Ûetves keâe DeeÙeleve– yeÌ{lee nw meerOes meceevegheeleer
■ Ûetvee–helLej (ueeFcemšesve) keâes 900 C leehe lekeâ iejce keâj Je
ο
■ Skeâ peueÙeesefpele meercesvš uegioer ceW, cegKÙe meeceLÙe& efkeâme DeJeÙeJe kesâ
keâeye&ve [eFDee@keämeeF[ keâes efvekeâeue keâj DeveyegPee Ûetvee yeveeves keâer keâejCe nesleer nw– neF[^sš kewâefuMeÙece efmeefuekesâš
Øeef›eâÙee keâes keânles nQ– efvemleeheve
■ keâueerÛetvee kesâ meeLe heeveer efceefßele keâjves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw– ■ meercesvš ceW efkeâmekeâe ØeefleMele DeefOekeâlece neslee nw– Ûetvee
Ûetves keâe yegPeevee ■ meercesvš ceW pees DeJeÙeJe vÙetvelece ØeefleMele ceW neslee nw, Jen nw–
■ hegóer mes yeveleer nw– #eej (mees[e Je heesšeMe)
heeG[j Ûeekeâ Deewj keâÛÛee Deuemeer keâs lesue
■ meercesvš ceW jemeeÙeefvekeâ Ùeewefiekeâ pees meyemes henues pecelee nw, keânueelee
■ efkeâme Øekeâej keâe Ûetvee hueemšj keâjves Deewj mehesâoer keâjves kesâ efueS nw– š^eF kewâequMeÙece SuÙegefcevesš (C3A)
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– Megæ Ûetvee
■ meercesvš uecyes meceÙe kesâ yeeo Yeer meeceLÙe& Øeehle keâjlee nw, Fmekeâe
■ peueiele efvecee&Ce kesâ efueS efkeâme Øekeâej keâe Ûetvee ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
keâejCe– [eF kewâequMeÙece efmeefuekesâš (C2S)
nw– peueerÙe Ûetvee
■ Jen jemeeÙeefvekeâ Ùeewefiekeâ pees meercesvš kesâ ØeejeqcYekeâ peceeJekeâeue meceÙe
■ Yetce Yemce...... mes GlheVe DeJeefMe° nw– leeheerÙe Meefòeâ hueebš
keâes yeÌ{e oslee nw– efpehmece
■ kebâ›eâerš keâe mLeeefÙelJe meceevegheeleer neslee nw–
meercesvš-efceueeJee Devegheele ■ Oeerceer ieefle mes peceves Jeeues meercesvš ceW GÛÛe ØeefleMele neslee nw–
■ ueer–ÛewefšefueÙej GhekeâjCe Éeje efveoexef<elee hejer#eCe ceW mebkesâlekeâeW kesâ [eF-kewâequMeÙece efmeefuekesâš (C2S)
yeerÛe otjer ceW yeÌ{esòejer DeefOekeâ vener nesvee ÛeeefnS– 5mes 10 efceceer ■ Skeâ yeeBOe keâer veeRJe kesâ efueS meyemes Gòece leLee GheÙegkeäle meercesvš
■ Ùeefo P efoÙes ngS meercesvš keâer ceevekeâ meIevelee nw leye ØeejefcYekeâ nesiee– Deuhe T<cee heesš&uewC[ meercesvš
peceeJekeâeue efveOee&jCe kesâ efueS meercesvš hesmš yeveeves kesâ efueS efceueeÙeer ■ oes Je<e& lekeâ mšesj ceW mšesj keâjves kesâ heMÛeeled meercesvš keâer meeceLÙe& ceW
ieÙeer peue keâer cee$ee nw– meercesvš kesâ Yeej keâe 0.85P% efkeâleves ØeefleMele keâer keâceer nesleer nw– 50³
12
■ meercesvš cemeeues ceW yebOekeâ heoeLe& neslee nw– meercesvš heesš&uewC[ meercesvš keâe ÂÌ{erkeâjCe FveceW mes efkeâme ™he ceW heefjYeeef<ele
■ Skeâ meercesvš kesâ yewie kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ heeveer keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– efkeâÙee peelee nw–
20-30 ueeršj lejue mes keâ"esj DeJemLee ceW meercesvš uesheer keâes yeouevee
■ pJeueve Üeme (loss of ignition) kesâ efueS meercesvš kesâ vecetves keâer MJesle meerceWš ceW efkeâmekeâer ØeefleMelelee meyemes keâce nesveer ÛeeefnS–
peebÛe keâjles meceÙe vecetves keâes efkeâme leehe›eâce hej iece& efkeâÙee peelee ueewn Dee@keämeeF[
nw– 1000oC mesefumeÙeme
mveesmece keäÙee neslee nw– jbieerve meerceWš
■ Skeâ Gòece heesš&uewC[ meercesCš ceW Fmekeâer cee$ee DeefOekeâ nesveer
ÛeeefnS– š^eF&-kewâequMeÙece efmeefuekesâš meeOeejCe heesšsuewC[ meerceWš keâe efJeefMe<š ieg®lJe efkeâlevee neslee nw–
3.14
■ meercesvš keâer ØeejeqcYekeâ 24 Ievšs mes 28 efove keâer DeJeefOe keâer meeceLÙe&
efkeâmekesâ keâejCe nesleer nw– C 3S ueer-ÛewefšeffueÙej efJeefOe keâe ØeÙeesie leÙe keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee
■ jesšjer Yešd"s ceW meercesvš keâes peueeves kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ leehe›eâce nw– meerceWš keâer efveoexef<elee
nesvee ÛeeefnS– 1500oC mes 1650oC Skeâ yewie meerceWš keâe Jepeve neslee nw– 50 kg
■ efkeâmeer Yeer Øekeâej kesâ heesš&uewC[ meercesvš ceW meercesvš keâe hewâueeJe leepee kebâ›eâerš keâe DeejbefYekeâ peceeJe keâeue nesvee ÛeeefnS–
............ mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 10 efce.ceer. vÙetvelece 30 efceveš mes DeefOekeâ
■ meeOeejCe heesš&uewC[ meercesvš keâe I.S.I. Ûeeueveer mes Úeveves kesâ yeeo
meercesvš ceW DeIegueveMeerue DeJeMes<e nesvee ÛeeefnS– 15% mes keâce
DeJeMes<e, DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 10 ØeefleMele
■ meercesvš kebâ›eâerš keâe mLeeefÙelJe yeÌ{eves kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee peelee nw–
■ ceevekeâ yeeuet (standard sand) keâe hetje veece neslee nw–
meercesvš keâer cee$ee ceW Je=efæ
ueeFšve yegpee[& yeeuet
■ meercesvš kebâ›eâerš keâer meeceLÙe& ØeOeevele: efveYe&j keâjleer nw–
■ MeerIeÇ yeue«eener meerceWš (repid hardening cement) keâes Úueveer
peue-meercesvš kesâ Devegheele hej
veb. 9 ceW mes Úeveves kesâ yeeo DeJeMes<e (residual) Fmemes DeefOekeâ
■ yesnlej leehe ØeeflejesOeer nw– kebâ›eâerš
veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 5 ØeefleMele
■ meercesvš kebâ›eâerš keâer ef›eâÙeeMeeruelee yeÌ{eF& pee mekeâleer nw–
■ efÛeceefveÙeeW, Yeefšd"ÙeeW leLee jemeeÙeefvekeâ hueevšeW nsleg meercesvš pees Gòece
meercesvš keâer cee$ee yeÌ{ekeâj
Je GheÙegkeäle jnlee nw– GÛÛe SuÙegefcevee meerceWš
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW mebÙegkeäle (cenerve Je ceesšs) efceueeJes keâer cee$ee kegâue cee$ee keâe
■ meerceWš kesâ ØeejeqcYekeâ peceeJe meceÙe kesâ oewjeve efJekeâeš kesâ GhekeâjCe ceW efkeâlevee ØeefMele nesleer nw– 66-70³
meercesvš keâe Yeej pees efueÙee peelee nw– 300 gm
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW meercesvš keâer cee$ee mekeâue cee$ee keâer efkeâleves ØeefleMele nesleer
■ Gòece heesš&uewC[ meercesvš keâer efJeefMe<š melener #es$eheâue keâce veneR nw– 7 mes 16³
nesveer ÛeeefnS– 2250 Jeie& mesceer/«eece ■ meercesvš kebâ›eâerš keâer ØeÙeesieMeeuee ceW keâcheve Je oeye kesâ meeLe kegâšeF&
■ heesš&uewC[ meercesvš ceW efmeefuekeâe keâe ØeefleMele neslee nw– kesâ efueÙes vÙetvelece peue meercesvš nesveer ÛeeefnS– 40³
20 mes 25³ lekeâ ■ kebâ›eâerš kesâ mebnveve (compaction) keâer Øeef›eâÙee Meg™ nes peeveer
■ meercesvš kesâ Glheeove ceW Deeceleewj hej efceueeS ieS efpehmece keâer cee$ee ÛeeefnS– efvecee&Ce mLeue hej efyeÚeves kesâ lelkeâeue yeeo
nesleer nw– 3 mes 5³ lekeâ ■ meercesvš kebâ›eâerš ceW heeveer keâer cee$ee kegâue cee$ee keâer kesâJeue efkeâleves
■ MeerIeÇ peceves Jeeues meercesvš ceW efceueeÙee peeves Jeeuee Ùeewefiekeâ nw– ØeefleMele nesleer nw– 15 mes 20³
kewâequMeÙece keäueesjeF[ ■ meeOeejCe kebâ›eâerš keâe mebkegâÛeve neslee nw, ueieYeie–
3 mes 6 efceceer/10 ceeršj
■ meercesvš keâe meeceevÙe ieeÌ{eheve neslee nw– ueieYeie 25³
■ efkeâleves peue meercesvš Devegheele mes keâce hej kebâ›eâerš megkeâeÙe& veneR nw–
■ Skeâ DeÛÚs heesš&uewC[ meercesvš Deewj meeOeejCe yeeuet kesâ cemeeues keâer 3
0.4
efoveeW lekeâ lejeF& keâjves (curing) kesâ yeeo mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& keâce ■ megkeâeÙe& meercesvš kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS heeveer-meercesvš keâe Devegheele neslee
veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 115 efkeâ.«ee./mesceer2 nw– 0.60
■ hJee@Fbefšbie (šerhe) kesâ keâeÙe& ceW meercesvš cemeeues keâe Devegheele neslee nw– ■ mLeeefÙelJe Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece heeveer-meerceWš Devegheele
1:2 neslee nw– 0.8
heesš&ueQ[ meerceWš kesâ cegKÙe Ieškeâ nw– Ûetvee Deewj efmeefuekeâe ■ cemeeuee yebOekeâ heoeLe&, heeveer leLee efkeâmekeâe efceßeCe nw–
cenerve efceueeJee
mvees›eâerš Skeâ hesšWš ™he nw– peuemen meerceWš heWšes keâe
■ Ûetvee cemeeuee yeveeves ceW ØeeÙe: Ûetves leLee jsle Je megKeea keâe Devegheele
peueerÙe meerceWš efkeâme YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ keâes[ mes mecyeefvOele nw– neslee nw– 1:2 mes 1:3
IS : 8043 – 1991 ■ ieeje ceW yeeuet efceueeves mes– meboueve meeceLÙe& ceW Je=efæ nesleer nw
Deesefuekeâ Decue keâes efkeâmekesâ efvecee&Ce ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– ■ DeÛÚe leLee Gòece efkeâmce keâe yeeuet Øeehle neslee nw–
peue–Øeeflekeâ<eea meercesvš veefoÙeeW kesâ leue mes
13
■ keâe<" ÛetCe&, uekeâÌ[er kesâ Úerueve Ùee uekeâÌ[er kesâ yegjeos keâes yeeuet Deewj ■ heneÌ[er #es$eeW ceW efmLele JeveeW kesâ keâešves keâer keâewve-meer $e+leg Gòece nw–
Ûetves Ùee meercesvš kesâ meeLe efceefßele keâjkesâ lewÙeej efkeâÙee ieÙee cemeeuee «eer<ce $e+leg
(mortar) keânueelee nw– nukesâ Yeej Jeeuee cemeeuee ■ Jen uekeâÌ[er pees YeJeve efvecee&Ce leLee DevÙe FbpeerefveÙejer keâeÙeeX kesâ efueÙes
■ Ûetvee cemeeuee yeveeves kesâ efueÙes GmeceW keâewve-mee Deef›eâÙe heoeLe& efceueeÙee ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw– Fceejleer uekeâÌ[er
peelee nw– veoer keâer leueer mes Øeehle jsle ■ Je=#e keâer DeeÙeg keâe Devegceeve ueieeÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
■ efpeme Ûetvee cemeeuee ceW cenerve efceueeJes kesâ ™he ceW jeKeer (ash or Jeeef<e&keâ JeueÙeeW keâer mebKÙee mes
cinder) keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, Gmes keânles nQ– keâeuee cemeeuee ■ efkeâmeer Fceejleer uekeâÌ[er kesâ Je=#e kesâ leves kesâ efÚuekesâ kesâ veerÛes efpeme
■ meercesvš-Ûetvee-yeeuet cemeeuee– Oeerceer ieefle mes keâ"esj neslee nw Yeeie ceW peerefJele keâesefMekeâe jnleer nw, keânueelee nw– mewheJeg[
■ yewueeW Éeje ÛeueeF& peeves Jeeueer Ieeveer keâe Ûetvee cemeeuee yeveeves ceW ■ Skeâ veÙes efiejs ngS Je=#e ceW heeveer keâe ØeefleMele neslee nw–50 ØeefleMele
KeeF& keâer ienjeF& ØeeÙe: nesleer nw– 35 mesceer.
■ Yeªer mebMees<eCe (Yeªer hekeâeF&) ceW uekeâÌ[er kesâ mebMees<eCe kesâ efueS
7 efove kesâ Ieve meeceLÙe& mes kebâ›eâerš IeveeW keâer 28 efove kesâ meboueve Dehesef#ele meceÙe nw– 4 mes 5 efove
meeceLÙe& kesâ Deekeâueve kesâ efueS, nce 7 efove kesâ Ieve meeceLÙe& keâes ■ Meg<keâ ieueve kesâ keâejCe uekeâÌ[er– keâe ÛetCe& yeve peelee nw
iegCee keâjles nQ– 1.5 ■ oercekeâ kesâ Øeefle ØeeflejesOe kesâ efueS meyemes DeÛÚe Je=#e neslee nw–
meerceWš keâe peceeJe keâeue keâe hejer#eCe keâjves mes henues _____ keâjvee MeerMece
ÛeeefnS– meIevelee hejer#eCe ■ uekeâefÌ[ÙeeW keâer meeceLÙe& yeÌ{leer nw– Meg<keâlee yeÌ{ves mes
Skeâ meerceWš hesmš ceW meghejhueeefmšmeeF]pej keâer Yetefcekeâe nw– ■ jsueJes mueerhej kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeueer GheÙegkeäle uekeâÌ[er– ÛeerÌ[
keâCeeW keâes hewâueeves, nJeeF& yegueyegues keâes nševes Deewj mesefšbie keâes ■ Ûebove keâe<" keâe Deewmele Yeej neslee nw– 915 efkeâ.«ee./ceer3
Oeercee keâjves keâer ■ uekeâÌ[er keâe 5 mesceer. mes heleuee leLee 10 mesceer. mes keâce uecyee
hueemšj Dee@heâ hesefjme efkeâmekesâ efvemleeheve mes Øeehle efkeâÙee peelee nw– šgkeâÌ[e keânueelee nw– hešdšer
efpehmece ■ Devlepee&le Je=#e nw– yeWle/yeeBme
efpehmece ceW neslee nw– CaSO4SJeb H2O
■ uekeâÌ[er keâe mebMees<eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw– veceer keâes otj keâjkesâ
■ Øekeâe<" keâe Skeâmeceeve mebMees<eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw– efJeÅegle mebMees<eCe
keâewve mes heoeLeeX keâes Skeâ Yeªer ceW peueeves mes heesš&ueQ[ meerceWš efveefce&le ■ Skeâ Øekeâe<" keâe šgkeâÌ[e efpemekeâer Ûeew[Ì eF& Ùee ceesšeF& 5 mesceer. mes
neslee nw– Ûetvee helLej Deewj keäues DeefOekeâ veneR nesleer nw, keânueelee nw– yewšve (leKlee)
■ Jen efceueeJee pees IS Ûeeueveer 4.75 mm mes heeefjle nes peelee nw leLee
■ uekeâÌ[er keâer leveve meeceLÙe& nesleer nw DeefOekeâlece–
IS Ûeeueveer 75 ceeF›eâesve hej hetCe&leÙe: ®keâ peelee nw, keânueelee nw–
cenerve efceueeJee uekeâÌ[er kesâ jsMeeW kesâ meceeveevlej
■ cenerve efceueeJes keâe met#celee ceeheebkeâ.... kesâ yeerÛe nesvee ÛeeefnS– ■ keâe<" kesâ uešd"eW keâes lespe Oethe ceW megKeeves hej Demeceeve efmekegâÌ[ve kesâ
2.2 mes 3.2 keâejCe GlheVe nesves Jeeuee uekeâÌ[er keâe oes<e keânueelee nw–
■ kebâ›eâerš efcekeäme ceW efceueeJes keâe ßesCeerkeâjCe.... keâes Øeehle keâjves kesâ leeje efJeheeš (star shake)
efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ nesleer nw– jvOeÇeW ceW keâceer ■ ßes<" keâe<" kesâ he=<"eJejCeeW keâes efJe<ece mebKÙee ceW mejsme mes efÛehekeâekeâj
■ yeeuet keâe hetâuevee neslee nw– Skeâ efveefMÛele DebMe lekeâ veceer yeveeÙeer ieF& uekeâÌ[er keâes keânles nQ– hueeF&Jeg[
keâer GheefmLeefle kesâ keâejCe yeeuet kesâ DeeÙeleve ceW Je=efæ ■ hešefuele leKles keâer ceesšeF& nes mekeâleer nw– 25 mes 30 efceceer. lekeâ
■ Skeâ Úesše kegbâoe (short log) efpemekeâer uecyeeF& 1.5 ceeršj Ùee
4. Øe keâe‰ (Timber) Fmemes keâce nesleer nw, keânueelee nw– yeesuš
■ Meg<keâ ieueve leLee ieeruee ieueve nesles nw– ■ efkeâmeer Je=#e ceW Úeue Deewj keâe<" (wood) kesâ yeerÛe keâe mlej
Øekeâe‰ kesâ oes<e Ùee efJekeâej keânueelee nw– SOee mlej/kewâefcyeÙece hejle
■ jsueJes mueerhej kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer uekeâÌ[er meeceevÙele: ■ mebjÛeveelcekeâ keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS uekeâÌ[er ceW Deeõ&lee keâe ØeefleMele DeefOekeâ
nesleer nw– kewâue veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 15³
■ uešd"s kesâ DejerÙe efJeheeš pees efkeâ yeenj keâer lejheâ ÛeewÌ[s leLee efheLe ■ heâveeaÛej kesâ efueS meyemes DeÛÚer leLee GheÙegkeäle uekeâÌ[er nesleer nw–
(Pith) keâer lejheâ heleues nesles nQ, keânueeles nQ– leeje efJeheeš meeieewve (100 kg/cm2)
■ efšcyej keâe meeceLÙe& DeefOekeâlece neslee nw efoMee ceW– ■ keâe<" jme kesâ JeeÙegmebMees<eCe kesâ efueS Dehesef#ele meceÙe nw–
jsMeeW kesâ meceeveevlej 6 mes 9 cenervee
■ uekeâÌ[er (efšcyej) DeefOekeâ DeefiveØeeflejesOeer yeveeÙeer pee mekeâleer nw– ■ 5 mesceer mes keâce ceesšer Deewj 12 mesceer mes DeefOekeâ ÛeewÌ[er uekeâÌ[er keâe
mej Syeue keâer Øeef›eâÙee leKlee keânueelee nw– yees[&
■ hueeF&Jeg[ ceW nesleer nw– DeefOekeâ DeeIeele ØeeflejesOe ■ hueeF&Jeg[, kesâ Éeje efJeefveefo&<š neslee nw–
■ yeefnpee&le Je=#eeW keâer DeeÙeg %eele keâer peeleer nw– Jeeef<e&keâ JeueÙeeW mes ceesšeF& Deewj mlejeW keâer mebKÙee
14
 Øekeâe‰ kesâ GheÙeesie Øekeâe‰ kesâ meeceevÙe ™he
leKlee (Plank) ÛeewÌ[eF& 5 cm mes DeefOekeâ Deewj ceesšeF& 5 cm
YeJeve efvecee&Ce ojJeepes, Oejve, HeâMe&, efuevšue, keâef[Ì ÙeeW
kesâ efueS lekeâ, uecyeeF& 2 mes 5 ceeršj
GÅeesiees ceW hueeF&Jeg[, efoÙee meueeF&, ieòee, keâeiepe kesâ yeuueer (Ballies) Ùes 6 ceer. mes 10 ceeršj uecyeeF& ceW nesles nw
efueS mueerhej 25 cm × 10 cm heefjÛÚso kesâ 3 mes 4
DemLeeÙeer efvecee&Ce Heâjceeyevoer, heeÌ[, ceÛeeve, Úhhej kesâ efueS (Sleepers) ceeršj uecyes nesles nw~
mebÛeej JÙeJemLee ceW efyepeueer kesâ KecYeeW, heesue kesâ efueS GhekeâÌ[er ceesšeF& 5 cm mes DeefOekeâ hejvleg 20 cm lekeâ
heefjJenve leLee jsueceeie& mueerhej, mebkesâle heš, jsueieeÌ[er kesâ ef[yyes (Scantling) nesleer nw~
kesâ efueS yeòee (Batten) ceesšeF& 5 cm mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesleer nw~
mecegõer keâeÙeeX cebs veeJe, ieesoer keâeÙe&, peueheesle kesâ efueS ■ 3 hueeF& Jeeueer hueeF&Jeg[ keâer ceesšeF& nesleer nw– 3 mes 5 efceceer.
FbpeerefveÙejer keâeÙeeX ceW hegueeW, Úle kewâefÛebÙeeW, veeJeeW kesâ hegue kesâ ■ ojJeepes keâer ÛeewKeš ceW TOJee&Oej meomÙe keâes keäÙee keânles nQ–
efueS KecYee (Post)
■ heebÛe hueeF& Jeeues MeeršeW keâer ceesšeF& nes mekeâleer nw–
keâewve meer uekeâÌ[er meyemes pÙeeoe meKle nesleer nw– MeerMece
6 mes 9 efceceer. lekeâ
■ Je=#e kesâ leves keâe kesâvõerÙe Yeeie pees Fmekesâ meye YeeieeW keâes Yeespeve efJeveerÙej Deewj Deemebpekeâ kesâ efceßeCe mes yeves Glheeo keâes FveceW mes keäÙee
hengBÛeelee nw, keânueelee nw– efheLe keâne peelee nw– hueeF&Jeg[
■ pee™ue keâer uekeâÌ[er nukeâer Deewj ...........jbie keâer nesleer nw– ueeue mewheJeg[ efkeâmemes yeveer nesleer nw– Deble: keâe‰ Deewj kewâefcyeÙece
■ oercekeâ mes efyeukegâue DeØeYeeefJele jnves Jeeueer uekeâÌ[er– meeieewve hejle kesâ yeerÛe keâer uekeâÌ[er kesâ Yeeie mes
■ Skeâ Øekeâe<" keâe šgkeâÌ[e efpemekeâer ÛeewÌ[eF& 10 mesceer. mes keâce leLee uekeâÌ[er kesâ Meg<keâ ieueve keâe keâejCe nw– mebJeeleve keâer keâceer
ceesšeF& 5 mesceer. keâce nesleer nw, keânueelee nw– efmš^he
yeefnpee&le hes[Ì mes mebyebefOele veneR nw– yeebme
DeÛÚer lejn mebMeesef<ele efšcyej keâe peueebMe neslee nw– 10 mes 12%
hesÌ[ efJekeâeme kesâ oewjeve hesÌ[ keâer štšer MeeKee kesâ keâejCe uekeâÌ[er ceW
efkeâmeer Je=#e keâer DeeÙeg %eele keâer pee mekeâleer nw– FveceW mes keâewve mee oes<e neslee nw– ieeB"
Jeeef<e&keâ JeueÙeeW keâer mebKÙee Éeje
uekeâÌ[er kesâ heejieceve kesâ oewjeve, DeefOekeâ heefjhekeäJelee Deewj efyevee nJee-
hueeF&Jeg[ keâe ueeYe Ùen nw– jesMeveer kesâ Yeb[ejCe kesâ keâejCe GlheVe nesves Jeeues oes<e keâes FveceW mes
meYeer efoMeeDeeW ceW meceeve leveve meeceLÙe& keäÙee keâne peelee nw– heâesefkeämevesme
hueeF&Jeg[ yeveeF& peeleer nw– kesâJeue šerkeâ keâer uekeâÌ[er mes
5. keâeBÛe (Glass)
keâe‰ kesâ meeBÛes Deeceleewj hej yeveeS peeles nQ–
MeerMece keâer uekeâÌ[er mes ■ IegueveMeerue keâebÛe nw– peueerÙe meesef[Ùece efmeefuekesâš
hueeF&Jeg[ keâes keâF& Øekeâej keâer hejleeW keâes peesÌ[keâj yeveeÙee peelee nw ■ meeOeejCe Iejsuet keâeBÛe neslee nw– mees[e-ueeF&ce keâebÛe
efkeâvneR oes hejleeW kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe neslee nw– 90 ■ Jeeleevegketâefuele YeJeveeW ceW ØeeÙe: keâewve-mee keâeBÛe ueieeÙee peelee nw–
0

uekeâÌ[er kesâ efÚõ Ùee jvOeÇÙegkeäle keâe[& keâer efmemšce ceW pees efkeâ uekeâÌ[er Peeieoej keâeBÛe
keâer henÛeeve ceW ØeÙegkeäle neslee nw, Skeâ keâe[& ceW nesles nQ– 96 efÚõ ■ jsue kesâ ef[yyeeW ceW ueieeS peeves Jeeuee keâeBÛe neslee nw–
uekeâÌ[er keâe cepeyetle šgkeâÌ[eW ceW efÛejeF& Éeje ®heeblejCe kesâ oewjeve, DeefJeefkeâjCeMeerue keâeBÛe
keâewve meer efÛejeF& keâer peeveer ÛeeefnS– ef$epÙekeâ efÛejeF& ■ keâew v e mee keâeB Ûe ØekeâeMe kes
â meeceevÙe DeeJeeieceve keâes ØeYeeefJele efkeâS
efyevee leehe kesâ mebÛeeueve keâe ØeeflejesOe keâjlee nw– efHeäuebš keâeBÛe
legueveelcekeâ ™he mes hueeF&Jeg[ yengle keâce hewâueles SJeb efmekegâÌ[les nQ,
keäÙeeWefkeâ– hueeF& Skeâ otmejs kesâ mecekeâesCe hej jKes nesles nQ ■ ieesueer ØeeflejesOeer keâeBÛe efkeâme efkeâmce keâe nw– lenoej keâeBÛe
■ Skeâ hes[Ì kesâ ceOÙe Yeeie keâes FveceW mes keäÙee keâne peelee nw– ceppee ■ jbieerve iueeme yeveeves ceW pees jbpekeâ JeCe&keâ (colouring pigment)
■ uekeâÌ[er ceW mesuÙetueespe keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– 60³ iueeme ceW efceueeÙee peelee nw Jen efkeâme meceÙe efceueeÙee peelee nw–
■ leeheceeve ceW Je=efæ mes uekeâÌ[er keâer meeceLÙe&– Iešleer nw õJelJe kesâ meceÙe
■ 9 Jeie&ceeršj Úle keâes {keâves kesâ efueS efkeâleveer hesšWške=âle KehejwueeW keâer ■ efye›eâer keâeGvšj hej ueieeÙee peeves Jeeuee keâeBÛe neslee nw–
pe™jle nesleer nw– 125 efHeäuebš keâeBÛe
■ efheLe mes DeejcYe neskeâj ceppee jefMceÙeeW keâer efoMee ceW mewheJeg[ lekeâ ■ keâeBÛe ceW efmeefuekeâe keâe ØeefleMele neslee nw– 70 mes 76 ØeefleMele
peeves Jeeues ef$epÙeekeâej ojej keânueeleer nQ– ■ ieesueermen keâeBÛe (bulletproof glass) Skeâ Øekeâej keâe iueeme nw–
Yeerlejer ojej Ùee lejsÌ[ (Heart Shake) uesefcevesefš[ iueeme
15
■ Deuš^eJee@Ùeuesš ØekeâeMe keâes mebÛeeefjle keâjves Jeeues keâebÛe keâes keânles 6. hueeefmškeâ
nQ– pewefJekeâ keâeBÛe (Vital glass)
■ efHeäuebš keâeBÛe, keâeBÛe Glheeove keâer yesefuele efJeefOe Éeje yeveeÙee peelee
(Plastics, PVC, CPVC & PPF)
nw~ Fmekeâer melen meceleue leLee meceeveevlej nesleer nw, Fmekeâer ceesšeF&
■ hueeeqmškeâ keâe cegKÙe Ieškeâ neslee nw– jsefpeve
ØeeÙe: nesleer nw– 6 mes 25 efceceer.
■ jemeeÙeefvekeâ ™he mes hueeeqmškeâ, Dee@keämeerpeve, veeFš^espeve, neF[^espeve
■ keâeBÛe Megæ efmeefuekeâe mes yeveeÙee peelee nw lees Ùen neslee nw–
leLee ......... keâe Ùeewefiekeâ neslee nw– keâeye&ve
heeveer ceW IegueveMeerue
■ hueeeqmškeâ keâe Deehesef#ekeâ ieg™lJe neslee nw– 1.3 mes 1.4
keâeBÛe kesâ JÙeeheeefjkeâ ™he ■ ceesšs leewj hej hueeeqmškeâ keâe JeieeakeâjCe efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
›eâ. veece GheÙeesie leeheÂÌ{ Deewj leehe megIešdÙe
1. ›eâeTve keâeBÛe yeuye MeeršW yeveeves ceW leLee efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW ■ hueeeqmškeâ ceW megIešdÙeleekeâejer heoeLe& efkeâme keâejCeJeMe efceueeS peeles
(Crown Glass) ceW nQ– meeceLÙe&, keâÌ[eheve Deeefo mecyevOeer JeebefÚle iegCe Øeoeve
2. efHeäuebš keâeBÛe ueWme, jsef[Ùees Jeeuye Je GÛÛe keâesefš kesâ keâjves kesâ efueS
(Flint Glass) yele&ve yeveeves ceW ■ jemeeÙeefvekeâ hueeeqmškeâ Skeâ Ùeewefiekeâ nw– keâeye&ve keâe
3. jbieerve keâeBÛe mepeeJešer keâeÙeeX ceW ■ yengueerrkeâjCe kesâ oewjeve jemeeÙeefvekeâ Øeefleef›eâÙee keâes leer›e keâjves kesâ efueS
(Coloured Glass) hueeeqmškeâ ceW efceueeÙes ieS jmeeÙeve keâes keânles nQ– GlØesjkeâ
4. huesš keâeBÛe keâeGCšjeW kesâ še@he hej leLee ohe&CeeW ceW ■ hueeeqmškeâ keâer yengueerkeâjCe Øeef›eâÙee kesâ meceÙe GmeceW efceueeÙes peeves
(Plate Glass) keâece Deelee nw~ Jeeues jemeeÙeefvekeâ heoeLe& keânueeles nw– JeCe&keâ
5. Meerš keâeBÛe ojJeepes, efKeÌ[keâer Je efJeYeepekeâ oerJeej ■ keâÌ[ e Deew j ÂÌ{ hueeeq mškeâ, ef p emes iece& keâjkesâ oes y eeje mes ce= og veneR
(Sheet Glass) ceW yeveeÙee pee mekeâlee, keânueelee nw– leehe ÂÌ{ hueeeqmškeâ
6. øeâe@mšs[ keâeBÛe YeJeveeW keâer yeenjer efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW, mLeeve ■ hueeeqmškeâ keâes Ketyemetjle leLee DeÛÚe ™he osves kesâ efueS JeCe&keâ
efceueeÙee peelee nw– efpebkeâ Dee@keämeeF[
(Frosted Glass) Je ØemeeOeveeW keâ#e kesâ jesMeveoeve ceW~
■ yeeFeqv[bie iueeme keâe DeheJele&veebkeâ nw ueieYeie– 1.5
7. mleefjle keâeBÛe yegueš ØetHeâ ceW heoeLeeX ceW
(Laminated Glass) 7. ueewn leLee Deueewn OeelegSB
■ keâeBÛe keâe Øemeej iegCeebkeâ– efvecve neslee nw (Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals)
■ DeeYet<eCeeW keâer ogkeâeve ceW ef[mheues efJeb[es kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle keâeBÛe neslee
nw– mleefjle keâeBÛe ■ Fmheele keâer meeceLÙe& efveYe&j nesleer nw– keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee hej
■ cegueeÙece keâeBÛe ceW ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeuee cegKÙe DeJeÙeJe neslee nw– ■ {ueJeeb ueesns ceW keâeye&ve keâe ØeefleMele neslee nw– 2³ mes 4³ lekeâ
mees[e ueeFce ■ Yeejer ÙeeleeÙeele Jeeues peueÙeeveeW Deewj leer#Ce Je›eâeW kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle
■ keâeBÛe keâer keâÛÛeer meece«eer ceW ueewn keâer cee$ee kesâ keâejCe keâeBÛe ceW Fmheele neslee nw– ce=og Fmheele
megOeej keâjves kesâ efueÙes keâeBÛe yeveeves Jeeueer meeyegve keâe jemeeÙeefvekeâ ■ MJesle ueesne neslee nw– keâ"esj Deewj Yebiegj
■ 2.0 mes 4.0³ keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee Jeeuee meyemes DeMegæ ueewn keânueelee
veece keäÙee nw– cewieveerpe [eF&Dee@keämeeF[
nw– {ueJeeB ueesne
■ efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW FlÙeeefo ceW ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeuee iueeme nw– Meerš iueeme
■ {ueJeeB ueesns keâe iegCe nw– Fmes Ûegcyeefkeâle veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee
■ heâesce iueeme (foam glass) ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeles nQ– ■ GÛÛe leveeJe Fmheele keâer vÙetvelece leveve meeceLÙe& nesleer nw–
Jeeleevegketâefuele FceejleeW ceW 55 kg/cm2 mes 58 kg/cm2
■ Ieef<e&le keâebÛe keâe GheÙeesie Deeceleewj hej neslee nw– ■ {ueJeeb ueesns ceW ueesns keâe Devegheele neslee nw– 92³ mes 95³ lekeâ
mveeveIejeW keâer efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW kesâ efueS ■ Fmheele keâe Jen iegCe efpememes Jen nLeewÌ[s kesâ Øenej keâes Pesue mekeâlee
■ DeeYet<eCe ØeoefMe&le keâjves Jeeueer efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW ceW keâewve-mee keâeBÛe ueieeÙee nw, keânueelee nw– keâÌ[eheve
peelee nw– lenoej keâeBÛe ■ heoeLe& keâe Jen iegCe efpemekesâ keâejCe Gmekesâ leej KeeRÛes pee mekeâles neW,
■ iueeme Tve (Glass wool) keâe otmeje veece nw– lebleg keâeBÛe Je keânueelee nw– levÙelee
■ mšsveuesme Fmheele keâe meb#eejCe ØeeflejesOe (Corrosion resistance)
efmeefuekeâe iueeme
efkeâmekesâ keâejCe neslee nw– ›eâesefceÙece
■ YeJeveeW kesâ MeewÛeeueÙeeW, mveeve IejeW keâer efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW ceW ueieeÙee peeves ■ Jee@lÙee Yeªer kesâ Glheeo keâes keânles nQ– keâÛÛee ueesne
Jeeuee keâeBÛe nw– Ieef<e&le keâeBÛe ■ leeByes keâe Deehesef#ekeâ IevelJe neslee nw– 8.96
■ heâeFyej iueeme– DeeIeelemen Deewj Deefivecebokeâ neslee nw ■ Fmheele keâer melen hej pemles keâer Skeâ heleueer hejle ÛeÌ{eves keâer Øeef›eâÙee
■ hejleoej keâeBÛe kesâ ef{uueeW keâer ceesšeF& efkeâleveer nesleer nw– 3.5 efceceer. keânueeleer nw– iewuJesveerkeâjCe (Galvanizing)
16
 Deueewn OeelegS ■ heuešveer Yeóer (Pudding furnace) ceW Glheeo Øeehle keâjves kesâ
veece iegCe GheÙeesie efueS keâÛÛes ueesns keâes hegve: efheIeueeÙee peelee nw– efhešJeeb ueesne
■ ke=âef$ece efJeefOe mes DeLee&le Yešdšer efJeefOe mes uekeâÌ[er keâer hekeâeF& keâjles
leeByee Yeej - 8940 kg/cum efyepeueer keâer leejeW,
meceÙe Yešdšer ceW oeye kesâ meeLe Yespeer peeleer nw– Yeehe
(Copper) jbie - ueeue-Yetje Úle keâer ÛeeojeW,
■ FvJeej ceW efveefkeâue keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– 36³
Ùen T<cee leLee efyepeueer keâe Iejsuet yele&ve,
Ûeeuekeâ nw~ Ùen 1080°C heäuesefMebie Deeefo ceW ■ efpeme Oeeleg ceW ueesne cegKÙe DeJeÙeJe neslee nw, Gmes keâne peelee nw–
hej efheIeue peelee nw~ ueewn Oeeleg
SuegefceefveÙece Yeej - 2700 kg/cum Iejsuet meeceeve, ■ leeByes keâe cegKÙe DeÙemkeâ neslee nw– keâe@hej heeFjeFš (CuFeS2)
jbie - veeruee-meHesâo ef
y epeueer kesâ leej, ■ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš ceW ØeÙegkeäle Fmheele nw– ce=og Fmheele
Ùen 658°C hej efheIeue JeenveeW leLee JeeÙeg ÙeeveeW ■ ce=og Fmheele keâe leveve Øeefleyeue nw– 35-45 efkeâ.«ee/efce.ceer.2
peelee nw Ùen levÙe neslee nw~ kesâ {eBÛes ceW ■ OJeefve efJemebJeenkeâ heoeLe& OJeefve hejeJele&ve Je mebÛeejCe keâe keâjlee nw–
meermee Yeej - 11340 kg/cum veuekeâejer keâeÙeeX, ØeeflejesOe
(Lead) jbie - veeruee-Yetje iešdšj, Meerueve ■ efhešJeeB ueesns ceW keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee efkeâleveer nesleer nw–
Ùen 326°C hej efheIeue jeskeâ hejleeW ceW 0.15³
peelee nw~ ■ JÙeeheeefjkeâ ueesns keâer Megælece DeJemLee Jeeuee ueesne keânueelee nw–
efšve (Tin) Yeej - 7300 kg/cum heäÙetpe leej kesâ ™he efhešJeeB ueesne
jbie - meHesâo ceW, šeBkeâe ueieeves ■ ueeue vÙetve ueesne ceesÌ[ves hej ........ kesâ keâejCe ›esâkeâ keâj peelee nw–
ieueveebkeâ - 230°C ceW meuheâj
Ùen efJe<enerve Oeeleg nw~ ■ keâeye&ve keâer DeefOekeâ cee$ee ueesns keâer meeceLÙe& keâes– keâce keâjleer nw
pemlee Yeej - 7130 kg/cum efyepeueer kesâ mesue, ■ Deuhe Yeej kebâ›eâerš meercesvš, oefuele keâerš Je efkeâmekesâ efceßeCe mes
(Zinc) jbie - veeruee-meHesâo keâeBÛe keâer yeesleue kesâ yeveleer nw– SuÙegceerefveÙece ÛetCe&
ieueveebkeâ - 420°C {keäkeâve yeveeves ceW ■ iewuesvee cegKÙe DeÙemkeâ neslee nw– ues[ keâe
heerleue Yeej - 8550 kg/cum cetefle&, keâejletme kesâ ■ SuÙegceerefveÙece keâe ieueveebkeâ (Melting Point) neslee nw– 650oC
(Brass) jbie - heeruee jbie Keesue, ceMeerveeW kesâ
hegpex Deeefo ceW 8. efyešgceve (Bitumen)
keâeBmee Yeej - 8730 kg/cum ojJeepes, efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW ■ šej keâe efJeefMe° ieg®lJe neslee nw– 1.10 mes 1.25
(Bronze) keâer efHeâefšbie, ■ meeceevÙele: cewefmškeâ Smheâeuš keâe ØeÙeesie kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw–
yeeuekeâveer leLee peue jesOeer
meerefÌ{ÙeeW keâer nmle
■ efyešgceve keâe efJeefMe° ieg®lJe nw– 1.09
Oejveer kesâ efueS
GheÙeesie neslee nw~ ■ Skeâ Gòece leehejesOeer heoeLe& ceW leehe Ûeeuekeâlee–
■ {ueJeeb ueesns keâe GheÙeesie neslee nw– mlecYeeW Deewj LeeceeW ceW vÙetvelece nesveer ÛeeefnS
■ yewkesâueeF&š neslee nw– Deoe¢e/ve peueves Jeeuee
■ efkeâmeer iegcyeoer (Yeªer) ceW Skeâ šve {ueJeeb ueesns keâes efheIeueeves kesâ
efueS Dehesef#ele keâesÙeues keâer cee$ee nesieer– 100 efkeâ.«ee. ■ T<ceejesOeer heoeLe& efveÙeb$eCe keâjles nQ– T<cee leLee Meerle
■ 7.1 Deehesef#ele IevelJe neslee nw– efpebkeâ keâe keâs mebÛejCe keâes
■ Fmheele ceW keâeye&ve keâe ØeefleMele neslee nw– 0.15³ mes 1.5³ lekeâ ■ iešdšeheÛee& efkeâme Je=#e mes Øeehle otefOeÙee õJe mes yeveeÙee peelee nw–
■ GÛÛe keâesefš kesâ FvmšÍceWš kesâ efueS yesnlej Fmheele nw– iešdše Je=#e mes
{ueJeeb Fmheele ■ efJeÅegle keâe meyemes keâce mebÛeeuekeâ nw– keâeye&ve
■ T<cee efJemebJeenkeâ heoeLe& keâe GheÙeesie T<cee Je efkeâmekesâ efveÙeb$eCe kesâ ■ mheeke&â hueie ceW ueieeÙee peeves Jeeuee jesOeer heoeLe& nw– heesefme&uesve
efueÙes efkeâÙee peelee nw– "b[ mebÛeejCe ■ leehe, OJeefve Deewj efJeÅegle kesâ jesOekeâ kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegkeäle efkeâÙee pee
■ meeceevÙe Deueewn Oeeleg nw– keâeye&ve mekeâlee nw– Ssmyesmše@me
■ DeÛÚs efJemebJeenkeâ heoeLe& keâer T<cee mebJeenkeâlee nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– keâce ■ Øeeke=âeflekeâ cetue keâe neF[^eskeâeye&ve heoeLe&, pees keâeye&ve [eF& meuheâeF[
■ Úgjer, keâebše Deeefo kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle mšsveuesme mšerue Fmheele ceW ceW hetCe&le: IegueveMeerue nes, keânueelee nw– efyešgceve
›eâesefceÙece keâe ØeefleMele jWpe ØeeÙe: neslee nw– 1.0³ mes 2.5³ lekeâ ■ keâÛÛes hesš^esefueÙece kesâ DeemeJeve mes Øeehle heoeLe& keânueelee nw– [e@cej
■ heoeLeeX keâe Jen iegCe efpemekesâ keâejCe Gmes iece& keâjkesâ heleueer ÛeöjeW ceW ■ ØeeÙe: efyešgefceve efkeâme DeJemLee ceW heeÙee peelee nw– "esme DeJemLee ceW
yeouee pee mekeâlee nw, keânueelee nw– DeeIeeleJeOe&efveÙelee ■ efyešgefceve veceoe (Bitumen felt) efveefce&le neslee nw– nsefmeÙeve jsMes
■ ce=og Fmheele keâe Deehesef#ele IevelJe neslee nw– 7.8 ■ efyešgefceve IegueveMeerue nw– keâeye&ve[eF&-meuheâeF[
17
1. The strength of timber is maximum when load 5. Which of the following timbers is suitable for
applied is– making sports goods?
uekeâÌ[er keâer meeceLÙe& DeefOekeâlece nesleer nw peye ueieeÙee efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve meer uekeâÌ[er Kesue keâe meeceeve
ieÙee Yeej neslee nw– yeveeves kesâ efueS GheÙegkeäle nw–
(a) Parallel to grain/«esve kesâ meceevlej (a) Mulberry/ceueJejer (Menletle)
(b) Perpendicular to grain/«esve kesâ uecyeJele (b) Mahogany/cenesieveer
(c) Inclined at 450 to grain/«esve mes 450 Pegkeâe ngDee (c) Sal/meeue
(d) Inclined at 600 to grain/«esve mes 600 Pegkeâe ngDee (d) Deodar/osJeoej
RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015 RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
Ans : (a) Øekeâe<" keâer meeceLÙe& keâe Fmekesâ jsMeeW mes meerOee mecyevOe Ans : (a) ceueJejer (Menletle) keâer uekeâÌ[er cepeyetle, keâ"esj Deewj
jnlee nw~ Ùes meerOes DeLeJee SW"s nes mekeâles nQ~ meerOes jsMeeW keâer meceevlej ueesÛeoej nesleer nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie Deeceleewj hej šeskeâjer Deewj Kesue kesâ
efoMee ceW keâe<" keâer meeceLÙe& DevÙe efoMee mes DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~ meeceeve pewmes-ne@keâer efmškeâ, šsefveme jwkesâš Deewj yeuuee yeveeves kesâ efueS
2. First class timber has an average life of– efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Menletle kesâ hesÌ[ meyemes DeefOekeâ hebpeeye ceW nw~
ØeLece ßesCeer kesâ Øekeâe‰ keâer ueeYekeâejer DeeÙeg nesleer nw– 6. Which of the following trees yields hard wood?
(a) Less than one year/Skeâ Je<e& mes keâce efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee hesÌ[ keâ"esj uekeâÌ[er Øeoeve keâjlee
(b) 1 to 5 years/1 mes 5 Je<e& lekeâ nw–
(c) 5 to 10 years/5 mes 10 Je<e& lekeâ (a) Deodar/osJeoej (b) Chir/ÛeerÌ[
(d) More than 10 years/10 Je<e& mes DeefOekeâ (c) Shishum/MeerMece (d) Pine/heeFve
RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015 RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015
Ans : (c) ØeLece ßesCeer kesâ uekeâÌ[er keâer Deewmele keâeue 10–12 Je<e& Ans : (c) meoeyenej Je=#eeW keâer uekeâÌ[er cegueeÙece leLee heefòeÙeeB
efueÙee peelee nw Deewj FmeceW peueebMe keâer cee$ee 10–12% lekeâ nesveer vegkeâerueer nesleer nw~ helePeÌ[er Je=#eeW ceW "erkeâ Fmekesâ efJehejerle neslee nw~
ÛeeefnS~ ÛetBefkeâ MeerMece helePeÌ[er Je=#eeW keâer ßesCeer ceW Deelee nw Dele: Fmekeâer
3. Plywood is obtained from : uekeâÌ[er keâ"esj nesleer nw~ Fmekeâer mebheer[ve meeceLÙe& 90 kg/cm2 leLee
hueeFJeg[..............mes Øeehle neslee nw– 12% peueebMe hej Fmekeâe Yeej 800 kg/m3 neslee nw~
(a) Bamboo/yecyet 7. The main constituent of moulding sand is
(b) Teak wood/šerkeâ Jeg[ ceesefu[bie jsle (moulding sand) keâe cegKÙe Ieškeâ nw
(c) Structural timber/mebjÛeveelcekeâ efšcyej (a) Clay/efÛekeâveer efcešdšer (Clay)
(d) Commonly available timber (b) Silica/efmeefuekeâe
meeceevÙele: efšcyej GheefmLele (c) Alumina/DeuÙetefcevee
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015 (d) Iron Oxide/ueewn DeekeämeeF[
Ans : (b) hueeFJeg[ šerkeâ Jeg[ mes yeveeÙee peelee nw~ Ùen uekeâÌ[er RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
keâer heleueer hejleeW Ùee efJeveerÙeme& mes lewÙeej keâer peeleer nw~ Ans : (b) ceesefu[bie jsle keâe cegKÙe Ieškeâ efmeefuekeâe nw~
efšcyej kesâ Glheeo– (1) efJeveerÙeme& (2) hueeF& Jeg[dme (3) HeâeFyej Ùen oevesoej keäJee&špe kesâ ™he ceW nesleer nw Deewj mebkeâÛeve jsle keâe
yees[& (4) mebMeesef<ele efšcyej ØecegKe DeJeÙeJe nw FmeceW 80–90% lekeâ SiO2 (efmeefuekeâe@ve
4. Seasoning of timber is required to– [eFDee@keämeeF[) neslee nw~ Ùen keäJee&špe helLej kesâ šgšves Ùee «esveeFš
Øekeâe‰ mebMees<eCe keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw? kesâ efJeIešve mes yeveleer nw~ Fmeer DeJeÙeJe kesâ keâejCe mebkeâÛeve jsle
(a) Soften the timber/uekeâÌ[er keâes vejce yeveeves nsleg ogie&ueveerÙelee (refactoriness) mejvOeÇlee (porisity) leLee efheIeueer
(b) Harden the timber/uekeâÌ[er keâes keâ"esj yeveeves nsleg Oeeleg jemeeÙeefvekeâ Øeef›eâÙee ve keâjves keâe iegCe neslee nw~
(c) Straighten the timber/uekeâÌ[er keâes meerOee keâjves nsleg js le keâCe mhe<šlee oes Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw~
(d) Remove sap from the timber 1. keâesCeerÙe
efšcyej mes õJÙe (jme) keâes efvekeâeueves nsleg 2. ieesueekeâej
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015 8. Lime mortar is generally made with
Ans : (d) Je=#eeW mes Øeehle efšcyej ceW ØeejcYe ceW kegâÚ veceer nesleer nw~ Ûetvee ieeje (ceesše&j) meeceevÙele: efkeâmemes yevee neslee nw?
Dele: Fmes legjvle ØeÙeesie ceW veneR ueeÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Fme Øekeâe‰ keâe (a) Quick lime/DeveyegPee Ûetvee
mebMees<eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw, efpememes Fmekeâer veceer otj nes peeleer nw~ (b) Fat lime/Megæ Ûetvee
efšcyej keâer meerpeefvebie nes peeves mes uekeâÌ[er ceW oercekeâ ueievee, uekeâÌ[er (c) Hydraulic lime/peueerÙe Ûetvee
keâe efmekegâÌ[vee Deeefo oes<e Yeer otj nes peelee nw~ efšcyej keâer meerpeeEveie (d) White lime/MJesle Ûetvee
10-12% peueebMe lekeâ keâer peeleer nw~ RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
18
 Ans : (c) YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ (I.S. 712) ves efmeefJeue efvecee&Ce keâeÙeex Deemeeve veneR nesiee~ Refractory bricks (GÛÛeleehe FËš) Fme leehe
kesâ GösMÙe mes Ûetves kesâ, ßesCeer A, B, C, D, E leLee F kesâ DeeOeej keâes menve keâjves ceW me#ece nw~
hej Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee nw~ Ûetvee cemeeuee meeceevÙele: peueerÙe Ûetves keâe GÛÛe leehe men FËšW oes Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw–
yevee neslee nw~ peueerÙe Ûetves keâes ßesCeer A kesâ Devleie&le jKee ieÙee nw~ (i) DecueerÙe Deefive men FËšW – FmeceW efmeefuekeâe cegKÙe lelJe neslee nw~
peueerÙe Ûetves kesâ iegCe- (ii) #eejerÙe Deefive men FËšs – FmeceW cewiveerefMeÙee cegKÙe ™he mes
* jbie Yetje («es) neslee nw~ heeÙee peelee nw~
* FmeceW kewâefuMeÙece DeekeämeeF[ Deewj keäues ›eâceMe: 60-75 Deewj 12. Which of these rocks would have alumina as
25ØeefleMele neslee nw~ their component?
FveceW mes efkeâme Ûeóeve ceW Suetefcevee Skeâ cegKÙe mebIeškeâ
9. Gypsum is used as an admixture in cement
neslee nw?
grouts for
efpehmece keâe ØeÙeesie meefcceßekeâ kesâ ™he ceW keâjles nw– (a) Siliceous/efmeefuekeâe (b) Argillaceous/ce=elflekeâeceÙe
(a) increasing the setting time (c) Calcareous/ Ûet v eeceÙe (d) Igneous/DeeivesÙe
peceeJe keâeue keâes yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS RRB SSE Secunderabad : 21-12-2014
(b) reducing the setting time Ans : (b) ce= e f òekeâeceÙe (Argillaceous) Ûeóeve ceW heeÙee peeves
peceeJe keâeue keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueS Jeeuee ceg K Ùe leòJe SuÙeg e f c evee (Al O
2 3 ) nw ~ heÙee& JejCe kesâ mecheke&â ceW
(c) increasing the elasticity Deeves hej Ùes keäu es (clay) keâer lejn kes â keâcheeGC[ ceW heefjJee|lele nes
ØelÙeemLelee keâes yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS peeles nQ~
(d) reducing the grout shrinkage 13. In Sand Moulding, the top flask is known as:
mebkegâÛeve keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueS yeeuet Ì{ueeF& (Sand Moulding) Øeef›eâÙee ceW Thejer
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014 Heäueemkeâ keâes keâne peelee nw~
Ans : (b) meeOeejCe efhemes ngÙes meerceWš efkeäuebkeâjeW keâer peceves keâer (a) Cope/keâeshe (b) Drag/[^wie
ØeJe=efòe keâeheâer leer›e nesleer nw~ Dele: mLeue keâeÙeeX ceW meerceWš keâes efceueeves (c) Fillet/efHeâuesš (d) Cheek/Ûeerkeâ
leLee ueieeves ceW kegâÚ meceÙe DeJeMÙe ÛeeefnÙes neslee nw~ Fmekesâ efueÙes RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
efhemes ngÙes efkeäuebkeâj heeG[j ceW 2–3% efpehmece efceueeÙee peelee nw~ Ans : (a) yeeuet {bueeF& Øeef›eâÙee ceW Thejer heäueemkeâ keâes keâeshe keâne
Ùen meerceWš keâes MeerIeÇ peceves mes jeskeâlee nw Deewj peceves keâer Øeef›eâÙee ceW peelee nw~ mewC[ ceesefu[bie Øeef›eâÙee ceW ceesu[ keâes lewÙeej keâjves kesâ efueS
(meerceWš kesâ) cevokeâ keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ yeekeämeeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
peye meerceWš keâes Skeâ mLeeve mes otmejs mLeeve ues peeles nw, lees efpehmece keâe Ùeefo keâeefmšbie keâes Skeâ Ùee oes YeeieeW ceW yeveevee Deemeeve nes lees Fmekesâ
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekeâer cee$ee 2–3% lekeâ efveOee&efjle keâer peeleer nw~ efueS oes yeekeäme ceesefu[bie keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ oesveeW yeekeämeeW
10. The rock having calcium carbonate as main keâes Skeâ–otmejs hej (Skeâ Thej leLee otmeje veerÛes) mebjsKeerÙe
mineral constituent, is called: (Aligned) efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Thej Jeeues yeekeäme keâes keâeshe leLee veerÛes
cegKÙe Keefvepe Ieškeâ kesâ ™he ceW GheefmLele kewâefuMeÙece Jeeues Yeeie keâes [^wie keânles nw~
keâeyeexvesš Jeeues Mewue keâes keäÙee keânles nw? leerve yee@keäme ceesefu[bie (Three Box Moulding)–keâYeer–keâYeer
(a) calcareous rock/ÛetveeceÙe Ûeóeve keâeefmšbie keâer pÙeeefceefle Fme Øekeâej nesleer nw efkeâ Gmekeâes oes yeeBkeämeeW ceW
(b) argillaceous rock/ce=efòekeâeceÙe Ûeóeve yeveevee mebYeJe veneR neslee nw, Fmekesâ efueS leerve yee@keäme ceesefub[ie keâe
(c) siliceous rock/efmeefuekeâeceÙe Ûeóeve ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ leerveeW yeekeämeeW keâes Skeâ Thej, otmeje yeerÛe ceW
(d) sandy rock/jsleerueer Mewue leLee leermeje veerÛes keâes mebjsefKele efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Thejer yeekeäme– keâeshe,
RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014 ceOÙe yeekeäme–Ûeerkeâ leLee efveÛeuee yeekeäme–‘‘[^wie’’ keânueelee nw~ V–
Ans. (a) : ÛetveeceÙe Ûeóeve ceW cegKÙe ™he mes kewâefuMeÙece keâeyeexvesš Belt hegueer yeveeves kesâ efueS Fme ceesefub[ie (Moulding) keâe ØeÙeesie
efJeÅeceeve neslee nw~ pewmes–Ûetvee helLej, efpehmece, ceeye&ue, Mewue Deeefo~ ef keâÙee peelee nw~
Fvekeâer meeceLÙe& efmeefuekeâeceÙe ÛeóeveeW keâer Dehes#ee keâce nesleer nw~ leLee 14 . Age of a tree be ascertained by–
Ùen peuoer ner heeveer mes ØeYeeefJele nes peeleer nw~ hesÌ[ keâer DeeÙeg keâe efveOee&jCe neslee nw–
11. Bricks used for lining furnaces are: (a) Radius of its Stem/Fmekesâ leves keâer ef$epÙee mes
YeefšdšÙeeW ces mlej ÛeÌ{eves kesâ efueS efkeâme Øekeâej keâer FËšeW (b) Number of Annual Rings
keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw? Jeeef <e&keâ JeueÙe keâer mebKÙee mes (Annual Rings)
(c) Number of Branches/MeeKeeDeeW keâer mebKÙee mes
(a) under burnt bricks/DeOepeueer FËšs (d) Circumference of its Stem
(b) over burnt bricks/DeefleoiOe FËšs Fmekesâ leves keâer heefjefOe mes
(c) refractory bricks/GÛÛe leehe men FËšs RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
(d) all of these/FveceW mes meYeer Ans : (b) hes[ Ì keâer DeeÙeg keâe efveOee&jCe Jeeef<e&keâ JeueÙeeW keâer mebKÙee
RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014 mes efkeâÙee peelee nw yemevle $e+leg ceW mewhe keâer efoMee Thej keâer ÛeÌ{ves keâer
Ans. (c) : YeefšdšÙeeW ces mlej ÛeÌ{eves kesâ efueS GÛÛe leehe men FËšeW nesleer nw Deewj helePeÌ[ ceW Ùen ieeÌ{e neskeâj veerÛes Deelee nw Deewj Jeeef<e&keâ
keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ YeefšdšÙeeW ceW pÙeeoe Tpee& Ghepeves kesâ JeueÙe kesâ ™he ceW Úeue kesâ veerÛes pece peelee nw~ Fve JeueÙeeW keâes
keâejCe efkeâmeer otmejs heoeLe& keâes ØeÙeesie keâjves hej leehe menve keâjvee efievekeâj Je=#e keâer DeeÙeg keâe Devegceeve ueieeÙee peelee nw~
19
15. šerkeâ Deewj meeue, pebieue kesâ ØeOeeve Je=#e nQ, pees .......... 19. MeerIeÇ keâ"esj meerceWš ceW efceueeÙes peeves Jeeuee efceßeCe
keânueeles nQ~ nw.........
(a) G<CekeâefšyevOeer vece meoeyenej (a) SuÙetceerefveÙece meuhesâš (b) SuÙetceerefveÙece efmeefuekesâš
(tropical moist Evergreen) (c) kewâefuMeÙece meuhesâš (d) efpehmece
(b) metKeer helePeÌ[er (Dry Deciduous) RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014
(c) G<CekeâefšyevOeer vece helePeÌ[er Ans : (*) meerceWš DeeOegefvekeâ YeJeve efvecee&Ce ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesves Jeeueer
(tropical moist Deciduous) Skeâ ØeeLeefcekeâ meece«eer nw– meerceWš cegKÙele: kewâefuMeÙece kesâ efmeefuekesâš
(d) metKes meoeyenej (Dry Evergreen) Deewj SuÙetceerefveÙece ÙeewefiekeâeW keâe efceßeCe neslee nw, pees kewâefuMeÙece
RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014
Dee@keämeeF[, efmeefuekeâe, SuÙetceerefveÙece Dee@keämeeF[ Deewj ueewn
Ans : (a) G<Ce keâefšyebOeerÙe Je<ee& Jeve keâes G<Ce keâefšyebOeerÙe Deeõ&
Dee@keämeeF[ mes efvee|cele nesles nQ~
Jeve (G<Ce keâefšyebOeerÙe vece Jeve) keâe Skeâ Øekeâej ceevee peelee nw~ Fme
20. A pigment generally used to impart white
peueJeeÙeg #es$e ceW vÙetvelece meeceevÙe Jeee|<ekeâ Je<ee& 175 mesceer. (69
colour in a paint is
FbÛe) Deewj 200 mesceer. (79 FbÛe kesâ yeerÛe nesleer nw~ šerkeâ Deewj meeue heWš ceW meHesâo jbie osves ceW GheÙeesieer JeCe&keâ nw~
Fme pebieue kesâ ØeOeeve Je=#e nQ~
(a) graphite/«eHeâeFš
16. mecheer[ve hejer#eCe ceW {ueJeeB ueesns kesâ vecetves ceW ojej (b) lead/meermee
nesiee– (c) copper sulphate/keâe@hej meuHesâš
(a) Yeej keâer Oegjer hej (the axis of load) (d) zinc/pemlee
(b) efleÙe&keâ meheeš hej (an oblique plane) RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014
(c) vecetves keâer Oegjer kesâ mece keâesCeeW hej (at right angles to Ans. (d) : hesvš ceW meHesâo jbie osves ceW GheÙeesieer JeCe&keâ pemlee nw~
the axis of specimen)
(d) veneR nesiee
efkeâmeer GheÙegòeâ lesueerÙe heoeLe& ceW jbpekeâ (pigment) leLee Hewâueves
RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014
ÙeesiÙe heoeLeeX kesâ efceßeCe keâes ner hesvš keânles nw~
Ans : (b) {ueJeeB ueesne mecheer[ve ceW DeefOekeâ meeceLÙe& jKelee nw
hesvš kesâ jbie JeCe&keâ – JeCe&keâ
leLee Dehe™heCe ceW keâce meeceLÙe& jKelee nw~ Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue cegKÙe 1. keâeuee – «esHeâeFš, uewche yuewkeâ, Dee@Jejer yuewkeâ
leue mes 45º Deevele leue hej ueielee nw leLee Fme Deevele leue hej 2. nje – ›eâesefceÙece Dee@keämeeF[, keâe@hej meuHesâš
Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue ceW {ueJeeB ueesne keâce meeceLÙe& jKelee nw Deewj 3. heeruee – ›eâesce heeruee, efpebkeâ ›eâesce, ies™, efcešdšer keâe jbie
{ueJeeB ueesne Fme leue hej Demeheâue neslee nw~ Dele: mecheer[ve 21. A layer of wood formed during one year's
hejer#eCe ceW {ueJeeB ueesns kesâ vecetves ceW ojej efleÙe&keâ leue hej neslee nw~ growth in a timber is called as
Skeâ efšcyej ceW Skeâ meeue kesâ oewjeve uekeâÌ[er keâe Skeâ hejle
17. yesmeeuš nw - yeÌ{vee keânueelee nw–
(a) Skeâ ™heevleefjle Mewue nw Deewj DeefOekeâlej GmeceW hesâumeheej
(a) Bark/yeeke&â (Úeuee) (b) All-heart/Deeue-nš&
(felspar) Deewj hewjekeämeerve (pyroxene) neslee nw~
(c) Batch/yewÛe (d) Annual ring/Jeee|<ekeâ JeueÙe
(b) Skeâ ™heevleefjle Mewue nw Deewj DeefOekeâlej GmeceW keâeš&dpe
RRB SSE Shift-III : 03.09.2015
(quartz) neslee nw~
Ans : (d) Skeâ efšcyej ceW efheLe kesâ ÛeejeW Deesj mecekesâvõerÙe JeueÙe Ùee
(c) Skeâ DeeivesÙe Mewue nw Deewj DeefOekeâlej GmeceW hesâumeheej
uekeâÌ[er keâer heleX Jeee|<ekeâ JeueÙe (Annular Ring) keânueeleer nw~ Ùes
Deewj hewjekeämeerve neslee nw~
JeueÙe ØeefleJe<e& yeveleer nQ leLee Skeâ JeueÙe ØeefleJe<e& yeÌ{ peeleer nw~
(d) Skeâ DeeivesÙe Mewue nw Deewj DeefOekeâlej GmeceW keâešd&pe
meyemes Yeerlejer Jeee|<ekeâ JeueÙeeW Éeje Devle: keâe<" leLee yeenjer JeueÙeeW
neslee nw~
RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014
Éeje mewhe keâe<" (Sap wood) keâer jÛevee nesleer nw~
⇒ Skeâ Je=#e ceW Jeee|<ekeâ JeueÙeeW keâer mebKÙee hesÌ[ keâer DeeÙeg mhe<š
Ans : (c) yesmeeuš DeeivesÙe Øekeâej keâer Ûeóeve nw pees cewicee kesâ he=LJeer
melen kesâ Thej Deekeâj peceves mes yeveleer nw~ Fvekeâes Jeefn&Yesoer Ûeóeve Yeer keâjleer nw~
keânles nQ~ FmeceW hesâumeheej leLee hewjekeämeerve DeefOekeâ cee$ee ceW nesles nQ~ 22. A condition of timber during seasoning in
which the different layers of wood are under
18. Deefivemen FËš (Fire bricks) keâe GheÙeesie neslee nw......... stress by being under compression across the
(a) T<cee hejeJele&ve nsleg grain (usually due to rapid surface drying in
(b) T<cee ØeJeen keâer Je=efæ keâjves nsleg the kiln).
(c) T<cee ØeJeen keâes Ieševes nsleg meb Mees<eCe kesâ meceÙe Øekeâe<" keâer Jen DeJemLee nw, efpemeceW
(d) Ùes meye uekeâÌ [er keâer efJeefYeVe melenW Gmekesâ keâCeeW kesâ mecheer[ve kesâ
RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014 keâejCe Øeefleyeefuele nesleer nw~ (meeceevÙele: Yeªer ceW melen
Ans : (c) Deeefivemen FËšs, Deeefivemen ce=efòekeâe mes yeveeF& peeleer nw kesâ peuoer metKeves kesâ keâejCe)
Deewj Fvns yengle TBÛes leeheceeve hej efJeMes<e Yeªes ceW hekeâeÙee peelee nw~ (a) Case hardening/kesâMe ne[&eEveie
Deefive men FËšs efceueeW keâer efÛeceefveÙeeW, onve keâ#eeW, YeefªÙeeW, ÛetuneW, (b) Air seasoning/JeeÙeg mebMees<eCe
JeeÙeuejeW, Yeªes keâer Yeerlejer melen hej DeemlejCe (linining) kesâ ™he (c) Air drying/nJee Éeje megKeevee
ceW ueieeÙeer peeleer nw, leeefkeâ T<cee keâe ØeJeen yeenj JeeleeJejCe ceW ve (d) Strain softening/ce=og efJeke=âefle
nes mekesâ~ Deefivemen FËšs ueieYeie 17200C lekeâ veneR efheIeueleer nw~ RRB SSE Shift-I : 03.09.2015
20
Ans : (a) leepeer keâšer ngF& Øekeâe<" kesâ Devle:keâe<" SJeb jme-keâe<" ceW Ans : (b) FËš keâeÙe& keâes Ieve ceeršj ceW ceeheles nw FËš keâeÙe& keâe
heÙee&hle cee$ee ceW veceer Je jme (Sap) efJeÅeceeve neslee nw~ Fme veceer Je IevelJe ØeeÙe: 1920 kN/m3 efueÙee peelee nw~
jme keâes keâe‰ mes cegòeâ keâjvee, Øekeâe<" keâe mebMees<eCe keânueelee nw~ efJeYeepekeâ oerJeej keâes Jeie& ceeršj ceW ceehee peelee nw~
Øekeâe<" keâer Jen DeJemLee efpemeceW mebMees<eCe kesâ meceÙe, Øekeâe<" keâer 27. The outer protective layer of a tree is
efJeefYeVe melenW Gmekesâ keâCeeW kesâ mecheer[ve kesâ keâejCe Øeefleyeefuele nesleer nw, Skeâ Je=#e keâer yeenjer mebj#eer hejle nesleer nw–
Case Hardening keânueelee nw~ Thejer melenW peuoer mebMeesef<ele neskeâj (a) cambium layer/SOee hejle (b) pitch/ceppee
Yeerlejer meleneW hej mecheer[ve Øeefleyeue ueieeleer nw~ (c) bark/Úeue (d) sap/jme
23. A tight knot free from decay, which is solid RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014
across its face, and at least as hard as the
surrounding wood. Ans. (c) : Je=#e keâe yeenjer Úeue mebj#eer hejle nesleer nw~ mewhe Ùee jme,
#eÙe mes cegòeâ Skeâ keâ"esj ieeB", pees Deheves heâuekeâ kesâ kewâefcyeÙece hejle leLee Devle: keâe<" kesâ yeerÛe ceW neslee nw~
yeerÛe "esme nw, Deewj Deemeheeme kesâ uekeâÌ[er kesâ ™he ceW keâce efheLe, Je=#e keâe kesâvõ neslee nw, efpeme hej Je=#e keâe Yeespeve meb«enerle neslee nw~
mes keâce keâ"esj nw~
(a) Punk knot/hebkeâ vee@š
(b) Pith knot /efheLe vee@š
(c) Loose knot /uetpe vee@š
(d) Sound knot/meeGC[ vee@š
RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015
Ans : (d) lebie ieeB" (Sound knot)–uekeâÌ[er kesâ Skeâ šgkeâÌ[s ceW
Skeâ ieeB" efpemes ÂÌ{lee mes leÙe efkeâÙee ieÙee nw, efyevee #eÙe ngDee Deewj
Deeme-heeme keâer uekeâÌ[er kesâ ™he ceW cepeyetle nw~ lebie ieeB" kesâ ™he ceW
peevee peelee nw~ 28. Which lime is most suitable for white washing?
24. Which of the following is softwood? hegleeF& kesâ efueS meyemes GheÙegòeâ Ûetvee keâewve–mee nw?
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes efkeâme Je=#e mes ce=ogkeâe<" (vejce (a) quick lime/keâueer Ûetvee
uekeâÌ[er) Øeehle keâer peeleer nw– (b) stone lime/helLej Ûetvee
(a) Deodar/osJeoej (b) Teak/meeieewve (c) kankar lime/kebâkeâÌ[ Ûetvee
(c) Sal/mee@ue (d) Mahogany/cenesieveer (d) shell lime/meerheer Ûetvee
RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015 RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014
Ans : (a) mee@heäš uekeâÌ[er (Soft wood) DeveeJe=òeyeerpeer Ans. (a) : hegleeF& keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS keâueer Ûetvee leLee efmeefJeue
(Gymnosperm) heewOeeW mes Øeehle efkeâÙespeeles nQ~ DeveeJe=òeyeerpeer FbpeerefveÙeeEjie efvecee&Ce keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS peueerÙe Ûetvee keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee
Je=#eeW ceW ÛeerÌ[ (heeFve), leeefuemehe$e, Øemejue
(mØetme), meveesyej (heâj) peelee nw~ keâueer Ûetvee keâes ßesCeer 'C' leLee peueerÙe Ûetvee keâes ßesCeer 'A'
Deewj osJeoej Deeefo Meeefceue nQ~ peyeefkeâ DeeJe=òeyeerpeer ceW jKee ieÙee nw~
(Angiosperm) heewOeeW mes ne[& uekeâÌ[er (Hard wood) Øeehle 29. The word 'Brinell' is associated with
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 'Brinell' (efyeÇvesue) veecekeâ Meyo keâe mebyebOe..........mes nw~
25. The coarseness of the grains of a mineral is
(a) soil testing/ce=oe kesâ hejer#eCe
known as–
Skeâ Keefvepe kesâ keâCeeW keâer ceesšeF& keâes keânles nQ? (b) tensile testing/levÙelee hejer#eCe
(a) Fracture/™#elee (b) Texture/yeveeJeš (efJevÙeeme) (c) hardness testing/keâ"esjlee kesâ hejer#eCe
(c) Structure/mebjÛevee (d) Lustre/Ûecekeâ (d) testing of seasoning of wood
RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015 uekeâÌ [er mebMees<eCe hejer#eCe
Ans : (b) Keefvepe heoeLeeX kesâ keâCeeW kesâ yeÌ[s-yeÌ[s nesves hej Fmekeâes RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014
yeveeJeš (efJevÙeeme) keânles nQ~ Ans. (c) : ‘‘ef
yeÇvesue’’ Meyo keâe mecyevOe keâ"esjlee hejer#eCe kesâ mes nw~
26. According to IS 1200-3, brickwork is usually efyeÇvesue, je@keâJesue, efJekeâj, keâe mecyevOe Yeer keâ"esjlee hejer#eCe mes nw~
measured in W
efyeÇvesue ne[&vesme vecyej ·
IS 1200-3 kesâ Devegmeej, ØeeÙe: FËš keâeÙe& keâes ceehee peelee
nw–
( π.D / 2 ) ( D − D − 2 −d 2 )
(a) wall thickness /oerJeej ceesšeF&
peneb W = ueieeÙee ieÙee Yeej
D = yee@ue keâe JÙeeme
(b) cubic meter /Ieve ceeršj
(c) square meter /Jeie& ceeršj d = yee@ue Éeje vecetves hej yeves efveMeeve keâe JÙeeme
(d) linear meter /jsKeerÙe ceeršj efyeÇvesue keâe"esjlee hejer#elee ceW yee@ue Ùee ieesueer keâe JÙeeme 10 mm
RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015 efueÙee peelee nw~
21
 Yet-lekeâveerkeâer FbpeerefveÙeeEjie
(Geo-Technical Engineering)
heeFue heâeGC[sMeve ØeeÙe: yesnlej ceevee peelee nw–
■
1. ce=oe ØeeqleOeejkeâ mebjÛeveeSB ieieveÛegcyeer YeJeve kesâ efueS
(Earth Retaining Structure) ■ vejce Mewue, Meg<keâ Je keâ"esj ce=efòekeâe keâer DeefOekeâlece OeejCe #ecelee
nesleer nw– 45.00 T/m2
■ Ùeefo efveef<›eâÙe ce=oe oeye iegCeebkeâ 4 nes lees meef›eâÙe ce=oe oeye iegCeebkeâ ■ memebpevenerve keâCeoej ce=oeDeeW kesâ efueS ce=oe meef›eâÙe oeye (Active
keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee– 1/4 1 - sinΦ
■ ØeefleOeejkeâ oerJeej keâe melener Ie<e&Ce–meef›eâÙe ce=oe oeye keâes earth pressure) iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw–
1 + sinΦ
Iešelee nw hejvleg efveef<›eâÙe ce=oe oeye keâes yeÌ{elee nw ■ memebpevenerve keâCeoej ce=oeDeeW kesâ efueS ce=oe efveef<›eâÙe oeye
■ Skeâ memebpeve ce=oe ceW Skeâ efvejeOeej TOJee&Oej keâševe Skeâ TBÛeeF& hej (Passive earth pressure) iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw–
2c  φ 1 + sinΦ
ueieeÙee pee mekeâlee nw– tan  450 + 
γ  2 1 - sinΦ
■ Skeâ ce=oe yeebOe keâer ØeefleØeJeen {ueeve ›eâebeflekeâ nesleer nw– ■ ce=oe keâer OeejCe #ecelee %eele keâjves ceW Ùen meyemes DeefOekeâ
peye ueieeleej efjmeve Ieefšle nes efJeMJemeveerÙe efJeefOe nw– ceevekeâ JesOeve hejer#eCe (S.P.T)
■ Skeâ mleefjle ce=oe keâer efmLeefle ceW oyeeJe efJelejCe mebieCevee kesâ efueS ■ efyevee efkeâmeer šskeâ kesâ memebpeve ce=oeDeeW ceW KegoeF& meceevegheeleer nesleer
meyemes GheÙegòeâ meceerkeâjCe nw– Jesmšjiee[&  Φ
nw– tan  45o + 
■ Skeâ jsle kesâ efueS efpemekeâe Deevleefjkeâ Ie<e&Ce keâesCe 300 nw, efveef<›eâÙe  2
Deewj meef›eâÙe heeMJe& ce=oe oeye keâe Devegheele nesiee– 9 ■ memebpenerve ce=oeDeeW keâer DeefOekeâlece OeejCe #ecelee keâe ceeve neslee nw–
10.00 T/m2 mes 45.00 T/m2
■ vÙetceeke&â ØeYeeJe Ûeeš& Øeefleyeue efJelejCe ceW, 40 mebkesâefvõle Je=òe Deewj
50 ef$epÙeerÙe jsKee nw~ Ûeeš& keâe ØeYeeJe iegCeebkeâ nw– 0.0005 ■ 1 ceeršj JÙeeme Jeeueer Ie<e&Ce heeFueeW kesâ yeerÛe kesâvõ mes kesâvõ keâer
■ Skeâ meble=hle efÛekeâveer efceóer kesâ efueS, mkesâchešve keâe efÚõ oyeeJe B vÙetvelece otjer nesleer nw– 3 mes 4 ceeršj
■ huesš YeejCe hejer#eCe OeejCe huesš keâer DeefOekeâlece ceehe nesveer
nw– 1.0
■ Skeâ kebâ›eâerš ØeefleOeejkeâ oerJeej kesâ mejkeâeJe kesâ efJe®æ mLeeefhele keâjves ÛeeefnS– 75 mesceer × 75 mesceer.
kesâ efueS, mejkeâeJe yeue Deewj ØeeflejesOe yeue keâe Devegheele nesvee µ
■ efJeßeece DeJemLee ceW ce=oe oeye iegCeebkeâ ceeve neslee nw–
ÛeeefnS– ≤ 1.55 1-µ
■ pewkeâer met$e K0 (efJejeceeJemLee hej ce=oe keâe iegCeebkeâ) %eele efkeâÙee peelee ■ huesš OeejCe hejer#eCe ceW OeejCe huesš keâer ceesšeF& meeceevÙele: nesleer
nw– K 0 = 1 - sinφ' nw– 25 efceceer.
■ efkeâme ce=oe keâer OeejCe #ecelee meyemes keâce nw–
■ Skeâ memebpekeâ ce=oe ceW Skeâ oerJeej kesâ Meer<e& hej MetvÙe meef›eâÙe ce=oe {erueer yeejerkeâ yeeuet
oyeeJe leer›elee nw, Skeâ meceeve DeefOeYeej keâe DeeJeMÙekeâ leer›elee nw–
■ Skeâ memebpeve ce=oe megKeeves hej– DeeÙeleve ceW keâceer nes peeleer nw
-2Ctanα
■ mebmeeqkeäleMeerue efceefóÙeeB nesleer nQ, ØeeÙe:–
■ kesâefMekeâerÙe peesve ceW jvOeÇ peue oeye neslee nw– $e+Ceelcekeâ hueeefmškeâ leLee mebheer[dÙe
■ eføeâÙeeefškeâ jsKee hej peuemLeweflekeâ oeye yejeyej nw– ■ Fmekesâ Éeje Skeâ ce=oe keâer OeejCe #ecelee megOeejer pee mekeâleer nw–
Skeâ JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oyeeJe kesâ yejeyej veeRJe keâer ienjeF& yeÌ{ekeâj
■ ieeflekeâ YeejCe kesâ DeOeerve, ce=oe DeefOekeâlece ØeYeeefJele nesves keâer ■ keâ"esj ce=oe kesâ efueS efJeßeece DeJemLee ceW ce=oe oeye iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve
mecYeeJevee nw– {erueer meble=hle yeeuet neslee nw– 0.6
■ Skeâ ØeefleOeejkeâ oerJeej keâe hejeYeJe efJeheâuelee keâer Øeeefhle nw– ■ Yeewce peue mlej Fme ce=oe keâer OeejCe #ecelee hej efJeMes<e ØeYeeJe
efveef<›eâÙe efmLeefle kesâ efueS DeefOekeâ [euelee nw– jsleerueer ce=oe
■ Yetefce peue leue kesâ veerÛes peeves kesâ keâejCe neslee nw– ■ ceevekeâ JesOeve hejer#eCe ceW yeesj nesue keâe vÙetvelece JÙeeme neslee nw–
ØeYeeJeer Øeefleyeue ceW yeÌ{esòejer 55 efceceer.
■ GLeues ieºes ceW heeefMJe&keâ jeskeâ ueieevee ÛeeefnS peye Gmekeâer ienjeF& ■ Skeâ #eejerÙe ce=oe ceW– pH ceeve 7 mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw
efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ nes peeÙes– 3.0 m ■ Skeâ mlecYe kesâ menejs kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ heeFueeW keâer mebKÙee nesleer
nw– 3
■ Ùeefo veeRJe keâer uecyeeF& ÛeewÌ[eF& keâer leguevee ceW yeÌ[er nes, lees Jen nw– ■ hegMlee oerJeej hej yeue keâeÙe& keâjlee nw Ùee ueielee nw–
mš^erhe veeRJe YejeF& ce=oe melen kesâ meceevlej
22
■ efJeheâuelee meceleue Je yeÌ[er cegKÙe meceleue kesâ yeerÛe keâesCe neslee nw– ce=oe keâe JeieeakeâjCe (Soil Classification)
 φ
 45 -  ›eâ. Øekeâej yeveves keâe keâejCe
 2
■ meef›eâÙe oeye iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve efkeâme met$e mes %eele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee 1. peueesÌ{ ce=oe Ùen ce=oe heeveer kesâ meeLe ØeJeeefnle nesves
 φ (Alluvial soil) Jeeueer efmeuš kesâ peceeJe kesâ keâejCe
nw– k a = tan 2  45 - 
 2 yeveleer nw~
■ efyevee efkeâmeer šskeâ memebpekeâ ce=oeDeeW ceW KegoeF& efkeâmekesâ meceevegheeleer 2. JeeÙegÌ{ ce=oe Fme Øekeâej keâer ce=oe JeeÙeg Éeje
 φ (Aeolian soil) heefjJenve keâjkesâ yeveeF& peeleer nw~
nesleer nw– tan 2  45 + 
 2 pewmes–ueesSme ce=oe, [dÙetvme (jsle kesâ
šerues)
2. ce=oe keâe Yeeweflekeâ iegCe
3. mejesJejer ce=oe PeerueeW keâer leueer ceW yeveer ce=oe mejesJejer
(Physical Property of Soil) (Lacustrine ce=oe keânueeleer nw~
soil)
■ oyeves Jeeueer ce=oe mecyeefvOele nesleer nw– ueesSme ce=oe mes 4. mecegõer ce=oe mecegõ keâer leueer ceW yeveer ce=oe mecegõer
■ keâce Ùee efyevee mlej-efJevÙeeme Jeeueer JeeÙeg Éeje ØeJeeefnle efmeuš (Marine soil) ce=oe keânueeleer nw~
keânueeleer nw– heJeveesÌ{ (Loess) ce=oe
5. efnceeveer ce=oe yehe&â Éeje heefjJenve keâjkesâ yeveeF& ieF&
■ peye Skeâ Dehe#eÙe keâe Glheeove DeJemeeo kesâ ™he ceW mLeevleefjle veneR
(Glacial soil) ce=oe efnceeveer ce=oe keânueeleer nw~
neslee nw uesefkeâve Skeâ peien yeves jnles nw, ce=oe peevee peelee nw–
DeJeMes<e ce=oe ■ DeJeefMe<š ce=oeDeeW keâes Øeeke=âeflekeâ heefjJenve SpeWmeer pewmes- heeveer, JeeÙeg,
■ jsleerueer ce=oe keâer efJeefMe° ieg®lJe yejeyej nw– 2.6 yehe&â Deeefo Éeje Deheves meeLe heefjJenve keâj DevÙe mLeeve hej peceeJe
■ peue heefjJenve Éeje efveefce&le ce=oe keânueeleer nw– peueesÌ{ ce=oe Jeeueer ce=oe keânueeleer nw–
■ keâeueer keâheeme ce=oe kesâ Skeâ yeÌ[e Yeeie keâes Iesjleer nwä– heefjJeeefnle ce=oe (Transported Soil)
oef#eCeer Yeejle kesâ ■ ce=oe keâe Dehe#eÙeCe efkeâmekesâ keâejCe neslee nw–
■ iegÛÚsoej (Flocculent) mebjÛevee heeÙee peelee nw– ce=efòekeâeDeeW ceW leehe›eâce ceW DelÙeefOekeâ heefjJele&ve
■ Skeâ ce=oe pees {erueer keâCeerÙe ›eâefcekeâ heoeLe& mes efveefce&le nw leLee pees ■ ueesÙeme efmeušer keäues nQ, efpemekeâe efvecee&Ce efkeâmekeâs ef›eâÙee mJe™he neslee
Gleveer ner Deemeeveer mes DeefYeYeeefpele nesleer nw efpeleveer megefJeOee mes pece nw– JeeÙeg
peeleer nw, Fme ce=oe keâes keânles nw– ■ DelÙeefOekeâ Deeõ&lee keâer efmLeefle ceW meÌ[ jns jemeeÙeefvekeâ ™he mes
DebyeOeerÙe jsle (Incoherent Sand) efve#esefhele Jevemheefle heoeLeeX kesâ mebÛeÙeve mes yevelee nw– Skeâ {sj
■ efkeâme efceóer keâer mebjÛevee ceW keâCe Skeâ–otmejs kesâ DeefOekeâ Ùee keâce ■ Ûešdševe efJeIešve kesâ heMÛeeled Gmeer mLeeve hej jn peeves Jeeueer ce=oe
meceevlej keâer JÙeJemLee keâjles nw– Dispersed (eflelej-efyelej) keânueeleer nw– DeJeefMe<š ce=oe
■ Ûešdševe efJeIešve kesâ heMÛeeled Gmeer mLeeve hej jn peeves Jeeueer ce=oe ■ heeveer Éeje ØeJeeefnle cenerve keâCe Jeeueer ce=oe PeerueeW keâer leueer ceW pecee
keânueeleer nw– DeJeefMe<š ce=oe (Residual Soil) keâer ieF& ce=oe keânueeleer nw– mejesJejer ce=oe
■ ieg™lJe Deekeâ<e&Ce kesâ keâejCe efkeâmeer {euet heneÌ[er kesâ DeeOeej hej pecee ■ meJe&ØeLece cenlJehetCe& ce=oe kesâ iegCeeW keâer peevekeâejer efkeâme Jew%eeefvekeâ ves
nesves Jeeueer ce=oe, efpemeceW Ûešdševe kesâ šgkeâÌ[s Yeer efceues neW, keânueeleer keâye efoÙee Lee– ketâuecye, 1773
nw– mecetÌ{ ce=oe
■ ienjer Je GLeueer veeRJeeW kesâ efmeæevle keâes efkeâmeves pevce efoÙee–
■ šsueme (Talus) Ùee Oetme efceóer heefjJeeefnle nesleer nw–
cesÙej ne@heâ
ieg™lJeekeâ<e&Ce mes
■ jsleerueer ce=oe ceW jsle keâe ØeefleMele cee$ee nesleer nw– 80%
■ mebmebpevejefnle ce=oe nesleer nw– yeeuet
■ ce=oe mebnefle ceW ØeeJemLeeDeeW keâer mebKÙee nesleer nw– 3
■ keâewve-meer ce=oe veeRJe kesâ efueÙes GheÙeesieer veneR nw– keâeueer keâheeme ce=oe
■ mebnle meIeve yeeuet keâe Deehesef#ekeâ IevelJe neslee nw ueieYeie– 0.95
■ yenles ngS heeveer kesâ meeLe heefjJenve keâer ieF& ce=oe keâes keânles nQ–
■ jvOeÇeW keâe DeeÙeleve Deewj kegâue DeeÙeleve keâe Devegheele efoÙes ieÙes ce=oe
keâÚejer (Alluvial) ce=oe
efheC[ kesâ efueS keânueelee nw– mebjvOeÇlee
■ yeWšesveeFš ce=oe ceW efkeâme Keefvepe keâer cee$ee DeefOekeâ nesleer nw–
ceeCšceeefjueesveeFš ■ mLetue FkeâeF& Yeej γ t leLee ØeefleMele peueebMe w Jeeues ce=oe ØeefleoMe&

yehe&â Éeje heefjJenve keâjkesâ yeveeF& ieÙeer ce=oe keânueeleer nw–  100 
■ keâe Meg<keâ FkeâeF& Yeej nw– γt  
efnceeveer ce=oe  100 + W 
■ «esJeue keâe Deekeâej neslee nw– 2 mm mes 60 mm lekeâ ■ Ùeefo Skeâ hetjer lejn mes meble=hle ce=oe keâe peueebMe 100% nw, leye
(M.I.T. Classification) vecetves keâe efjòeâ Devegheele nw– ce=oe kesâ efJeefMe° ieg®lJe kesâ yejeyej
23
 jsle Je keäues kesâ iegCeeW keâe Devlej ■ õJe meercee kesâ «eeheâ hej ØeJeen Je›eâ keâe #eweflepe mes {eue keânueelee
nw– ØeJeen metÛekeâebkeâ (Flow Index)
›eâ.meb. iegCe (Properties) jsle (Sand) keäues (Clay) ■ peueebMe efvekeâeueves kesâ efueÙes keâewve-meer efJeefOe meyemes DeefOekeâ Megæ
1. ce=oe keâer efkeâmce ceesšs keâCe Jeeueer cenerve keâCe heefjCeece osleer nw– Yešdšer Éeje megKeeves keâer efJeefOe
Jeeueer (Oven dry method)
■ jsleerueer ce=oe keâe efvekeâšlece efjkeälelee Devegheele neslee nw– 60³
2. keâCeeW keâe Deekeâej 0.075 mes 0.002 mm
mes keâce ■ ce=oe ceW peueebMe keâer Jen DeefOekeâlece cee$ee efpeme hej peueebMe keâer
4.75 mm
cee$ee Deewj keâce keâjves mes Gmekesâ DeeÙeleve ceW keâesF& keâceer ve DeeÙes,
3. DeeBKe mes osKevee mebYeJe DemebYeJe keânueeleer nw– mebkegâÛeve meercee
4. keâCeeW keâe jbie ™he Ùee keâ"esj Je ueÛeeruee ■ ce=oe kesâ efÚõ kesâJeue nJee mes hetjer lejn Yejs ngÙes neW, lees ce=oe
efoKeeJeš yengkeâeÙe keânueeleer nw– Meg<keâ ce=oe
(Appearance) ■ ce=oe keâe peueebMe %eele keâjves kesâ efueÙes ce=oe keâer cee$ee efkeâleveer ueer
5. Deeke=âefle (Shape) ieesue Je keâesCeerÙe uecyes Je megF& peeleer nw– 300 «eece
keâer YeeBefle ■ ÛeerceÌ[heve metÛekeâebkeâ keâer heefjYee<ee keâer peeleer nw Devegheele kesâ ™he ceW–
6. efjkeälelee Devegheele keâce DeefOekeâ hueeefmškeâlee metÛekeâebkeâ Deewj ØeJeen metÛekeâebkeâ kesâ
(Void ratio) ■ peye efkeâmeer ce=oe kesâ meejs jvOeÇ heeveer mes Yejs neW, lees Gme ce=oe keâes
7. heejiecÙelee DeefOekeâ keâce keânles nQ– hetCe&leÙee meble=hle efcešdšer
8. mecheer[dÙelee keâce yengle DeefOekeâ ■ ce=oe ceW efveefnle peue keâer cee$ee efkeâleveer nes mekeâleer nw–
(Compressibility) (0), (0 mes 1 kesâ yeerÛe), (1), (1 mes DeefOekeâ) ~
9. Deehesef#ekeâ #es$eHeâue keâce DeefOekeâ ■ ce=oe kesâ kegâue DeeÙeleve keâer leguevee ceW efjefòeâÙeeW kesâ DeeÙeleve keâes keäÙee
melen (Specific
keânles nQ– mejvOeÇlee (Porosity)
surface area) n
■ e leLee n ceW mener mecyevOe oMee&lee nw– e=
10. memebpeve Dememebpekeâ memebpeve 1- n
(Cohesion) ■ meble=hle ce=oe keâe meble=efhle DebMe neslee nw– 100³

DeefOekeâ Ùee ■ õJe Deewj hueeefmškeâ meerceeSb nesleer nw– keäues efceóer ceW
11. õJe meercee keâce
■ JeeÙeJeerÙe efjkeälelee kesâ DeeÙeleve Deewj kegâue efjkeälelee kesâ DeeÙeleve keâe
TBÛeer
Devegheele keâne peelee nw– JeeÙeg DebMe (Air Content)
12. hueeefmškeâ meercee keâce pÙeeoe ■ ce=oe ceW Øeeke=âeflekeâ ™he mes efveefnle peue keâer cee$ee Deewj megIešdÙe meercee
13. metKeves hej mebkegâÛeve yengle keâce (veneR yengle DeefOekeâ kesâ Deblej leLee ce=oe kesâ megIešdÙelee metÛekeâebkeâ kesâ Devegheele keâes ØeefleMele
(Shrinkage on kesâ yejeyej ™he ceW JÙekeäle keâjves hej Øeehle JÙebpekeâ keânueelee nw–
drying) lejuelee metÛekeâebkeâ (Liquidity Index)
e ■ Ùeefo efcešdšer keâe efJeefMe<š ieg™lJe G Deewj efjkeälelee e nes, lees
■ efjkeälelee Devegheele e leLee mejvOeÇlee n ceW mecyevOe nw– n=
1+e G -1
■ IevelJe metÛekeâebkeâ Jen heo neslee nw pees efkeâme Øekeâej ce=oe keâer meehes#e ›eâebeflekeâ «esef[Sbš I efkeâmekesâ yejeyej nesiee– Ic =
1+e
meIevelee keâes Øekeâš keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw–
kesâJeue Dememebpekeâ ce=oe kesâ efueS
ce=oe keâe Meg<keâ Yeej  Ws 
■ mejbOeÇlee keâer cee$ee (ØeefleMele) meyemes DeefOekeâ efkeâme ce=oe ØeefleoMe& ceW ■ ce=oe keâe Meg<keâ IevelJe neslee nw–
nesleer nw– cegueeÙece yesvšesveeFš ce=oe keâe keâgue DeeÙeleve  V 
■ efkeâmeer ce=oe ØeefleoMe& keâe mebkegâÛeve metÛekeâebkeâ neslee nw–
■ ce=oe kesâ efÚõ heeveer mes hetCe&le: Yejs nesves hej ce=oe keânueeleer nw–
hetCe&le: meble=hle ce=oe õJe meercee Je Øeeke=âeflekeâ peueebMe keâe Devlej leLee meIevelee
■ Skeâ ce=oe ØeefleoMe& keâe Meg<keâ IevelJe ncesMee–  WL − w (WL − w) 
metÛekeâebkeâ keâe Devegheele,  Ic = = 
mLetue IevelJe mes keâce neslee nw  IP (WL − WP ) 
■ Skeâ ner DeejsKe ceW leerveeW DeJeÙeJeeW (DeLee&led heeveer, JeeÙeg Je "esme) keâes ■ efceóer keâe Jen peueebMe pees T<cee Éeje efvekeâue peelee nw, keânueelee
oMee&ves Jeeuee DeejsKe keânueelee nw– leerve-DeJemLee DeejsKe nw– neF[^esmkeâesefhekeâ peue
■ ce=oe keâer õJe meercee Deewj megIešdÙe meercee kesâ yeerÛe mebKÙeelcekeâ Deblej ■ peye ce=oe Øeeke=âeflekeâ DeJemLee ceW meIevelece nesleer nw lees IevelJe
keânueelee nw– megIešdÙelee metÛekeâebkeâ metÛekeâebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw– 1.00
■ meble=hle ce=oe ceW efjkeälelee Devegheele keâe ceeve "esme keâCeeW kesâ Deehesef#ekeâ ■ ce=oe keâe IevelJe metÛekeâebkeâ efpelevee DeefOekeâ nesiee ce=oe Gleveer ner–
ieg™lJe Je peueebMe kesâ ........ kesâ yejeyej nesiee– iegCeveHeâue meIeve nesieer
24
■ ce=oe ØeefleoMe& kesâ yeukeâ IevelJe γ Je 4oC hej heeveer kesâ IevelJe keâe ■ efjòeâ Devegheele (e), efJeefMe<š IevelJe (G), peueebMe (w) Deewj
Devegheele keânueelee nw– yeukeâ Ùee mLetue Deehesef#ekeâ ieg™lJe wG
meble=efhle ceelee (Sr) keâe cetue meceerkeâjCe neslee nw– e=
■ ce=oe keâer FkeâeF& DeeÙeleve keâe kegâue Yeej keânueelee nw– Sr
mLetue IevelJe ■ keâeye&efvekeâ ce=oe keâe Deehesef#ekeâ ieg®lJe neslee nw– 0.2 mes keâce
■ ce=oe ceW Øeefle FkeâeF& DeeÙeleve ceW "esme keâCeeW keâe Yeej keânueelee nw– ■ «esJeue keâe efjòeâlee Devegheele neslee nw– 0.60–0.30
Meg<keâ IevelJe
■ Ùeefo IevelJe metÛekeâebkeâ 15 mes 30% nes, lees ce=oe nesieer–
■ meble=hle DeJemLee ceW ce=oe keâe IevelJe ncesMee– mLetue IevelJe leLee
{erueer ce=oe
Meg<keâ IevelJe mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw
■ megIešdÙelee metÛekeâebkeâ neslee nw hueeefmškeâ meercee Deewj–
■ Øeefle FkeâeF& DeeÙeleve heeveer keâe Yeej keânueelee nw–
heeveer keâe FkeâeF& Yeej õJeerÙe meercee keâe Deblej
■ efkeâmeer Øeoòe ce=oe efheC[ ceW heeveer kesâ Yeej Deewj "esme keâCeeW kesâ Yeej
Vw
■ meble=hle DebMe neslee nw– keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw– peue keâer efveefnle cee$ee
Va + Vw
■ õJeerÙe meercee leLee Øeeke=âeflekeâ peueebMe kesâ Deblej leLee megIešdÙelee
■ keâCe heefjceehe efJelejCe Je›eâ hej 20³ heefjceehe keâe celeueye neslee nw–
metÛekeâebkeâ keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw– meIevelee metÛekeâebkeâ
D20
■ peye Skeâ ce=oe ØeefleoMe& keâe megIešdÙelee metÛekeâebkeâ ueieYeie 6 neslee nw
ce=oeDeeW kesâ efJeefMe° ieg™lJe lees ce=oe ØeefleoMe& nw Skeâ– efmeuš
›eâ.meb. ce=oeÙeW efJeefMe<š ieg®lJe ■ efkeâmeer ce=oe ØeefleoMe& ceW efveefnle peue keâer cee$ee %eele keâjves nsleg
1. JesvšesveesFš 2.34 DeheveeF& ieF& Yeªer Meg<keâ efJeefOe ceW ce=oe kesâ leehe›eâce keâe hejeme
DeefveJeeÙe& ™he mes ef[«eer lekeâ nesvee ÛeeefnS– 105o mes 110o
2. Ûetvee 2.7
■ Ùeefo ce=oe efheC[ keâe megIešdÙelee metÛekeâebkeâ MetvÙe nes lees ce=oe keâe
3. efmeuš 2.68–2.72
Øekeâej nw– yeeuet
4. keâeye&efvekeâ Ùegòeâ efmeuš 2.40–2.50
■ lejuelee meercee hej meYeer ce=oeDeeW keâer nesleer nw–
5. keäJeeš&peeFš 2.65 keâce heefjceeCe keâe meceeve keâle&ve meeceLÙe&
■ Ùeefo meIevelee metÛekeâebkeâ keâe ceeve MetvÙe nw lees– ■ Ùeefo Skeâ ce=oe keâes Fmekeâer mebkegâÛeve meercee mes DeefOekeâ megKeeÙee peelee
ce=oe õJe meercee hej nw~ nw lees Ùen oMee&lee nw– DeeÙeleve ceW keâesF& yeoueeJe veneR
■ Jen peueebMe efpeme hej ce=oe kesâ 3 efceceer. kesâ Oeeies yeveeÙes pee mekeâles ■ heeveer keâer Jen vÙetvelece cee$ee efpeme hej ce=oe Ûeškeâvee Meg™ keâjleer nw,
nQ Deewj keâesF& ojej veneR Deeleer lees keânueeleer nw– peye 3 efceceer. JÙeeme kesâ Oeeies ceW yesefuele efkeâÙee peelee nw, keânueelee
megIešdÙe DeJemLee (Plastic Stage) nw– hueeefmškeâ meercee
■ efkeâmeer meble=hle ce=oe ØeefleoMe& kesâ mekeâue Yeej Deewj Gmekesâ mekeâue
■ Skeâ efhekeäveesceeršj keâe ØeÙeesie %eele keâjlee nw–
DeeÙeleve keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw–
peueebMe Deewj efJeefMe° ieg®lJe
meble=hle FkeâeF& Yeej (Saturated unit weight)
■ õJe meercee hej– ce=oe keâer keâle&ve meeceLÙe& Deefle met#ce nw
■ peueebMe keâer Jen vÙetvelece cee$ee efpeme hej ce=oe efheâj Yeer õJe DeJemLee
ceW jnleer nw Deewj GmeceW keâle&ve ØeeflejesOe Yeer neslee nw, keânueeleer nw– ■ Skeâ ce=oe efheC[ kesâ efueÙes neF[^esceeršj efJeMues<eCe ceW–
õJeerÙe meercee cewefvemkeâme mebMeesOeve Oeveelcekeâ leLee efJeef#ehle (Dispersing)
■ õJeerÙe meercee keâer Åeeslekeâ ce=oe nw– ce=efòekeâe keâejkeâ mebMeesOeve $e+Ceelcekeâ neslee nw~
■ ce=oe kesâ mece™helee iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve 10 mes DeefOekeâ nesves hej ce=oe ■ õJe meercee Deewj megIešŸe meercee ce=oe ceW efJeÅeceeve nw– memebpekeâ
keânueeleer nw– DeÛÚer ßesCeerke=âle ce=oe ■ mšeskeâ keâe efveÙece DeÛÚer lejn ueeiet veneR neslee Ùeefo keâCe keâe
■ meble=hle ce=oe ceW meble=hle DebMe keâe ceeve neslee nw– 1.0 Deekeâej mes DeefOekeâ nw– 0.2 efceceer0
■ mLetue keâCeeW Jeeueer ce=oe kesâ efueÙes megIešdÙelee metÛekeâebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee ■ mebkegâÛeve meercee hej– ce=oe hetjer lejn meble=hle nesleer nw~
nw– MetvÙe ■ õJe meercee %eele keâjves kesâ efueS ØeJeen Je›eâ ceW peueebMe keâes Debefkeâle
■ ce=oe keâe Je›eâlee iegCeebkeâ neslee nw– Cc =
(D30 )2 efkeâÙee peelee nw– Y-De#e hej
D10 ×D60 ■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer ce=oe keâer meg«eeefnlee 4 leLee 8 kesâ ceOÙe nw, lees Ùen
■ ce=oe ceW JeeÙeg efjefkeäleÙeeW kesâ kegâue DeeÙeleve Deewj ce=oe efheC[ kesâ mekeâue keânueeÙesieer– meg«eener ce=oe (Senstive Soil)
DeeÙeleve keâe Devegheele pees ØeefleMele kesâ ™he ceW JÙekeäle efkeâÙee peelee ■ ce=oe keâe Jen iegCe pees Fmes MeerIeÇlee mes efyevee efJejesOe, efyevee
nw, keânueelee nw– ØeefleMele JeeÙeg efjkeälelee ØelÙeemLelee leLee efyevee DeeÙeleve heefjJele&ve kesâ efJe™efhele nesves keâer
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer ce=oe kesâ jbOeÇeW ceW hetCe&le: kesâJeue JeeÙeg ner Yejer nes, lees mJeerke=âefle Øeoeve keâjlee nw– megIešdÙelee
Ssmeer ce=oe keânueeleer nw– Meg<keâ ce=oe ■ Skeâ ce=oe kesâ efueS, peue keâer Jen cee$ee peneB veceer keâer Deewj DeefOekeâ
■ ce=oe efheC[ keâe IevelJe metÛekeâebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw– neefve mes keâesF& Deefleefjòeâ DeeÙeleve #eefle ve nes, keâes keânles nQ–
0 mes 1 lekeâ mebkegâÛeve meercee
25
hueeefmškeâ metÛekeâebkeâ mecyeefvOele ce=oe keâe JeieeakeâjCe ■ ce=oe kesâ meceevelee iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve 10 mes DeefOekeâ nesves hej ce=oe
Soil Classification Related to Plasticity Index keâner peeleer nw– DeÛÚer Øekeâej ßesCeeryeæ (Well Graded) ce=oe
■ Ssmee ce=oe ØeefleoMe& efpemekesâ meYeer iegCe cetue ce=oe kesâ iegCeeW kesâ ueieYeie
IP% ce=oe efJeJejCe meceeve neW, lees keânueelee nw– De#egyOe ØeefleoMe&
■ Fme memebpekeâ nerve ce=oe kesâ keâCeeW keâe Deekeâej 2 efceceer. mes 6 efceceer.
0 DemegIešdÙe (Non Plastic)
neslee nw, keânueelee nw– «esJeue
1 mes 5 LeesÌ[e megIešdÙe (Slight Plastic)
■ 0.002 mm mes 0.02 mm keâCe Deekeâej Jeeueer ce=oe neslee nw–
5 mes 10 keâce megIešdÙe (Low Plastic) efmeuš
10 mes 20 ceOÙece megIešdÙe (Medium Plastic) ■ ce=oe keâe megIešdÙelee metÛekeâebkeâ 7 mes 17 kesâ yeerÛe nesves hej ce=oe
20 mes 40 GÛÛe megIešdÙe (Highly Plastic) keânueeleer nw– mebmebpekeâ efmeušer keäues
40 mes DeefOekeâ DelÙevle megIešdÙe (Very Highly Plastic) ■ megIešdÙe metÛekeâebkeâ IP keâe ceeve 5 mes DeefOekeâ Je 7 mes keâce nesves hej
ce=oe nesieer– DeebefMekeâ mebmebpekeâ efmeuš
■ efhekeäveesceeršj Éeje keäÙee %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
peueebMe leLee efJeefMe° ieg™lJe ■ ce=oe ceW Fme heefjceehe lekeâ kesâ keâCeeW keâe efJeMues<eCe ÚueefveÙeeW keâer
meneÙelee mes efkeâÙee peelee nw– 75 µ
■ efhekeäveesceeršj keâer #ecelee neslee nw– 900 ml
■ megIešdÙe metÛekeâebkeâ keâe mebKÙeelcekeâ ceeve õJe meercee Je kesâ Deblej kesâ
■ peueebMe %eele keâjves keâer heâeru[ (mLeue) efJeefOe nw–
yejeyej neslee nw– ØelÙeemLelee metÛekeâebkeâ
meW[ yeeBLe efJeefOe (Sand Bath Method)
■ heeveer keâer Jen vÙetvelece cee$ee efpeme hej ce=oe õJe DeJemLee ceW jnleer
■ leer#Ce {eue Jeeuee keâCe heefjceehe efJelejCe Je›eâ efkeâme Øekeâej keâer ce=oe nw, hejvleg ØeJeen ØeeflejesOe kesâ efueS kegâÚ Dehe™heCe meeceLÙe& Glhevve
keâes metefÛele keâjlee nw– Skeâmeceeve ceehe keâer ce=oe nes peeleer nw, Gmes keâne peelee nw– lejue meercee
■ efmeušer meQ[ leLee keäuesÙeer meQ[ keâe meecetefnkeâ Øeleerkeâ ›eâceMe:efveOee&efjle
■ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâeW kesâ Devegmeej, 45 µ Úueveer keâer ceehe nesleer nw–
efkeâÙee ieÙee nw– SM leLee SC
0.045 efceceer.
■ IS JeieeakeâjCe kesâ Devegmeej efmeuš kesâ keâCeeW keâe Deekeâej nw–
■ ØeJeen Je›eâ keâe {eue, efpemes 100 ÛeesšeW (Blows) hej peueebMe keâer
0.075 mm to 0.002 mm
■ meeceevÙe FbpeerefveÙeeEjie GösMÙe kesâ efueS, Yeejle ceW ce=oe Jeieeake=âle keâer cee$ee kesâ Deblej hej yeveeÙee ieÙee nw, keânueelee nw– ØeJeen metÛekeâebkeâ
nw– mebMeesefOele USC ØeCeeueer ■ Skeâ ce=oe meerceWš neslee nw– Skeâ ce=oe pees heesš&uewC[ meerceWš
■ ce=oe JeieeakeâjCe Ûeeš& efJeYeeefpele Ùee Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee ieÙee nw– kesâ meeLe ÂÌ{ keâer peeleer nw
kewâmee«eev[s ■ Yeejle ceW ce=oe JeieeakeâjCe nw–
■ met#ce keâCeerÙe ce=oeDeeW kesâ Deekeâej keâer Thejer meercee efceceer0 ceW nw– heefj™æ ce=oe JeieeakeâjCe ØeCeeueer
0.075 ■ 2 mes keâce meceevelee iegCeebkeâ Jeeueer ce=oeSB keânueeleer nw–
■ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ ce=oe JeieeakeâjCe ØeCeeueer kesâ Devegmeej GÛÛe meceJeieeaÙe ce=oe (Uniformly graded soil)
mecheer[Ÿelee kesâ Dekeâeye&efvekeâ efmeuš keâe mebkesâlekeâ nw– MH ■ peye efkeâmeer ce=oe ceW meYeer keâCe meceeve nesles nQ lees Fmekesâ meceevelee
■ efmeuš efceóer keâe vÙetvelece Deekeâej neslee nw– 0.002 efceceer. iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve nesiee– 1
■ Ùen ce=oe megIešdÙe veneR nesleer nw– jsle ■ Fme ce=oe keâer mejbOeÇlee meyemes keâce nesleer nw–
■ Deemebpekeâ ce=oeÙeW yeveleer nQ– ÛeóeveeW kesâ Yeeweflekeâ efJeIešve Éeje mebnefvele yeeuet (Compacted sand)
■ Yeejle ceW meeceevÙe DeefYeÙeebef$ekeâ keâeÙe& kesâ efueS efceóer keâe JeieeakeâjCe
DeeOeeefjle nw–Skeâerke=âle efceóer JeieeakeâjCe ØeCeeueer (Unified 3. ce=oe keâer heejiecÙelee Deewj meerhespe
system) efJeMues<eCe (Permeability of Soil
■ I.S. Úueveer 300 ceeF›eâesve kesâ efÚõ keâe Deekeâej neslee nw– and Seepage Analysis)
0.300 efceceer.
■ Ùen ce=oe Jevemheefle kesâ heòeeW Je efÚuekeâeW mes meÌ[ves mes yeveleer nw– ■ efkeâme efveÙece kesâ Devegmeej, meble=hle ce=oe ceW heeveer kesâ yenves keâer ieefle
heerš ce=oe õJeerÙe {eue kesâ meceevegheeleer nesleer nw, Ùen efveÙece nw–
■ Úueveer efJeMues<eCe, ce=oe kesâ keâCeeW keâe Deekeâej efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ [ejmeer keâe efveÙece
nesves hej efkeâÙee peelee nw– 0.075 efceceer. ■ Skeâ Glœegle peueYe=le Jen nesleer nw peneB– peue oes DeheejiecÙe
■ jsle kesâ keâCeeW keâe Deekeâej neslee nw– 0.06 efceceer. mes 2.00 efceceer. hejleeW kesâ ceOÙe oeye kesâ DeOeerve neslee nw~
■ MeerIeÇ yeeuet (Quick Sand) neslee nw– ■ yeeuet veeefueÙeeW keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
ce=oe keâer Skeâ DeJemLee nesleer nw efpemeceW mebIeveve keâes lJeefjle keâjves kesâ efueÙes
Skeâ memebpevenerve ce=oe heeveer kesâ Thejer ØeJeen kesâ keâejCe ■ ce=oe ceW veefuekeâekeâjCe leye neslee nw peye–
Deheveer meeceLÙe& Kees osleer nw ØeYeeJeer oeye MetvÙe nes peeÙes
26
■ met#ce keâCeerÙe memebpekeâ ce=oeDeeW kesâ peue efvekeâeme kesâ efueÙes meyemes ■ heeveer keâe Jen ØeJeen, efpemeceW mecemle keâCe meceeveevlej heLe ceW
GheÙegkeäle efJeefOe nw– efJeÅegle hejemejCe efJeefOe ØeJeeefnle neslee nw, keânueelee nw– mlejerÙe ØeJeen
■ Skeâ mLetue keâCeerÙe ce=oe keâe efjòeâ Devegheele (e = 0.75) Deewj ■ ce=oe ceW efjmeve efveYe&j neslee nw– heejiecÙelee hej
efJeefMe° ieg®lJe (G = 2.75) ›eâebeflekeâ {ueeve efpemeceW õgle jsle oMee ■ efcešdšer keâer heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ veneR neslee nw–
(Quick sand condition) Ieefšle nesleer nw– 1.0 10–6 cm/sec
■ efkeâmeer peueYe=le keâer heejiecÙelee– leeheceeve kesâ yeÌ{ves kesâ meeLe
yeÌ{leer nw~
kegâÚ ce=oeDeeW keâer heejiecÙelee
■ Ùeefo Skeâ ce=oe keâer heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ x Deewj y efoMee ceW ›eâceMe: ›eâ. ce=oe keâer efkeâmce heejiecÙelee peue efvekeâemeer
Kx Deewj Ky nw~ ce=oe keâer ØeYeeJeer heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ nesiee– iegCeebkeâ iegCe
Kx Ky cm/sec (heejiecÙelee)

■ ce=oe kesâ mJeÙeb Yeej kesâ keâejCe ØeYeeJeer TOJee&Oej Øeefleyeue nw– γ.z
1. meeheâ «esJeue (gravel) 100–1.0 yengle DeÛÚe
■ ce=oe keâe Jen iegCe efpememes neskeâj peue yenlee nw (efjmelee) nw, peevee 2. ceesšs Je ceOÙece jsle 1.0–10 –2
DeÛÚe
peelee nw– heejiecÙelee 3. cenerve jsle –2
10 –10 –3
meeOeejCe
■ mšeskeâ kesâ efveÙece kesâ mejueerkeâjCe mebmkeâjCe kesâ Devegmeej, 10 cm 4. meIeve efmeuš, keäues Ùegòeâ 10 –10 –3 –6
Kejeye
TBÛeeF& mes neskeâj 0.06 efceceer. JÙeeme keâe Skeâ keâCe kesâ yeneJe kesâ efmeuš
efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ meceÙe nw– 30.5 meskesâC[ 5. keäues Je efmeuš keäues 10–6–10–8 yengle Kejeye
■ Ûeue Meer<e& heejiecÙelee hejer#eCe (Variable head permeability ■ meeheâ «esJeue keâer heejiecÙelee nesleer nw– 1 mes DeefOekeâ
test) ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, kesâ efueS– ce=efòekeâeceÙe "esme
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer ce=oe keâer heejiecÙelee 0.8 mm/sec nes, lees ce=oe keâe
■ [emeea keâe efveÙece efkeâmekesâ yeneJe efkeâ efueS ueeiet veneR neslee nw–«esJeue
Øekeâej nesiee– jsle
■ ce=oe ceW ceewpeto kesâefMekeâe peue mes–
■ heejiecÙelee hejer#eCe ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues efveÙece keâes keânles nQ–
jbOeÇ peue oeye MetvÙe mes veerÛes nes peelee nw
[emeea keâe efveÙece
■ efjmeve oeye (Seepage pressure) ncesMee ueielee nw–
■ [emeea kesâ efveÙece keâe meceerkeâjCe nw– V = ki
yeneJe keâer efoMee ceW
■ ce=oe ceW efjmeve kesâ meceÙe ce=oe keâCeeW ceW pees efjmeve keâer efoMee ceW
■ efmLej Meer<e& heejiecÙeleeceeheer kesâ efueS GheÙegkeäle nw–
mLetue keâCeerÙe ce=oe (Coarse Grained Soil) oyeeJe ueielee nw, Fmes keânles nQ– efjmeve yeue
■ ce=oe efjmeve Ùee ØeJeen keâer efÉefceleerÙe meceerkeâjCe keâe «eeefheâkeâ meceeOeeve
■ [emeea kesâ Devegmeej, meble=hle ce=oe ceW mlejerÙe ØeJeen kesâ efueS, ØeJeen
oj meceevegheeleer nw– õJeerÙe {eue keânueelee nw– ØeJeen peeue (Flow net)
■ meesveesmkeâeshe keâe ØeÙeesie Fvecebs mes efkeâme kesâ efueS neslee nw– Yetefceiele ■ Jen ceeie& efpeme hej ce=oe ceW efjmeve nesleer nw, keânueelee nw–
peue ceeiee&W cebs efjmeeJe keâer Keespe nsleg ØeJeen jsKee (Flow Line)
■ efkeâme ce=oe ceW kesâefMekeâlJe keâer TBÛeeF& meyemes DeefOekeâ nesleer nw– ■ ce=oe yeeBOe keâesj kesâ efvecee&Ce kesâ efueS ce=oe keâe heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ
–
keâesueesF[dme keâCeeW ceW nesvee ÛeeefnS– 10 4 mesceer./meskeâC[
■ efkeâmeer lejue heoeLe& keâer FkeâeF& otjer hej oes hejleeW kesâ ceOÙe FkeâeF& Jesie
■ ce=oe keâer heejiecÙelee hej Fmekeâe ØeYeeJe veneR heÌ[lee nw–
JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oeye keâe Deblej yeveeS jKeves kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ Øeefle FkeâeF& #es$eheâue
Dehe™heCe yeue keânueeSiee– efvejhes#e Ùee Ûejce MÙeevelee iegCeebkeâ
■ ce=oe keâer heejiecÙelee heefjJeefle&le nesleer nw– ce=oe keâCeeW kesâ Deekeâej –
■ Jen ce=oe efpemekeâe heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ 10 5 mesceer./meskeâC[ neslee nw–
kesâ Jeie&heâue kesâ Deveg™he
DeØeJesMÙe
■ [emeea keâe efveÙece ce=oe mes neskeâj efvemÙebove kesâ mebyebOe ceW ueeiet veneR
■ Skeâ mLeeÙeer Yeeweflekeâ iegCe pees heejiecÙelee keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjlee nw–
neslee nw, Ùeefo– ce=oe ceW efJe#egyOe ØeJeen nes jne nw
heeveer keâer MÙeevelee leLee heeveer keâe FkeâeF& Yeej
■ ce=oe keâe heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ 10–1 mesceer./meskeâC[ nesves hej ce=oe
nesieer– jsle (Sand) ■ efkeâmeer Yeer ce=oe keâer heejiecÙelee nesleer nw–

■
–7
ce=oe keâe heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ 10 mesceer./meskeâC[ nesves hej ce=oe Deewmele keâCe kesâ Jeie& kesâ meerOes meceevegheeleer
nesieer– ce=eflekeâe (Clay) ■ efkeâmeer ce=oe keâe Deewmele keâCe Deekeâej 0.2 mm nw Jen cegKÙele: nw–
■ heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ keâer efJeceeSb nw– mesceer./meskeâC[ yeeuet
■
–5
Ùeefo ce=oe keâe heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ 10 mesceer./meskeâC[ nes, lees Ùen ■ U.S.B.R. kesâ JeieeakeâjCe kesâ Devegmeej ce=oe heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ 10–4
......ce=oe nesieer– keäues mesceer./meskeâC[ nesves hej ce=oe nesieer– DeheejiecÙe
27
■ ce=oe keâe meble=hle DebMe ncesMee neslee nw– 0 mes 100 lekeâ ■ DemebIeefvele DeveDeheJeeefnle hejer#eCe (Unconsolidated Undrain
■ ce=oe kesâ megIešdÙe metÛekeâebkeâ I keâe ceeve 17 mes DeefOekeâ nesves hej ce=oe Test) Yeer keâne peelee nw– leer›e hejer#eCe (Quick Test)
nesieer– GÛÛe megIešdÙe ■ keâle&ve efJeheâuelee Fbefiele keâjlee nw– ce=oe keâe heeMJe& efJemLeeheve keâes
■ yeuegDee oueoue nw– ce=oe keâer õJeerÙe DeJemLee ■ hueeefmškeâ DeveheJeeefnle ce=efòekeâe ceW keâle&ve meeceLÙe& kesâ keâejCe nesleer
■ ce=oe heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ Je ce=oe efjòeâlee Devegheele e ceW mecyevOe neslee nw– memebpeve
Ce 3 ■ Ùeefo Skeâ ØeefleOeejkeâ oerJeej YejeJe mes otj pee jne nw lees Jen peevee
nw– k = Ce 2 , k =
peelee nw– meef›eâÙe DeJemLee efmLeefle
1+ e
■ ce=oe yeeBOeeW kesâ keâesj kesâ efueS ce=oe keâe heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ nesvee ■ mLeue hej Dehe™heCe hejer#eCe Dehe™heCe meeceLÙe& efvekeâeueves kesâ efueS
ÛeeefnS– 10–4 cm/sec efkeâÙee peelee nw– memebpekeâ ce=oe
■ mebmebpekeâ ce=oe keâer heejiecÙelee keâes efkeâme ØeÙeesie Éeje %eele efkeâÙee ■ ef$eDe#eerÙe hejer#eCe cebs cegKÙe Øeefleyeue neslee nw–
peelee nw– efiejles Meer<e& heejiecÙelee hejer#ekeâ Ùeb$e (Deveator Pressure + Cell Pressure)
■ Ùeefo heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ k, DeeÙeleve heefjJele&ve iegCeebkeâ mv Deewj ■ Ùeefo R efJeheâuelee keâer ef$epÙee nw leLee φ ce=oe keâe Deebleefjkeâ Ie<e&Ce
heeveer keâe FkeâeF& Yeej γw nes, lees mebIeveve iegCeebkeâ nesiee– keâesCe nw leye Ie<e&Ce Je=òe keâe ceeve nw– R sin φ
k ■ peye Skeâ efceóer keâe Jele&ceeve ØeYeeJeer DelÙeeefOekeâ oyeeJe Deleerle keâer
Cv =
mv × γw
Yeebefle DeefOekeâlece oyeeJe nw, lees Ùen nw–
meeceevÙe mecesefkeâle (Normal-consolidated Soil) ce=oe
■ efJemepe&ve Jesie V SJeb efjmeve Jesie VS ceW mecyevOe neslee nw–
■ ce=oe hej ØeYeeJeer Øeefleyeue efkeâmekeâer Jepen mes neslee nw–
VS = V/n
ce=oe kesâ keâCeeW kesâ keâejCe GlheVe Øeefleyeue
■ mejvOeÇ ceeOÙece ceW ØeJeen kesâ efueS [emeea keâe efveÙece ueeiet nesiee Ùeefo
■ Ùeefo d keâCe kesâ ceehe keâe ØeefleefveefOelJe keâjlee nw lees ›eâeefvlekeâ keâle&ve
jsveeu[ mebKÙee– ≤1 Øeefleyeue efpeme hej leueÚš keâer ØeejefcYekeâ ieefle nesleer nw Jen efkeâmekesâ
4. ce=oe keâer Dehe™heCe meeceLÙe& SJeb OeejCe Deevegheeeflekeâ neslee nw– d
■ veeRJe kesâ DeeOeej hej Jen vÙetvelece kegâue oeye leer›elee efpeme hej ce=oe
#ecelee (Shear Strength of Soil & keâle&ve ceW efJeheâue nes peeleer nw, keânueeleer nw– Ûejce OeejCe #ecelee
Bearing Capacity) ■ Jen Megæ YeejCe leer›elee efpeme hej ve lees ce=oe keâle&ve ceW efJeheâue nesleer
nw ve ner mebjÛevee ceW DelÙeefOekeâ yew"eJe neslee nw, keânueeleer nw–
■ ce=og ce=eflekeâe (Soft clay) keâer DeveDeheJeeefnle keâle&ve meeceLÙe& Deveg%esÙe OeejCe #ecelee
(Undrained shear strength) kesâ efveOee&jCe kesâ efueÙes GheÙegkeäle ■ Skeâ ce=oe keâer õJe meercee keâes ØeÙeesieMeeuee ceW efkeâme GhekeâjCe Éeje
mLeue hejer#eCe nw– Jessve keâle&ve hejer#eCe (Vane Shear Test) %eele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– kewâmee«eev[s GhekeâjCe Éeje
■ Skeâ ce=oe keâer keâle&ve meeceLÙe&– ■ Ùeefo keâesF& heoeLe& Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue keâes ØelÙeemLe efJe™heCe mes
DeefYeuecye ØeefleyeueeW ceW keâceer kesâ meeLe Iešleer nw~ ØeeflejesOe keâjlee nw, leye Jen heoeLe& nw– "esme
■ DeheJeeefnle oMee GefÛele lejerkesâ mes efveÙebef$ele efkeâÙee peelee nw– ■ ce=oe kesâ keâCeeW kesâ yeerÛe Skeâ Deekeâ<e&Ce yeue jnlee nw pees ce=oe keâCeeW
ef$e-De#eerÙe hejer#eCe ceW (Triaxial Test) keâes Skeâ-otmejs mes yeeBOes jnlee nw, Fmes keânles nQ– memebpekeâlee
■ ef$eDe#eerÙe hejer#eCe ceW efJeÛeuevekeâlee& Øeefleyeue efoÙee ieÙee nw– σ1 - σ 3 ■ jsle keâe Jen IevelJe efpeme hej Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue Éeje GlheVe
■ ceevekeâ JesOeve hejer#eCe ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâS ieÙes nLeewÌ[s keâe Yeej neslee nw– Dehe™heCe efJeke=âefle kesâ keâejCe DeeÙeleve ceW keâesF& heefjJele&ve veneR neslee,
65 efkeâ«ee keânueelee nw– ›eâeeqvlekeâ IevelJe
■ ce=oe keâe hewâueeJe keâle&ve kesâ DeOeerve keânueelee nw– ■ meble=hle ce=oe (ce=efòekeâe) keâer keâle&ve meeceLÙe& ........efJeefOe mes efvekeâeueer
efJemkeâeefmelee (Dilatancy) peeleer nw– Deheefj™æ mecheer[ve hejer#eCe
■ Jesmšj iee[& keâe efmeæevle, kesâ efueS DeefOekeâ GheÙegòeâ nw– ■ efceóer keâe Jen iegCe pees efyevee štš-hetâš Ùee DeeÙeleve heefjJele&ve kesâ
hejleoej ce=oe Fmekeâe lJeefjle efJe™heCe nesves oslee nw, keânueelee nw– hueeefmškeâlee
ce=oeDeeW keâer heeFpeve Devegheele µ keâe ceeve ■ DelÙeefOekeâ megIešdÙe memebpekeâ ce=oe kesâ Dehe™heCe meeceLÙe& keâes %eele
keâjves keâer GheÙeesieer efJeefOe nw– Jesve Dehe™heCe hejer#eCe
›eâ. ce=oe keâer efkeâmce heeFpeve Devegheele µ ■ Deef O ekeâlece Dehe™heCe Øeef leyeue Gme ef h eâueeceW š hej neslee nw, pees
1. meble=hle keäues 0.4–0.50 #eweflepe leue kesâ meeLe keâesCe yeveelee nw– 45o
■ Fme Øeefleyeue kesâ keâejCe ve lees ce=oe keâe efjkeälelee Devegheele Iešlee nw
2 Demeble=hle keäues 0.1–0.30
Deewj ve ner ce=oe ceW keâle&ve meeceLÙe& GlheVe neslee nw, Ùen nw–
3. efmeuš 0.3–0.35
Goemeerve Ùee efveeq<›eâÙe Øeefleyeue
4. uetpe jsle 0.30–0.50 ■ I.S. keâes[ kesâ Devegmeej keäues ce=oe hej ienjer veeRJe keâe Deveg%esÙe
5. meIeve jsle 0.20–0.30 efve<eove nQ– 65–100 efceceer.
28
■ keâle&ve meeceLÙe& DeeOeer nesleer nw .......meeceLÙe& keâer– ■ jsle kesâ efueS mebnveve keâer keâesefš keâer meeceevÙele: efkeâmekesâ mevoYe& ceW
mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& JÙeeKÙee keâer peeleer nw– meehesef#ekeâ IevelJe
■ I.S. keâes[ kesâ Devegmeej jsleerueer ce=oeDeeW hej ienjer veeRJe keâe Deveg%esÙe ■ Ùeebef$ekeâ ÙegefkeäleÙeeW Éeje ce=oe keâes meIeve yeveeves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keânueeleer
efve<eove nw– 25 efceceer. nw– mebnveve Ùee kegâšeF& (Compaction)
■ efceóer keâe mebheer[veerÙelee iegCeebkeâ Devegheele nw– ■ efve™heCe ØeeflejesOe Je ce=oe ceW DeefYeuecye Øeefleyeue keâes oMee&ves Jeeues

Δ Δ
e σ
Je›eâ hej KeeRÛeer ieF& mheMe& jsKee Je #eweflepe De#e kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe
efJeke=âefle Deewj Øeefleyeue keâe  
 keânueelee nw– Deevleefjkeâ Ie<e&Ce keâesCe
 
■ Jesve Dehe™heCe hejer#eCe keâe GheÙeesie #es$eeW ceW efkeâme ce=oe keâer ■ ce=oe kegâšeF& ........mes ØeYeeefJele nesleer nw– ce=oe mebheer[dÙelee
Dehe™heCe meeceLÙe& %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– ■ ce=oe keâer kegâšeF& Ùee mebnveve keâjles meceÙe ce=oe ceW heeveer keâer efpeme
vejce memebpekeâ ce=oeDeeW kesâ efueÙes cee$ee hej DeefOekeâ IevelJe Øeehle neslee nw, Gmes keâne peelee nw–
■ efÛekeâveer efceóer keâe Deebleefjkeâ Ie<e&Ce keâesCe ØeeÙe: neslee nw– Devegketâuelece peueebMe (O.M.C)
5o mes 20o lekeâ ■ #eweflepe SJeb ce=oe Éeje DeheveeF& ieF& DeJemLee kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe
■ Jen Yeej pees, ce=oe FkeâeF& #es$eheâue hej mebÛeefjle keâj mekeâleer nw, Jen keânueelee nw– efJeßeece keâesCe
Yeej Gmekeâe keânueelee nw– OeejCe #ecelee ■ ce=oe keâCeeW kesâ yeerÛe Deekeâ<e&Ce yeue, pees GvnW Deeheme ceW yeeBOes jnlee
■ keâle&ve meeceLÙe& meceevegheeleer neslee nw, Fmekesâ– DeefYeuecye Øeefleyeue nw– memebpeve
■ efkeâmeer ce=oe keâer Dehe™heCe meeceLÙe& ketâueecye meceerkeâjCe nw– ■ Meerhe hegâš jesuej mes ce=oe keâer 30 mesceer. ceesšer hejle keâer kegâšeF& kesâ
efueS efkeâleves Ûekeäkeâj heÙee&hle nw– 8–12 Ûekeäkeâj
S = C + σ tan φ
■ mebmebpevenerve ce=oe keâer Dehe™heCe meeceLÙe& efveYe&j keâjlee nw– ■ ce=oe keâer mebnveve Ùee kegâšeF& mes–
Meg<keâ IevelJe Je YeejCe keâer oj hej ce=oe keâer mejbOeÇlee keâce nes peeleer nw~
■ ce=oe keâe Meg<keâ IevelJe ØeYeeefJele neslee nw–
■ Skeâ ce=oe keâer meeceLÙe& meeceevÙe leewj hej efkeâmemes peeveer peeleer nw–
hejce Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue (Ultimate Shear Test) mebnveve keâer cee$ee Je peueebMe keâer cee$ee mes
■ Deheefj®æ mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& hejer#eCe nw–
■ jsle ceW Devegketâuelece peueebMe keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– 6–10%

DeveheJeeefnle hejer#eCe (Undrained Test) ■ efÛekeâveer ce=oe pewmeer efoKeves Jeeueer ce=oe keâe meJe&ßes<" megie"ve efkeâme
Øekeâej efkeâÙee peelee nw–
■ ef$e-De#eerÙe hejer#eCe ØeeÙe: efkeâÙee peelee nw–
Meerhe hegâš jesuej mes
DeveheJeeefnle hejer#eCe (Undrained Test) leLee mebIeefvele
■ ce=oe keâe mebnveve efkeâmekesâ Devegmeej ceehee peelee nw–
DeveheJeeefnle hejer#eCe (Consolidated Undrained Test) kesâ
Meg<keâ IevelJe
™he ceW
■ ceevekeâ JesOeve hejer#eCe ceW nLeewÌ[s kesâ heeš keâer TBÛeeF& nesleer nw–
■ ØelÙe#e Dehe™heCe hejer#eCe kesâ efueS ceesnj Je=òe KeeRÛee pee mekeâlee
75 cm
nw– hejer#eCe keâer efJeYeepeve DeJemLee ceW ■ efmeušer jsle keâe Devegketâuelece peueebMe keâer cee$ee nesleer nw–
■ ce=oe ceW Dehe™heCe efJeheâuelee keâye nesleer nw– 8 mes 12%
peye efleÙe&keâlee keâesCe DeefOekeâlece nes ■ peueebMe keâer cee$ee Je Meg<keâ FkeâeF& Yeej ceW KeeRÛee ieÙee Je›eâ keânueelee
■ mebmebpekeâ ce=oeDeeW keâe Deevleefjkeâ Ie<e&Ce keâesCe neslee nw– MetvÙe nw– peueebMe Je IevelJe Je›eâ
■ efkeâmeer ce=oe keâer Dehe™heCe meeceLÙe& nesleer nw–Deevleefjkeâ Ie<e&Ce ■ ce=oe kesâ mebkegâÛeve #ecelee keâe iegCeebkeâ efkeâmemes Devegheele neslee nw–
keâesCe φ keâer mheMe&pÙee kesâ meceevegheeleer eEKeÛeeJe mes oyeeJe
■ ce=oe keâCeeW kesâ yeerÛe eEKeÛeeJe yeue pees keâCeeW keâes Skeâ meeLe yeeBOes Je ■ kegâšeF& kesâ heMÛeeled vÙetvelece Meg<keâ IevelJe efkeâme ce=oe mes Øeehle neslee
peesÌ[s jKelee nw, keânueelee nw– mebmebpeve nw– DeefOekeâ megIešdÙe keäues
■ mebmeesefOele (Modified) kegâšeF& efJeefOe mes Meg<keâ IevelJe ceW yeÌ{esòejer
5. ce=oe mebnveve (Soil Compaction) nesleer nw– 3 mes 18%

■ ceevekeâ Øee@keäšj hejer#eCe kesâ efueÙes nLeewÌ[s keâe cegkeäleheele neslee nw– ■ Skeâ ce=oe vecetves keâe mebIeveve meceÙe–
30.5 cm heejiecÙelee ceW keâceer kesâ meeLe yeÌ{lee nw
■ ce=efòekeâeceÙeer ce=oeDeeW kesâ mebnveve kesâ efueS meyemes GheÙegòeâ GhekeâjCe ■ YeejCe kesâ legjvle yeeo Deefleefjòeâ jvOeÇ oeye nesiee–
neslee nw– Meerhe-Hegâš jesuej ueieeÙes ieÙes Yeej kesâ yejeyej
■ mebnveve Tpee& yeÌ{ves kesâ meeLe–Devegketâuelece peueebMe Iešlee nw ■ Skeâ ce=oe pees efkeâ ØeYeeJeer Øeefleyeue kesâ DeOeerve nw, ceewpeto oyeeJe mes
uesefkeâve DeefOekeâlece Meg<keâ IevelJe yeÌ{lee nw~ keâYeer Yeer DeefOekeâ veneR nes mekeâlee Deewj pees efkeâ hetjer lejn mes mebIeefvele
■ MeerheHegâš jesuej cebs ØeÙegòeâ cetue ef›eâÙee nw– ietLevee (Kneading) nw, keânueelee nw– Deefle mebIeefvele
29
■ mebIeveve iegCeebkeâ (CV) Deewj meceÙe iegCeebkeâ (TV) kesâ yeerÛe mecyevOe 6. ce=oe efmLejerkeâjCe
C .t
efoÙee ieÙee nw– TV = V2 (Soil Stabilization)
d
■ ueieeleej oyeeJe kesâ keâejCe ce=oe kesâ jvOeÇeW mes heeveer keâe efvekeâuevee ■ ce=oe efmLejerkeâjCe ceW meesef[Ùece efmeefuekesâš keâer cee$ee nesleer nw–
keânueelee nw– mebIeveve 0.1 mes 0.2%
■ ØeejcYe ceW jvOeÇeW mes peue kesâ efvekeâueves kesâ keâejCe ce=oe kesâ DeeÙeleve ceW ■ Ûetvee efmLejerkeâjCe ceW Ûetves keâer cee$ee ce=oe keâer cee$ee kesâ efkeâleves ØeefleMele
ngÙeer keâceer keânueeleer nw– ØeeLeefcekeâ mebIeveve nesleer nw– 2 mes 10%
■ mebIeveve hejer#eCe Je›eâ cebs, efheâefšbie efJeefOe %eele keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie ■ Ùeebef$ekeâ efmLejerkeâjCe efkeâme hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw– ce=oe mebnveve hej
keâer peeleer nw– mebIeveve iegCeebkeâ ■ jsleerueer ce=oeDeeW ceW Deewmeleve efkeâleves ØeefleMele meerceWš efceueeÙee peelee
■ peye mebIeveve keâer ef[«eer 50³ nes leye meceÙe iegCeebkeâ nw– 0.2 nw– 6%
■ mebIeveve keâer oj yeÌ{lee nw– leeheceeve kesâ yeÌ{ves kesâ meeLe ■ meerceWš efmLejerkeâjCe ceW meerceWš keâer cee$ee ce=oe keâer cee$ee kesâ efkeâleveer
■ mebIeveve iegCeebkeâ keâer ieCevee, kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– ØeefleMele nesleer nw– 5 mes 14%
efve<eove keâer meceÙe oj ■ meerceWš efmLejerkeâjCe efkeâve IeškeâeW mes ØeYeeefJele neslee nw–
■ efceóer keâe iegCe Deheveer mebJesoveMeeruelee mes mebyeefvOele oyeeJe ceW cee$ee ceW heeveer keâer cee$ee, meerceWš keâer cee$ee
keâceer kesâ ™he ceW peevee peelee nw– mebheerÌ[Ùelee ■ keäues Ùegòeâ ce=oeDeeW ceW Deewmeleve efkeâleves ØeefleMele meerceWš efceueeF& peeleer
■ uecyeer DeJeefOe lekeâ mLeweflekeâ Yeej kesâ keâejCe jvOeÇ peue kesâ efvekeâue nw– 15%
peeves mes nesves Jeeuee mebheer[ve keânueelee nw– mebIeveve ■ ce=oe efmLejerkeâjCe mes ce=oe keâer Dehe™heCe meeceLÙe&– yeÌ{ peeleer nw
■ ce=oe keâe mebIeveve (Consolidation) keâe DeLe& neslee nw– ■ ce=oe efmLejerkeâjCe mes ce=oe keâer heejiecÙelee ceW nesleer nw– Iešesòejer
mejbOeÇ peue leLee efjkeälelee keâe mecheer[ve leLee heeveer keâe Oeerjs- ■ veeRJe ce=oe keâer Oeejkeâ #ecelee yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS keäÙee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw–
Oeerjs efvekeâuevee efmLejerkeâjCe
■ DeJeMeesef<ele peue ce=oe melen hej, Fme yeue kesâ Éeje peelee nw– ■ keâeueer keâheeme ce=oe kesâ efueÙes efkeâme Øekeâej keâe ce=oe efmLejerkeâjCe meyemes
efjmeve yeue GheÙegkeäle neslee nw– ce=oe-Ûetvee efmLejerkeâjCe
■ Skeâ efJeceerÙe mebIeveve kesâ mebyebOe ceW šjpeeieer kesâ efmeæeble keâer mebkeâuhevee ■ Ì{ueeve keâe mLeeefÙelJe %eele keâjves kesâ efueS mueeFme keâer efJeefOe
veneR nw– peue mebheer[dÙe neslee nw, peyeefkeâ ce=oe kesâ meJe&ØeLece megPeeÙeer Leer– hesâueerefveÙeme
keâCe Demebheer[dÙe nesles nQ
■ ØeÙeesieMeeuee ceW mebnveve Ùee kegâšeF& hejer#eCe ceW ce=oe kesâ FkeâeF& Meg<keâ 7. mLeue hejer#eCe leLee DeOe: ce=oe DevJes<eCe
Yeej Je Gmekesâ DeefOekeâlece FkeâeF& Yeej (IevelJe) keâe ØeefleMele ceW (Site Investigation & Subsoil
Devegheele keânueelee nw– ØeefleMele mebnveve Ùee kegâšeF& Exploration)
■ efceóer keâe mebheer[ve lespeer mes neslee nw, Ùeefo efjkeälelee ...... mes Yeje
neslee nw– JeeÙeg ■ Ùeefo huesš Yeej hejer#eCe kesâ DeeÙeespeve kesâ meceÙe ceevekeâ ie[d{s ceW
■ efkeâmeer DeOe&-ueIegieCekeâ vekeäMes hej oyeeJe-efjkeälelee Devegheele Je›eâ kesâ peue leue keâe meecevee keâjvee heÌ[s lees–hetjer hejer#eCe DeJeefOe ceW
mejue Ùee meerOes Yeeie keâer {eue keânueeleer nw– mebheer[ve metÛekeâebkeâ hejer#eCe keâes hetCe&le: efvepe&ueve hej ner DeeÙeesefpele keâjvee
■ ce=oe ÂÌ{erkeâjCe efmeæevle kesâ pevekeâ nQ– keâeue& šjpeeieer ÛeeefnÙes~
■ ce=oe ÂÌ{erkeâjCe efkeâleveer ßesCeer ceW efJeYeeefpele keâer ieÙeer nw– leerve ■ Skeâ Skeâue ef[«eer mJelev$elee kesâ efueS ›eâebeflekeâ [weEcheie keâe JÙebpekeâ

■ mebIeveve keâer oj– leeheceeve yeÌ{ves kesâ meeLe yeÌ{leer nw~ efoÙee ieÙee nw– 2 km
■ mebIeveve keâer keâesefš efkeâmekeâe ØekeâeÙe& nw– meceÙe iegCeebkeâ ■ šsuej keâe mLeeefÙelJe mebKÙee nw– N=
Cm
(Time Factor) γH
■ mebIeveve iegCeebkeâ keâe efkeâmekesâ cetuÙeebkeâve kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee ■ Skeâ Devevle {ueeve Skeâ keâesCe i hej vele nw Deewj Fmekesâ Deevleefjkeâ Ie<e&Ce
nw– yew"eJe keâer meceÙe oj (Rate of time sattalement) keâe keâesCe φ nw, mLeeefÙelJe mebKÙee Sη nw– ( tani - tanφ ) cos 2 i
■ ce=oe keâe pees iegCe mebjÛeveeDeeW kesâ efve<eove keâe helee ueieeves ceW ■ heeFue mecetn kesâ efve<eove efJeMues<eCe ceW Yeej mLeeveevleefjle ceevee peelee
DelÙeefOekeâ cenlJe keâe nw, Jen nw– mebIeveve (Consolidation) nw Skeâ keâesCe hej– 300
■ mebIeveve iegCeebkeâ keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw 2
cm /sec ■ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ yÙetjeW kesâ Devegmeej Ie<e&Ce heeFue keâe vÙetvelece kesâvõ
■ efkeâmeer ce=oe ceW peue mlej kesâ yeÌ{ves mes ØeYeeJeer Øeefleyeue– Iešlee nw~ mes kesâvõ Devlejeue neslee nw– 3D
30
■ heeFue veeRJe keâer efmLeefle ceW vekeâjelcekeâ efmkeâve Ie<e&Ce Skeâ Yeej hej ■ Megæ Yeej keâer leer›elee pees veeRJe efyevee efve<eove (Settlement) kesâ
Ieefšle nes mekeâles nw, peesefkeâ nw– DeefYekeâuhe Yeej mes keâce menve keâjleer nw DeLeJee mebjÛevee kesâ DevegcevÙe ceeve kesâ efueS pees Megæ
■ Skeâ mLetCee heeFue veeRJe ceW, Meeheäš JÙeeme Deewj yeuye JÙeeme keâe megjef#ele Jenve #ecelee mes DeefOekeâ ve nes, keânueelee nw–
Devegheele nw–
1 DevegcevÙe Jenve #ecelee (Alloweble bearing capacity)
2.50 ■ Jen mLetCee (pile) pees Deheveer DeefOekeâebMe Yeej-OeejCe #ecelee, mLetCee
■ Skeâ heeFue keâer megjef#ele OeejCe #ecelee kesâ efveOee&jCe kesâ efueS (pile) kesâ DeeOeej mes Øeehle keâjlee nw, Gmes keânles nQ–
FbpeereEveÙeeEjie vÙetpe efjkeâe[& met$e ceW megj#ee iegCeebkeâ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee efmeje OeejCe heeFue (End bearing Pile)
nw– 6.0 ■ Deveskeâ Deb[j jerc[ {sj meeceevÙeleÙee Øeoeve efkeâS peeles nQ–

efmLej DeJemLee ceW heeefM&Jekeâ oeye iegCeebkeâ kO keâe ceeve Hetâueer ngÙeer ce=oe (Expansive Soil)
1. The relationship between void ratio 'e' and
›eâ. ce=oe keâer efkeâmce kO
porosity ratio 'n' for a given soil mass is:
1. {eruee jsle 0.5 – 0.6 Skeâ efvee|o<š ce=oe õJÙeceeve kesâ efueS efjòeâlee Devegheele 'e'
2. meIeve jsle 0.3 – 0.5 leLee mebjOeÇlee (porosity) Devegheele n kesâ ceOÙe mecyevOe
3. peue-efvekeâemeer Jeeueer keäues 0.5 – 0.6 keäÙee nesiee?
4. efyevee peue-efvekeâemeer Jeeueer keäues 0.8 – 4.1
(a) n =
1+ e
(b) e =
1+ n
5. Deefle ÂÌ{erke=âle keäues ce=oe 1.0 – 3.0 1- e 1- e
■ YeejleerÙe jes[ keâeb«esme kesâ Devegmeej, ketâhe veeRJe keâer vÙetvelece hekeâÌ[ 1- e
(c) e = n (1 + e) (d) n =
1 e
uecyeeF& nw– DeefOekeâlece keâševe mlej kesâ Ds veerÛes RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
3
■ heeFue veeRJe keâer efmLeefle ceW megj#ee iegCeebkeâ Øeehle keâjves nsleg, efjòeâlee Devegheele (e)
Ans : (c) mejbOeÇlee (n) =
vekeâjelcekeâ efmkeâve Ie<e&Ce keâes– keâeÙe&keâejer Yeej ces peesÌ[e peelee nw 1 + efjòeâlee Devegheele (e)
■ øewâbkeâer heeFue nw– efyevee Keesue kebâ›eâerš heeFue e>n
■ IS keâes[ kesâ Devegmeej jsleerueer ce=oe hej jeheäš veeRJe keâe meerceevle ∵ Porosity
efve<eove yejeyej nw– 40 efceceer. mes 65 efceceer. Vv
■ veeRJe keâer megj#ee iegCeebkeâ keâle&ve efJeheâuelee kesâ meehes#e efoÙee ieÙee nw– n=
V
q f - γD
F= ∵ V = Vv + Vs
q
V
■ Skeâ Kegueer kewâmetve Jen nw, pees efvecee&Ce kesâ oewjeve– n= v

Vv + Vs
Meer<e& Deewj leueer oesveeW hej Keguee nes
V
■ OeejCe #ecelee iegCeebkeâ Nc, Nq Deewj Nγ efveYe&j keâjles nw–ce=oe keâer ∵ ℓ= v
Deevleefjkeâ Ie<e&Ce keâesCe hej Vs
■ Skeâ veeRJe GâLeuee veeRJe keâne pee mekeâlee nw Ùeefo Fmekeâer ienjeÙeer Ùeefo Vs = 1
Deewj ÛeewÌ[eF& keâe Devegheele nw– 1 mes keâce VV = e
■ Heäueesefšbie veeRJe Jen nw– ∵ Vv = e
veeRJe mebjÛevee kesâ veerÛes Megæ ce=oe oeye MetvÙe nes e
n=
■ veeRJe kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW ce=oe keâer OeejCe #ecelee hej Skeâ megj#ee e +1
iegCeebkeâ kesâ meeLe, megefveef§ele keâjves nsleg Yeeefjle efkeâÙee peelee nw– e = n(1 + e)
keâeÙe&keâejer Yeej hej ce=oe keâe JÙeJenej ØelÙeemLe nw
2. The property of a soil, which permits water to
■ GLeueer SJeb ienjer veeRJe oesveeW keâe efJeÛeej efveYe&j keâjlee nw–
kesâJeue ienjeÙeer Deewj ÛeewÌ[eF& Devegheele hej percolate through it, is called:
ce=oe keâer Jen Øeke=âefle pees peue keâes Deheves Yeerlej Øemeeefjle
■ Ùeefo Skeâ HegâueeJe ce=oe ceW heeFue veeRJe jKee ieÙee nw, leye DelÙeefOekeâ
GheÙegòeâ Øekeâej keâer heeFue nw– efJeefYeVe yeuye Dev[j jerc[ heeFue nesves keâer Devegceefle oslee nw, keânueelee nw?
■ vÙetceeke&â kesâ Ûeeš& kesâ ØeÙeesie ceW Skeâ hewceeves hej KeerÛee ieÙee Yeeefjle (a) Moisture content/veceer keâer cee$ee
#es$eHeâue, kesâ yejeyej nw– Ûeeš& ceW ØeoefMe&le hewceevee ienjeÙeer (b) Capillarity/kesâefMekeâòJe
■ veeRJe keâer DevegcevÙe yesÙeefjbie #ecelee kesâ efveOee&jCe kesâ efueS oes ceeveob[ (c) Permeability/heejiecÙelee
nQ–Dehe™heCe efJeHeâuelee leLee efve<eove (Shear failure and (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
Settlement) RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
31
 Ans : (c) heejiecÙelee, ce=oe keâe Jen iegCe nw pees Deheves Yeerlej mes Ans : (d) Nuclear Density gauge Éeje peueebMe, ieeruee IevelJe
peue keâes ØeJeen nesves keâer Devegceefle oslee nw~ heejiecÙelee keâe efmeæeble leLee Meg<keâ IevelJe keâes Radio-active source kesâ DeeOeej hej %eele
meJe&ØeLece [ejmeer ves Øeefleheeefole efkeâÙee Lee~ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ce=oe kesâ keâCeeW keâe Deekeâej yeÌ{ves hej ce=oe keâer heejiecÙelee yeÌ{leer nw~ 7. If the sensitivity of a soil is between 4 and 8,
meeLe ner ieesue keâCeeW Jeeueer ce=oe keâer heejiecÙelee DevÙe keâer Dehes#ee then it will be called as :
DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~ Ùeefo efkeâmeer ce=oe keâer meg«eeefnlee 4 leLee 8 kesâ ceOÙe nw, lees
3. In general, consolidation of soil involves which Ùen keânueeÙesieer–
of the following Insensitive soil/Demeg«eener ce=oe
(a)
meeceevÙeleÙee mebIeveve ceW efvecve ceW mes keâewve mecyeefvOele Less sensitive soil/keâce meg«eener ce=oe
(b)
neslee nw? Sensitive soil/meg«eener ce=oe
(c)
(a) Expulsion of air/JeeÙeg keâe efve<keâemeve Extra sensitive soil/DeefOekeâ meg«eener ce=oe
(d)
(b) Reduction in the shear stress of soil RRB SSE Shift-III : 02.09.2015
ce=oe kesâ keâle&ve Øeefleyeue ceW keâceer Ans : (c) ce=oe keâer meg«eefnlee keâes efvecve Øekeâej Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee ieÙee
(c) Application of static load nw–
mLeweflekeâ Yeej keâe DevegØeÙeesie Sr < 4 ⇒ efvecve meg«eener (Low sensitive)
(d) Application of dynamic load
4 < Sr < 8 ⇒ meg«eener (Sensitive)
ieeflekeâ Yeej keâe DevegØeÙeesie
8 < Sr < 16 ⇒ GÛÛe meg«eener (High sensitive)
RRB SSE Shift-III : 03.09.2015
Sr > 16 ⇒ lJeefjle meg«eener
Ans : (c) ce=oe hej mLeweflekeâ Yeej kesâ keâejCe ce=oe jvOeÇeW mes peue keâe
efve<keâemeve nes peelee nw leLee ce=oe kesâ DeeÙeleve ceW keâceer Deeleer nw Fmes ce=oe kesâ efJe#egyOe leLee #egyOe vecetves keâer Deheefj™æ mecheer[ve
mebIeveve keânles nw Ùen Øeeke=âeflekeâ neslee nw~ meeceLÙe& kesâ Devegheele keâes ce=oe keâer meg«eeefnlee keânles nQ~
4. If a 6 m high retaining wall retains dry sand of qu (Undisturbed)
Sr =
unit weight 18 kN/cum and if the coeffiecient of qu (Re moulded)
earth pressure at rest is 0.5, then the lateral
earth pressure at a depth of 6 m will be 8. The property of sand by virtue of which it
takes any desired pattern shapes under
Ùeefo 6 ceer. TBÛeeF& keâer ØeefleOeejkeâ oerJeej 18 kN/cum pressure and retains it after the pressure is
FkeâeF& Yeej Jeeues Meg<keâ yeeuet keâes jeskeâleer nw Deewj Ùeefo removed is known as :
efJeßeeceeJemLee ceW ce=oe oeye iegCeebkeâ 0.5 nw lees 6 ceeršj yeeuet keâe iegCe efpemekesâ keâejCe oeye kesâ Devleie&le JeebefÚle
keâer ienjeF& hej heeMJe& ce=oe oeye nesiee~– hewšve& Deeke=âefle yevelee nw Deewj oeye nševes hej Ùen Deeke=âefle
(a) 54 (b) 9 yeveer jnleer nw–
(c) 108 (d) 36
(a) Plasticity/hueeefmšmeeršer
RRB SSE Shift-III : 03.09.2015
(b) Flow ability/yeneJe ÙeesiÙelee
Ans : (a) efoÙee nw,
(c) Porosity/heesefjmeeršer
ØeefleOeejkeâ oerJeej keâer TBÛeeF& h = 6 m
(d) Collapsibility
Meg<keâ yeeuet keâe FkeâeF& Yeej γ = 18 kN/m3 RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015
efJeßeeceeJemLee ceW ce=oe oeye iegCeebkeâ k = 0.5
Ans : (a) hueeefmškeâlee–Skeâ DeÛÚe ceesu[ Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS
Dele: 6 ceer. keâer ienjeF& hej ce=oe keâer heeMJe& oeye leer›elee
hueeefmškeâlee keâe iegCe nesvee DeÛÚe ceevee peelee nw~ Ùeefo hueeefmškeâlee
p h = kp v
keâe iegCe yeeuet ceW veneR nesiee, lees mener {bie mes kesâefJešer (Cavity)
p h = kγh = 0.5 × 18 × 6 = 54kN / m 2 veneR yeve heeÙesieer~
6. Nuclear density guage can be used for all the yeeuet Deheves ØeejefcYekeâ DeJemLee ceW Deeves keâer keâesefMeMe keâjs, lees
following purposes, except DeJeebÚveerÙe nw~
veeefYekeâerÙe IevelJe Øeceeheer efvecve keâes ÚesÌ[keâj meYeer 9. The coefficient of earth pressure at rest is given
GösMÙeeW kesâ efueÙes ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ by : where µ = Poission's ratio–
(a) Moisture content/veceer keâer cee$ee (peueebMe) efJeßeeceeJemLee ceW he=LJeer kesâ oeye keâe iegCeebkeâ keâes efkeâme
(b) Wet density/ieeruee IevelJe meceerkeâjCe Éeje JÙekeäle efkeâÙee peelee nw, peneB µ =
(c) Dry density/Meg<keâ IevelJe hee@Ùepeve Devegheele
(d) Standard penetration reading (a) µ / (1 + µ) (b) (1 + µ) / µ
ceevekeâ JesOeve hee"dÙeebkeâ (c) µ / (1 – µ) (d) (1 – µ) / µ
RRB SSE Shift-III : 02.09.2015 RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015
32
 Ans : (c) efJeßeece keâer DeJemLee ceW ce=oe oeye iegCeebkeâ µ/(1 – µ) kesâ G γw
Ans : (d) Meg<keâ IevelJe γ d =
yejeyej neslee nw peneB µ ce=oe keâe hee@Ùepeve Devegheele nw~ 1+ e
10. The soil having uniformly co-efficient more than efpeme ce=oe keâe efjòeâlee Devegheele (e) keâce nesiee Gme ce=oe keâe Meg<keâ
10 is called IevelJe (γd) DeefOekeâ nesiee~ meIeve (Ieves) jsle ceW efjòeâlee (e) meyemes
10 mes DeefOekeâ meceevelee iegCeebkeâ Jeeueer ce=oe keânueeleer nw-
keâce neslee nw~ Dele: Fmekeâe Meg<keâ IevelJe (γd) DeefOekeâ nesiee~
(a) Fine/cenerve
13. The liquid and plastic limit exist in–
(b) Coarse/ceesšer
õJe leLee hueeefmškeâ meercee ceewpeto jnlee nw–
(c) Uniform/Skeâ meceeve
(d) Well graded/megJeieeaÙe (a) Sandy soils/jsleerueer efceóer ceW
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015 (b) Silty soils/efmeušoej ce=oe
Ans : (d) efkeâmeer ce=oe kesâ efueS D60 leLee D10 kesâ Devegheele keâes (c) Gravel soils/yepejer Ùegkeäle ce=oe
ce=oe keâe meceevelee iegCeebkeâ keânles nw Ùen ce=oe keâCeeW kesâ Deekeâej kesâ (d) Clay soils/ce=eflekeâe (efÛekeâveer) ce=oe
hejeme keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw- RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015

Cu =
D 60 Ans : (d) ce=eflekeâe (efÛekeâveer) ce=oe mes peue keâer efYeVelee ce=oe ceW õJe
D10 meercee, hueeefmškeâ meercee leLee mebkegâÛeve meercee keâes yeleelee nw~
meeceevÙele: jsle kesâ efueS Fmekeâe ceeve 4 mes DeefOekeâ leLee «esJeue kesâ
efueS 6 mes DeefOekeâ nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Cu keâe 10 mes DeefOekeâ ceeve
megJeieeaÙe ce=oe keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw Cu keâe ceeve Ùeefo 4 mes keâce
nes lees Ùen kegâJeieeaÙe ce=oe keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw~
11. The ratio expressed as a percentage of dry unit
weight of a soil to maximum unit weight
(density) obtained in a laboratory compaction 14. Which one of the following parameters can be
test is called used to estimate the angle of friction of a sandy
ØeÙeesieMeeuee mebnveve hejer#eCe ceW Øeehle DeefOekeâlece FkeâeF& soil–
Yeej (IevelJe) leLee ce=oe keâer Meg<keâ FkeâeF& Yeej keâe FveceW mes keâewve mes ØeeÛeue keâe ØeÙeesie Skeâ jsleerueer efceóer kesâ
ØeefleMele ceW JÙeòeâ Devegheele keânueelee nw~ Ie<e&Ce keâesCe keâe Devegceeve (Deekeâueve) keâjves nsleg keâj
(a) Percent porosity/ØeefleMele efkeâCeefJejÛeve mekeâles nQ?
(b) Percent void ratio/ØeefleMele MetvÙe Devegheele (a) Particle size/keâCe keâe Deekeâej
(c) Percent consolidation/ØeefleMele ÂÌ{erkeâjCe (b) Roughness of particle/keâCe keâe Kegjogjeheve
(d) Percent compaction/ØeefleMele mebnveve
(c) Density Index/IevelJe metÛekeâebkeâ
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
(d) Particle size distribution/mLeueeke=âefle meJex#eCe
Ans : (d) ce=oe kesâ mebnveve hejer#eCe kesâ oewjeve Øeehle DeefOekeâlece
FkeâeF& Yeej leLee ce=oe kesâ Meg<keâ FkeâeF& Yeej kesâ Devegheele keâes ØeefleMele RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015
mebnveve Ùee mebnveve keâer ef[«eer keânles nQ~ Ans : (c) jsleerueer ce=oe kesâ efueÙes, Ie<e&Ce keâesCe keâe ceeve Fmekesâ
γ IevelJe metÛekeâebkeâ Ùee meehesef#ekeâ OevelJe hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw ID keâe
ØeefMele mebnveve · × 100%
γd ceeve efpelevee DeefOekeâ neslee nw Gmekeâe Ie<e&Ce keâesCe Glevee ner DeefOekeâ
γ · ØeÙeesieMeeuee ceW Øeehle DeefOekeâlece FkeâeF& Yeej neslee nw~
γ d · ce=oe keâe Meg<keâ FkeâeF& Yeej SPT-N ceeve, Ie<e&Ce keâesCe leLee meehes#e IevelJe ceW Deehemeer mebyebOe

12. The dry density of which sample is expected to

efvecve nw–
be highest– SPT-N3 Soil Relative Friction
efkeâme vecetves keâe Meg<keâ IevelJe meyemes DeefOekeâ nesves keâer [Blows/0.3 packing Density(%) Angle
mebYeeJevee nw? N-iFt] [θ]
(a) Siff clay/meKle efceóer keâer <4 Very loose <20 <30
(b) Bentonite/yesvšesveeFš keâer 4-10 Loose 20-40 30-35
(c) Organic clay/keâeye&efvekeâ ce=oe keâer 10-30 Compact 40-60 35-40
(d) Dense sand/Ieves (meIeve) jsle keâer 30-50 Dense 60-80 40-50
RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015 >50 Very dense >80 >45
33
15. For a soil, the water content where further loss 18. The ability of the mould sand to withstand
of moisture will not result in any more volume extreme temperature level is known as :
reduction is called as : DeefOekeâ leeheceeve mlej keâes menve keâjves keâer ceesu[ yeeuet keâer
Skeâ ce=oe kesâ efueS, peue keâer Jen cee$ee peneB veceer keâer Deewj meeceLe&lee keânueelee nw–
DeefOekeâ neefve mes keâesF& Deefleefjòeâ DeeÙeleve #eefle ve nes, keâes
(a) Plasticity/hueeefmšefmešer
keânles nQ–
(b) Porosity/mejbOeÇlee
(a) Liquid limit/lejue meercee
(c) Collapsibility/{n peevee
(b) Shrinkage limit/mebkegâÛeve meercee
(d) Refractoriness/leehemendÙelee
(c) Natural moisture content/Øeeke=âeflekeâ peueebMe
RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015
(d) Plastic limit/hueeefmškeâ meercee
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015 Ans : (d) DeefOekeâ leeheceeve mlej keâes menve keâjves keâer ceesu[ yeeuet
Ans. (b) mebkegâÛeve meercee Jen meercee nesleer nw peye ce=oe mes peue keâer
keâer meeceLe&lee leehemendÙelee (Refractoriness) keânueelee nw~
cee$ee ceW keâceer keâjles nw lees Deye ce=oe kesâ DeeÙeleve ceW keâesF& keâceer veneR ⇒ Ùen iegCe ceeseEu[ie yeeuet kesâ leehe menves kesâ iegCe keâes Øeoe|Mele keâjlee
nesleer nw peyeefkeâ mebkegâÛeve meercee mes DeefOekeâ peue yeÌ{eves hej ce=oe nw~
efheC[ keâe DeeÙeleve yeÌ{lee nw~ ⇒ efmeefuekeâe jsle ceW Ùen iegCe meJee&efOekeâ heeÙee peelee nw~ Ùen yeeuet
16. The degree of compaction for sand is usually keâe cegKÙe DeJeÙeJe nw~
defined in terms of : ⇒ yeeuet kesâ Fme iegCe keâer keâceer kesâ keâejCe keâeeEmšie keâer melenW Yeer
jsle kesâ efueS mebnveve keâer keâesefš keâer meeceevÙele: efkeâmekesâ meeheâ-megLejer Øeehle vener nesleer nw
mevoYe& ceW JÙeeKÙee keâer peeleer nw? 19. The equation of flownets drawn for plotting the
(a) Relative density/meehesef#ekeâ IevelJe flow of a fluid is based on
(b) Standard Proctor test/ceevekeâ Øeekeäšj hejer#eCe õJe kesâ ØeJeen kesâ efueS KeeRÛee ieÙee heäueesvesš keâe
(c) Modified Proctor test/™heevleefjle Øeekeäšj hejer#eCe meceerkeâjCe hej DeeOeeefjle nw–
(d) Nuclear density meter/veeefYekeâerÙe IevelJe ceeršj (a) Newton's third law/ vÙetšve kesâ leermejs efveÙece
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015 (b) Abram's law/ DeeyeÇnce keâe efveÙece
Ans. (a) yeeuet keâer mebnveve keâer keâesefš meeceevÙeleÙee meehesef#ekeâ IevelJe (c) Einstein's energy equation
Éeje %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw~ meehesef#ekeâ IevelJe DeefOekeâlece efjòeâlee Devegheele DeeFbmšerve keâe Tpee& meceerkeâjCe
Deewj Øeeke=âeflekeâ efjòeâlee Devegheele keâe Devlej leLee DeefOekeâlece efjòeâlee (d) Darcy's law/ [emeea keâe efveÙece
Devegheele leLee vÙetvelece efjòeâlee Devegheele kesâ Devlej keâe Devegheele neslee nw~ RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015
e −e Ans : (d) [emeea keâe efveÙece, ‘mlejerÙe ØeJeen ceW meble=hle ce=oe keWâ õJe
I D = max
e max − e min ØeJeen keâer ieefle õJeerÙe {eue kesâ meceevegheeleer neslee nw~’
17. A clay has unconfined compressive strength of vαi
240 kN/sq.m in undisturbed state. The clay was v = ki
then remolded and the unconfined compressive
strength was found to be 60 kN/sq.m. The SkeäJeeheâj kesâ ceeOÙece mes Skeâ heäueesvesš oes efJeceerÙe efmLej DeJemLee keâe
sensitivity of this clay is : «eeefheâkeâ ØeefleefveefOelJe nw~
Skeâ efÛekeâveer efceóer keâer DeyeeefOele mebheer[ve Meefòeâ Gmekeâer 20. Which of the following is not used in the design
efmLej (Meeble) DeJemLee ceW 240 kN/sq.m nw~ Fme efceóer keâes of concrete mixes as per the relevant Indian
oesyeeje meebÛes ceW ieÌ{e ieÙee leLee Fmekeâer DeyeeefOe (cegòeâ) standard?
mebheer[ve Meefòeâ 60 kN/sq.m. heeF& ieF&~ Fme efceóer keâer YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ mes mecyeefvOele efvecveefueefKele ceW efkeâmekeâe
meg«eeefnlee nw? ØeÙeesie kebâ›eâerš efcekeäme kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceWs veneR keâjles nw?
(a) 0.25 (b) 3.00 (c) 0.33 (d) 4.00 (a) Air content/JeeÙeg keâer cee$ee
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015 (b) Water content/peueebMe
Ans. (d) (c) Admixture content/meefcceßekeâ cee$ee
ce=oe keâer mebJeoveMeeruelee·
ce=oe keâs efJe#egyOe vecetves keâer Deheefj™æ mebcheer[ve meeceLÙe& (d) Bulk desity of cement/meercesCš keâer mLetue IevelJe
ce=oe keâs De#egyOe vecetves keâer Deheefj™æ mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015
=
240
=4 Ans : (d) kebâ›eâerš efcekeäme kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW JeeÙeg keâer cee$ee,
60 peueebMe leLee meefcceßekeâ keâes mecyeefvOele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw peyeefkeâ
mebJesoveMeeruelee · 4 Ans. mLetue IevelJe keâes mecyeefvOele veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
34
22. According to Darcy's law, for laminar flow in a Ans : (b) MetvÙe JeeÙeg jsKee 100% meble=hle DeJemLee ceW Øeehle keâer
saturated soil, the rate of flow is proportional
peeleer nw~
to the :
[emeea kesâ Devegmeej, meble=hle ce=oe ceW mlejerÙe ØeJeen kesâ efueS,
ØeJeen oj meceevegheeleer nw~
(a) Cross sectional area/keâeš-#es$eheâue
(b) Hydraulic gradient/õJeerÙe {eue
(c) Coefficient of permeability/heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ
(d) Porosity of the soil/ce=oe keâer mejvOeÇlee
RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015
27. The liquid limit of a soil can be determined in
Ans : (b) [emeea kesâ Devegmeej, the lab with
V = Ki Skeâ ce=oe keâer õJe meercee keâes ØeÙeesieMeeuee ceW efkeâme GhekeâjCe
q = kAi Éeje %eele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw?
q∝i (a) Venturimeter/JesvÛegjerceeršj
peneB i = õJeerÙe {eue (b) Vane shear apparatus/Jesve keâle&ve GhekeâjCe
K = heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ (c) Proctor's apparatus/Øeekeäšj GhekeâjCe
Dele: [emeea kesâ Devegmeej, ‘‘meble=hle ce=oe mes mlejerÙe ØeJeen keâer efmLeefle (d) Casagrande's apparatus/kewâmee«eev[s GhekeâjCe
ceW ØeJeen keâe Jesie õJeerÙe {eue kesâ meceevegheeleer neslee nw~’’ RRB SSE Shift-II : 02.09.2015
heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ Κ keâe cee$ekeâ mesceer/meskesâC[ neslee nw~ ce=oe keâer õJe meercee kewâmee«eev[s GhekeâjCe Éeje JesvÛegjer
Ans : (d)
23. Capillarity of liquid in small-diameter tubes is ceeršj Éeje heeveer keâe efJemepe&ve, Øeekeäšj GhekeâjCe Éeje ce=oe keâe Meg<keâ
due to molecular attraction. In case of Mercury, IevelJe leLee Jesve keâle&ve GhekeâjCe Éeje ce=oe keâer keâle&ve meeceLÙe& %eele keâer
the following occurs in terms of capillarity
peeleer nw~
keâce JÙeeme kesâ šdÙetyeeW ceW lejue keâe kesâefMekeâelJe DeeCeefJekeâ
Deekeâ<e&Ce kesâ keâejCe neslee nw~ heeje kesâ ceeceues ceW, 28. The minimum gross pressure intensity at the
base of the foundation at which the soil fails in
kesâefMekeâelJe kesâ meboYe& ceW efvecve neslee nw–
shear is called as :
(a) Capillary rise/kesâefMekeâerÙe G"eve veeRJe kesâ DeeOeej hej Jen vÙetvelece kegâue oeye leer›elee efpeme
(b) Capillary depression /kesâefMekeâerÙe ef[ØesMeve
hej ce=oe keâle&ve ceW efJeheâue nes peeleer nw, keânueeleer nw–
(c) Capillary flattening /kesâefMekeâerÙe meheeš
(a) Ultimate bearing capacity/Ûejce OeejCe #ecelee
(d) Compressibility /mecheer[dÙelee
(b) Net safe bearing capacity/
RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015
Ans : (b) peye kesâefMekeâe veueer keâes heeje ceW [euee peelee nw lees veueer
Megæ megjef#ele OeejCe #ecelee
ceW heejs keâe leue JeemleefJekeâ leue mes veerÛes nes peelee nw~ peyeefkeâ peue (c) Allowable bearing capacity/Deveg%esÙe OeejCe #ecelee
kesâefMekeâe veueer ceW ÛeÌ{ peelee nw~ (d) Safe bearing capacity/megjef#ele OeejCe #ecelee
24. A line which shows the water content dry density RRB SSE Shift-III : 02.09.2015
relation for the compacted soil containing no air Ans : (a)
voids is known as Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Skeâ jsKee efpemeceW peueebMe Je Meg<keâ IevelJe kesâ mebyebOe mes
helee Ûeuelee nw, efpemeceW meIeve ce=oe nesleer nw, efpemeceW keâesF& Safe bearing Capacity =
( DeefOekeâlece OeejCe #ecelee )
Safety Factor ( megj#ee iegCeebkeâ )
JeeÙeg MetvÙe veneR neslee nw–
(a) Azimuth /efoiebMe ( megjef#ele OeejCe #ecelee )
(b) Zero-air voids line /MetvÙe-JeeÙeg jbOeÇ jsKee Ultimate bearing capacity = Safe bearing capacity ×
(c) Proctor curve /Øee@keäšj Je›eâ Safety factor
(d) Constant density line /efvejblej IevelJe jsKee (DeefOekeâlece OeejCe #ecelee) megjef#ele OeejCe #ecelee ×
RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015 megj#ee iegCeebkeâ
35
29. The property of a soil which allows it to be Jen Øeef›eâÙee, efpemeceW ce=oe hej Øeefleyeue ueieekeâj ce=oe kesâ
deformed rapidly, without elastic rebound and keâCeeW kesâ ceOÙe jvOeÇeW mes JeeÙeg efJemLeeefhele keâjkesâ meIeve
without volume changes is called as : efkeâÙee peelee nw, keânueeleer nw–
ce=oe keâe Jen iegCe pees Fmes MeerIeÇlee mes efyevee efJejesOe, efyevee
(a) Consolidation/mebIeveve (b) Liquefaction/õJeCe
ØelÙeemLelee leLee efyevee DeeÙeleve heefjJele&ve kesâ efJe™efhele
(c) Compaction/menveve (d) Settlement/OemeeJe
nesves keâer mJeerke=âefle Øeoeve keâjlee nw–
RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015
(a) Yielding/hejeYeJe
Ans (c) : ce=oe keâe DeefOekeâ IevelJe Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS menveve
(b) Strain softening/efJeke=âefle ce=ogueerkeâjCe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ce=oe keâes Ùeebef$ekeâ efJeefOeÙeeW Éeje ketâš keâj, GmeceW mes
(c) Strain hardening/efJeke=âefle keâ"esjerkeâjCe JeeÙeg jvOeÇeW keâes keâce keâjvee menveve keânueelee nw~ menveve kesâ meceÙe
(d) Plasticity/megIešdÙelee peue mvesnkeâ kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efpeme peueebMe hej
RRB SSE Shift-I : 03.09.2015 ce=oe keâe IevelJe DeefOekeâlece Øeehle neslee nw Gmes Devegketâuelece peueebMe
Ans : (d) ce=oe keâe Jen iegCe efpemekesâ keâejCe ce=oe hej yee¢e yeue keânles nQ~ mebIeveve keâer Øeef›eâÙee meceÙe yeerleves kesâ meeLe-meeLe Kego nesleer
ueieeves mes ce=oe Deheves keâCeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer kesâ heefjJele&ve keâe efyeukegâue jnleer nw~
efJejesOe veneR keâjleer nw, megIešdÙelee keânueelee nw~ pewmes– ieerueer efcešdšer~ 34. Water content of soil can be–
30. If the water table is likely to permanent remain ce=oe ceW peueebMe nes mekeâlee nw–
at or below a depth of sum of the depth and (a) Greater than 100%/100% mes DeefOekeâ
width of the foundation beneath the ground (b) Less than 0%/0% mes keâce
level supporting the footing, then the water
(c) Only from 0% to 100%
table correction used in the bearing capacity
equation is
kesâJeue 0% mes 100%
Ùeefo peue mlej YeJeve keâer veeRJe keâer ienjeF& leLee ÛeewÌ[eF& (d) Never be greater than 100%
100% mes DeefOekeâ keâYeer Yeer veneR
kesâ Ùeesie kesâ yejeyej ienjeF& hej Ùee Gmemes veerÛes jnlee nw,
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015
leye OeejCe #ecelee meceerkeâjCe ceW peue mlej mebMeesOeve nw–
Ans : (a) efkeâmeer ce=oe ceW peue kesâ Yeej Je "esme keâCeeW kesâ Yeej kesâ
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.75
Devegheele keâes ce=oe keâe peueebMe keânles nQ~
RRB SSE Shift-I : 03.09.2015 Ww
w= ×100%
Ans : (a) peue mlej veeRJe keâer ienjeF& Je ÛeewÌ[eF& kesâ Ùeesie kesâ yejeyej Ws
ienjeF& hej Ùee Gmemes veerÛes nw~ Dele: Gmekeâer OeejCe #ecelee ceW keâesF& Ww > Ws
yeoueeJe veneR nesiee~ Ùeefo peue mlej veeRJe kesâ DeefOekeâ heeme neslee nw, lees  Ww = ce=oe cesW peue keâe Yeej 
ce=oe keâer OeejCe #ecelee 50% Ieše keâj ueer peeleer nw~  
 W = ce=oe keâs keâCeesW keâe Yeej 
 s 
32. The numerical difference between the plastic
limit and shrinkage limit of a remoulded sample ce=oe ceW peueebMe 100³ mes DeefOekeâ nes peelee nw peye ce=oe ceW peue keâe
is called as : Yeej, "esme keâCeeW kesâ Yeej mes DeefOekeâ nes peelee nw~
efkeâmeer ce=oe vecetves keâer megIešdÙelee meercee Je mebkegâÛeve meercee 35. Voids ratio of a soil mass can–
kesâ Devlej kesâ mebKÙeelcekeâ ceeve keâes keânles nQ– efkeâmeer ce=oe keâe efjkeälelee Devegheele nes mekeâlee nw–
(a) Plasticity index/metIešdÙelee metÛekeâebkeâ (a) Never be greater than unity
(b) Shrinkage index/mebkegâÛeve metÛekeâebkeâ FkeâeF& mes DeefOekeâ veneR nes mekeâlee
(c) Differential shrinkage/efJeYesoer mebkegâÛeve (b) Be zero/MetvÙe nes mekeâlee nw
(c) Take any value greater than zero
(d) Shrinkage ratio/mebkegâÛeve Devegheele
MetvÙe mes DeefOekeâ kegâÚ Yeer nes mekeâlee nw
RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015
(d) Take values between 0 and 1 only
Ans (b) : efkeâmeer ce=oe ØeefleoMe& kesâ megIešdÙelee meercee Je mebkegâÛeve MetvÙe mes 1 kesâ ceOÙe neslee nw
meercee kesâ Devlej keâes mebkegâÛeve metÛekeâebkeâ keânles nQ~ Fmes IS mes metefÛele RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015
keâjles nQ~
Ans : (c) efjkeälelee Devegheele (Void Ratio)–efkeâmeer ce=oe ØeefleoMe&
mebkegâÛeve metÛekeâebkeâ = megIešdÙelee meercee – mebkegâÛeve meercee ceW jvOeÇeW kesâ DeeÙeleve leLee "esme keâCeeW kesâ DeeÙeleve kesâ Devegheele keâes
IS = WL − WS efjkeälelee Devegheele keânles nQ Fmes e mes ØeoefMe&le keâjles nQ
33. The process in which a stress applied to a soil Vv
e=
causes densification as air is displaced from the Vs
pores between the soil grains is called as :
36
 peneBVv = jvOeÇeW keâe DeeÙeleve (ce=oe keâCeeW kesâ yeerÛe) ωs
γd =
Vs = "esme keâCeeW keâe DeeÙeleve v
Ùeefo ce=oe keâer mejvOeÇlee n nes lees– ωs ωs
γd = =
n v vs (1 + e)
e=
1− n  Gγ 
γd =  ω 
efjòeâlee Devegheele keâe ceeve MetvÙe mes DeefOekeâ kegâÚ Yeer nes mekeâlee nw~  1+ e 
36. The stokes equation used for determination of 38. The relationship between Bulk density (γ ) Dry
b
settling velocity of discrete particle is–
efJeefMe<š keâCe keâe efveLeej Jesie keâe Deekeâueve kesâ efueS density (γd) and water content ( ω) for soil is:
ØeÙegkeäle mšeskeâ meceerkeâjCe nw– ef keâmeer ce=oe kesâ efueS, mLetue IevelJe (γb), Meg<keâ IevelJe (γd)
(a) Vs = g (ρs – 1)d2/18 µ SJeb peueebMe (ω) kesâ ceOÙe mebyebOe neslee nw:
(b) Vs = g (ρs – 1) d2/18 ν γb
(a) γ b = d (1 + ω) (b) γ d =
(c) Vs = g (ρs – 1) d/ 18 ν ( + ω)
1
(d) Vs = g d (ρs – 1)2 /18 µ
γd
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015 (c) γ b = (d) γ b = γ d (1 − ω)
Ans : (a) mšeskeâ efveÙece keâer ceevÙeleeÙeW– 1+ ω
RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014
1. mšeskeâ efveÙece 0.2 mm mes 0.0002 mm ceehe lekeâ keâCeeW kesâ
efueS GheÙegòeâ nw~ Ans. (b) : ce=oe kesâ mLetue IevelJe γb, Meg<keâ IevelJe γd, peueebMe w
2. Skeâ meceÙe ceW Skeâ ner keâCe keâe DeJemeeove neslee nw~ leLee efjkeäleleme Devegheele e kesâ yeerÛe efvecveefueefKele nw–
3. efve<eove kesâ meceÙe Skeâ keâCe otmejs keâCe keâer ieefle keâes ØeYeeefJele G.γ w (1 + w)
(i) γb =
veneR keâjles nw~ 1+ e
4. yele&ve keâer oerJeej keâe ce=oe keâCeeW kesâ yew"eJe hej keâesF& ØeYeeJe veneR S.e
(ii) w=
heÌ[lee nw~ G
5. peye keâCe Deeheme ceW efceuekeâj TCe&ve (iegÛÚe) yevee uesles nw lees γt G.γ w
(iii) γd = =
mechetCe& iegÛÚs keâe efve<eove Øeehle neslee nw~ 1+ w 1+ e
mšeskeâ kesâ efveÙece kesâ Devegmeej keâCeeW keâe meerceevle Ùee efveLeej Jesie (1 − n a ).G.γ w
(iv) γd =
d 2
1 + G.w
VS = ( ρS − ρ W ) g
18µ γ w (G + S.e)
(v) γd =
ρw = 1 (1 + e)
d2 39. efceóer pees JeeÙeg mes heefjJeefnle nesleer nw, keânueeleer nw–
VS = (ρS − 1) g
18µ (a) ieg®lJe heefjJeefnle ce=oe (Colluvial Soil)
37. Dry density of soil is equal to the: (b) JeeÙegÌ{ ce=oe (Aeolian Soil)
ce=oe keâe Meg<keâ IevelJe efkeâmekesâ yejeyej neslee nw? (c) peueesÌ{ ce=oe (Alluvial Soil)
(a) Mass of solids to the volume of solids (d) efnceeveer ce=oe (Glacial Soil)
"esme keâe õJÙeceeve SJeb "esme keâe DeeÙeleve RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014
(b) Mass of solids to the total volume of soil Ans : (b) Jen ce=oe pees yeveves kesâ mLeeve mes JeeÙeg Éeje GÌ[keâj otmejs
"esme keâe õJÙeceeve SJeb ce=oe keâe kegâue DeeÙeleve
mLeeve hej hengBÛeleer nw~ Gmes JeeÙegÌ{ ce=oe keânles nQ~ jsefiemleeve pewmes
(c) Density of soil in the dried condition
metKee JeeleeJejCeeW ceW JeeÙegÌ{ Øeef›eâÙee cenlJehetCe& nesleer nw~
Meg<keâ DeJemLee ceW ce=oe keâe IevelJe
41. Shear failure of soils takes place when
(d) None of the above/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014 ce=oe keâer Dehe™heCe efJeheâuelee nesleer nw peye–
Ans. (b) : ce=oe ceW ØeeÙe: ce=oe keâCe, JeeÙeg jvOeÇ Je peue keâer cee$ee (a) the angle of obliquity is maximum
jnleer nw, ce=oe ceW mes peue keâer cee$ee keâes efvekeâeue keâj ce=oe keâes Meg<keâ efleÙe&keâ keâesCe DeefOekeâ nes
yeveeles nQ~ ce=oe keâe Meg<keâ IevelJe keâe ceeve, Meg<keâ DeJemLee ceW ce=oe (b) maximum cohesion is reached in cohesive
keâe Yeej leLee ce=oe kesâ kegâue DeeÙeleve keâe Devegheele neslee nw~ soils/ce=oe Deheves DeefOekeâlece memebpeve hej hengBÛe peeÙes

37
 (c) φ reaches its maximum value in cohesionless Ans : (d) efkeâmeer ce=oe kesâ efueÙes megIešdÙelee metÛekeâebkeâ ce=oe kesâ
soils/ce=oe Deheves DeefOekeâlece φ keâesCe hej hengBÛe peeÙes megIešŸe iegCe ØeoefMe&le keâjves kesâ hejeme keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw Ùen ceeve
(d) residual strength of the soil is exhausted efpelevee DeefOekeâ neslee ce=oe Gleveer DeefOekeâ megIešŸelee jKeleer nw Fmekeâe
ce=oe keâer meeceLÙe& Yebie nes ieÙeer nes Deebefkeâkeâ ceeve lejue meercee leLee mebkegâÛeve meercee kesâ Devlej kesâ yejeyej
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014 neslee nw~
Ans : (a) meerOee Øeefleyeue leLee mheMeeaÙe Øeefleyeue kesâ yeerÛe yeveves
I P = WL − WP
Jeeuee keâesCe Obliquity angle (eflejÚe keâesCe) keânueelee nw~ cegKÙe
meceleue (Principal plane) hej Fmekeâe ceeve MetvÙe neslee nw~ Fmes megIešŸe ce=oe kesâ efueÙes IP keâe ceeve 7 ≤ I P ≤ 17 neslee nw~ jsleerueer
α mes Øeoe|Mele keâjles nQ~ Fmekeâe ceeve DeefOekeâlece nesves hej ce=oe ce=oeDeeW kesâ efueÙes IP keâe ceeve MetvÙe neslee nw~
Dehe™heCe ceW efJeheâue nes peeleer nw~ Angle of obliquity 44. A fully saturated soil is said to be–
τ Skeâ hetCe& meble=hle efcešdšer keânueeleer nw–
α = tan −1  
σ (a) One phase system/Skeâ ÛejCe ØeCeeueer
α keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve φ kesâ yejeyej neslee nw~ (b) Two phase system with soil and air
42. Which one of the following diagrams represents efcešdšer SJeb nJee kesâ meeLe oes ÛejCe ØeCeeueer
the effective pressure distribution for a saturated (c) Two phase system with soil and water
soil mass of depth 'Z' submerged under water of efcešdšer SJeb peue kesâ meeLe oes ÛejCe ØeCeeueer
height 'Z1' above its top level.
(d) Three phase system/leerve ÛejCe ØeCeeueer
( γ sat = sat. density of soil, γ w = unit wt. of water,
RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015
γ' = submerged density of soil)
Ans : (c) meeOeejCe ce=oe efpemeceW kegâÚ "esme kegâÚ JeeÙegjvOeÇ leLee
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewvemee jsKeeefÛe$e efkeâmeer 'Z1' ienjeF&
kegâÚ peue jvOeÇ nesles nw Gmes ef$eØeeJemLee efvekeâeÙe keânles nw~ Deye Ùeefo
kesâ meble=hle ce=oe õJÙeceeve kesâ efueS ØeYeeJeer oeye efJelejCe keâes ce=oe hetCe&le: mele=hle (JeeÙegnerve) nes Ùee hetCe&le: Meg<keâ (peuenerve) nes
oMee&lee nw pees Deheves Thejer leue mes Thej 'Z1' TbÛeeF& kesâ lees FmeceW Skeâ ØeeJemLee (peue Ùee JeeÙeg) keâer keâceer nesleer nw Dele: Ùen
heeveer kesâ Deboj [gyee ngDee nw~ efÉØeeJemLee efvekeâeÙe nesiee~
( γ sat = sat. ce=oe IevelJe, γ w = peue keâe F&keâeF& Yeej, γ' =
45. Number of phases in soil mass is–
ce=oe keâe peueceive IevelJe) ce=oe õJÙeceeve ceW ÛejCeeW keâer kegâue mebKÙee nesleer nw?
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 4
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
Ans : (a) ce=oe õJÙeceeve ceW leerve ÛejCe neslee nw~

RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014

Ans : (a) efÉ ØeeJemLee ⇒ ce=oe + peue Ùee ce=oe + JeeÙeg
43. If the plasticity index of a soil mass is zero, the ef$e ØeeJemLee ⇒ ce=oe + peue + JeeÙeg
soil is– 47. Relative density of compacted dense sand is
Ùeefo efcešdšer kesâ efheC[ keâe hueeefmškeâlee metÛekeâebkeâ MetvÙe approximately equal to
nw lees efcešdšer nw– mebnefvele meIeve jsle keâe meehes#e IevelJe ueieYeie neslee nw?
(a) Loess/ueesSme (b) Clayey silt/keäues efmeuš (a) 0.4 (b) 0.95
(c) Silt/efmeuš (d) Sand/jsle (c) 0.50 (d) 1.10
RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015 RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015
38
 Ans : (b) meehes#e IevelJe meeceevÙele: memebpevenerve ce=oe kesâ efueÙes 50. Coarse grained soils are best compacted by a :
%eele keâer peeleer nw~ pewmes–jsle~ ceesšs keâCe Jeeueer ce=oe keâe meyemes DeÛÚe mebnveve efvecve kesâ
Fmekeâe GheÙeesie ce=oe keâer Øeeke=âeflekeâ DeJemLee ceW DeJemLee (meIeve/Ì{erueer Éeje neslee nw–
DeJemLee) %eele keâjves ceW keâjles nw~ (a) Drum roller/[^ce jesuej
e max − e (b) Rubber tyred roller/jyej šeÙej Jeeues jesuej
meehes#e IevelJe I D =
e max − e min (c) Sheep's foot roller/Meerhe hegâš jesuej
Fmekeâe ceeve, (d) Vibratory roller/keâcheveMeerue jesuej
0 ≤ I D ≤ 1 neslee nw~ RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015
peneB emax = ce=oe keâer Ì{erueer DeJemLee ceW efjòeâlee Devegheele Ans : (d) mLetue keâCeeW Jeeueer ce=oeDeeW pewmes yeeuet Deeefo kesâ efueS
e = Øeeke=âeflekeâ DeJemLee ceW efjòeâlee Devegheele keâcheveMeerue jesuej leLee met#cekeâCeerÙe ce=oeDeeW pewmes keäues kesâ efueS
emin = meIeveleced DeJemLee ceW efjòeâlee Devegheele Meerhe-Hegâš-jesuej keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùen yeebOeeW ceW ce=oe,
meehes#e IevelJe keâe ceeve mebIeefvele jsle kesâ efueÙes 0.95 neslee nw~ hegâšheeLe Deewj meÌ[keâ efvecee&Ce heefjÙeespeveeDeeW ceW meye «es[ hejle kesâ
48. The ratio of volume of voids to the total volume mebnveve kesâ efueS Fmlesceeue efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Fve jesueme& keâes
of soil mass is called šwefchebie jesueme& Yeer keâne peelee nw~
efjefòeâÙeeW (MetvÙeeW) kesâ DeeÙeleve SJeb ce=oe õJÙeceeve kesâ kegâue 51. Inorganic soil with low compressibility is
DeeÙeleve kesâ Devegheele keâes keânles nw? represented by–
(a) Air content/JeeÙeg keâer cee$ee efvecve mecheer[dÙelee kesâ meeLe Dekeâeye&efvekeâ ce=oe, oMee&Ùeer
(b) Porosity/mejvOeÇlee peeleer nw–
(c) percentage air voids/JeeÙeg efjefòeâÙeeW keâe ØeefleMele (a) MH (b) SL
(d) voids ratio/efjòeâlee Devegheele (c) ML (d) CH
RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015 RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
Ans : (b) efjefòeâÙeeW kesâ DeeÙeleve leLee ce=oe õJÙeceeve kesâ kegâue Ans : (c)
DeeÙeleve kesâ Devegheele keâes mejvOeÇlee keânles nw~ (i) efvecve megIešdÙelee
ce==oe (LL < 35%)
Fmes 'n' mes ØeoefMe&le efkeâÙee peelee nw~ CL – efvecve hueeefmškeâ Dekeâeye&efvekeâ ce=oe

mejvOeÇlee ( n ) =
Vv ML – efvecve hueeefmškeâ efmeuš
V OL – efvecve hueeefmškeâ keâeye&efvekeâ ce=oe
n keâe ceeve 0 leLee 1 kesâ yeerÛe neslee nw~
(ii) ceOÙece hueeefmškeâ ceoe (35% < LL < 50%)
0<n<1
CI – ceOÙece hueeefmškeâ Dekeâeye&efvekeâ ce=oe
49. A pycnometer is used to determine :
efhekeäveesceeršj keâe ØeÙeesie............%eele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee MI – ceOÙece hueeefmškeâ efmeuš
peelee nw– OI – ceOÙece hueeefmškeâ keâeye&efvekeâ ceoe
(a) Water content and voids ratio (iii) GÛÛe hueeefmškeâ ceoe (LL > 50%)
heeveer keâer cee$ee leLee efjefòeâlee Devegheele CH – GÛÛe hueeefmškeâ Dekeâeye&efvekeâ ce=oe
(b) Specific gravity and dry density MH – GÛÛe hueeefmškeâ efmeuš
efJeefMe<š ieg™lJe leLee Meg<keâ IevelJe OH – GÛÛe hueeefmškeâ keâeye&efvekeâ ceoe
(c) Water content and specific gravity
53. A soil having particles of nearly the same size is
heeveer keâer cee$ee leLee efJeefMe<š ieg™lJe
(d) Voids ratio and dry density known as–
efjefòeâlee Devegheele leLee Meg<keâ IevelJe efcešdšer ceW Ùeefo Skeâ meceeve Deekeâej kesâ keâCe nQ lees Fmes
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015 keânles nQ–
Ans : (c) efhekeäveesceeršj keâe ØeÙeesie efJeefMe° ieg®lJe leLee peueebMe (a) Well graded/DeÛÚer lejn mes ßesCeeryeæ
ceeheves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (b) Uniformly graded/Skeâ meceeve ™he mes ßesCeeryeæ
heesšesceeršj– heewOeeW ceW Jee<heeslmepe&ve ceeheves keâe Ùev$e (c) Poorly graded/yegjer lej mes ßesCeeryeæ
Heâesvees«eeHeâ– OJeefve uesKeve kesâ keâece Deeves Jeeuee GhekeâjCe (d) Gap graded/Deblej ßesCeeryeæ
Heâesveesceeršj– ØekeâeMe keâer Ûecekeâ Meefòeâ %eele keâjves keâe Ùeb$e RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015
39
Ans : (b) peye ce=oe meYeer keâCe meceeve Deekeâej kesâ nesles nQ lees Gmes Ans : (b) Ùeefo jvOeÇ Devegheele (e) FkeâeF& nes lees
Skeâ meceeve ™he mes ßesCeer yeæ ce=oe keânles nQ~ e 1 1
mejvOeÇlee ( n ) = ⇒ = = 0.5 or 50%
peye ce=oe ceW meYeer DeekeâejeWs kesâ keâCe meceeve cee$ee ceW nesles nQ lees Gmes 1+ e 1+1 2
well graded ce=oe keânles nQ~ 57. A clay sample has a void ratio 0.54 in dry state.
The specific gravity of soil solids is 2.7. What is
the shrinkage limit of the soil?
Skeâ efceóer kesâ vecetves keâer metKeer DeJemLee ceW efjòeâlee
Devegheele 0.54 nw~ efceóer keâe efJeefMe° ieg®lJe 2.7 nw~ efceóer
keâer mebkegâÛeve meercee keäÙee nw?
(a) 8.5% (b) 10.0%
(c) 17.0% (d) 20.0%
RRB JE Shift-I : 29.08.2015
Ans : (d) efoÙee nw,
efjòeâlee Devegheele = 0.54
54. A well graded soil has a coefficient of curvature efJeefMe° ieg®lJe = 2.7
between :
mebkegâÛeve meercee (ws) = ?
Skeâ DeÛÚer lejn mes Jeieeake=âle efceóer keâe Je›eâlee iegCeebkeâ
Sr .e
efkeâmekesâ yeerÛe neslee nw– ws =
G
(a) 10 to 12 (b) 7 to 9
1× 0.54
(c) 4 to 6 (d) 1 to 3 ws = (Sr = 1 uesves hej)
2.7
RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015
ws = 0.2
Ans : (d) keâCe efJelejCe Je›eâ ceW Je›eâlee iegCeebkeâ Cc Je›eâ kesâ
Deekeâej keâes efve™efhele keâjlee nw~ w s = 20%

58. The ratio between void ratio (e), degree of

D30 2
Cc = saturation (s), water content (w), and specific
D60 × D10
gravity of solids (G) is given by:
megJeieeaÙe ce=oeDeeW kesâ efueÙes Cc keâe ceeve 1–3 kesâ ceOÙe neslee nw~ efjkeälelee Devegheele (e), meble=hlelee keâer ßesCeer (s), heeveer
55. Consistency as applied to cohesive soils is an IevelJe (w), Deewj "esmeeW kesâ efJeefMe<š ieg®lJe (G) keâes
indicator of its : FveceW mes efkeâme Øekeâej Øemlegle efkeâÙee peelee nw–
memebpekeâ efceóer cebs meIevelee ueeiet keâjvee metÛekeâ neslee nw
(a) e + s = w + G (b) e × s = w × G
Fmekesâ– (c) e/s = w/G (d) (s + e)/w = (G + e)/s
(a) Density/IevelJe keâe RRB JE Shift-III : 29.08.2015
(b) Moisture content/veceer keâer cee$ee keâe Ans : (b)
(c) Shear strength/keâle&ve Meefòeâ keâe (i) efjkeälelee Devegheele, meble=hlelee keâer ßesCeer, peueebMe leLee efJeefMe<š
(d) Porosity/mebjOeÇlee keâe ieg®lJe ceW mecyevOe– e.s = w.G
RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015 (ii) efjkeälelee Devegheele leLee ce=oe keâer mejvOeÇlee ceW mecyevOe–
Ans : (c) ce=oe kesâ keâle&ve kesâ Øeefle ØeeflejesOe keâes Gmekeâer meIevelee n
e=
keânles nQ~ 1− n
56. The porosity of a soil sample having its void * e keâe ceeve n mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
ratio equal to unity would be- e>n
FkeâeF& kesâ yejeyej efjòeâlee Devegheele Jeeues efceóer kesâ vecetves keâer (iii) mLetue IevelJe leLee Meg<keâ IevelJe ceW mecyevOe
mejbOeÇlee nesieer
γb
(a) 33.34% (b) 50.0% γd =
1+ w
(c) 66.66% (d) 75.0%
(iv) γb > γd
RRB JE Shift-III : 28.08.2015
40
 õJe FbpeerefveÙeefjbie
(Hydraulics Engineering)
1. lejue heoeLeex kesâ iegCe efJeceenerve veneR nw– Megæieeflekeâ MÙeevelee
(Properties of Fluids) ceÛÚj Ùee keâerÌ[s-cekeâesÌ[s heeveer kesâ he=‰ hej yew"les nQ Ùee oewÌ[les nQ,
keäÙeeWefkeâ– he=‰ leveeJe kesâ keâejCe heeveer kesâ he=‰ hej
Ùeefo, ieefle ceW lejue kesâ efueS, Skeâ efyevog hej oeye meYeer efoMeeDeeW ØelÙeemLe efPeuueer yeve peeleer nw
ceW meceeve nw leye lejue nw– DeeoMe& lejue he=‰ leveeJe keâe GòejoeÙeer nw– JeeC[jJeeue yeue
Skeâ DeeoMe& lejue neslee nw– Ie<e&Ce jefnle leLee Demecheer[Ÿe
hee@Fpe (Poise) cee$ekeâ nw– MÙeevelee keâe
 du 
Skeâ lejue pees mecyevOe τ = µ   keâes mevleg° keâjlee nw, peneB õJe keâe he=‰ leveeJe meceehle nes peelee nw– ›eâebeflekeâ leehe hej
 dy 
' τ ' keâle&ve Øeefleyeue nw– vÙetšesefveÙeve lejue efkeâmeer hee$e kesâ peue ceW jKeer yehe&â keâe Skeâ šgkeâÌ[e heeveer ceW lewj jne
mšeskeâ efkeâmekeâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw– Megæ ieeflekeâ MÙeevelee nw~ Fme yehe&â kesâ Oeerjs-Oeerjs peue ceW efheIeueles peeves hej hee$e ceW peue
kesâefMekeâelJe keâe keâejCe nw– Deemebpeve Deewj memebpeve oesveeW keâe mlej– DeheefjJeefle&le jnsiee
melen kesâ Thej lejue keâe ØeJeen efkeâmekesâ keâejCe neslee nw– keâesF& õJe efkeâmeer oer ieF& "esme Jemleg keâes efYeiee osiee Ùeefo memebpeve
keâle&ve yeue kesâ DeOeerve efJe™heCe yeueeW keâer leguevee ceW Deemebpeve yeue– DeefOekeâ nes
Skeâ õJe keâe ieeflekeâ MÙeevelee 0.5 hJeeFpe Deewj efJeefMe° ieg®lJe heeveer keâer Skeâ yeÌ[er yetBo 125 Úesšs-Úesšs yetBoeW ceW štš peeleer nw,
0.5 nw, lees õJe keâer Megæ ieeflekeâ MÙeevelee mšeskeâ ceW nw– 1.00 efpeveceW ØelÙeskeâ keâer ef$epÙee r nw, lees yeÌ[er yetBo keâer ef$epÙee nesieer– 5r
Skeâ ceer03 peue meceleguÙe neslee nw– 1000ueeršj
MÙeevelee keâer ceehe kesâ efueS Fme ceehekeâ (meter) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
Megæ ieeflekeâ MÙeevelee ( ν) keâer FkeâeF& nw– ceer2/mes
peelee nw– mesyeesuš
heeveer keâe he=‰ leveeJe–
leeheceeve keâer keâceer kesâ keâejCe yeÌ{ peelee nw~ mecegõ ceW letheâeve Deeves hej veeefJekeâ lesue efiejeles nQ, keäÙeeWefkeâ lesue–
heeveer kesâ he=‰ leveeJe keâes Ieše oslee nw
MKS ØeCeeueer ceW ieeflekeâ MÙeevelee keâer FkeâeF& nw–
efkeâ«eeYeej-mes/ceer.2 Ùeefo efkeâmeer õJeÛeeefuele ØeCeeueer ceW efkeâmeer efyevog hej hejce oeye
õJe keâe Jen iegCe pees Deejesefhele keâle&ve yeue kesâ efJehejerle efoMee ceW JeeÙegceb[ueerÙe oeye mes keâce nes lees Gme efyevog hej efveefnle neslee nw–
ØeeflejesOe yeue keâe Åeeslekeâ nw, keânueelee nw– MÙeevelee $e+Ceelcekeâ Meer<e&
Skeâ õJe efkeâmeer otmejs õJe Ùee iewme kesâ meeLe Devlejheâuekeâ yeveelee mLeweflekeâ lejue (Static fluid) ceW–
nes, lees Devlej heâuekeâ keâe melen Tpee& Øeefle FkeâeF& #es$eheâue kesâJeue DeefYeuecye Øeefleyeue ner DeefmlelJe ceW jnleer nw
keânueelee nw– melen leveeJe efkeâmeer õJe keâe leehe yeÌ{eves mes Gmekeâer MÙeevelee– Iešleer nw
Skeâ lejue ØeJeen efpemeceW ØeJeen kesâ oewjeve lejue keâe IevelJe lejue (fluid) Skeâ Ssmee heoeLe& (Substance) nw–
heefjJee|lele veneR neslee nw, keânueelee nw– Demebheer[dÙe pees efkeâmeer keâle&ve yeue kesâ jnles efJeßeeceeJemLee
heeveer ceW vecekeâ Ieesueves hej heeveer keâe he=‰ leveeJe– yeÌ{siee ceW veneR jn mekeâlee
MÙeevelee hej leehe keâe ØeYeeJe nJee ceW efiejleer ngF& lesue keâer yetBo Ûejce Jesie Øeehle keâjleer nw, pees
õJeeW kesâ efueÙes iewmeeW kesâ efueÙes Deveg›eâceevegheeleer nesleer nw– yetBo keâer ef$epÙee kesâ Jeie& kesâ
T ↑→ µ ↓ T ↑→ µ ↑ efkeâmeer lejue kesâ DeeoMe& ØeJeen (Ideal flow) keâes mevleg°
T ↓→ µ ↑ T ↓→ µ ↓ (Fulfill) keâjlee nw–
meeblelÙe meceerkeâjCe (Contininutity Equation)
1.8
V = 0.0022t − meceerkeâjCe keâer meneÙelee mes Megefæieeflekeâ mecegõ ceW lewjvee Deemeeve nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ mecegõ keâs peue keâe DeefOekeâ
t
MÙeevelee (Kinematics Viscosity) %eele keâer pee mekeâleer nw– neslee nw– IevelJe
vÙetšve MÙeeveleeceeheer efnueeÙee Ùee efJeueesÌ[e ngDee õJe kegâÚ osj kesâ yeeo efmLej nes peelee
õJe ceW keâeye&efvekeâ heoeLe& Ieesueves hej õJe keâe he=‰ leveeJe– Iešlee nw nw– MÙeevelee kesâ keâejCe
keâheÌ[s Oeesves kesâ efueS meeyegve keâe Fmlesceeue efkeâÙee peelee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ heeje iueeme keâes efYeieelee veneR nw, Ùen õJe kesâ efpeme iegCe kesâ keâejCe
Ùen– Ieesue keâe he=‰ leveeJe keâce keâj oslee nw neslee nw, Gmes keânles nQ– memebpeve (Cohesion)
41
efkeâmeer lejue kesâ FkeâeF& õJÙeceeve (Unit mass) kesâ DeeÙeleve keâes oeye kesâ Devleie&le ØeJeeefnle õJe keâer heeFhe keâer kesâvõ jsKee, peneB Jesie
keânles nQ, Gme lejue keâe– {eue (Velocity gradient) MetvÙe neslee nw, JeneB keâle&ve Øeefleyeue
efJeefMe° DeeÙeleve (Specific volume) (Shear stress) nesiee– MetvÙe
heeveer keâe efJeefMe° Yeej S.I. FkeâeF& ceW neslee nw– peye efkeâmeer Dehes#eeke=âle keâce JÙeeme keâer veefuekeâe keâes heeveer ceW [gyeeÙee
9.81 × 103 vÙetšve/ceeršj3 peelee nw, lees heeveer Skeâ TOJe&cegKeer ............ melen kesâ meeLe
ce=og Fmheele (Mild steel) keâer leguevee ceW DeefOekeâ Demecheer[Ÿe veefuekeâe ceW Thej G"lee nw– DeJeleue (Concave)
(Incompressible) neslee nw, peue– 100 iegvee Deehesef#ekeâ DeeÙeleve keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw– m3/kg
efJeefYeVe õJeeW kesâ iegCe kesâ keâejCe Skeâ-otmejs keâes Deekeâef<e&le keâjles nQ, lejueeW keâer mecheer[dÙelee (compressibility) efJeueesceevegheeleer nesleer
Gmes keâne peelee nw– Deemebpekeâ nw– DeeÙeleve iegCeebkeâ (Bulk Modulus) kesâ
JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oyeeJe hej peue keâer Dehes#ee iewmeW ueieYeie mecheer[dÙe keâesšjCe (Cavitation) neslee nw peneB–
nesleer nQ– 20000 iegveer DeefOekeâ efkeâmeer efyebog hej oeye efvejhes#e oeye nes pees õJe
efJeceenerve nw– efJeefMe° ieg®lJe kesâ meble=hle Jee<heoeye kesâ meceleguÙe Ùee keâce nes
0 C leeheceeve hej heeveer keâe Jee<he oeye neslee nw–
0 yeenjer oeye ueieeves kesâ keâejCe lejue kesâ DeeÙeleve ceW heefjJele&ve
0.00623 efkeâ«ee/mesceer2
keânueelee nw– mecheer[dÙelee
õJe kesâ he=‰leehe ceW efmekegâÌ[ves (Shrinkage) keâer ØeJe=efòe efkeâme iegCe Skeâ lejue keâe DeeÙeleve iegCeebkeâ (bulk modulus)–
kesâ keâejCe nesleer nw– he=‰ leveeJe oeye keâer ceeheW jKelee nw
100 C leeheceeve hej heeveer keâe Jee<he oeye neslee nw–
0 heWš leLee «eerme nesles nQ– DeeoMe& hueeefmškeâ (Ideal Plastic)
1.035 efkeâ«ee/mesceer2 oeye yeÌ{eves kesâ meeLe ØelÙeemLelee keâe yeukeâ ceeheebkeâ– yeÌ{lee nw
meeceevÙe leehe hej heejs keâe he=‰ leveeJe heeveer keâer Dehes#ee– leeheceeve yeÌ{eves mes– lejue keâer MÙeevelee Iešleer nw
DeefOekeâ neslee nw Ùeefo efkeâmeer kesâefMekeâe veueer keâe JÙeeme ogievee keâj efoÙee peeS lees
pees lejue mejuelee mes yenles nQ, Gvekeâer MÙeevelee (Viscosity) kesâefMekeâerÙe GlLeeve– DeeOee nes peeSiee
nesleer nw– keâce lejue kesâ ØeJeeefnle nesves keâe keâejCe nw– Dehe™heCe yeue (Shear
yengle TBÛes oeyeeW kesâ efueS DeefOekeâebMe iewmeeW Deewj õJeeW keâer force) kesâ Debleie&le Gmekeâe efJe™heCe (Deformation)
MÙeevelee– ceveceeveer JÙeJenej ØeoefMe&le keâjleer nw
heeje Deewj "esme keâer meleneW kesâ ceOÙe mheMe& keâesCe FveceW mes efkeâlevee
leehe›eâce ceW Je=efæ kesâ meeLe-meeLe iewmeeW keâer efvejhes#e MÙeevelee
neslee nw– 1280
(Absolute viscosity)– yeÌ{leer nw
Megæ ieeflekeâ MÙeevelee (Kinematic viscosity) yejeyej nesleer nw– #es$e efpemekesâ Devoj MÙeevelee meerefcele jnleer nw, Gmes FveceW mes efkeâme
(ieeflepe MÙeevelee)/IevelJe veece mes peevee peelee nw– meercee hejle (Boundary layer)
Megæ ieeflekeâ MÙeevelee (Kinematic viscosity) keâer FkeâeF& Skeâ õJÙe efpemekeâer MÙeevelee efJeke=âefle keâer oj Ùee Dehe™heCe efJeke=âefle
(Unit) nesleer nw– mšeskeâ (Stock) kesâ meeLe heefjJeefle&le veneR nesleer Jen keäÙee keânueelee nw–
MÙeevelee iegCeebkeâ keâe SI cee$ekeâ neslee nw– N-s/m2 vÙetšesefveÙeve õJÙe (Newtonion fluid)
lejue Skeâ Ssmee heoeLe& nw, pees– Deeke=âefle kesâ heefjJele&ve keâe keâesF& Skeâ õJÙe efpemekeâer MÙeevelee efJe™heCe keâer oj kesâ meeLe yeoueleer nw,
ØeeflejesOe veneR keâjlee Gmes peevee peelee nw–
ceevekeâ leehe›eâce Deewj oyeeJe hej efkeâmeer õJe keâe Øeefle FkeâeF& iewj-vÙetšesefveÙeve õJÙe (Non-newtonion fluid)
DeeÙeleve keâe Yeej keânueelee nw–
leeheceeve yeÌ{ves mes JeeÙeg Deewj peue keâer MÙeevelee ceW keäÙee Deblej neslee
efJeefMe° Yeej (Specific Weight)
nw– JeeÙeg keâer MÙeevelee yeÌ{ peeleer nw Deewj peue keâer
ceevekeâ leehe›eâce Deewj oyeeJe hej efkeâmeer õJe keâe Øeefle FkeâeF& MÙeevelee Ieš peeleer nw~
DeeÙeleve õJÙeceeve keânueelee nw– õJÙeceeve IevelJe
peye Skeâ penepe mecegõ mes veoer ceW ØeJesMe keâjlee nw, FmeceW Dehes#ee
meeOeejCe leeheceeve Je oeye hej lejue keâe mecheer[dÙelee iegCeebkeâ k
keâer peeleer nw– LeesÌ[e [tyeves keâer
(Coefficient of compressibility) keâe ceeve efkeâ«ee/mesceer2 ceW
neslee nw– 20,000 Skeâ lejue keâe DeeÙeleve ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ (Bulk modulus)
efkeâmeer ØeJeeefnle nes jns õJe kesâ efkeâmeer keâCe ceW nes mekeâlee nw– efkeâmekeâe Devegheele neslee nw–
ieeflepe Tpee&, oeye Tpee& SJeb peÌ[lJe Tpee& oyeeJe ceW Je=efæ Deewj DeeÙeleefvekeâ efJeke=âefle keâe
42
2. õJe-mLeweflekeâ oeye efkeâmeer uee@keâ iesš ceW oesveeW ojJeepeeW kesâ yeerÛe Øeefleef›eâÙee keâe ceeve
(Hydrostatic Pressure) P
nesiee–
2sin α
meceebieer mebIešve Jeeues hetCe&leÙe: efveceefppele efheC[ kesâ efueS GlheueeJekeâlee keâe efmeæevle (Theory of buoyancy) kesâ
DeehueeJeve kesâvõ meowJe neslee nw– efJemLeeefhele lejue kesâ Devegmeej– lejue ceW DeebefMekeâ Ùee hetCe&le: [tyes ngÙes efheC[ keâes Thej
DeeÙeleve kesâ heefjkesâvõ kesâ mecekesâvõerÙe neslee nw~ G"eves Jeeues yeue kesâ yejeyej neslee nw–
Skeâ helLej keâe JeeÙeg ceW Yeej 450N leLee peue ceW Yeej 250 N nw~ efheC[ Éeje efJemLeeefhele lejue
helLej keâe DeeÙeleve nw– 0.0204 m3 (Displaced fluid) keâe Yeej
Skeâ lewjles ngS efheC[ keâer DeehueJe kesâvõerÙe GBâÛeeF&– lewjves Jeeues efheC[ kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ oes yeue nesles nQ–
DeehueJe kesâvõ GlhueeJeve yeue (Buoyancy force) leLee ieg®lJe yeue
leLee ieg®lJe kesâvõ kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer nesleer nw~ (Gravity Force)
GlhueeJekeâ efyevog ncesMee neslee nw– Ùeefo efkeâmeer Jemleg keâes efkeâmeer õJe keâer melen hej jKee peeS lees Jen
efJemLeeefhele õJe kesâ kesâvõkeâ hej neslee nw Gme õJe ceW lewjsieer Ùeefo– ieg®lJeekeâ<e&Ce yeue õJe kesâ
Skeâ lewjles efheC[ keâes mLeeefÙelJe Deewj meblegueve keâer efmLeefle ceW keâne Gl#eshe mes keâce nes
peelee nw– peye DeehueJe efyevog ieg®lJe kesâvõ mes Thej nes Deevele leue (Inclined plane) hej oeye kesâvõ (Centre of
neF[^espeve yewuetve Deemeeveer mes G"e heeSiee– pressure) neslee nw– kesâvõkeâ mes veerÛes
{erues-{bie mes hewkeâ efkeâS ieS hebKeeW keâe 1 efkeâ«ee. Yeej ØelÙeskeâ lejue keâer GmeceW [tyes ngÙes Ùee lewjles ngÙes efheb[ keâes Thej
keâesF& hueJeceeve Jemleg DemLeeF& meblegueve (Unstable equlibrium) GÚeueves keâer ØeJe=efòe (tendency) keâes keânles nQ–
keâer DeJemLee ceW nesieer Ùeefo Jemleg keâe ieg®lJe kesâvõ (centre of GlhueeJekeâlee (Bouyancy)
gravity) nes– DeehueJe kesâvõ (Metacentre) mes Thej hetCe& [tyes leLee lewjles Ùee hueJeceeve efheC[eW kesâ
meblegueve keâer DeJemLee ceW õJe hej keâeÙe& veneR keâjlee nw– mevlegueve keâer efmLeefleÙeeB/Position
keâle&ve Øeefleyeue Equilibrium of Submerged and
efkeâmeer hueJeceeve Jemleg keâer efmLejlee efveYe&j keâjleer nw– Floating Bodies.
Gmekeâer DeehueJe kesâefvõkeâ TbÛeeF& ›eâ.meb. mevlegueve keâe Øekeâej lewjles efheC[ kesâ efueS
(Metacentric hight) hej (Types of ØeefleyevOe
Equilibrium) (Condition for Floating
GlhueeJeve yeue (Buoyaney force ) keâe #eweflepe Ieškeâ neslee nw–
body)
MetvÙe 1. mLeeÙeer mevlegueve efheC[ kesâ efueÙes DeehueJeve kesâvõ
GlhueeJekeâlee efveYe&j keâjleer nw– efJemLeeefhele õJe kesâ õJÙeceeve hej (Stable (Meta Centre) M, Fmekesâ
heeveer mes Yejer ngF& Skeâ šbkeâer ceW yeves efÚõ mes efvekeâue jns heeveer keâe Equilibrium) ieg®lJe kesâvõ G mes Thej efmLele
neslee nw~
Jesie meceevegheeleer nesiee– h kesâ
2. DemLeeÙeer mevlegueve efheC[ kesâ efueÙes DeehueJe kesâvõ
oeye kesâvõ (Centre of pressure) keâeÙe& keâjlee nw, [tyeer ngF& (Unstable (Meta Centre) M, Fmekesâ
melen kesâ ieg®lJe kesâvõ mes– veerÛes Equilibrium) ieg®lJe kesâvõ G kesâ veerÛes efmLele
õJe mes hetCe&le: Yejs ngS Skeâ yebo yesueveekeâej hee$e kesâ Meer<e& hej kegâue neslee nw~
oeye meceevegheeleer neslee nw– R4 kesâ 3. Goemeerve mevlegueve efheC[ kesâ efueÙes DeehueJe kesâvõ
(Neutral (Meta Centre) M, Fmekesâ
efkeâmeer H TOJee&Oej TBÛeeF& keâer melen hej oeye DeeOeej mes efkeâleveer Equilibrium) ieg®lJe kesâvõ G hej ner efmLele
H neslee nw~
TBÛeeF& hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw–
3
Ùeefo efkeâmeer õJe ceW hueJeceeve efkeâmeer Jemleg ceW Deuhe keâesefCekeâ
peye õJe ceW lewjles ngS efkeâmeer efheC[ keâes LeesÌ[e-mee efJemLeeefhele keâj efJemLeeheve ueeS peeves hej Jemleg Deheveer ØeejbefYekeâ efmLeefle ceW Jeeheme
efoÙee peeÙes, lees Jen oesueve keâjsiee– Ûeueer peeleer nes, lees Jemleg keâes keâne peelee nw–
DeehueJe kesâvõ kesâ heefjle: (About metacentre) mLeeÙeer meecÙeeJemLee ceW
43
 kegâÚ efJeMes<e meleneW ieg™lJe leLee oeye kesâvõ peye Skeâ efheb[ hetCe&leÙee leLee DeeBefMekeâ ™he mes Skeâ õJe ceW
melen (Surface) ieg®lJe kesâvõ oeye kesâvõ efveceefppele (Immersed) neslee nw, leye Gme efheb[ Éeje efJemLeeefhele
(Centre of (Centre õJe kesâ Yeej kesâ yejeyej Skeâ yeue Éeje GlLeeefhele neslee nw~ Ùen keâLeve
gravity) pressure) keânueelee nw– Deeefke&âefce[erpe keâe efveÙece

h/2 2h / 3 Skeâ õJe ceW [tyeer ngF& leLee #eweflepe mes θ keâesCe hej Deevele Skeâ
meceleue melen hej mechetCe& oeye nesiee– p.A
Ùeefo melen keâe #es$eheâue ‘A’ nw, Deewj ‘h’ lejue cegòeâ melen kesâ veerÛes
melen #es$e kesâ kesâvõkeâ keâer ienjeF&& nw, leye Skeâ melen hej
peuemLeweflekeâ oyeeye efkeâmekesâ yejeyej nesiee – ωA h
õJe ceW efveceefppele Jemleg keâe oeye kesâvõ DeJeefmLele neslee nw–
h  a + 2b  h  a + 3b  h Jemleg kesâ ieg®lJe kesâvõ mes keâeheâer veerÛes
3  a + b  3  a + 2b  2
Skeâ TOJee&OejerÙe oerJeej kesâ Skeâ Deesj efJeefMe° Yeej w keâe Skeâ
lejue oeye ueie jne nw~ Ùeefo lejue kesâ melen keâer TBÛeeF& h nw lees
oerJeej hej kegâue oeye lejue kesâ mJeleb$e leue mes efvecve otjer hej keâeÙe&
2h 3h
2h
3 4 keâjlee nw–
3
TOJee&Oejle: [tyeer melen kesâ efueS oeye kesâvõ Deewj ieg®lJe kesâvõ kesâ
yeerÛe keâer otjer nesleer nw–
h /3 h/2 IG
Ax
efkeâmeer Jemleg keâes efkeâmeer õJe ceW lewjeÙee pee mekeâlee nw– Jemleg keâe
Yeej efmLej jKeles ngS Gmekeâe DeeÙeleve yeÌ{ekeâj
D/2 5D / 8 3. heeFhe ceW õJe oeye keâe ceeheve
(Measurement of Liquid
Pressure in Pipes)
2D 3πD
3π 32 cewveesceeršjeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ lejue nesvee ÛeeefnS– GÛÛe IevelJe Jeeuee
heeFhe ceW mLeweflekeâ oeye ceeheves kesâ efueS, oeye ceeheer keâes peesÌ[e peelee
heeveer kesâ ueÌ[eketâ penepeeW kesâ GlhueJe kesâvõ keâer TBÛeeF& nesleer nw– nw– efhešeš šÙetye mes
1 mes 1.5 ceeršj
heerpeesceeršj keâe GheÙeesie ceeheves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw– oeye Meer<e
GlhueeJekeâlee (Buoyancy) efveYe&j keâjleer nw– efkeâmeer heeFhe ceW mLeweflekeâ oeye ceeheves ceW, oeye iespe meeceevÙele:
efJemLeeefhele õJe keâer mebnefle Fmemes pegÌ[er nesleer nw– heerpeesceeršj
(Mass of displaced liquid) hej efkeâmeer õJe keâe DeeoMe& ØeJeen DeJeMÙe ner mebleg° keâjlee nw–
GlhueeJeve yeue (Buoyant force) neslee nw– heemkeâue kesâ efveÙece keâes
[tyes ngS efheC[ hej Gmekesâ Deeme-heeme kesâ lejue –10
10 šej keâe oeye ceehee peelee nw– DeeÙeveeFpesmeve iespe
mes ueieves Jeeuee heefjCeeceer yeue cewveesceeršj keâer mebJesoveMeeruelee meJee&efOekeâ nesleer nw–
GlhueeJeve yeue keâe heefjCeece %eele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw – ceeF›eâescewveesceeršj (Micromenometer) peue kesâ meeLe
Deeefke&âefce[erpe kesâ efveÙece Éeje oeye ceeheerÙeeW ceW ØeeÙe: heeje ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ–
Ùen yengle Yeejer neslee nw
peue ceW [tyeer efkeâmeer Jemleg hej ueieves Jeeuee GlhueeJekeâ yeue yejeyej
yees[&ve (Bourdon) ceW oeye ceeheer mes %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
neslee nw- nšeS ieÙes peue kesâ Yeej kesâ
iespe oeye
Skeâ ieg™lJeerÙe yeeBOe (Gravity dam) ceW DeheJele&ve kesâ efKeueeheâ efveJee&le oeye keâe ceeve neslee nw–
megj#ee iegCekeâ keâer efveÛeueer meercee nw– 1.50 efvejhes#e oeye – JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oeye
44
 oeyeevlejceeheer (manometer) keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– ceevekeâ leeheceeve Deewj oeye hej lejue kesâ Øeefle Ùetefveš DeeÙeleve keâe
heeFheeW Deewj ÛewveueeW keâe oyeeJe ceeheves kesâ efueS Yeej keânueelee nw– efJeefMe° Yeej (Specific weight)
oeyeceeheer veefuekeâe (Piezometer tube) keâer meneÙelee mes ceehee
iespe oeye neslee nw– mechetCe& oeye-JeeleeJejCeerÙe oeye
ieÙee oyeeJe keânueelee nw–
Øeceeheer oyeeJe (Effective pressure) Skeâ õJe keâe oeyeesÛÛelee ceeheer veefuekeâe keâer meneÙelee mes veehee ieÙee
efkeâmeer efveceefppele melen (Immersed surface) kesâ efpeme efyevog oeye neslee nw– iespe oeye
hej heefjCeeceer oyeeJe yeue keâeÙe& keâjlee nw, Gmes keânles nQ– Skeâ ieg™lJeerÙe yeeBOe ceW DeheJele&ve kesâ efKeueeheâ megj#ee iegCeebkeâ keâer
oyeeJe kesâvõ efveÛeueer meercee nw– 1.50
efhepeesceeršj (piezometer tube) oeye veneR ceehe mekeâleer Ùeefo– oes efyevogDeeW kesâ yeerÛe oeye Deblej keâes meeceevÙele: efkeâmekeâe ØeÙeesie
heeFhe ceW õJe kesâ mLeeve hej Skeâ iewme nw keâjkesâ ceehee peelee nw– efJeYesoer oeyeeblej ceeheer
JeeÙegceb[ue oeye yejeyej neslee nw– 1.0332 kg/cm2 efvejhes#e oeye
GlhueeJeòeâe efveYe&j keâjleer nw– efJemLeeefhele õJe kesâ Yeej hej
Skeâ yewjesceeršj mes ceeheles nQ– JeeÙegceb[ueerÙe oeye
10.332 heeveer keâe mlecYe yejeyej neslee nw–
Skeâ peueceive meceleue #es$e kesâ oyeeJe keâe keWâõ nw–efyebog peneb oyeeJe
keâer Jepen mes heefjCeeceer yeue #es$e hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw
760 efceceer heejs kesâ mlecYe kesâ
YesooMeea oeyeceeheer (differential manometer) keâe ØeÙeesie neslee 4. ceewefuekeâ õJe ØeJeen
nw– oeye Devlej ceeheves kesâ efueS (Fundamentals of Fluid Flow)
heeFpeesceeršj (Piezometer) keâer meneÙelee mes ceehe keâer pee mekeâleer
nw– mLeweflekeâ oeye (Static Pressure) keâer meceÙe kesâ mevoYe& ceW efkeâmeer efyevog hej Ùeefo Jesie, oeye, IevelJe
FlÙeeefo heefjJeefle&le vener nesles nw leye ØeJeen keânueelee nw– DeheefjJeleea
jesšeceeheer (Rotameter) keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
JeWÛegjerceeheerr keâe ØeÙeesie keäÙee ceeheves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw–
ØeJeen (Flow) ceeheves kesâ efueS
efkeâmeer heeFhe mes yenles ngS õJe keâe efvemmejCe
peue kesâ 25 ceer Meer<e& keâe oeye yejeyej nesiee–
cegòeâ Yeüefceue ceW, ieefle– ef$epÙee kesâ meeLe Iešleer nw
245 efkeâuees vÙetšve/ceer2
Ùeefo ØeJeen keâer ienjeÙeer ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeÙeer mes keâce nw, ØeJeen
heerpeesceeršj veueer keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
keânueelee nw– Metefšbie ØeJeen
keâce oeye (Moderate pressure) ceeheves kesâ efueS
Skeâ mecheer[dÙe lejue ØeJeen ceW cewkeâ mebKÙee M, 0.3<M<0.8 nQ
U-veueer õJe oeyeceeheer Éeje ceehee peelee nw–
leye ØeJeen keâes meeceevÙele: Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee peelee nw– meyemeesefvekeâ
veefueÙeeW leLee ÛewveueeW ceW oeye
K
ØeJe=òe cesveesceeršj keâe ØeÙeesie keâce oyeeJe kesâ mešerkeâ ceeheve keâjves kesâ õJeerÙe ieeflekeâer keâer ™#e meercee kesâ efueS mebkesâle nw– > 6.0
δ'
efueS FveceW mes efkeâmeceW efkeâÙee peelee nw– vÙetve Jesie iewme ØeJeen heeFhe ceW mlejerÙe ØeJeen kesâ efueS mebJesie mebmeesOeve iegCeebkeâ neslee nw–
efkeâmeer efyebog hej Øeceeheer oeye yejeyej neslee nw– 1.33
ÙeLeeLe& oeye Deewj JeeÙegceb[ueerÙe oeye kesâ Deblej kesâ Ùeefo Jesie efJelejCe DeeÙeleekeâej nes lees ieeflepe Tpee& mebMeesOeve iegCeebkeâ
neslee nw– Skeâ nesiee
heemkeâue keâe efveÙece keânlee nw efkeâ efJejece hej efkeâmeer lejue ceW efkeâmeer efkeâmeer õJe ceW heefjJeleea DeeIetCe& ØeJeen kesâ efueS yejveewueer
Yeer efyevog hej oyeeJe keâe– meceerkeâjCe– meceeve Oeeje jsKee hej efmLele efyevogDeeW
heefjCeece meYeer efoMeeDeeW ceW Skeâ–meceeve neslee nw~ kesâ efueS efvekeâeuee pee mekeâlee nw
U- veueer oeyeeblejceeheer ceehelee nw– efkeâmeer efyebog hej ÙeLeeLe& oeye yejveewueer ØecesÙe efkeâmekesâ mebj#eCe kesâ efveÙece hej DeeOeeefjle nesleer nw–
Yesoelcekeâ oeyeeblejceeheer (Differential Manometer) ceW heejs keâe Tpee&
ØeÙeesie ueeYekeâejer neslee nw peye oeye keâe Devlej neslee nw– DeefOekeâ p v2
yejveewueer meceerkeâjCe kesâ Devegmeej– z+ + efveÙeleebkeâ
w 2g
Skeâ Ùet-šdÙetye cewveesceeršj FveceW mes efkeâmekesâ Devlej keâes ceehelee nw–
Ùetuej ieefle keâe meceerkeâjCe–
oyeeJe
õJe kesâ efJejeceeJemLee ceW veneR ØeÙeesie peelee nw~
õJe oeyeesÛÛelee FveceW mes efkeâmekeâe Ùeesie nw– meelelÙe meceerkeâjCe kesâ Devegmeej– a 1v 1 = a 2v 2
oeye Meer<e& leLee DeeOeej Meer<e& Skeâ yeneJe efpemeceW ØelÙeskeâ lejue keâCe keâe Skeâ efveefMÛele heLe neslee
peye Skeâ hueJeve efheb[ keâe GlhueJe kesâvõ Fmekesâ ieg®lJe kesâvõ hej nw leLee JÙeefòeâiele keâCe Skeâ otmejs keâe heLe veneR keâešles Gmekeâes
neslee nw, leye hueJeve efheb[ nesiee– Goemeerve meblegueve ceW keânles nQ– Oeeje jsKeer ØeJeen
45
Skeâ ØeJeen efpemeceW Skeâ efJeMes<e efveefMÛele efyebog hej lejue heoeLe& kesâ Oeeje jsKeeSB, JeCe& jsKeeSb Deewj heLe jsKeeSB meYeer meÂMe nesleer nQ–
Jesie ceW meceÙe kesâ meeLe keâesF& heefjJele&ve veneR neslee, keânueelee nw– DeheefjJeleea ØeJeen kesâ meboYe& ceW
efmLej ØeJeen efmeiejsš keâe OegDeeB yeveelee nw– heLe jsKee (Path line)
meceeveevlej huesšeW (plates) kesâ mlejerÙe ØeJeen kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece Oeeje jsKee nesleer nw– ØeJeen ceW yejeyej Jesie keâer jsKee
Jesie SJeb Deewmele Jesie ØeJeen keâe Devegheele neslee nw– 1.5
mlejerÙe ØeJeen ceW– vÙetšve keâe MÙeevelee efveÙece ueeiet neslee nw
DeeÙeuej kesâ ieefle keâe meceerkeâjCe efve™efhele keâjlee nw–
vÙetšve kesâ ieefle keâe efÉleerÙe efveÙece yejveewueer (Bernoulli) kesâ met$e ceW Tpee& kesâ meYeer heoeW keâer efJeceeSB
Skeâ DeIetCeea yeneJe kesâ efueS meeceevÙe mebkesâlekeâeW meeLe meceerkeâjCe nesleer nQ– uecyeeF& keâer
2
∂φ ∂φ
2 Ùeefo Jesvšgjerceeheer keâes vele DeJemLee ceW jKee peeS lees–
+ = 0 keânueelee nw~ ueehueeme keâe meceerkeâjCe Ùen ØeJeen keâer mener ceehe oMee&Siee
∂ x2 ∂ y2
yejveewueer keâe meceerkeâjCe efpeme ceevÙelee hej DeeOeeefjle nw, Gmekesâ
ØeJeen keâes Skeâ meceeve ceevee peelee nw, Ùeefo efkeâmeer Yeer #eCe meceeve
Devegmeej õJe hej efkeâme yeue kesâ Deefleefjòeâ, DevÙe keâesF& yee¢e yeue
nes– Jesie
keâeÙe& veneR keâjlee– ieg®lJe yeue (Gravitational force)
Ie<e&Ce kesâ keâejCe JÙeÙe Tpee& yejeyej nesves hej efkeâmeer veefuekeâe mes 3 ceeršj JÙeeme kesâ heeFhe mes nesves Jeeues peue ØeJeen keâes ceehee pee
nmleebleefjle Meefkeäle keâye DeefOekeâlece nesleer nw– mekeâlee nw– efheše@š šŸetye (Pitot tube) mes
kegâue Deehetefle& keâe Skeâ efleneF&
ØeJeeefnle heeveer ceW efJeÙeespeve ve nesves osves kesâ efueÙe heeveer kesâ efvejhes#e
Kegueer Ûewveue ceW yeneJe efJe#egyOe neslee nw Ùeefo, jsveeu[ mebKÙee– Meer<e& keâe ceeve efkeâleves mes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 2.8 ceeršj
>4000
Jesvšgjerceeheer ceW ØeJesMe JÙeeme keâer leguevee ceW kebâ" JÙeeme ØeeÙe: neslee
neF[^e@efuekeâ «es[ ueeFve nw– Tpee& «es[ ueeFve kesâ Thej keâYeer nw– DeeOee
veneR nesleer nw Jesvšgjerceeheer ceW he=LekeäkeâjCe ve nesves osves kesâ efueS DehemejCe keâesCe
jsvee@u[ mebKÙee ØeejbefYekeâ yeue Deewj efkeâmekeâe Devegheele neslee nw– (Angle of Divergence) keâe ceeve jKee peelee nw– 50 mes 150
MÙeevelee yejveewueer kesâ meceerkeâjCe keâe GheÙeesie keâjles meceÙe õJe kesâ Jesie keâe
efpeme veueer keâe JeeuJe ›eâceMe: Keesuee Deewj yebo efkeâÙee pee jne nes, meceerkeâjCe ceW ceeve efkeâlevee ceevee peelee nw– Deewmele Jesie
GmeceW ØeJeen Skeâ GoenjCe nw– DeheefjJeleea ØeJeen keâe õJe keâe ØeJeen ceeheves kesâ efueS JesvÛegjerceeheer keâes ueieeÙee peelee nw–
veerÛes keâer lejheâ Deeves Jeeues ØeJeen kesâ
yejveewueer meceerkeâjCe efkeâmeer cee$ee keâer Øeefle Ùetefveš kegâue Tpee&
efve™efhele keâjlee nw Jen cee$ee nw– Tpee& Øeefle Ùetefveš Yeej meeLe Deevele jsKee ceW
heeFheeW mes mlejerÙe ØeJeen kesâ efueS oeyeerÙe oeyeesÛÛelee keâer neefve ceW p v2
H =Z+ + meceerkeâjCe keâes keânles nQ–
Deblej Deelee nw– Jesie kesâ Devegueesce W 2g
Tpee& meceerkeâjCe (Energy equation)
Skeâ ØeJeen efpemeceW Øeefle meskeâC[ ØeJeeefnle nesves Jeeues lejue heoeLe&
veueer ceW DeYeer° efyevog hej ØeJeen keâe Jesie ceeheves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie
keâer cee$ee efmLej veneR jnleer nw, Gmes keâne peelee nww– DeefmLej ØeJeen
efkeâÙee peelee nw– efheše@š veueer keâe
›eâebeflekeâ ef›eâÙeekeâueehe ceW neslee nw – MetvÙe hueJe v2
ieeflepe Tpee& (Kinetic energy) keâe met$e neslee nw– H=
ØeJeen efpemeceW Øeefle meskebâ[ ØeJeeefnle nesves Jeeuee cee$ee efmLej jnleer 2g
nw, keânueelee nw– efmLej ØeJeen (Steady flow)
Q = K H meceerkeâjCe ceW K JesvÛegjerceeršj efmLejebkeâ keânueelee nw~
Ùeefo efkeâmeer lejue keâe IevelJe, Skeâ ØeJeen ceW, Skeâ efyevog mes otmejs a1a2
efyevog hej heefjJeefle&le neslee nw, leye Jen ØeJeen keânueelee nw– Fmekeâe ceeve neslee nw– × 2g
(a1 )2 - (a2 )2
mebheer[Ÿe ØeJeen
efkeâmeer õJe keâCe keâer ieefle ceW mechetCe& Tpee& yejeyej neslee nw–
Skeâ heeFhe ceW ØeJeen mlejerÙe neslee nw, Ùeefo– oeye Tpee& + (efmLeeflepe Tpee& + ieeflepe Tpee&)
jsveeu[ mebKÙee keâe ceeve 2000 mes keâce nw
JesvÛegjerceeršj ceeheer, cegKe huesš keâer Dehes#ee DeefOekeâ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
Skeâ ØeJeen, efpemeceW Øeefle meskeâC[ yenves Jeeues õJe keâer cee$ee efmLej peelee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ– –FmeceW Tpee& #eefle keâce nesleer nw
veneR nw, Ùen keânueelee nw – efkeâmeer õJe keâCe keâe ieefle ceW mechetCe& Meer<e& yejeyej neslee nw–
efJe#egyOe ØeJeen (Turbulent flow) oeye Meer<e& + (efmLeeflepe Meer<e& + ieeflepe Meer<e&)
meeblelÙe meceerkeâjCe efkeâmekesâ DeefJeveeefMelee kesâ efmeæeble hej DeeOeeefjle efheše@š veueer (Pitot Tube) keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
nw– mebnefle ØeJeen kesâ Jesie keâer ceehe keâjves kesâ efueS
46
Ùeefo Jesvšdjerceeheer kesâ Dehemeejer Mebkegâ keâer uecyeeF& l leLee DeefYemeejer 5. heeFhe cebs õJe ØeJeen
Mebkegâ keâer uecyeeF& l1 nes lees Gvekeâe mebyebOe nesvee ÛeeefnS– (Flow of Liquid Through Pipes)
l = 3l1 to 4l1
Dee@Ùeuej keâe ieefle meceerkeâjCe meceekeâefuele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw Ùeefo hf Meerr<e& neefve, Q efvemmejCe, ℓ heeFheueeFve keâer uecyeeF&, f
peyeefkeâ Ùen ceevee peeS efkeâ– Jesie efJeYeJe yevee jnlee nw Deewj
Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ Deewj d heeFhe keâe JÙeeme, leye Gvekesâ yeerÛe mecyevOe
IevelJe efveÙele jnlee nw
flQ 2
efheše@š veueer mes õJe keâe Jesie %eele keâjves kesâ efueS GheÙeesie efkeâÙee nw– hf =
12.1d 5
peevee ÛeeefnS– 2gh met$e keâe õJeerÙe {eue jsKee efkeâmekeâe heefjJele&ve ØeoefMe&le keâjleer nw–
Deeieceve Jesie (Approach velocity) kesâ keâejCe Jesie Meer<e& keâe ØeJeen keâer efoMee ceW heerpeesceerefš^keâ Meer<e&
ceeve neslee nw–
V2 Skeâ veue ceW yeneJe ve lees mlejerÙe Deewj ve lees efJe#egyOe neslee nw peye
2g jsvee@u[ mebKÙee nesleer nw– 2000 Deewj 2800 kesâ yeerÛe ceW
veueer ceW ØeJeeefnle nesves Jeeues õJe kesâ efvemmejCe keâes ceeheves ceW ØeÙeesie heeFhe mes neskeâj efJe#egyOe ØeJeen ceW, Ie<e&Ce iegCekeâ 'f' kesâ efueS
neslee nw– JesvÛegjerceeheer keâe yueeefmeÙeme meceerkeâjCe 'f' keâes jsveeu[ mebKÙee mes mecyeefvOele keâjlee
yejveewueer ØecesÙe ueeiet nesleer nw– melele OeejeDeeW ceW yenves Jeeues nw~ f=
0.079
1
hetCe& Demecheer[Ÿe lejue hej Re 4

Z1 +
p1 v12 p v2 p v2
+ = Z2 + 2 + 2 = Z3 + 3 + 3 meceerkeâjCe keâe efkeâmeer efJe#egyOe ØeJeen ceW heeFhe keâer yeÌ{leer Gceü kesâ meeLe DeefOekeâlece
W 2g W 2g W 2g Deewj Deewmele Jesie kesâ yeerÛe meceevegheele neslee nw–
veece nw– yejveewueer meceerkeâjCe Meg™ ceW Iešlee nw Deewj leye yeÌ{lee nw~
peye Jewvšgjerceeršj vele nesleer nw, lees efkeâmeer efoS ngS ØeJeen kesâ efueS kegâue Meer<e& Jeeueer heeFheueeF&ve mes Tpee& kesâ DeefOekeâlece mebÛejCe kesâ
oMee&leer nw– meceeve jeref[bie efueS Ie<e&Ce kesâ keâejCe Meer<e& neefve (hf) efvecve kesâ Éeje oer peeleer nw,
efkeâmeer Jesvšgjerceeheer kesâ Dehemeejer Yeeie (divergent portion) mes hf = H/3
neskeâj ØeJeeefnle nesves Jeeues õJe keâe Jesie– Iešlee nw efJeceenerve mebKÙee meceerkeâjCe Devegheeeflekeâ yeue
(Dimension (Equation) (Ratio of force)
JesvÛegjerceeheer ceW ØeJesMe (Inlet) keâer leguevee ceW keâC" (Throat) hej less Nb)
õJe keâe Jesie neslee nw– GÛÛe jsveeu[ mebKÙee Fi ρvd
=
peÌ[lJe yeue
Jesvšgjerceeheer ceW kebâ" hej he=LekeäkeâjCe keâer ØeJe=efòe jeskeâves kesâ efueS kebâ" Fr µ MÙeeve yeue
kesâ JÙeeme Deewj heeFhe kesâ JÙeeme keâe Devegheele nesvee ÛeeefnS– øetâ[ mebKÙee
1 1
Fi peÌ[lJe yeue
mes Fg ieg®lJe yeue
3 2
õJeeW keâer ieefle kesâ efueS DeJekeâueve ™he ceW Dee@Ùeuej meceerkeâjCe keâes DeeÙeuej mebKÙee Fi peÌ[lJe yeue
dp FP
JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw– + g .dz + v .dv = 0 oeye yeue
ρ
cewkeâ mebKÙee Fi v peÌ[lJe yeue
ieeflepe Tpee& keâes Ùen Yeer keânles nQ– =
Fe Ev ØelÙeemLe yeue
Jesie Meer<e& (Velocity head)
ρ
Skeâ Dee@efjefheâme Ùee Éejkeâ-huesš Ùee Éejkeâ ceeršj (orifice-plate
Jesyej mebKÙee Fi peÌ[lJe yeue
of or orifice-meter) keâer meneÙelee mes ceehee peelee nw–
Fs.t he= ‰ leveeJe yeue
heeFheeW Ùee veeefueÙeeW ceW õJe keâe efvemmeejCe
Jesvšgjerceeheer kesâ Dehemeejer Yeeie ceW mes yenles õJe keâe oeye– yeÌ{lee nw Skeâ heeFhe ueeFve ceW DevegowOÙe& keâeš ceW efkeâmeer efyevog A hej õJeerÙe
JesvÛegjerceeheer ceW mes nesves Jeeues efvemmejCe keâes JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw– {eue jsKee heeFhe kesâ kesâvõ jsKee kesâ Thej nw Deewj otmejs efyevog B
hej heeFhe kesâ kesâvõ jsKee kesâ veerÛes nw~ Fmemes Ùen efve<keâ<e& efvekeâuelee
Ca1a 2
2gH nw efkeâ– efyevog B hej efveJee&le oyeeJe nw~
a12 - a 22 Meevle ØeJeen ncesMee neslee nw– ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& mes Thej
Skeâ JesvÛegjerceeršj ceW heeFhe kesâ JÙeeme leLee Fmekesâ kebâ" (throat) kesâ efÛekeâves heeFhe ceW jsveeu[ mebKÙee 10 kesâ efueS Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ keâe
6

JÙeeme keâe Devegheele meeceevÙeleÙee neslee nw– 1:2 ceeve neslee nw– 0.01

47
DeheefjJeleea ØeJeen ceW–Jesie, meceÙe kesâ meeLe Ùee lees heefjceeCe efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ heeFhe cees[Ì ceW DeefOekeâlece Meer<e& neefve nesleer nw–
Ùee lees efoMee Ùee efheâj oesveeW yeouelee nw 900 keâe ceesÌ[
heeFhe ceW efJe#egyOe ØeJeen mes Meer<e& neefve– efkeâmeer heeFhe Ùee Ûewveue ceW ØeJeen Skeâmeceeve ™he mes nesvee keâne
Jesie kesâ Jeie& kesâ Devegl›eâceevegheeleer neslee nw peelee nw, Ùeefo– meYeer heefjÛÚsoeW hej õJe keâCeeW
Skeâ Metefšbie yeneJe kesâ efueS, øeâeG[ mebKÙee nesleer nw– keâe meceeve Jesie nes
1 mes DeefOekeâ
heeFheeW keâes meceeveevlej ceW ueieeves mes efve:mejCe yeÌ{ peelee nw,
Je=òeekeâej heeFhe ceW mlejerÙe ØeJeen kesâ efueS [emeea efJeMeyewÛe Ie<e&Ce
keäÙeeWefkeâ Gvekeâer keâce nes peeleer nw– Ie<e&Ce Meer<e& keâer #eefle
64
iegCeebkeâ (f) yejeyej neslee nw– meeFheâve kesâ ØeJeen ceW DeJejesOe mes yeÛeves kesâ efueS JeeÙeg-hee$e (Air
Re
vessel) keâes ueieeÙee peelee nw– Ûeesšer (Summit) hej
DeÛeevekeâ mebkegâÛeve mes ueIeg Meer<e& neefve kesâ keâejCe nesleer nw–
DeÛeevekeâ mebkegâÛeve kesâ yeeo DeÛeevekeâ hegjeves heeFhe kesâ efueS Ûespeer kesâ efmLejebkeâ keâe ceeve veS heeFhe keâer
ØeJeen keâer Je=efæ mes Dehes#ee efueÙee peelee nw– 70% keâce
heeFhe ceW ØeJeen kesâ oewjeve Meefòeâ keâe ceeve DeefOekeâlece Øeehle neslee nw heeFhe ueeFve ceW Jee<heve mes yeÛeves kesâ efueS šerues (Ridge) hej heeFhe
peye Ie<e&Ce kesâ keâejCe Meer<e& neefve, kegâue Meer<e& neefve keâe Devegheele ueeFve keâes Fme Øekeâej efuešeÙee (Laid) peelee nw efkeâ Ùen–
1 õJeerÙe {eue mes 6.4 ceeršj mes Thej ve jns
nesiee–
3 õJeerÙe ef$epÙee Ùee õJeerÙe ceOÙeceeve ienjeF& m leLee ienjeF& d keâe
DeeÙeleekeâej Ûewveue ceW õJeerÙe GÚeue kesâ efueS peye øeâeG[ mebKÙee mecyevOe DeefOekeâlece efceleJÙeÙeer meceuecyeekeâej keâeš kesâ efueS nw–
F 1, 3 nw lees heMÛe GÚeue ienjeF& d2 nw– 2.0d1 3
m= ×d
heeFhe ØeJeen ceW øeâeG[ mebKÙee ØeYeeJeer nesleer nw peye– 5
heeFhe ceW ØeJeen DeeOee Yejkeâj nes jne nes efmLej JÙeeme hej heeFhe ØeJeen kesâ efueS Meer<e& meceevegheeleer neslee nw–
ØeJeen peeue keâe DeOÙeÙeve mes nce keâjles nwb–
(f )
2
(ØeJeen)2
ØeJeen ceW Tpee& neefve keâe efveOee&jCe
meceeve uecyeeF& leLee 'd' Deewj '2d' JÙeeme kesâ oes heeFhe ßesCeer›eâce ceW Skeâ heeFhe uecyee (long) keânueelee nw peye Fmekeâer uecyeeF& nw–
pegÌ[s nQ~ meceeve uecyeeF& kesâ meceleguÙe heeFhe keâe JÙeeme nesiee– < d heeFhe kesâ JÙeeme keâe 1000 iegvee mes DeefOekeâ
peÌ[lJe yeue leLee MÙeevelee yeue keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw– meeFheâve kesâ Thejer efkeâveejs hej JeeÙeg JeeefnefvekeâeSB (air vessels)
jsveeu[dme mebKÙee nesleer nQ– õJe ØeJeen ceW efkeâmeer ™keâeJeš keâes
Skeâ uecyes heeFhe ceW efmLej oj mes nesves Jeeues ØeJeen keâes keânles nQ– otj keâjves kesâ efueS
DeheefjJeleea meceeve ØeJeen yenves Jeeues lejueeW kesâ efueS heeFheeW ceW oeye meceevegheeleer neslee nw–
heeFhe mes neskeâj mebÛejCe keâer DeefOekeâlece o#elee nesleer nw– 66.67% 1
õJeerÙe GÚeue keâer Iešvee nesleer nw peye Ì{eue yeouelee nw–
d5
DeefOekeâ {eue mes keâce {eue keâer lejHeâ
JeeuJe yebo nes peeves mes heeFhe ceW õJe ØeJeen DeÛeevekeâ ®keâ peelee nw
heeFhe mes heeveer kesâ efvekeâeme hej Tpee& neefve nesleer nw– hE = V2/2g
leye– peue DeeIeele GlheVe nes peelee nw
ce=oe ceW peue ØeJeen keâes mlejerÙe nesves kesâ efueS jsvee@u[ mebKÙee nesveer
ÛeeefnS– 1 mes keâce efkeâmeer heeFhe kesâ efJeefYeVe heefjÛÚsoeW hej peue keâer kegâue Tpee&
oes peueeMeÙe oes meceeveevlej heeFheeW mes pegÌ[s ngS nQ~ oesveeW heeFheeW efyevogDeeW keâes efceueeves Jeeueer jsKee keânueeleer nw–
keâe JÙeeme Deewj uecyeeF& Skeâ meer nw, hejvleg henues heeFhe keâe Ie<e&Ce peueerÙe ØeJeCelee jsKee (Hydraulic grade line)
iegCeebkeâ otmejs heeFhe mes 4 iegvee DeefOekeâ nw~ henues Deewj otmejs heeFhe oes meceeblej Ûehešer huesšeW, efpeveceW mes Skeâ ieefle keâer DeJemLee ceW
ces efJemepe&ve keâe Devegheele nesiee– 0.5 Deewj otmejer efJejece DeJemLee ceW nes, kesâ yeerÛe ØeJeen keânueelee nw–
iewme Demebheer[ve ceeveer peeleer nw Ùeefo cewkeâ vecyej– Ma< 0.20 kegâSš-ØeJeen
efpeme Jesie hej mlejerÙe ØeJeen ™keâ peelee nw Gmes keânles nQ– Dekeâmceele mebkeâesÛeve (mebkeâerCe&ve) kesâ keâejCe Meer<e& #eefle yejeyej nesleer
efvecve ›eâebeflekeâ Jesie v2
nw– 0.75
(v1 - v 2 )2 2g
SkeâeSkeâ Je=efæ mes Meer<e& neefve nesleer nw–
2g efkeâmeer ™KeÌ[s heeFhe ceW efJe#egyOe ØeJeen kesâ Ie<e&Ce Ieškeâ keâes
cewkeâ meBKÙee Devegheele nw– efveOee&efjle keâjves Jeeuee hewjeceeršj nw– jsvee@u[me mebKÙee Deewj
DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ Jesie leLee OJeefve kesâ Jesie keâe Deehesef#ele ™#elee
peÌ[lJe yeue leLee he=<" leveeJe yeue keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw– efkeâmeer heeFhe ueeFve keâer mekeâue Tpee& jsKee õJeerÙe {eue jsKee kesâ
Jesyej mebKÙee Thej yejeyej nesleer nw– Jesie Meer<e& kesâ ceeve kesâ
48
mebÙegòeâ heeFheeW keâes Skeâ veÙes heeFhe mes yeoueves kesâ efueS Jes Skeâ- efJe#egyOe ØeJeen kesâ keâejCe Meer<e& neefve mlejerÙe ØeJeen kesâ keâejCe Meer<e&
otmejs kesâ leguÙe nesles nQ Ùeefo oesveeW kesâ efueS meceeve nesles nQ– neefve keâer leguevee ceW nesleer nw– DeefOekeâ
Meer<e& neefve Deewj ØeJeen keâesF& lejue heeFhe Ùee Kegueer veeueer ceW yenlee nw lees Fmekeâe ØeJeen oes
efJe#egyOe heeFhe ØeJeen ceW Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue– Øekeâej kesâ Ie<e&Ce mes ØeYeeefJele neslee nw- henuee MÙeevelee kesâ keâejCe
kesâvõ hej MetvÙe neslee nw Deewj oerJeejeW keâer Deesj Gmekesâ keâCeeW ceW Ie<e&Ce, otmeje–
jwefKekeâle: yeÌ{lee nw lejue leLee veeueer keâer Ùee heeFhe keâer
efkeâmeer heeFhe ueeFve kesâ keâheeš (Valve) keâes DeÛeevekeâ yebo keâj oerJeejeW kesâ keâejCe Ie<e&Ce
kw ›eâebeflekeâ Jesie keâe ceeve heeFhe kesâ JÙeeme kesâ neslee nw– meceevegheeleer
osves hej oeye keâer leer›elee yejeyej nesieer– V kesâ efJe#egyOe ØeJeen keâer efmLeefle ceW Ie<e&Ce ØeeflejesOe efveYe&j veneR keâjlee nw–
g
uecyeer veefueÙeeW (Long pipes) ceW ØeJesMe Éej (Entrance) hej ØeJeen keâer oeye hej
Meer<e& neefve nesleer nw– Ie<e&Ce neefve keâer leguevee ceW ›eâebeflekeâ Jesie keâe ceeve heeveer kesâ leeheceeve kesâ neslee nw–
yengle keâce DeLee&led Ghes#eCeerÙe nesleer nw JÙegl›eâceevegheeleer
Ùeefo keâesF& heeFefhebie ØeCeeueer cegKÙe ™he mes TOJee&Oej G"eve ceW nes efkeâmeer uecyes heeFhe mes neskeâj efveÙele oj hej ØeJeen keânueelee nw–
Deewj heeFhe Ie<e&Ce keâe ceeve keâeheâer keâce nes lees hebhe DeefYeue#eCe DeheefjJeleea Skeâmeceeve ØeJeen
nesvee ÛeeefnS– DeefleØeJeCe Sme. DeeF&. ØeCeeueer ceW heejsef<ele Meefòeâ efkeâueesJeeš ceW JÙeòeâ keâer
heeFheeW ceW peueeIeele leye neslee nw peyeefkeâ– peeleer nw– P = w.Q. (H – h1)
yenles ngS peue keâes ›eâceMe: efJejece keâer heeFhe mes neskeâj mlejerÙe ØeJeen ceW efvemmejCe heefjJeefle&le neslee nw–
DeJemLee ceW ueeÙee peelee nes MÙeevelee kesâ JÙegl›eâceevegheeleer
efkeâmeer heeFhe ceW Meefòeâ mebÛejCe DeefOekeâlece neslee nw peye Ie<e&Ce kesâ efkeâmeer heeFhe keâes uecyee keâne peelee nw, Ùeefo Gmekeâer uecyeeF&–
keâejCe Meer<e& neefve nesleer nw– hetjs Meer<e& keâe Skeâ efleneF& heeFhe kesâ JÙeeme kesâ 1000 iegCee mes DeefOekeâ nes
3000 efce.ceer. JÙeeme kesâ heeFhe ceW peue keâe ØeJeen ceehee pee mekeâlee
Tpee& «es[ jsKee (Energy grade line) mes veerÛes efmLele Jesie Meer<e&
nesleer nw– peueerÙe «es[ jsKee (Hydraulic Grade line) nw– Je›eâjsKee ceeheer (rotameter) Éeje
oes heeFhe ØeCeeefueÙeeB meceleguÙe keâner pee mekeâleer nQ Ùeefo– ßesCeeryeæ heeFheeW DeLee&led mebÙegòeâ heeFhe ceW nesves Jeeuee efvemmejCe,
Ie<e&Ce neefve Deewj ØeJeen jeefMeÙeeB meceeve neW Ùeefo efoÙee nes, lees kegâue Meer<e& neefve nesieer–
efkeâmeer heeFhe ueeFve ceW lejue kesâ oeye ceW Dekeâmceele Je=efæ keânueeleer Q 2  f1 l1 f2 l 2 f 3 l 3 
 5 + 5 + 5 + .... 
nw– peueeIeele (Water hammer) 3  d1 d2 d3 
heeFhe Éeje heeJej mebÛeeefjle keâjves hej heeFhe keâer o#elee Øeehle keâer Ùeefo heejs<eCe keâer o#elee η nes, lees heeFhe ceW mes nesves Jeeueer heejs<eCe
pee mekeâleer nw– 66.7% Meefòeâ JÙeòeâ keâer peeleer nw– ηwQ (H - h f )
Jeeefnkeâe mes neskeâj ØeJeen kesâ efueS cewefvebie kesâ met$e ceW n keâe ceeve Ie<e&Ce kesâ Deefleefjòeâ DevÙe Meer<e& neefveÙeeW keâes veieCÙe ceeveles ngS
vÙetvelece neslee nw– keâebÛe keâer meleneW kesâ meboYe& ceW ßesCeeryeæ heeFheeW ceW nesves Jeeueer kegâue Meer<e& neefve nesleer nw–
keâ<e&Ce Deewj GòeLeeve iegCeebkeâ heâueve nQ– jsvee@u[me mebKÙee kesâ 4  f1 l1 v1 f 2 l 2 v 2 f 3 l 3 v 32 
2 2

 + + + .... 

mecemle heeFhe ueeFveeW ceW Meer<e& #eefle meceeve nesleer nw– 2g  d1 d2 d3 
meceevlej heeFhe ueeFve ØeJeen ceW mlejerÙe ØeJeen ceW r0 ef$epÙee keâer veefuekeâe kesâ kesâvõ mes Gme efyevog lekeâ
heeFheeW ceW Meer<e& neefve kesâ efueS Ûespeer keâe met$e nw– keâer otjer, peneb Jesie keâe ceeve Deewmele neslee nw, nesieer– 0.707 r0
hf peue DeeIeele keâe heefjceeCe efveYe&j veneR keâjlee nw–
v = C m×
l lejue kesâ leeheceeve hej
heeFhe ceW mes heejsef<ele Meefòeâ P %eele keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee jsveeu[ kesâ efve<keâ<e& kesâ Devegmeej- ›eâeefvlekeâ Jesie keâe ceeve heeFhe kesâ
wQ(H - h f ) JÙeeme kesâ– efJeueesceevegheeleer neslee nw
peelee nw– P= H.P.
75 DeefOekeâlece Meefòeâ heejs<eCe kesâ efueS vee@peue keâe JÙeeme (d) keâe ceeve
Meer<e& #eefle keâe ceeve DeefOekeâlece nesiee peye–  D5 
1/4

heeFhe ceW PegkeâeJe keâesCe 600 nes %eele keâjves kesâ efueS mecyevOe nw– d= 
 8fl 
Ie<e&Ce ØeeflejesOe efveYe&j veneR keâjlee nw– ØeJeen kesâ oeye hej
heeFhe ceW mes ØeJeeefnle nesves Jeeues õJe keâer MÙeevelee kesâ keâejCe nesves
efkeâmeer heeFhe mes neskeâj Meefòeâ keâe mebÛejCe DeefOekeâlece neslee nw Ùeefo Jeeueer Meer<e& neefve (HL) keâes %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
Ie<e&Ce kesâ keâejCe Meer<e& #eefle yejeyej nes– P1 P2 32µ v l
kegâue Meer<e& keâer Skeâ efleneF& HL = - = meceerkeâjCe Éeje
w w wd 2
49
ØeJeeefnle õJe keâer DeMJe Meefòeâ (Horse power) keâe met$e neslee met$e R = f1 × Av2 ceW R = õJe ØeJeen kesâ Devoj Ie<e&Ce ØeeflejesOe,
W×H A = Yeerieer melen keâe #es$e, v = õJe ØeJeen keâe Jesie nw lees f nesiee–
nw– HP =
75 øeâe@[ Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ (Froud friction factor)
jsveeu[ mebKÙee kesâ Éeje Yeso keâe %eeve neslee nw efkeâ– nwiesve-hepeesF& efmeæeble (Hagan Poiseuille Theory) mebyebefOele
ØeJeen mlejerÙe nw Ùee efJe#egyOe nw– #eweflepe heeFheeW ceW ØeJeen mes
efkeâmeer ØeJeeefnle nesves Jeeues õJe kesâ Jesie ceW Deekeâefmcekeâ heefjJele&ve nes heeFhe mes neskeâj ØeJeen ceW lejuejesOeve (Choking) keâe DeLe& nw–
peeves kesâ keâejCe– heeFheeW ceW peue DeeIeele neslee nw efJeefMe° cee$ee ceW ØeJeen veneR nes mekeâlee
meeFheâve kesâ mevlees<epevekeâ keâeÙe& keâjves kesâ efueS lejue kesâ Jee<he oeye D JÙeeme kesâ Skeâ heeFhe kesâ mLeeve hej d JÙeeme kesâ n meceeblej heeFheeW
keâer leguevee ceW heeFhe ceW vÙetvelece oeye nesvee ÛeeefnS– DeefOekeâ D
keâes ueieeves kesâ efueS met$e nw– d=
veueeW ceW ØeJeen kesâ meceÙe mlejerÙe ØeJeen yeouelee nw– n 2/5
MÙeevelee mes efJehejerle Øekeâej mes efkeâmeer
heeFhe ceW mes Q efJemepe&ve neslee nw~ Ùeefo heeFhe keâe uecyeeF& l,
efkeâmeer Yeer ØeJeen heæefle kesâ efueS õJeerÙe {eue jsKee Tpee& jsKee keâer JÙeeme d, heeFhe ceW heeveer keâe Jesie V leLee Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ f nw lees
leguevee ceW nesveer ÛeeefnS– veerÛes heeFhe ceW mes nesves Jeeueer Meer<e& neefve kesâ efueS [ejmeer met$e nw–
õJeerÙe ceOÙeceeve ienjeF& (hydraulic mean depth) efvekeâeueves flQ 2
keâe met$e nesiee– m = (veue ceW ØeJeeefnle õJe keâer DevegØemLe keâeš 3d 5
keâe #es$eheâue)/(veue keâer Yeerieer heefjceehe) Ùeefo ØeJeen keâe Deewmele Jesie v nes, lees [emeea-Jesmeyewkeâ meceerkeâjCe kesâ
vee@peue ceW mes nesves Jeeueer heejsef<ele Meefòeâ P keâe ceeve %eele keâjves kesâ Devegmeej heeFhe ØeJeen kesâ efueS efkeâmeer uecyeeF& ceW Tpee& keâer neefve
meceevegheeleer nw– v2 kesâ
wav   4f l   a 2 v 2  
efueS mecyevOe nw– P= H -   ×  2  veueer keâer uecyeeF& yeÌ{eves hej– efJemepe&ve iegCeebkeâ keâce
75   2gD   A  
nes peelee nw
õJeerÙe {eue (hydraulic gradient) Devegheele neslee nw, Ie<e&Ce kesâ
keâejCe Meer<e& neefve leLee– veue keâer uecyeeF& keâe heeFhe kesâ keâeš kesâ kesâvõ ceW õJe keâCe keâe Jesie neslee nw–
hetjs keâeš keâe Deewmele
d JÙeeme keâer hetCe& ØeJeeefnle Je=òeekeâej heeFhe kesâ efueS õJeerÙe ceOÙeceeve
d
lejue ØeJeen kesâ efueS kegâue Ie<e&Ce ØeeflejesOe efveYe&j veneR keâjlee–
ienjeF& yejeyej nesleer nw– oeye hej
4
Ùeefo efkeâmeer mebÙegòeâ heeFhe keâes efkeâmeer Skeâ veF& heeFhe Éeje yeouee DebMele: (Partly) Yejkeâj ØeJeeefnle nesves Jeeues Je=òeekeâej veue kesâ
peevee nw, lees heeFheW meceleguÙe leYeer neWieer, peyeefkeâ oesveeW heeFheeW kesâ efueÙes õJeerÙe ef$epÙee (hydraulic radius) keâe met$e nw–
efueS meceeve jKee peeS– Meer<e& neefve leLee ØeJeen m=
r  sinθ 
1 - 
Ùeefo efkeâmeer heeFhe mes peue heeFhe ceW hetje Yej keâj ØeJeeefnle nes jne 2 θ 
nes lees heefjceeCe (Wetted Perimeter) yejeyej nesiee– πd kesâ kegâÚ ØecegKe GhekeâjCe leLee ceeheve
heeFhe ueeFve ceW ØeÙegòeâ Øeeslkeâ<e& šbkeâer (Surge Tank) Ùen keâeÙe&
GhekeâjCe (Devices) ceeheve (Measurment)
keâjleer nw– peueeIeele kesâ keâejCe GlheVe efkeâmeer Deefleefjòeâ
oeye mes heeFhe keâes yeÛeeleer nw JesvÛegjerceeršj efJemepe&ve
16 Heäuees vee@peue efJemepe&ve
jsvee@u[me mebKÙee kesâ ™he ceW Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ yejeyej neslee nw–
Re Dee@efjefHeâme ceeršj efJemepe&ve
efkeâmeer yesueveekeâej heeFhe ceW efkeâmeer õJe keâe ØeJeen mlejerÙe neslee nw yesv[ ceeršj efJemepe&ve
peye jsvee@u[me mebKÙee nesleer nw– 2000
jesšeceeršj efJemepe&ve
ncesMee kegâue Tpee& jsKee kesâ veerÛes jnleer nw– õJeerÙe {eue jsKee
efhešeš šŸetye Jesie
õJeerÙe {eue yejeyej neslee nw–
(Ie<e&Ce kesâ keâejCe nesves Jeeueer Meer<e& neefve)/
neš JeeÙej Sveerceesceeršj iewme keâe Jesie
(Ûewveue keâer kegâue uecyeeF&) keâjbšceeršj Kegues Ûewveue ceW Jesie
efkeâmeer heeFhe ceW mes iece& peue yenves keâer efmLeefle ceW nesves Jeeueer Meer<e& meceeveevlej ›eâce ceW pegÌ[er, d JÙeeme Jeeueer, N heeFheeW kesâ Éeje, D
neefve "C[s peue ØeJeen keâer leguevee ceW nesieer– keâce JÙeeme keâer efkeâmeer heeFhe keâes yeoueves kesâ efueS met$e ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw–
ØeÙegòeâ JeeleØeJeen veefuekeâe keâe ›eâcemet#ceCe keâesCe (Angle of N 2/5 =
D
Taper)– 80 mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS d

50
 õJeerÙe {eue jsKee– Jesie Meer<e&, Tpee& {eue jsKee JesvÛegjerceeršj efve:mejCe iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve Jesie iegCeebkeâ keâer leguevee ceW
mes veerÛes neslee nw ueieYeie neslee nw– yejeyej
mlejer ØeJeen ceW Meer<e& #eefle keâer leguevee ceW efJe#egyOe ØeJeen ceW Meer<e& yeÌ[s DeeÙeleekeâej Dee@efjefheâme ceW mes nesves Jeeues cegòeâ efvemmejCe (Free
#eefle nesleer nw– 320 iegvee discharge) keâes %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
uecyeer veeefueÙeeW ceW ØeJesMe hej Meer<e& neefve nesleer nw– ( 2g ) ( H3/2
2 - H1 )
2 3/2
Cd .B .
Ie<e&Ce neefve keâer leguevee ceW veieCÙe 3
efkeâmeer meeFheâve kesâ ØeJeen ceW yeeOee GlheVe nesves mes jeskeâves kesâ efueS efve:mejCe, Jesie Deewj mebkegâÛeve kesâ iegCeebkeâ ›eâceMe: Cd, Cv leLee Cc
meeFheâve ceW JeeÙeg hee$e ueieeÙee peelee nw– efMeKej hej mecyeæ nQ– Cd = Cv × Cc

õJe ØeJeen kesâ efueS kegâue Ie<e&Ce ØeeflejesOe efveYe&j veneR keâjlee– cegòeâ ØeJeen cegKeveeue ceW efve:mejCe iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve meowJe neslee nw–
0.5
Jesie hej
Skeâ Dee@efjefheâme mes nesves Jeeues JeemleefJekeâ efve:mejCe Deewj mewæebeflekeâ
efJelejCe lev$e ceW JeeÙeg JeeuJe ueieeS peeles nQ– efve:mejCe keâe Devegheele yejeyej neslee nw– Cv.Cd
peue keâer cegKÙe heeFheeW kesâ pebkeäMeve hej Jesie iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve efve:mejCe iegCeebkeâ keâer leguevee ceW–
efkeâmeer heeFhe ceW mLeweflekeâ oeye ceeheves kesâ efueS oeye iespe keâe ØeÙeesie DeefOekeâ neslee nw
efkeâÙee peelee nw pees mebÙeesefpele neslee nw– efhešeš veefuekeâe kesâ meeLe hetCe&le: efveceefppele Dee@efjefheâme (totally submerged orifice) ceW
mes nesves Jeeues efvemmejCe keâes %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
menmee mebkegâÛeve kesâ keâejCe ueIeg neefve nesleer nw– menmee mebkegâÛeve
Cd .a (2gH)
kesâ yeeo ØeJeen kesâ Øemeej kesâ keâejCe
Úesšs Dee@efjefheâme keâer efmLeefle ceW FmeceW mes nesves Jeeues cegòeâ efvemmejCe
efkeâmeer Yeer efyebog hej Yeüefceuelee heefjYeeef<ele keâer peeleer nw Gmekesâ keâes meb#eshe ceW %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw– C d .a ( 2gh )
mekeg&âuesMeve Øeefle– FkeâeF& õJÙeceeve mes
DebMele: efveceefppele Dee@efjefheâme (Partially submerged orifice)
JesvÛegjerceeršj ceW Jesie iegCeebkeâ nesiee– JesvÛegjerceeršj ceW efJemepe&ve kesâ ceW mes nesves Jeeues mechetCe& efvemmejCe keâes %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
iegCeebkeâ kesâ yejeyej nw~
( 2g ) ( H23/2 - H13/2 ) + Cd BH2 ( 2gH )
2
Cd B
Skeâ Je=òeekeâej heeFhe ceW MÙeeve lejue keâe DeefOekeâlece Jesie Deewj Deewmele 3
Jesie keâe Devegheele nw– 2 Deevleefjkeâ cegKeveeue ceW Ûejce mebkegâefÛele Oeeje hej efvejhes#e oeye Meer<e&
JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oeye mes heeveer keâer TBÛeeF& kesâ–
Øeeslkeâ<e& (mepe&) šbefkeâÙeeW keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
yejeyej keâce neslee nw
Jeešj-nwcej mes yeÛeeJe kesâ efueS
yee¢e cegKeebie (External mouthpiece) ceW mes nesves Jeeuee
cegKÙe peue Deehetefle& ceW heeveer ÛeÌ{eves kesâ efueS meJe&meeceevÙe GheÙeesie efvemmejCe (Discharge) %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
efkeâS peeves Jeeues hebhe nQ– 0.855a × 2gH
De#eerÙe yeneJe hebhe (Axial flow pump)
cegKeveeue mes cegKe keâer Dehes#ee efve:mejCe DeefOekeâ neslee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ
Deewmele owefvekeâ DeeJeMÙekeâleeDeeW kesâ efueS efkeâmeer Yeer peue Deehetefle& ceW Fmemes yeÌ{ peelee nw– efve:mejCe (Discharge)
cegKÙe efJelejCe, meeceevÙe leewj hej ef[peeFve efkeâÙee peelee nw– 225% veueer keâer uecyeeF& yeÌ{ves kesâ meeLe-meeLe– efvemmejCe iegCeebkeâ (Cd)
efkeâmeer Yeer Deekeâej keâer ÛewveueeW hej ueeiet nesves Jeeuee øeâeG[ mebKÙee ceW keâceer nesleer nw
keâes heefjYeeef<ele keâjves ceW ØeÙegkeäle uecyeeF& hewjeceeršj nw– õJeerÙe ef$epÙee keâce MÙeevelee Jeeues õJeeW keâe efvemmejCe %eele keâjves kesâ efueS
Jesšdjerceeheer ceW efvemmejCe iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 0.95
heeFhe ceW MÙeeve ØeJeen kesâ efueS Jesie efJelejCe neslee nw–
hetjs Yejs ngS yees[e& cegKeebie (Borda's mouthpiece) ceW mes nesves
hejJeueÙeekeâej (Parabolic)
Jeeuee efvemmejCe neslee nw– 0.707a 2gH
Ùeefo H Meer<e& nes lees V–vee@Ûe mes nesves Jeeuee efJemepe&ve heefjJeefle&le neslee leer#Ce Oeej Jeeues cegKe kesâ efueÙes efvemmejCe iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee
nw– H5/2 kesâ meceevegheeeflekeâ
nw– 0.623
heeFhe ueeFve kesâ Deble ceW Skeâ vee@peue efoÙee peelee nw, peue efJemepe&ve Deevleefjkeâ cegKeebie ceW efvemmejCe iegCeebkeâ (Cd) keâe ceeve neslee nw–
hej– GÛÛe Jesie yee¢e cegKeebieeW (Extranal mothpiece) keâer leguevee ceW keâce
Ûejce mebkegâefÛele Oeeje hej heeveer kesâ pesš kesâ heefjÛÚso keâe #es$eheâue efkeâmeer DeeÙeleekeâej cegKe keâes cegKe keâer De#e kesâ Thej Meer<e& keâe ceeve
vÙetvelece neslee nw leLee ØeJeen Jesie neslee nw– DeefOekeâlece efkeâlevee nesves hej Úesše cegKe ceevee peelee nw–
JesvÛegjerceeršj Jesie iegCeebkeâ keâe Deewmele ceeve neslee nw– 0.97 cegKe keâer TOJee&Oej ceehe mes DeefOekeâ nesves hej
51
 yee¢e cegKeebieeW keâer leguevee ceW Deevleefjkeâ cegKeebieeW keâer ØeOeej (Jet) keâe meeFheâve kesâ ØeJeen ceW JÙeJeOeeve veneR nes Fmekesâ efueS Skeâ JeeÙeg-hee$e
mebkegâÛeve (Contraction) neslee nw– DeefOekeâ ueieeÙee peelee nw– efMeKej (Crest) hej
Ûejce mebkegâefÛele Oeeje (Venna contracta) hej ØeOeej (Jet) keâe efkeâmeer DeOe&-Je=òeekeâej JeerÙej mes neskeâj efvemmejCe (efJemepe&ve)
mewæeefvlekeâ Jesie nesiee– 2gH Deveg›eâceevegheeleer neslee nw– H2 kesâ
yees[e& cegKeveeue DeLeJee Deebleefjkeâ cegKeveeue cegòeâ ØeJeeefnle neslee nw, efJeÙej keâer Thejer melen, efpememes neskeâj heeveer ØeJeeefnle neslee nw,
peye Gmekeâer uecyeeF& nesleer nw– cegKe kesâ JÙeeme kesâ yejeyej keânueelee nw– efmeue (Sill)
yees[e& keâe cegKeebie neslee nw– Deevleefjkeâ cegKeebie efkeâmeer šbkeâer keâer yeieue ceW Ùee Gmekeâer leueer ceW yevee Úesše efÚõ
Skeâ pesš mebkeâesÛe kesâ yeneJe keâe mewæeefvlekeâ Jesie, peye DeeOeej Meer<e& keânueelee nw– cegKe
(datum head) MetvÙe nw, keâe met$e nesiee– 2gh V-vee@Ûe ceW Yeerieer heefjceehe meceevegheelele: yeoueleer nw– Meer<e& h kesâ
Jesie iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve efveYe&j keâjlee nw– Dee@efjefheâme keâer melen DeJeveefcele veehes (Depressed Nappe) kesâ mecyevOe ceW veehes kesâ
hej Ie<e&Ce kesâ veerÛes JeeÙeg oeye keâe ceeve neslee nw–
pesš mebkeâesÛe hej ØeJeen keâer JeemleefJekeâ ieefle leLee mewæeefvlekeâ ieefle ceW JeeÙegceb[ueerÙe oeye mes keâce
Devlej cegKÙele: neslee nw– Ie<e&Ce kesâ keâejCe efkeâmeer Jeefnkeâe ceW peue kesâ cegòeâ he=‰ Éeje Øeefleketâue ØeJeCelee
DeefYemeejer cegKeebie ceW mes nesves Jeeuee efvemmejCe (Discharge) neslee ØeesheâeFue efveefce&le efkeâS peeves keâer efmLeefle ceW–
nw, Gleves ner (same) JÙeeme leLee peue Meer<e& Jeeues Deevleefjkeâ mebmlej ØeJeen keâer efoMee ceW Thej G"lee nw
cegKeebie ceW mes nesves Jeeues efvemmejCe keâer leguevee ceW– oesiegvee Ùeefo keâesF& JeerÙej Jeeefnkeâe keâer hetCe& ÛeewÌ[eF& kesâ efueS efveefce&le efkeâÙee
peye efkeâmeer Deevleefjkeâ cegKeveeue (Internal mouthpiece) mes ieÙee nes, lees Ssmee JeerÙej keânueelee nw– efve®æ JeerÙej
cegòeâ ™he mes õJe ØeJeeefnle nes jne nw, lees cegKeveeue mes efvemmejCe DeeÙeleekeâej vee@Ûe efJeÙej mes nesves Jeeuee efve:mejCe yeouelee nw–
keâe heefjceeCe nesiee– 0.5a 2gH H3/2 kesâ meeLe
yees[e& cegKeebie (Borda's mouthpiece) keâes cegòeâ ØeJeeefnle leye keâesj mebkegâÛeve kesâ meeLe efJeÙej keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& Ûewveue keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& mes
keâne peelee nw, peye Fmekeâer uecyeeF& nesieer– nesleer nw– keâce
cegKeebie kesâ JÙeeme kesâ yejeyej JeerÙej kesâ Thej cegòeâ veehes keâer leguevee ceW Deemebpekeâ veehes mes
hetjs Yejs yees[e& cegKeebie kesâ efueS efvemmeejCe iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee efvemmejCe keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– DeefOekeâ
nw– 0.70 ÛeewÌ[s efMeKej Jeeues efJeÙej mes nesves Jeeuee efve:mejCe DeefOekeâlece neslee
Skeâ Dee@efjefheâme keâes yeÌ[e keâne peelee nw, peye– nw, peye efJeÙej keâer efvecve Oeeje keâer Deesj peue-Meer<e& Thejer Oeeje kesâ
õJe Meer<e& Dee@efjefheâme keâer TBÛeeF& peue Meer<e& keâer leguevee ceW neslee nw– oes-efleneF&
kesâ heeBÛe iegves keâer Dehes#ee keâce nes efkeâmeer keâce ienjeF& keâer efÚÚueer Jeeefnkeâe ceW he=‰ leveeJe kesâ keâejCe
Ie<e&Cejefnle lejue (Frictionless fluid) kesâ efueS yees[e& kesâ cegKeebie GlheVe lejbie keânueeleer nw– kesâefMekeâe lejbie
kesâ efueS mebkegâÛeve iegCeebkeâ (Cc) keâe ceeve neslee nw– 0.97
heleueer Ùee mebkeâerCe& veueer kesâ efueS jsvee@u[ mebKÙee keâe ceeve nw–
Dee@efjefHeâme ceeršj keâe ØeÙeesie keäÙee ceeheves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw– 1000
efJemepe&ve efkeâve efJeÙejeW ceW meJeebleve DeeJeMÙekeâ nw– mebkegâefÛele efkeâveejs Jeeues
heeveer kesâ pesš (ØeOeej) hej JeemleefJekeâ efvemmejCe leLee mewæebeflekeâ efJeÙejeW ceW
efvemmejCe keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw- efJemepe&ve iegCeebkeâ DeeÙeleekeâej efJeÙej hej mes nesves Jeeues efvemmejCe kesâ efueS yesefpeve keâe
efkeâmeer Yeer JeWšgjerceeheer kesâ efvemmejCe iegCeebkeâ (Cd)keâer hejeme nesiee– met$e nw– Q = m × l × 2g × H 3/2
0.6 mes 0.7 DeeÙeleekeâej efJeÙej hej mes nesves Jeeues efvemmejCe kesâ efueS øeâebefmeme
DeÛeevekeâ hewâueeJe kesâ keâejCe Meer<e& neefve (meeceevÙe mebkesâleveeW ceW) nesleer met$e nw– Q = 1.84(l - 0.1nH) H 3/2

(v1 - v 2 )2 keâesF& efJeÙej ÛeewÌ[s efMeKej Jeeuee efJeÙej keânueelee nw–

nw – 2h
2g ›esâmš ÛeewÌ[eF& mes DeefOekeâ nesves hej
3
Skeâ #eweflepe heeFhe ceW DeÛeevekeâ mebkegâÛeve nesves hej – efmeheesuesšerr JeerÙej hej mes nesves Jeeues efvemmejCe kesâ efueS øeâebefmeme met$e
mechetCe& Tpee& kesâ ceeve ceW keâceer, oeye Meer<e& ceW keâceer leLee nw– Q = 1.84l (H)3/2
Jesie Meer<e& ceW Je=efæ nes peeleer nw
efkeâmeer peueeMeÙe DeLeJee šQkeâ mes heeFhe ceW heeveer kesâ ØeJesMe hej Meer<e&
efJeme]pe&ve iegCeebkeâ Cd (Coefficient of discharge) eqkeâmekesâ kesâ 0.5V 2
yejeyej neslee nw– Cc × C v #eefle keâe ceeve neslee nw–
2g

52
JeerÙej kesâ efueS Deeieceve Jesie (Velocity of approach) Deeieceve efkeâmeer ÛeewÌ[s efMeKej Jeeues JeerÙej mes efvemmejCe DeefOekeâlece neslee nw
Ûewveue (Channel of approach) ceW neslee nw– Ùeefo JeerÙej kesâ DevegØeJeen keâer Deesj keâe peue Meer<e& JeerÙej kesâ Oeeje
õJe keâe Deewmele Jesie Øeefleketâue efoMee keâer Deesj kesâ peue Meer<e& keâe– oes-efleneF& nes
mebkegâefÛele efmejs Jeeues JeerÙej keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw– efkeâmeer ÛeewÌ[s efMeKej Jeeues JeerÙej mes DeefOekeâlece efvemmejCe keâe
Ûewveue keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& mes keâce heefjceeCe nesiee– 1.71 Cd.L.H3/2
V–vee@Ûe efJeÙej kesâ Thej efJemepe&ve meceevegheeleer neslee nw– H5/2 Skeâ efJeÙej keâes Skeâ Ûewveue keâer hetjer ÛeewÌ[eF& kesâ yejeyej yeveeÙee
ÛeewÌ[s efMeKej Jeeues JeerÙej ceW efmeue (Sill) kesâ Úesj hej heeveer keâer peelee nw, Ùen keânueelee nw–
2 DeJe®æ efJeÙej (Suppressed weir)
ienjeF& h %eele keâer peeleer nw– h= H met$e Éeje efJeÙej kesâ Thej efvecve Meer<e& ceW Je=efæ nes peeleer nw–
3
KeeBÛee Ùee GojesOe keâe Thejer efkeâveeje keânueelee nw– mLeweflekeâ Meer<e& (Static head)
efmeue Ùee efMeKej efmeheesuesšer efJeÙej ceW Gmekeâer vele YegpeeDeeW keâe {eue Ûeej TOJee&Oej
efkeâmeer vee@Ûe DeLeJee efJeÙej kesâ Thej mes ØeYeeefJele nesves Jeeueer heeveer ceW Skeâ #eweflepe neslee nw~ Fme efJeÙej hej efJemepe&ve kesâ efueS øeâebefmeme
keâer Ûeeoj keânueeleer nw– vesheerr met$e nw– Q = 1.84B H3/2
DeefOekeâlece efve:mejCe kesâ efueS ef$eYegpeekeâej vee@Ûe keâe DevleYet&le keâesCe efmeheesuesšer efJeÙej (chippoletti weir) ceW #eweflepe mes TOJee&Oej keâe
yejeyej neslee nw– 900 {eue neslee nw– 1:4

efJeÙej ceW keâesšjCe meceehle keâjves kesâ efueS ÛeewÌ[s efMeKej Jeeues efJeÙejeW Ùeefo H Meer<e& nw lees V-KeeBÛe GojesOe mes efvemmejCe ceW Meer<e& ceW
Devlej neslee nw– H5/2
kesâ ØeefleØeJeen   efkeâveejs nesves ÛeeefnÙes–
u
ieesue efkeâveejs Skeâ peuekegâC[ Ùee šQkeâ (tank) Ùee veeueer ceW KeeBÛe (notch)
s
yeveeÙeer peeleer nw– efvemmejCe ceeheves kesâ efueS
efkeâmeer šQkeâ DeLeJee Ûewveue ceW veewÛe ueieeF& peeleer nw–
jsvee@u[ mebKÙee Gve keâeš kesâ efueS pees Je=òeekeâej veneR nw, nesleer nw–
efvemmejCe ceeheves kesâ efueS
V.4ρ
efkeâmeer yeebOe kesâ GlhueJe ceeie& (spillway) kesâ ™he ceW Deeceleewj hej
v
ØeÙegòeâ JeerÙej neslee nw– ceesÌ[oej JeerÙej (Ogee weir)
DeeÙeleekeâej efJeÙej hej mes efJemepe&ve kesâ efueS yesefpeve keâe met$e nw–
efkeâmeer ÛeewÌ[s efMeKej Jeeues efJeÙej ceW ›esâmš keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw–
2
0.5 H mes DeefOekeâ × Cd × 2glH 3/2
3
efkeâmeer DeeÙeleekeâej veesÛe mes efvemmejCe keâe heefjceeCe %eele efkeâÙee peelee Skeâ meceuecyeekeâej efJeÙej efpemekeâer YegpeeDeeW ceW {eue 1/4 keâe neslee
2
nw– Cd .b 2g .H 3/2 met$e mes nw, Jen nw– efmeheesuesšer efJeÙej (Sippoletti weir)
3
Skeâ leer#Ce Oeej GojesOe (sharp-edged weir) leLee Deesieer
JeerÙej kesâ Thej Je=efæ nes peeleer nw– mLeweflekeâ Meer<e& ceW
(ogee) GojesOe hej efvemmejCe– yejeyej veneR nesiee
efkeâmeer mecekeâesCe veesÛe hej efvemmejCe keâe heefjceeCe nw–
ceesšs efMeKej Jeeuee JeerÙej keânueelee nw– efJemle=le efMeKej JeerÙej
8
Cd 2g .H5/2 (Broad Crest Weir)
15 efmeheesuesšer efJeÙej keâe DevegØemLe heefjÛÚso neslee nw–
efkeâmeer veoer ceW efvemmejCe ceeheves kesâ efueS yeveeÙes peeles nQ– efJeÙej meceuecyeekeâej (Trapezoidal)
Deeieceve Jesie keâes ceeveles ngS JeerÙej hej mes nesves Jeeuee efvemmejCe Jen efJeÙej efpemeceW DevegØeJeen keâer Deesj õJe Meer<e& efJeÙej kesâ efMeKej
neslee nw–
2
3
(
Cd .l. 2g H13/2 - Ha3/2 ) mes TBÛee neslee nw, keânueelee nw– efveceefppele efJeÙej
efkeâmeer V–keâesCe keâševe Jeeues JeerÙej (V-notch Weir) ceW
16
jsvee@u[ vebyej (Re) kesâ heoeW ceW Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ neslee nw– efvemmejCe Deewj Meer<e& kesâ yeerÛe mebyebOe Deveg›eâceevegheeleer neslee nw–
Re
h3/2 kesâ
Ùeefo efkeâmeer JeerÙej kesâ DevegØeJeen keâer Deesj heeveer keâe leue JeerÙej kesâ
efMeKej mes Thej nes, lees Ssmes JeerÙej keâes keânles nQ– 6. Kegueer Ûewveue ceW ØeJeen
[tyee ngDee JeerÙej (Submerged weir) (Flow Through Open Channel)
µL
efJeefceÙe jefnle ØeCeeueer ceW jsvee@u[ mebKÙee nesleer nw– Skeâ DeeÙeleekeâej Ûewveue KeC[ meJee&efOekeâ o#e nesiee peye–
ρv
õJeerÙe ef$epÙee ØeJeen keâer ienjeF& kesâ DeeOes kesâ yejeyej nes
øeâebefmeme met$e kesâ Devegmeej efkeâmeer DeeÙeleekeâej JeerÙej mes efvemmejCe keâe
2 õJeerÙe ef$epÙee yejeyej nesleer nw–
heefjceeCe nesiee– Cd ( L - 0.1nH ) 2gH 3/2
3 Yeerieer heefjceehe mes efJeYeeefpele #es$e
53
3 ceeršj Ûeew[Ì er Skeâ DeeÙeleekeâej Ûewveue ceW 10 m3/s keâer oj mes peue ßes‰ melenÙegòeâ he=LJeer keâer Ûewveue kesâ efueS yesefpeve efmLejebkeâ K keâe
ØeJeeefnle neslee nw~ ØeJeen keâer ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeÙeer nw– 1.04 ceeršj ceeve neslee nw– 1.53
Ùeefo Skeâ ef$eYegpeekeâej Ûewveue ceW efJeefMe° Tpee& E nw lees, Ûewveue ceW Ûewveue heeveer keâe ØeJeen keâe Jen ceeie& efpemeceW heeveer ØeJeeefnle neslee
›ebâeeflekeâ ienjeÙeer efoÙee peeSiee– 0.80 E nw– JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oeye kesâ DeOeerve
Ûewveue kesâ Skeâ KeC[ hej efJeefMe° Tpee& Meer<e& neslee nw– KeC[ Kegjogjer melenÙegòeâ he=LJeer keâer Ûewveue kesâ efueS yesefpeve efmLejebkeâ K keâe
hej ØeJeen keâer ienjeÙeer Deewj ieeflepe Meer<e& keâe Ùeesie ceeve neslee nw– 3.17
Skeâ Ûewveue kesâ DeeOeej keâe {eue ce=og nesves kesâ efueS meeceevÙe ienjeF& Ùeefo ceskeâ vecyej 1 mes DeefOekeâ nw, lees Fmekeâe DeLe& nw efkeâ ØeJeen
nesveer ÛeeefnS– ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& mes DeefOekeâ nw– meghej meesefvekeâ
cegòeâ melener ØeJeen ceW mlejerÙe mes efJe#egyOe ØeJeen ceW meb›eâceCe leye
neslee nw peye jsvee@u[ mebKÙee (Re) Ùee øeâeG[ mebKÙee (F) nesleer FËš, helLej Ùee uekeâÌ[er keâer Kegjojer melen Jeeueer Ûewveue keâer melen
nw– Re ≃ 600 kesâ efueS yesefpeve efmLejebkeâ K keâe ceeve neslee nw– 0.50
Ùeefo Skeâ Kegues Ûewveue ceW peue keâer ienjeÙeer ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeÙeer mes DeÛÚer lejn jbefole uekeâÌ[er keâer melen Jeeueer Ûewveue kesâ efueS keâšj
DeefOekeâ nw, ØeJeen keânueelee nw– Meevle ØeJeen efmLejebkeâ N keâe ceeve neslee nw– 0.009
peueerÙe GÛÚeue keâer uecyeeF& nesleer nw–
GÛÚeue keâer GBâÛeeF& mes 5 mes 7 iegveer Kegueer Ûewveue ceW ØeJeen LeesÌ[er otjer ceW DeÛeevekeâ yeoue peeves hej
Skeâ DeeÙeleekeâej Jeeefnkeâe ceW efkeâmeer meskeäMeve hej ØeJeen keâer ienjeF& ØeJeen keânueelee nw– lespeer mes yeoueves Jeeuee ØeJeen
1.6ceer0 nw Deewj efJeefMe° Tpee& 2.7ceer0 nw~ ØeJeen nw– heefjmeercee mlej efmeæeble kesâ Devegmeej oeye jnlee nw– efmLej
meghej ef›eâefškeâue
Skeâ peueerÙe GÚeue leye yevelee nw peye– Ùeefo efkeâmeer Ûewveue ceW peue Oeeje keâer ienjeF& Gmekeâer ›eâeefvlekeâ
Skeâ DeefOe›eâeefvlekeâ ØeJeen Skeâ ienjeF& mes DeefOekeâ nes, lees Ssmee ØeJeen keânueelee nw–
Ghe›eâeefvlekeâ ØeJeen mes efceuelee nw~ Meevle ØeJeen (Streaming flow)
ef$eYegpeekeâej keâeš DeefOekeâlece efceleJÙeÙeer keâeš nesiee peye ØelÙeskeâ mlejerÙe mlej keâer keâuhevee meJe&ØeLece keâer Leer– Sue ØeQef[ue ves
efkeâveeje (meeF[) keâe {eue TOJee&Oej kesâ meeLe yevesiee– 450
Skeâ Kegues Ûewveue ceW efJemepe&ve meeceevÙele: ceehee peelee nw– efkeâmeer DeeÙeleekeâej Ûewveue keâe heefjÛÚso DeefOekeâlece efceleJÙeÙeer nesiee
Jesvšgjer heäuetce peye Fmekeâer ienjeF& Je leueer keâe Devegheele nesiee– 1:2
Ghe›eâebeflekeâ ØeJeen ceW Ûewveue ceW G"eve hej ØeJeen Thejer melen kesâ efkeâmeer Je=òeekeâej Ûewveue ceW DeefOekeâlece ØeJeen Jesie (Maximum
ienjeF& keâer leguevee ceW nesvee ÛeeefnS– veerÛes flow velosity) kesâ efueS ØeJeen ienjeF& keâe ceeve nesiee–
Skeâ yengle ÛeewÌ[er DeeÙeleekeâej Ûewveue (n = 0.015) 1.0 ceer. keâer
ienjeÙeer hej Skeâ meceeve efvemmejCe ues pee jner nw Deewj øeâeG[ Ûewveue JÙeeme mes 0.81 iegvee
mebKÙee 0.5 hej DeeJeMÙekeâ leueer {ueeve nw– 0.00562 jesÌ[er keâer efÛeveeF& Jeeueer Ûewveue kesâ efueS keâšj efmLejebkeâ N keâe ceeve
DeeÙeleekeâej Ûewveue keâe efceleJÙeÙeer keâeš Jen neslee nw efpemekeâer õJeerÙe neslee nw– 0.01
ef$epÙee yejeyej nes– ienjeF& keâer DeeOeer efkeâmeer Ûewveue kesâ efkeâmeer TOJee&Oej heefjÛÚso hej Deewmele ØeJeen Jesie
õJe keâe GÚeue meeceLÙe& oMee&Ùee peelee nw–
veoer kesâ Thej øeâeG[ mebKÙee JeemleefJekeâ ØeJeen kesâ ueieYeie meceeve nesiee–
Skeâ D JÙeeme keâer Je=òeekeâej Ûewveue kesâ efueS yeneJe keâerr ienjeÙeer cegòeâ melen mes 0.6 ienjeF& hej
DeefOekeâlece efvemmejCe kesâ efueS nesleer nw– 0.95D Kegueer ÛewveueeW ceW Meer<e& #eefle (Head loss) yeoueleer nw–
Skeâ Ûewveue keâe meJee&efOekeâ o#e heefjÛÚso neslee nw– meceuecyeekeâej ØeJeen Jesie kesâ Jeie& kesâ Devegmeej
Skeâ ef$eYegpeekeâej Ûewveue keâeš ceW ØeJeen kesâ ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& yc hej
DeefOekeâlece efceleJÙeÙeer meceuecyeekeâej Ûewveue keâer keâeš kesâ efueS
efJeefMe° Tpee& 'E' nesieer– E = 1.25yc
Je=òeekeâej Ûewveue keâeš ceW efpemekeâe JÙeeme 1.5 m nw DeefOekeâlece Jesie Gmekeâer Yeerieer heefjceehe nesveer ÛeeefnS, õJe leue keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& keâer
kesâ efueS ØeJeen keâer ienjeF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 1.215m leguevee ceW– leerve iegveer
peueerÙe GÛÚeue meowJe Ieefšle neslee nw, mes–›eâeefvlekeâ ienjeÙeer DeefOekeâlece efceleJÙeÙeer Ûewveue heefjÛÚso Jen nw, efpeveceW–
kesâ veerÛes mes ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeÙeer kesâ Thej efkeâmeer efoÙes ngÙes #es$eheâue mes DeefOekeâlece
peueerÙe Goue yeveves kesâ oewjeve–efJeefMe<š Tpee& keâce nesleer efvemmejCe Øeehle nes mekesâ
nw Deewj efJeefMe<š yeue DeheefjJeefle&le jnlee nw
Skeâ meceuebye Jeeefnkeâe ceW efJemepe&ve DeefOekeâlece neslee nw peye– DeefOekeâlece efceleJÙeÙeer meceuecyeekeâej Ûewveue keâer keâeš kesâ efueS
Jeeefnkeâe keâer {ueJeeB Yegpee Meer<e& keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& keâer DeeOeer nes õJeerÙe ceOÙeceeve ienjeF& nesveer ÛeeefnS, keâeš keâer ienjeF& keâer leguevee
DeeÙeleekeâej keâeš keâer Skeâ Jeeefnkeâe ceW efJemepe&ve DeefOekeâlece nesiee, ceW– DeeOeer
Ùeefo– Gmekeâer ÛeewÌ[eF& ienjeF& keâer oesiegveer nes ØeJesMe efmejs hej heefjmeercee mlej keâer ceesšeF& nesieer– MetvÙe
ÛewveueeW ceW yeneJe keâes meb›eâeceer DeJemLee ceW keâne peelee nw Ùeefo vÙetvelece efJeefMe° Tpee& kesâ leguÙe Ûewveue ceW heeveer kesâ Jesie keâes keânles
Gmekeâe jsveeu[ vecyej neslee nw– 500 Deewj 2000 kesâ yeerÛe nes
efkeâmeer Ûewveue ceW Skeâ efveÙele efvemmejCe keâjves Jeeues ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& nQ– ›eâeefvlekeâ Jesie (Critical velocity)
(critical depth) Fmekeâe HebâkeäMeve nw– Ùeefo õJe keâer ieeflepe MÙeevelee DeefOekeâ nes lees efkeâmeer Ûehešer leLee
DevegØemLe heefjÛÚso pÙeeefceefle efÛekeâveer huesš hej heefjmeercee mlej keâer ceesšeF& nesieer– DeefOekeâ
54
 q Skeâ Kegues Je=òeekeâej Ûewveue ceW mes DeefOekeâlece efvemmejCe
Ûewveue keâe ›eâeefvlekeâ Jesie (vc) %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
hc (Maximum discharge) nesves kesâ efueS ØeJeen keâer ienjeF& leLee
Ùeefo efkeâmeer Ûewveue ceW peue Oeeje keâer ienjeF& ›eâeefvlekeâ ienjeF& mes Ûewveue kesâ JÙeeme keâe Devegheele nesvee ÛeeefnS– 0.95
keâce nes, lees Ssmee ØeJeen keânueelee nw– DeMeevle ØeJeen efpeme heefjÛÚso kesâ Ûewveue mes GÛÛelece o#elee Øeehle keâer pee mekeâleer
mlejerÙe ØeJeen keâer Dehes#ee efJe#egyOe ØeJeen ceW heefjmeercee mlej keâe ceeve nw, Jen nw– DeOe& <e[dYegpeekeâej
nesiee– ceesše Kegues Ûewveue ceW ØeJeen keâes Oeerjs-Oeerjs heefjJele&veerÙe efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees
efkeâmeer efmLej heleueer huesš kesâ efueÙes Ùeefo ØeJeen Gmekeâer uecyeeF& keâer ØeJeen nesiee– DeheefjJele&veerÙe Demeceeve ØeJeen
efoMee ceW nes jne nes, efvemmejCe keâce keâjves hej heefjmeercee mlej keâer Ûespeer met$e ceW C keâer efJecee nw– L1/2 T-1
ceesšeF& ceW– Je=efæ nesieer Skeâ ef$eYegpeekeâej veeueer keâer meyemes efceleJÙeÙeer (economical) keâeš
Ûewveue keâer ›eâeefvlekeâ ienjeF& keâe ceeve %eele keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie nesleer nw–
1/3 Skeâ meceefÉyeeng ef$eYegpe efpemekeâe Meer<e& keâesCe 900 nw
 q2 
efkeâÙee peelee nw–   mecyevOe keâe Ùeefo efkeâmeer Ûewveue ceW Ùeefo heeveer keâer ienjeF& Gmekeâer ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF&
 g 
mes DeefOekeâ nes, lees ØeJeen neslee nw– Meeble ØeJeen
yeWefpeve kesâ meceerkeâjCe keâes Q = m 2 g LH 3 / 2 kesâ ™he ceW efueKee Metefšbie ØeJeen (shooting flow) keâYeer Yeer mecYeJe veneR neslee–
peelee nw, efpemeceW ØeÙeesieeW kesâ DeeOeej hej m keâe ceeve jKee peelee õJeerÙe GÚeue kesâ legjble yeeo
0.003 DeefOekeâlece efceleJÙeÙeer DeeÙeleekeâej keâeš kesâ efueS Gmekeâer ÛeewÌ[eF&
nw– 0.405 +
H leLee ienjeF& ceW mebyebOe neslee nw– b = 2d
meb›eâceCe #es$e ceW Ùeefo ØeJeen mlejerÙe ØeJeen mes efJe#egyOe ØeJeen ceW
Ûespeer keâe met$e ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– Kegueer veeefueÙeeW ceW ØeJeen
heefjJeefle&le neslee nw lees heefjmeercee mlej keâer ceesšeF&– lespeer mes yeÌ{sieer
keâe Jesie efvekeâeueves ceW
Ssmes Iešvee ›eâce keâes efpemeceW mhe° Je=efæ Ùee GÚeue kesâ meeLe peue
Skeâ ›eâeefvlekeâ ienjeF& ceeheer keâes ceeheves ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
keâe ØeJeen DeMeevle mes Oeeje jsKee ØeJeen ceW yeoue peelee nw,
keânueelee nw– õJeesÛÚeue Skeâ Kegueer veeueer ceW efvemmeejCe
Ùeefo efkeâmeer Kegueer Ûewveue kesâ heefjÛÚso keâe #es$eheâue efmLej jnlee nw efkeâmeer ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& ceehekeâ Ùeb$e keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
lees Gmekeâe efvemmejCe DeefOekeâlece nesiee Ùeefo– efkeâmeer Kegues Ûewveue ceW ØeJeen keâer
ØeJeen Jesie DeefOekeâlece nes ienjeF& ceeheves kesâ efueS
efpeme mLeeve hej õJeesÛÚeue neslee nw, JeneB hej ØeJeen neslee nw– Skeâ veeueer keâe meyemes me#ece DevegØemLe keâeš nw–
DeMeevle ØeJeen meceuecyeekeâej Deæ&<ešdYegpe
efkeâmeer Kegues Ûewveue ØeJeen ceW ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& kesâ leoveg™he efvemmejCe Skeâ meeFheâve keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
nesiee– DeefOekeâlece efvecve leue hej efmLele peuekegâC[ mes GÛÛe leue hej efmLele
Ùeefo õJeesÛÚeue mes hetJe& leLee yeeo ceW peue keâer ienjeF& ›eâceMe: d1 peuekegâC[ keâes efvemmeejCe keâjves ceW
leLee d2 nes lees õJeesÛÚeue keâer ienjeF& nesieer– yeiewj mebkegâÛeve kesâ GojesOe mes efvemmeejCe ceehee peelee nw–
d2 – d1 yesefpeve kesâ met$e mes (By Bazin's formula)
meceuecye ÛelegYeg&peekeâej heefjÛÚso kesâ Ûewveue mes neskeâj efvemmejCe keâe Skeâ Kegueer veeueer keâe DevegØemLe keâeš keâe #es$eheâue efmLej nw lees
heefjceeCe DeefOekeâlece nesiee Ùeefo– efvemmeejCe DeefOekeâlece leYeer nesiee peye–
{eue Ùegòeâ heeMJe& (sloping side) efMeKej keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& ØeJeen keâe Jesie DeefOekeâlece nesiee
kesâ DeeOes kesâ yejeyej nes DeefOekeâlece efceleJÙeÙeer DeeÙeleekeâej keâeš kesâ efueS õJeerÙe ceOÙeceeve
efkeâmeer Ûewveue ceW ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& hej ØeJeen Gme efmLeefle ceW neslee nw, ienjeF& (m) Deewj keâeš keâer ienjeF& (h) ceW mebyebOe neslee nw–
peyeefkeâ– Ûewveue keâer meeceevÙe ienjeF& Deewj h
›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& Skeâ ner nes m=
2
DeeÙeleekeâej heefjÛÚso (Rectangular section) kesâ efkeâmeer Ûewveue Ùeefo Emin vÙetvelece efJeefMe° Tpee& nw lees Ûewveue keâer ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF&
Éeje efvemmejCe DelÙeefOekeâ nesiee, Ùeefo– 2
nesleer nw– Emin
ÛeewÌ[eF& ienjeF& keâer oesiegveer nes 3
efkeâmeer DeeÙeleekeâej Ûewveue keâe meJee&efOekeâ keâce KeÛeeauee heefjÛÚso Jen efkeâmeer Kegueer Jeeefnkeâe mes neskeâj lejue heoeLe& keâe efJe#egyOe ØeJeen
neslee nw efpemekeâer õJeerÙe ef$epÙee– nesves hej Jesie keâe TOJee&Oej efJelejCe ceevee pee mekeâlee nw–
ienjeF& keâer DeeOeer kesâ yejeyej nes ueIegieCekeâerÙe
55
 efkeâmeer Ûewveue ceW ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& hej ØeJeen neslee nw– 7. ØeJeen ceehekeâ GhekeâjCe
Ûewveue kesâ efueS ienjeF& Deewj ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& neW (Flow Measuring Device)
ÛeueõJeerÙe kegâoeve (Hydraulic Jump) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
efheše@š veueer keâe ØeÙeesie keäÙee veeheves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw–
nw– ØeJeen keâer Tpee& keâce keâjves kesâ efueS
ØeieeflejesOe efyebog hej Jesie
heeFheeW ceW ØeJeen keâer oMee efveceive JeerÙej Jen neslee nw efpemeceW JeerÙej kesâ DevegØeJeen heeMJe& ceW
ØeJeen keâer oMee heeFhe ceW ØeJeen Kegues Ûewveue ceW peue keâe mlej– efMeKej kesâ mlej mes Thej nes
(flow (Flow in pipe) ØeJeen (Flow in Skeâ heeFhe ØeJeen ceW IešveeDeeW ceW mes efkeâmes peueeIeele keâne peelee nw–
condition) open channel) JeeuJe kesâ DeÛeevekeâ yebo keâjves kesâ keâejCe,
mlejerÙe ØeJeen Re < 2000 Re ≤ 500 Skeâ uebyeer heeFhe ceW oyeeJe keâer DeÛeevekeâ Je=efæ
meb›eâceCeerÙe ØeJeen 2000 < Re <4000 500 <Re < 2000 met$ees JeerÙej ceW, efJemepe&ve Fmekeâe meceevegheeleer neslee nw– H
õJeerÙe ™he mes pÙeeoe ØeJeen kesâ efueS efkeâme Øekeâej keâe kewâveeue KeC[
efJe#egyOe ØeJeen Re > 4000 Re > 2000
efceleJÙeÙeer jnlee nw– Je=òeekeâej
meceuecyeekeâej Ûewveue keâeš keâer o#elee– DeefOekeâlece nesleer nw
ÙeÅeefhe cewefvebie keâe met$e iewj mepeeleerÙe DeeÙeeceer nw, leLeeefhe Ùen
ÛeueõJeerÙe peche keâe JeieeakeâjCe efkeâÙee peelee nw– meeceevÙele: ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, keäÙeesefkeâ–
DeejbefYekeâ øeâeG[ mebKÙee kesâ DeeOeej hej Ùen JÙeehekeâ #es$e [sše mes efvekeâeuee ieÙee Lee~
Ûewveue ceW heeveer keâe Jesie vÙetvelece efJeefMe° Tpee& kesâ leguÙe keânueelee Deefle Gòece peueerÙe Jeeefnkeâe keâe keâeš Jen nw, efpemeceW nQ–
nw– ›eâebeflekeâ Jesie vÙetvelece Yeerieer heefjceehe
efkeâmeer Jeeefnkeâe ceW ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& hej ØeJeen neslee nw peyeefkeâ– Skeâ JeerÙej ueIegefMeKejerÙe keânueelee nw, Ùeefo JeerÙej kesâ Meer<e& keâer
Jeeefnkeâe keâer DeefYeuebye ienjeF& Deewj ÛeewÌ[eF& nw– H mes keâce
›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& mebheeleer nes ØeJeen Jesie keâes veefoÙeeW ceW ceeheves keâer meyemes Gòece efJeefOe nw–
ÛeueõJeerÙe kegâoeve keâer heefjIešvee nesleer nw– Kegueer Jeeefnkeâe ceW Oeeje ceeheer efJeefOe
Ùeefo õJe ØeJeen kesâ keâeš keâe #es$eheâue A, cesefvebie efmLejebkeâ N, DeeÙeleekeâej leer#Ce Oeej JeerÙej keâe efJemepe&ve, ØelÙeskeâ efkeâveejs hej
õJeerÙe ceOÙeceeve ienjeF& m leLee õJe leue keâe {eue i nes lees Kegues mebkegâÛeve hej Ieš peelee nw– 10%

Ûewveue ceW mes nesves Jeeues efJemepe&ve kesâ ceeve kesâ efueS cesefvebie met$e nw–
A 2/3
8. õJeerÙe ceMeerveW
Q= m i
N (Hydraulics Machines)
Ùeefo DeefYeuebye ienjeF& ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& kesâ yejeyej nes lees peue kesâ JÙeJenej ceW, Dehekesâvõer heche kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece Deveg%esÙe Ûet<eCe
cegòeâ he=‰ Éeje efveefce&le ØeesheâeFue keânueelee nw– GlLeeve neslee nw– 8ceer.
C–ØeesheâeFue efkeâmeer peue efJeÅegle mebÙev$e kesâ efueS peue ØeJeen keâer efoMee keâe mener
efmLeefle Deveg›eâce nw– peueeMeÙe, hesvemšekeâ, mepe& šQkeâ, šjyeeFve
efkeâmeer Jeeefnkeâe ceW JesiehetCe& ØeJeen kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ ØeefleyebOe nw–
šjyeeFve keâer efJeefMe° ieefle, Skeâ keâeuheefvekeâ šjyeeFve keâer ieefle
v2 nesleer nw, pees efoÙes ieS šjyeeFve kesâ meceeve nesleer nw–FkeâeF& ns[
h<
g kesâ Debleie&le FkeâeF& DeMJe Meefòeâ efJekeâefmele nesleer nw~
Deeieceve Ûewveue ceW efJeÙej kesâ efueS Deeieceve Jesie neslee nw– Øeefleef›eâÙee heche keâes mLeeefhele keâjles nw–
õJe keâe Deewmele Jesie ner keâce efveJe&nve Deewj GÛÛe Meer<e& kesâ efueS
efkeâmeer meceuebyeer Jeeefnkeâe mes DeefOekeâlece efvemmejCe nesiee– Ùegice meef›eâÙe he§ee«e heche keâe œeeJe nesiee– 2LAN/60
keâce Meer<e& Deewj GÛÛe yeneJe oj kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ šjyeeFve nw–
Meer<e& ÛeewÌ[eF& keâe DeeOee = {euetoej heeÕe&
keâhueeve
Skeâ ieesueekeâej Kegues Ûewveue mes DeefOekeâlece efve:mejCe kesâ efueS ØeJeen peue efJeÅegle heeJej (Hydro electric power) DevÙe œeesleeW pewmes
keâer ienjeF& Deewj Ûewveue kesâ JÙeeme keâe Devegheele nesvee ÛeeefnS– 0.45 keâesÙeuee Ùee lesue mes peefvele heeJej keâer Dehes#ee– memleer nesleer nw~
Skeâ Kegues Ûewveue ceW ›eâebeflekeâ ienjeF& hej ØeJeen neslee nw– MetvÙe hesušve Jnerue šjyeeFve nw– mheMe& ØeJeen šjyeeFve
GÛÛelece o#elee DevegØemLe keâeš Jeeues Ûewveue mes Øeehle nesleer nw– Skeâ keâheueeve šjyeeFve (Kaplan turbine) nesleer nw–
š^whespeesÙe[ue Øekeâej keâer efvecve Meer<e& De#eerÙe ØeJeen šjyeeFve
56
efJemepe&ve kesâ DeeOeej hej šjyeeFveeWs keâe JeieeakeâjCe keâce Meer<e& hej keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeueer šjyeeFveeW kesâ Meer<e& Je ieefle ceW
heefjJele&ve meeceevÙe nw Ùeefo FkeâeF& ieefle keâe heefjJele&ve yengle meerefcele
Classification of turbines on the meercee ceW jKee peeÙes lees Meer<e& heefjJele&ve keâe ceeve nes mekeâlee nw–
basis of discharge 50% Ùee Fmemes DeefOekeâ
Øeefleef›eâÙee šjyeeFve (Reaction turbine) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
šjyeeFve (Turbine) efJemepe&ve (Head) nw– efvecve Meer<e& Deewj GÛÛe efvemmejCe kesâ efueS
hesušve šjyeeFve 0.1–2 m3/sec efJeefYeVe Øekeâej keâer šjyeeFveeW keâer leguevee keâjles meceÙe ØeeÙe: hejer#eCe
øeâebefmeme šjyeeFve 0.1–2 m3/sec heefjCeece Debefkeâle efkeâÙes peeles nQ– efJeefMe° cee$ee Ùee ceoeW
kesâ ™he ceW
keâeheueeve Ùee Øeeshewuej šjyeeFve 5–200 m3/sec
heeveer keâer mebhetCe& oeye Tpee& Jesie Meer<e& ceW yeoue oer peeleer nw–
efJeefMe° ieefle kesâ DeeOeej hej šjyeeFveeW keâe DeeJesie šjyeeFve (Impulse turbine) ceW
øeâebefmeme šjyeeFve keâer efJeefMe° ieefle nesleer nw– 60 mes 300 lekeâ
JeieeakeâjCe (Classification of Turbines Skeâ hesušve šjyeeFve keâer #ecelee nesleer nw– 86 ØeefleMele
on The Basis of Specific Speed) efkeâmeer hesušve Jnerue keâer o#elee Gme meceÙe DeefOekeâlece nesleer nw peye
yekesâš keâer ieefle pesš kesâ Jesie kesâ– DeeOeer nesieer
šjyeeFve (Turbine) efJeefMe° ieefle (Head) Skeâ øeâebefmeme šjyeeFve nesleer nw Skeâ– Øeefleef›eâÙee šjyeeFve
hesušve šjyeeFve 10–35 peye peefve$e hej uees[ heefjJele&veMeerue neslee nw lees jvej keâer ieefle
øeâebefmeme šjyeeFve 60–300 efmLej jKeves Jeeueer cegefòeâ keânueeleer nw– ieefle DeefOe efveÙeb$ekeâ
Skeâ hesušve šjyeeFve mes ceehes peeles nQ–
keâeheueeve Ùee Øeeshewuej šjyeeFve 300–1000
GÛÛe Meer<e& (High head)
Fmheele (Steel) DeLeJee Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš (Reinforced ceeOÙeefcekeâ Meer<e& ceeheves Jeeueer šjyeeFve keâe veece nw–
Concrete) kesâ heeFheeW Éeje mebÛeÙe peueeMeÙe mes šjyeeFve lekeâ øeâebefmeme šjyeeFve (Fransis turbine)
heeveer ues peeves Jeeuee heeFhe keânueelee nw– heeleveue (Pen Stock) øeâebefmeme šjyeeFveeW keâer efJeefMe° ieefle, ieefle Devegheele, ØeJeen Devegheele
šjyeeFve mes efvekeâueves Jeeues heeveer keâes yeenj efvekeâeueves Jeeuee peue leLee ÛeewÌ[eF& Devegheele hej efveYe&j keâjleer nw~ šjyeeFve keâer õJeerÙe
ceeie& keânueelee nw– efJemepe&veer ke=âlÙee #eefleÙeeW Je o#elee keâes OÙeeve ceW jKeles ngS šjyeeFve keâer efJeefMe°
De#eerÙe ØeJeen šjyeeFve (Axial flow turbine) nesles nQ– ieefle– yeÌ{eF& veneR peeveer ÛeeefnS
GÛÛe efJeefMe° Ûeeue šjyeeFve Skeâ hesušve heefnS ceW Deece leewj hej yeeušer keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& pesš kesâ
jvej Éeje peefvele heeJej Je šjyeeFve kesâ ØeJesMe hej heeveer Éeje oer JÙeeme keâer nesleer nw– heebÛe iegveer
ieF& Megæ heeJej keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw– õJeerÙe o#elee Skeâ šjyeeFve ceW keâesšjCe keâe cegKÙe keâejCe FveceW mes keäÙee neslee nw–
heeleveeue (Pen stock) keâes peueeIeele mes megjef#ele jKeves kesâ efueS keâce oyeeJe
Kegues efMeKej Jeeuee yesueveekeâej peueeMeÙe keânueelee nw– Skeâ DeeJesieer šjyeeFve keâer DeefOekeâlece õJeÛeeefuele #ecelee FveceW mes
Øeeslkeâ<e& kegbâ[ (Surge Tank) efkeâleveer nw– (1 + cosφ)/2
Ùeefo heeveer šjyeeFve keâer yee¢e heefjefOe hej ØeJesMe keâj jvej kesâ kesâvõ šjyeeFve keâes Øeefleef›eâÙee šjyeeFve keânWies Ùeefo šjyeeFve kesâ Fveuesš hej
keâer Deesj ef$epÙeekeâej ØeJeeefnle neslee nw lees Ùen šjyeeFve peeveer peeleer kegâue Tpee&– ieeflepe Tpee& Deewj oeye Tpee& nw~
nw– Deble cegKe ef$epÙee ØeJeen šjyeeFve
šjyeeFve ceW vesš oeyeesÛÛelee (H) efceueleer nw–
Skeâ šjyeeFve efpemeceW heeveer De#eerÙe ØeJesMe keâjlee nw leLee De#eerÙe mekeâue oeyeesÛÛelee – Ie<e&Ce kesâ keâejCe
ner efvekeâue peelee nw, keânueelee nw– ngF& oeyeesÛÛelee keâer neefve, mes
De#eerÙe ØeJeen šjyeeFve (Axial flow turbine)
Skeâ šjyeeFve keâe yengle ner menpe ieefle nw–
Skeâ pesš Jeeues hesušve Jnerue keâer efJeefMe° ieefle keâe ceeve neslee nw– efyevee Yeej kesâ DeOeerve šjyeeFve Éeje Øeehle ieefle
10 mes 35 lekeâ
Skeâ yeeušer, efpemeceW heeveer Yeje nw Je pees efkeâ Skeâ efmLej ieefle mes
Skeâ hesušve šjyeeFve ceW Ùeeefv$ekeâ Tpee& meceevegheeleer nesleer nw–
Deheves TOJee&Oej De#e kesâ ÛeejeW Deesj Ietceleer nw, kesâ Ietceves mes yevesiee–
Meer<e& H3/2 kesâ JeueerÙe Jeesšxkeäme
DeeJesie šjyeeFve keâes mebmLeeefhele keâjles meceÙe Fmes jKee peelee nw–
šjyeeFve kesâ jvej ceW Kejeye #eefle Fmekesâ meceerhe nesleer nw–
efJemepe&ve veueer mes ceecetueer Thej yues[ keâer Gòeue lejHeâ keâer DeeGšuesš hej
57
šjyeeFve ceW DeeIeele-cegòeâ ØeJesMe keâe DeLe& nw– Fveuesš Meer<e& hej H ceeršj Meer<e& hej keâesF& šjyeeFve P heeJej peefvele keâjleer nw~ lees
yekesâš kesâ Jesie pesš kesâ Jesie kesâ meÂMe nesveer ÛeeefnS pees P
Gmekeâer FkeâeF& heeJej keâe ceeve nesiee–
Fveuesš Meer<e& keâes mheMe& keâjleer nes~ H 1/2
De#eerÙe ØeJeen šjyeeFve keâer efJeefMe° ieefle (Specific speed) nw–
heesš& uees[ keâeÙe& kesâ efueS meyemes GheÙegòeâ šjyeeFve nw– keâheueeve GÛÛe
yekesâš iesš keäÙee nQ– Øeefleef›eâÙee šjyeeFve kesâ ieeF[ Heâuekeâ FkeâeF& heeJej šjyeeFve keâer Jen heeJej nw pees Jen peefvele keâjleer nw–
heeveer kesâ 1 ceeršj Meer<e& hej
Øeefleef›eâÙee heche (Reaction pump) keâes mLeeefhele keâjles nww–
keâce efveJe&nve (Low Discharge) Deewj GÛÛe Meer<e& (High peye efkeâmeer peue heefnÙes keâer heefjefOe hej ueieer efkeâmeer yekesâš kesâ Thejer
Head) kesâ efueS efmejs hej heeveer ØeJesMe keâjlee nw lees Ùen heefnÙee keânueelee nw– ue#e
mes Thej škeâjeves Jeeuee heefnÙee
Øeefleef›eâÙee heche kesâ efmuehe keâes heefjYeeef<ele keâjles nw– JeemleefJekeâ 24 ceer mes 180 ceer lekeâ kesâ Meer<e& kesâ efueS GheÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS–
efveJee&nkeâ Deewj mewæebeflekeâ efveJee&nkeâ kesâ Deblej kesâ ™he ceW øeâebefmeme šjyeeFve
peye Megæ Oeveelcekeâ Ûet<eCe Meer<e& (NPSH) ceW hebhe keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee øeâebefmeme šjyeeFve keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
keâes mebleg<š veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw, leye– keâesšjCe 25 mes 250 ceeršj lekeâ kesâ Meer<e& hej
efveefce&le nes peeÙesieer peue kesâ meeLe Jeeefnle keâÛejeW Deewj DevÙe heoeLeeX efpevemes šjyeeFve
hebhe keâes yebo keâjves hej heeveer kesâ Jeeheme ueewš keâj Deeves Jeeues ØeJeen #eefle«emle nes mekeâlee nw keâes yeenj jKeves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueÙes keâewve mee JeeuJe hebhe mesš keâe efJelejCe he#e keâer peelee nw– šw^Me jwkeâ Ùegefòeâ keâe
Deesj mLeeefhele efkeâÙee peelee nw– Ûeskeâ JeeuJe hesušve Ûe›eâ keâer heueeÙeve Ûeeue (Running Away Speed) nesleer
nw– Ùeb$eeW kesâ efJeheâue nes peeves hej
DehekesâvõerÙe heche kesâefmebie ceW õJe keâe ØeJeen Fbchesuej hej neslee nw–
mJeleb$e YebJej ØeJeen efyevee Yeej keâer Ûeeue
efmLej Meer<e& Je efvemmejCe GheÙeesie keâjves Jeeueer efkeâmeer hesušve
efkeâmeer heche keâer efJeefMe° Ûeeue keâer efJeceeSB nesleer nQ– L3/4T-3/2 šjyeeFve keâer o#elee DeefOekeâlece nesieer peyeefkeâ Gmekeâer ieefle Devegheele
ueIeg Glmepe&ve Deewj GÛÛe oeyeesÛÛelee kesâ efueÙes efvecve hebheeW ceW mes nesiee– 0.46
keâewve-mee hebhe meJee&efOekeâ GheÙegòeâ nw– ØelÙeeieeceer hebhe JeeÙeg hee$e kesâ efMeKej Jeeues Yeeie ceW GheueyOe JeeÙeg keâes meceÙe-meceÙe
heche mes JeeÙeg efvekeâeueves keâer Øeef›eâÙee kesâ oewjeve, heeveer Yejves keâes keânles hej veJeerkeâjCe keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw keäÙeeWefkeâ–Ùen oeye kesâ
nQ– ØeeFefcebie keâejCe õJe ceW Oeerjs-Oeerjs Iegue peeleer nw
DeeJesie šjyeeFve ceW heeveer Éeje {esue hej Øenej keâjves hej heeveer kesâ
heche Skeâ Ssmee GhekeâjCe nw, pees heefjJeefle&le keâjlee nw– Ùeebef$ekeâ oeye keâe ceeve neslee nw– JeeÙegceb[ueerÙe oeye kesâ yejeyej
Tpee& keâes peueerÙe Tpee& ceW
keâce Meer<e& keâe De#eerÙe ØeJeen šjyeeFve– kewâhueve šjyeeFve nw
heeFhe ØeJeen ceW kesâefJešsMeve Gve mLeeveeW hej osKeves ceW Deelee nw peneB hesušve Ûe›eâ kesâ efueS Dehesef#ele peue Meer<e& neslee nw– GÛÛe
hej– ØesMej õJe kesâ Jee<he ØesMej mes Yeer keâce nes peelee nw~ hesušve Ûe›eâ (Pelton wheel) nw–
Gme heche keâe veece yeleeSb efpemekeâe GheÙeesie efJeef<he$e (keâLeefve$e) Deewj De#eerÙe ØeJeen DeeJesie šjyeeFve
šjyeeFve lekeâ heeveer keâes hengBÛeeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw– pesš heche Skeâ De#eerÙe ØeJeen Øeefleef›eâÙee šjyeeFve nw– kewâhueve šjyeeFve
efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ heche keâe GheÙeesie GÛÛe MÙeevelee Jeeues lejue heoeLe& Meer<e& keâe kesâJeue Skeâ DebMe ner heeveer kesâ Ûe›eâ ceW ØeJesMe mes hetCe& Jesie
keâes efvekeâeueves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw– ceW heefjJeefle&le neslee nw– Øeefleef›eâÙee šjyeeFve ceW
Dehekesâvõer heche (Centrifugal pump) Ùeefo šjyeeFve keâer efJeefMe° Ûeeue 800 nes, lees šjyeeFve nesiee–
kewâhueve
šjyeeFve keâer Deehejsefšbie Je›eâ efJeMes<eleeDeeW keâe DeLe& keäÙee neslee nw–
kewâhueve šjyeeFveeW ceW heâuekeâeW keâer mebKÙee nesleer nw– 4 mes 6 lekeâ
Je›eâ keâes efmLej Ûeeue hej KeeRÛee peelee nw~
Skeâ De#eerÙe ØeJeen DeeJesie šjyeeFve– efpeje[& šjyeeFve nw
Ùeefo N. r. p. m. keâer JeemleefJekeâ ieefle Jeeueer šjyeeFve H Meer<e& hej
N
øeâebefmeme šjyeeFve jvej ceW yues[eW keâer mebKÙee Deeceleewj hej–
keâeÙe& keâjleer nes lees Gmekeâer FkeâeF& ieefle keâe ceeve nw– 16 mes 24 kesâ yeerÛe nesleer nw
H
šjyeeFve mes FkeâeF& efvemmejCe keâe ceeve %eele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– šjyeeFve keâer Ûeeue Deveg›eâceevegheeleer nesleer nw– H1/2 kesâ
Q kewâhueve šjyeeFve ceW yues[eW keâer mebKÙee Deeceleewj hej nesleer nw–
met$e Éeje 4 mes 8 kesâ yeerÛe
H
õJe keâe efvemmeejCe efvekeâeueves ceW ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw– Skeâ DeeJesie šjyeeFve nw– hesušve Ûe›eâ
hesušve Jnerue (Pelton wheel) yeQkeâer šjyeeFve keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– 20 ceer Meer<e& lekeâ
58
efkeâmeer DeeJesie šjyeeFve keâer DeefOekeâlece õefJekeâ o#elee nesleer nw– Ie<e&Ce neefveÙeeW keâes OÙeeve ceW jKeles ngS Dehekesâvõer heche ceW Jesve keâe
1 + cos φ keâesCe meeceevÙeleÙee neslee nw– 200 mes keâce veneR
2 efkeâmeer Dehekesâvõer heche kesâ JÙeeme Je ieefle keâer meerceeDeeW keâes OÙeeve ceW
hesušve Ûe›eâ keâer DeefOekeâlece o#elee kesâ efueS yekesâš Jesie Deewj pesš jKeles ngS heche kesâ Deeblejveesokeâ Éeje GlheVe Meer<e& meerefcele jKee
Jesie keâe Devegheele DeefveJeeÙe&le: nesvee ÛeeefnS– 1/2 kesâ yejeyej peelee nw– 50 ceeršj lekeâ
efkeâmeer hesušve Jnerue keâer heefjefOe hej yekesâšeW keâer mebKÙee %eele keâer Dehekesâvõer heche keâes Ûeeuet keâjles meceÙe–
D efvekeâeme keâheeš keâes yebo keâj efoÙee peelee nw
peeleer nw– + 15 met$e mes
2d Ûet<eCe heeFhe ceW ueieeÙee ieÙee JeeuJe keânueelee nw– leue JeeuJe
hesušve Ûe›eâ keâer DeefOekeâlece o#elee kesâ efueS pesš Devegheele keâe ceeve Dehekesâvõer heche ceW yues[eW (heâuekeâeW) keâer DeefOekeâlece o#elee Øeehle keâer
hejeme ceW nesvee ÛeeefnS– 11-14 pee mekeâleer nw– peye yues[ meerOes neW
P efmebÛeeF& keâeÙeeX Je yeeÌ{ efveÙeb$eCe keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ heche nw–
efkeâmeer šjyeeFve Éeje peefvele FkeâeF& Meefòeâ nw–
H 3/2 efceefßele ØeJeen heche
efkeâmeer DeeJesie šjyeeFve ceW efyevee pesš JÙeeflekeâjCe kesâ Deeceleewj hej GÛÛe GlLeehekeâ DehekeWâõer heche (High Lift Centrifugal
ueieeS ieS pesšeW keâer DeefOekeâlece mebKÙee nesleer nw– 6 Pumps) Gme hebhe keâes keânles nQ efpemekeâe Meer<e&–
šjyeeFve keâer efJeefMe° Ûeeue JÙeòeâ keâer peeleer nw– 40 ceer mes DeefOekeâ nes

Ns =
N P
met$e Éeje Meer<eex kesâ DeeOeej hej hecheeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe
H 5/4
efkeâmeer hesušve Jnerue ceW yekesâš keâer Ûeew[Ì eF& ØeeÙe: pesš kesâ JÙeeme keâer (Types Of pump)
nesleer nw– heebÛe iegveer heche kesâ Øekeâej Meer<e& keâe hejeme
efkeâmeer šjyeeFve keâs efmLej Meer<e& Je›eâ šjyeeFve hej uees[ keâes (Types of pump) (Range of head)
heefjJeefle&le keâj yeveeÙes peeles nQ~ Fmemes heefjJele&ve neslee nw– ieefle ceW efvecve Meer<e& heche 15 ceer lekeâ Meer<e&
keâewve mee šjyeeFve mebmLeeheve GÛÛe Meer<e& Jeeues mebÙeb$e kesâ meboYe& ceW
GheÙeg&òeâ veneR neslee– keâheueeve šjyeeFve ceOÙece Meer<e& heche 15 ceer mes 40 ceer.
peue šjyeeFve ceW [^eheäš šŸetye (Draft Tube) keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee GÛÛe Meer<e& heche 40 ceer. mes GÛÛe
peelee nw– DeefOekeâlece mebYeJe oeye keâe GheÙeesie
keâjves kesâ efueS
efJeefMe° ieefle kesâ DeeOeej hej hecheeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe
(Type of Pump Based on Specific Speed)
ØeeFefcebie keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR nesleer nw– heMÛee«e heche ceW
lejue keâer oeye Tpee& keâes yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeues Ùegefòeâ heche (pump) efJeefMe° ieefle
keâes keânles nQ– heche (Pump) (Specitic speed)
veesokeâ heche kesâ Deeblejveesokeâ ceW ØeJeen keâer efoMee nw– jsef[Ùeue heche 10-80
De#eerÙe ØeJeen efoMee
Dehekesâvõer heche mes Deefle MÙeevelee Jeeues õJe pewmes lesue, ieboe heeveer, efceefßele heche 80-160
keâeiepe keâer uegieoer Deeefo Thej ÛeÌ{eF& pee mekeâleer nw peyeefkeâ De#eerÙe heche 160-450
heMÛee«e heche mes kesâJeue G"eÙee pee mekeâlee nw– Megæ peue
peye Dehekesâvõer hecheeW keâes DeefOekeâ Meefòeâ keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee heÌ[ jner hecheeW keâer efJeefYeVe o#elee
nes lees Fmekeâe keâejCe nw– Yeejer õJe (Different efficiency of pump)
heMÛee«e heche keâer Dehes#ee Dehekesâvõer heche keâe efvemmejCe DeefOekeâ
neslee nw peyeefkeâ Fmekeâe oeye Meer<e& neslee nw– o#elee (Efficiency) met$e (formula)
heMÛee«e heche kesâ oeye Meer<e& mes keâce cewveesceerefš^keâ o#elee gH m
ηman =
Skeâ Dehekesâvõer heche meeceevÙele: Ûeuelee nw– (Manometric efficiency) Vω2 u 2
1500 r.p.m. mes DeefOekeâ
DeeÙeleefvekeâ o#elee Q
Skeâ heche pees GÛÛe MÙeeve õJe keâes heefchebie keâjves ceW ØeÙeesie neslee nw ηvol =
(Volumetric efficiency) Q + ∆Q
Jen nw– m›etâ heche
Dehekesâvõer heche ceW keâesšjCe ØeYeeJe otj keâjves kesâ efueS– Ùeeefv$ekeâ o#elee Fchewuej hej heeJej
(Mechanical efficiency) ηmech =
Ûet<eCe oeye TBÛee Ùee DeefOekeâ nesvee ÛeeefnÙes MeeHeäš hej heeJej
Ùeebef$ekeâ Tpee& keâes õJeerÙe Tpee& ceW yeoueves Jeeueer ceMeerve nw– heche mechetCe& o#elee η0 = ηman × ηvol × ηmech
Dehekesâvõer heche ceW õJe– keWâõ mes ØeJesMe keâjlee nw (Overall efficiency)

59
Dehekesâvõer heche kesâ Deeblejveesokeâ keâer Jesve keâe DeefOekeâlece efvekeâeme hebhe keâes Ûeueeves kesâ efueS Dehesef#ele DeÕe Meefòeâ oMee&eF& pee mekeâleer
keâesCe neslee nw– 100 mes 150 WQ(Hs + Hd)
nw– met$e Éeje
Ùeefo Deeblejveesokeâ keâer Jesvme ceW kesâJeue DeeOeej huesš nes leLee efMeKej 75
huesš ve nes lees Ssmee Deeblejveesokeâ keânueelee nw– efkeâmeer Dehekesâvõer heche keâer 160 Ûekeäkeâj Øeefle efceveš mes 500
DeOe& Keguee Deeblejveesokeâ Ûekeäkeâj Øeefle efceveš lekeâ efJeefMe° Ûeeue Fme leLÙe keâes yeleeleer nw efkeâ
Jen Ùegefòeâ pees Ùeebef$ekeâ Tpee& keâes õefJekeâ Tpee& (hydraulic heche keâer Ûeeue– GÛÛe nw Deewj efvekeâeme hej
energy) ceW yeoue os keânueeleer nw– heche De#eerÙe ØeJeen neslee nw
Ùeefo Deeblejveesokeâ ceW ve lees DeeOeej huesš Deewj ve ner efMeKej huesš Ghe›eâeceCe (Priming) keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw–
nes lees Ssmee Deeblejveesokeâ keânueelee nw– Dehekesâvõer heche kesâ efueS
Keguee Deeblejveesokeâ hesušve Ûe›eâ nw Skeâ– mheMe& jsKeerÙe ØeJeen šjyeeFve
Skeâ Dehekesâvõer heche Fmekeâe efJehejerle neslee nw– Dehekesâvõer heche kesâ heâuekeâ ieefle keâjles nQ–
Øeefleef›eâÙee šjyeeFve meJee&efOekeâ ØeYeeJeer cegKÙe yeue Éeje Deehetefjle
keâce Meer<e& Jeeuee heche efkeâleves ceeršj Meer<e& hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw– Meefòeâ kesâ keâejCe
15 ceeršj Dehes#eeke=âle keâce Meer<e& hej DeefOekeâ cee$ee ceW efvemmejCe kesâ efueS–
Dehekesâvõer heche ceW heeveer keâer oyeeJe Tpee& yeÌ{eF& peeleer nw– oes Ùee DeefOekeâ hebheeW keâes heeMJe& mebÙeespeve
Dehekesâvõer yeue Éeje ceW ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw
Dehekesâvõer hebhe kesâ meefhe&ue Keesue ceW õJe keâer ieefle– Dehekesâvõer heche keâer efJeefMe° Ûeeue JÙeòeâ keâer pee mekeâleer nw–
meefhe&ue Yeüefceue ieefle keâe GoenjCe nw N Q
Øeeshesuej šjyeeFve (Propeller Turbine) kesâ GheÙegòeâ DevegØeÙeesie h 3/4
kesâ efueS GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS– heche keâer mechetCe& o#elee (total efficiency) nesleer nw–
efvecve Meer<e& kesâ efueS ηt = ηh × ηv × ηm
Dehekesâvõer heche ceW Gmes Ûeueevee DeejcYe keâjles meceÙe meghego&ieer JeeuJe yengÛejCeer Dehekesâvõer hebhe ØeÙeesie ceW ueeS peeles nQ–
(delivery valve) keâer efmLeefle nesleer nw– GÛÛe Meer<e& GlheVe keâjves kesâ efueS
hetCe&le: yevo he§ee«e heche Ùen Yeer keânueeles nQ– efveef§ele efJemLeeheve heche
Øeefleef›eâÙee šjyeeFve ceW efJeefMe° Ûeeue keâe hejeme neslee nw– efkeâmeer he§ee«e heche ceW efhemšve DeLeJee heguepej neslee nw pees
10 mes 100 lekeâ efmeuesC[j ceW– Deeies-heerÚs Ietcelee nw
Dehekesâvõer heche ceW õJe heche kesâ Yeeie mes ØeJesMe keâjlee nw– kesâvõ mes oes efJe#eshe Jeeues heMÛee«e heche keâe DeLe& nw–
De#eerÙe ØeJeen hebhe keâes Ûeeuet keâjles meceÙe Gmekesâ efvekeâeme keâheeš keâes oesnje efmeuesC[j Jeeuee heche
jKee peelee nw– hetCe&le: Kegueer efmLeefle ceW heMÛee«e heche ceW lJejkeâ Meer<e& efvecve meceÙe ceW DeefOekeâlece neslee nw–
efkeâmeer Dehekesâvõer heche ceW efvemmejCe (Q) keâe ceeve %eele efkeâÙee peelee mš^eskeâ kesâ yeerÛe ceW
nw– Q = π . D. b. Vf met$e mes Fkeânjs heMÛee«e heche ceW heeveer keâe ØeJeen neslee nw–
Dehekesâvõer hebhe keâes Ûeueeles meceÙe Gmekesâ efvekeâeme keâheeš keâes jKee efJelejCe mš^eskeâ ceW
peelee nw– hetCe&le: yebo efmLeefle ceW efkeâmeer GÛÛe Meer<e& mes õJe keâer keâce cee$e keâes DelÙegÛÛe oeye Deewj
efkeâmeer Dehekesâvõer heche keâes Ûeueeves kesâ efueS Dehesef#ele Meefòeâ nw– GÛÛe o#elee hej efJemeefpe&le keâjves kesâ efueS DeefOekeâ GheÙeesieer neslee
WQH m nw– heMÛee«e hebhe (Reciprocating Pump)
75× η0
GÛÛe oeye hej keâce cee$ee ceW efvemmejCe nsleg keâewve mee hebhe DeefOekeâ
Ùeefo efkeâmeer hebhe keâer efJeefMe° Ûeeue 5000 nes lees Fmekesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ nesiee– he§ee«e
ÛeÙeefvele hebhe nesiee– De#eerÙe ØeJeen Ùee Øeeshesuej hebhe Ùeefo A = efheâušj kesâ heefjÛÚso keâe #es$eheâue N = r.p.m. ceW ›esâkeâ
efJeefJeOe ÛejCeeW Jeeues Dehekesâvõer hecheeW keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– keâer ieefle, r = ›esâkeâ keâe DeOe&JÙeeme nes lees Fkeânjs heMÛee«e heche keâe
GÛÛe Meer<e& GlheVe keâjves kesâ efueS mewæebeflekeâ efvemmejCe keâe ceeve nesiee (peyeefkeâ 2r = L mš^eskeâ
heeo keâheeš (Foot Valve) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– 2Ar N
DehekeWâõerÙe hecbhe uecyeeF&)–
60
hebkeâ hecheeW (mud pump) ceW ØeÙegòeâ DeeJespekeâ neslee nw– efkeâmeer heMÛee«e hebhe ceW he=LekeäkeâjCe ve nesves osves kesâ efueS Ûet<eCe oeye
Keguee (Open) Øekeâej keâe (Suction Pressure) keâe ceeve DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS–
heeo keâheeš ueiee neslee nw– Ûet<eCe ueeFveeW hej 7.7 ceer peue mes
60
heche kesâ efmeuesC[j ceW oeye keâe ceeve efkeâleves mes keâce/DeefOekeâ veneR 1. If 'h' is the depth of water held by a dam and
nesvee ÛeeefnÙes DevÙeLee heeveer ceW Iegueer iewme heeveer mes he=Lekeâ nes 'A' is the cross section area of the water and 't'
peeÙesieer– 2.6 ceeršj heeveer keâe efvejhes#e oeye is the thickness of wall of the dam, then the
maximum pressure on the wall of the dam will
efkeâmeer oesnjs hebhe ceW Deewmele efvemmejCe Deewj DeefOekeâ efvemmejCe keâe depend upon:
Devegheele yejeyej nesiee–
2 Ùeefo Skeâ yeeBOe ceW peue keâer ienjeF& 'h' nw leLee 'A' peue
π keâe DevegØemLe #es$eheâue leLee 't' yeeBOe keâer ceesšeF& nw~ leye
Oeveelcekeâ efJemLeeheve heche neslee nw– yeeBOe keâer oerJeej hej ueieves Jeeuee oeye efkeâme Øekeâej efveYe&j
ØelÙeeieeceer heche (Reciprocating pump) nesiee?
Ùeefo efkeâmeer Fkeânjs heMÛee«e hebhe keâer Ûeeue N rpm nes lees ef[ueerJejer (a) A, h & t/A, h leLee t
mš^eskeâeW keâer mebKÙee oMee&F& pee mekeâleer nw– N Øeefle efce (b) A & h/A SJeb h
efkeâmeer hebhe kesâ Ûet<eCe heeFhe ceW JeeÙeg hee$e (Air Vessel) keâes Yejves (c) h & t/h SJeb t
keâe ueeYe nw– hebhe keâes GÛÛe Ûeeue hej (d) h/h
ØeÛeeefuele keâjvee RRB SSE Secunderabad : 21-12-2014
heMÛee«e heche ceW JeeÙeg hee$e ueiee keâj meowJe efkeâS ieS keâeÙe& keâer Ans : (b) peue Éeje yeeBOe keâer oerJeej hej ueieeÙee ieÙee #eweflepe oeye
yeÛele Deewj Fme Øekeâej Meefòeâ keâer yeÛele nesleer nw~ Fkeânjs he§ee«e Wh 2
P=
heche kesâ meboYe& ceW Ùen yeÛele nesleer nw– 84.8% 2
efkeâmeer hebhe mes mewæebeflekeâ efvemmejCe Deewj JeemleefJekeâ efvemmejCe kesâ P ∝ h2
yeerÛe Deblej keânueelee nw– ØeefleMele efJemehe&Ce Dele: peue Éeje yeeBOe keâer oerJeej hej ueieeÙee ieÙee #eweflepe oeye Yejs peue
heMÛee«e hebhe mes mewæebeflekeâ efvemmejCe keâer leguevee ceW JeemleefJekeâ keâer TBÛeeF& hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~
efvemmejCe neslee nw– keâce 2. The formation of bubbles of vapour in a
efkeâmeer heMÛee«e hebhe keâes Ûeeefuele keâjves kesâ efueS Dehesef#ele mewæeefvlekeâ flowing fluid is called as :
wQ(Hs + Hd )
Skeâ yenleer lejue heoeLe& ceW Jee<he kesâ yegueyegues kesâ ie"ve kesâ
Meefòeâ nw– h.p. ™he ceW keâne peelee nw–
75
heMÛee«e hebhe mes efvemmejCe keâe heefjceeCe DeefOekeâlece nesiee peyeefkeâ (a) Cavitation/keâesšjCe (b) Corrosion/meb#eejCe
Gmekeâe efhemšve DeJeefmLele nes– (c) Gasification/iewmeerÙekeâjCe (d) Boiling/Gyeueebkeâ
RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015
ef[ueerJejer mš^eskeâ kesâ ceOÙe ceW
Ans : (a) Skeâ yenleer ngÙeer lejue heoeLe& Jee<he kesâ yegueyegues kesâ yeveves
heMÛee«e heche ceW JeeÙeg hee$e ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw, leeefkeâ–
kesâ keâejCe keâesšjCe (Cavitation) ØeejcYe nes peelee nw~ Ssmee leye
lJejCe Meer<e& ceW keâceer ueeF& pee mekesâ mecYeJe neslee nw, peye lejue kesâ melen hej oeye lejue kesâ Jee<he oeye kesâ
2% Skeâue DeeJespekeâ hebhe mes Meer<e& keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve efvemmejCe yejeyej Ùee Gmemes keâce nes peelee nw~
neslee nw– 100 ceer nesves lekeâ 3. The property, which characterizes the
ØelÙeeieeceer heche keâer Dehes#ee Skeâ Dehekesâvõer heche keâer efvemmejCe resistance which a fluid offers to applied shear
#ecelee DeefOekeâ nw, peyeefkeâ oeye Meer<e& nesiee– keâce force is called as :
Fkeânjs he§ee«e hebhe (Single Acting Reciprocating pump) õJe keâe Jen iegCe pees Deejesefhele keâle&ve yeue kesâ efJehejerle
mes mewæebeflekeâ efvemmejCe keâer cee$ee keâes JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– efoMee ceW ØeeflejesOe yeue keâe Åeeslekeâ nw, keânueelee nw?
(a) Relative density/meehesef#ekeâ IevelJe
LAN
Q= met$e Éeje () Elasticity/ØelÙeemLelee
60
keâce efvemmejCe Deewj GÛÛe Meer<e& kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ heche nw– (c) Fluidity/lejuelee
(d) Viscosity/MÙeevelee
heMÛee«e heche (Reciprocating pump)
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015
Ùeefo efkeâmeer oesnjs heMÛee«e hebhe (Double Acting
Ans. (d) MÙeevelee–efkeâmeer yenles ngS õJe ceW oes meehes#e meleneW kesâ
Reciprocating Pump) keâer Ûeeue N rpm nes lees ef[ueerJejer
yeerÛe ueieves Jeeuee ØeeflejesOeer yeue MÙeevelee keânueeleer nw~
N
mš^eskeâeW keâer mebKÙee yejeyej nesieer– Øeefle mes vÙetšve keâe MÙeevelee meceer.–
30
oesnjs heMÛee«e heche ceW JeeÙeghee$e mes DeLeJee JeeÙeghee$e ceW ›eWâkeâ keâesCe du
τ=µ
Flevee nesves hej heeveer keâe ØeJeen veneR nesiee– 180–43' dy

61
ieeflekeâ MÙeevelee kesâ efueS– (b) Pressure/oeye
N (c) Discharge/efJemepe&ve
S.I. FkeâeF& = . Second (Pascal-second)
m2 (d) Static energy/efmLej Tpee&
 [eFve-messkeâsC[  RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
CGS FkeâeF& · hJeeFpe Ùee  
 mesceer2  Ans : (c) vee@Ûe, efJeÙej leLee JesvÛegjer ceeršj efJemepe&ve ceeheves kesâ meeOeve
0.1N − S nw leLee efhešeš šŸetye, Øesv[šue šŸetye, keâjvšceeršj Deeefo ØeJeen Jesie
1 hJeeFpe =
m2 ceeheves kesâ meeOeve nQ~
õJe keâer MÙeevelee keâce (↓) nesieer peye leeheceeve DeefOekeâ (↑) nesiee~ 6. Centrifugal pump is an example of
õJe keâer MÙeevelee ↑ nesieer peye leeheceeve ↓ nesiee~ DehekeWâõer heche keâe GoenjCe nw-
iewme keâer MÙeevelee ↓ peye leeheceeve ↓ nesleer nw~ (a) isolated system/he=Lekeâ ØeCeeueer keâe
4. The shearing force per unit area required to (b) closed system/yebo ØeCeeueer keâe
maintain a unit difference in velocity between
two parallel layers of a fluid at a unit distance (c) steady flow system/DeheefjJeleea ØeJeen ØeCeeueer keâe
apart is called? (d) none of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
he=Lekeâ FkeâeF& otjer hej efkeâmeer lejue keâer oes meceeveevlej hejleeW RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
kesâ yeerÛe Jesie ceW FkeâeF& Deblej yeveeS jKeves kesâ efueS Ans : (c) Dehekesâvõer heche Skeâ Keguee efvekeâeÙe (Open system) Ùee
DeeJeMÙekeâ Øeefle FkeâeF& #es$eHeâue Dehe™heCe yeue keânueelee nw- meleled ØeJeen efvekeâeÙe (Steady flow system) nw~ FmeceW Tpee& leLee
(a) Co-efficient of dynamic friction /ieeflekeâerÙe Ie<e&Ce õJÙeceeve oesveeW keâe mLeeveevlejCe neslee nw~ šjyeeFve Yeer Skeâ Kegues
iegCeebkeâ efvekeâeÙe keâe GoenjCe nw~
(b) Co-efficient of soil shear/ce=oe keâe Dehe™heCe 7. Compressibility of air is
iegCeebkeâ nJee keâer mebheer[dÙelee nesleer nw-
(c) Co-efficient of absolute viscosity/efvejhes#e (a) Greator than that of water /peue mes DeefOekeâ
MÙeevelee iegCeebkeâ (b) Less than water/peue mes keâce
(d) Co-efficient of soil permeability/ce=oe heejiecÙelee (c) Equal to water/peue kesâ meceeve
iegCeebkeâ (d) None of these /GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veners
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015 RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
Ans : (c) ceevee keâle&ve yeue · V N Ans : (a) nJee keâer mebheer[ÙeveerÙelee peue mes DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~
efoÙee nw- 8. The intensity of pressure developed by surface
#es$eHeâue · 1 m 2 tension of 0.075 N/m in a droplet of water of
du =1m / sec 0.075 mm diameter is–
0.075 N/m kesâ he=<" leveeJe Éeje Skeâ 0.075 mm JÙeeme
dx =1m
keâer heeveer keâer yetbo ceW efJekeâefmele oeye keâer leer›elee nesleer nw?
du
met$e τ = µ mes- (a) 0.8 N/cm2 (b) 0.6 N/cm2
dy
(c) 0.4 N/cm2 (d) 400 N/cm2
V du RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015
=µ
A dy Ans : (c) efoÙee nw,
V 1 σ = 0.075 N / m = 7.5 × 10−4 N / cm
=µ
1 1 d = 0.075 mm
V=µ
= 0.0075cm
Dele: oer ieF& efJeefMeef°ÙeeW kesâ Devegmeej keâle&ve yeue V , efvejhes#e MÙeevelee heeveer keâer yetBo kesâ efueS,
iegCebekeâ µ kesâ yejeyej nesiee~ oeye yeue · he=‰ leveeJe yeue
5. In a tank or channel, notch is provided to oeye leer›elee × #es$eheâue · he=‰ leveeJe × heefjefOe
measure π
efkeâmeer šbkeâer Ùee Ûewveue ceW, KeeBÛee...............ceeheves kesâ p × d 2 = σ × πd
4
efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 4σ 4 × 7.5 × 10−4
p= = = 0.4 N / cm 2
(a) Velocity/Jesie d 0.0075
62
9. The point at which the resultant pressure on an Skeâ õJe efkeâmeer otmejs õJe Ùee iewme kesâ meeLe Devlejheâuekeâ
immersed surface acts, is known as– yeveelee nes, lees Devlej heâuekeâ keâe melen Tpee& Øeefle FkeâeF&
õJe ceW [tyeer ngF& melen hej Jen efyevog efpeme hej heefjCeeceer #es$eheâue keânueelee nw–
oeye keâeÙe&jle neslee nw keânueelee nw– (a) Surface tension/he=‰ leveeJe
(a) Centre of gravity/ieg®lJe kesâvõ (b) Specific energy/efJeefMe<š Tpee&
(b) Centre of depth/ienjeF& keâe kesâvõ (c) Specific heat/efJeefMe<š T<cee
(c) Centre of pressure/oeye kesâvõ (d) Suction energy/Ûet<eCe Tpee&
(d) Centre of immersed surface/[tyeer melen keâe kesâvõ RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015
RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015 Ans : (a) efkeâmeer õJe keâe otmejs õJe Ùee iewme kesâ meeLe Devlejheâuekeâ
Ans : (c) õJe melen kesâ efueÙes oeye kesâvõ Jen efyevog nw yevelee nw, lees Fme
ceW [tyeer efkeâmeer Devlejheâuekeâ keâe melen Tpee& Øeefle FkeâeF& #es$eheâue
efpememes neskeâj Gme melen hej heefjCeeceer oeye Ùee mechetCe& oeye keâeÙe& he=‰ leveeJe keânueelee nw~
keâjlee nw meYeer meleneW kesâ efueÙes oeye kesâvõ keâer efmLeefle meowJe ieg®lJe
kesâvõ mes veerÛes nesleer nw
N−m N
h=
IG
sin 2 θ + x FkeâeF& ⇒ =
Ax m2 m
N
θ keâe ceeve 0o mes 90o neslee nw~ 20ºC leeheceeve hej heeveer keâe melen leveeJe 0.0736 neslee nw~
m
10. A fluid flow in which the density of the fluid 13. In general surface tension :
changes significantly during flowing is called meeceevÙe ™he mes melen leveeJe–
as :
(a) remains unaffected by temperature up to
Skeâ Ssmee lejue ØeJeen efpemeceW lejue keâe IevelJe yeneJe kesâ critical temperature/leeheceeve kesâ ›eâebeflekeâ leeheceeve
oewjeve meeLe&keâ ™he mes yeouelee nw, keâes keânles nQ– lekeâ hengBÛeves hej Yeer DeØeYeeefJele jnlee nw~
(a) Incompressible/Demebheeref[le (b) remains unaffected by temperature
(b) Uniform/Skeâ meceeve ØeJeen leehe mes DeØeYeeefJele jnlee nw~
(c) Compressible/mebheeref[le ØeJeen (c) increases with increase in temperature
(d) Non–linear/DejsKeerÙe
leeheceeve kesâ yeÌ{ves hej yeÌ{lee nw~
(d) decreases with increase of temperature
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015
leeheceeve kesâ yeÌ{ves hej Iešlee nw~
Ans. (c) Skeâ Ssmee lejue efpemecebs lejue keâe IevelJe yeneJe kesâ oewjeve RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015
meeLe&keâ ™he ceW yeouelee nw, mecheeref[le ØeJeen keânles nw~
F
11. A fluid flow in which the density of the fluid Ans (d) : he=<" leveeJe T = ℓ
does not change during flowing is called as :
Ùeefo ℓ =1
Skeâ lejue ØeJeen efpemeceW ØeJeen kesâ oewjeve lejue keâe
leye T=F
IevelJe heefjJee|lele veneR neslee nw, keânueelee nw–
Dele: efkeâmeer õJe keâer cegòeâ melen hej KeeRÛeer ieÙeer Skeâebkeâ uecyeeF& keâer
(a) Incompressible/Demebheer[dÙe
keâeuheefvekeâ jsKee kesâ uecyeJele keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeues yeue keâes he=<" leveeJe Ùee
(b) Uniform/Skeâ meceeve leue-leveeJe keânles nQ~ Fmekeâe cee$ekeâ N/m neslee nw~ 20ºC leeheceeve
(c) Compressible/Skeâ mecheer[dÙe hej heeveer kesâ efueS leue leveeJe 0.075 N/m neslee nw~ efkeâmeer õJe keâe
(d) Non-linear/DeejwefKekeâ he=<" leveeJe leeheceeve yeÌ{ves hej Iešlee nw, peyeefkeâ Iešves hej yeÌ{lee nw~
RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015 14. liquid undergoing a rigid body rotation in a
Ans : (a) Ùeefo efkeâmeer ØeJeen ceW õJe keâe IevelJe heefjJee|lele veneR neslee container is said to have
nw Ùee õJe ceW veieCÙe heefjJele&ve neslee nw, lees Fme Øekeâej keâe ØeJeen Skeâ kebâšsvej ceW Skeâ õJe Skeâ ÂÌ{ Jemleg Ùee yee@[er keâer lejn
Demecheer[dÙe ØeJeen keânueelee nw~ IetCe&ve keâj jne nes, Fmes keâne peelee nw–
(a) Forced vortex motion/yeueele YebJej ieefle
⇒ Ùeefo efkeâmeer ØeJeen ceW õJe keâe IevelJe heefjJee|lele nes peelee nw,
(b) Circulation/heefjmebÛejCe
lees Fme Øekeâej keâe ØeJeen mecheer[dÙe ØeJeen keânueelee nw~
(c) Free vortex motion/cegòeâ YebJej ieefle
12. A liquid forms an interface with another liquid
or gas; the surface energy per unit area of the (d) Translation/mLeeveevlejCe
interface is known as : RRB SSE Shift-III : 03.09.2015

63
Ans : (c) Ùeefo efkeâmeer keâvšsvej ceW õJe keâes IegceeÙee peeÙes, lees FmeceW (d) is independent of pressure for very high
YebJej GlheVe neslee nw, õJe keâer Fme ieefle keâes YebJej ieefle keânles nQ~ pressure intensities/yengle DeefOekeâ oeye leer›elee kesâ
⇒ Ùeefo õJe keâes efkeâmeer yee¢e yeue Éeje YebJej ieefle oer peeÙes, lees efueÙes oeye mes mJelev$e nesleer nw
Fmes yeueeled (Forced) YebJej ieefle keânles nQ~ RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015
Ex.–Dehekesâvõer heche keâer Fchesuej ceW pee jner õJe keâes ceesšj Éeje ieefle Ans : (b) iewmees keâer MÙeevelee Gvekesâ DeCegDeeW keâer Deehemeer škeäkeâj kesâ
oer peeleer nw~ Fme ieefle keâes yeueeled YebJej ieefle keânles nQ~ keâejCe nesleer nw~ leehe yeÌ{ves hej iewme kesâ ØelÙeskeâ DeCeg keâer ieeflepe Tpee&
⇒ peye õJe mJeÙeb ner YebJej ieefle keâj jne nes, lees Fmes cegòeâ Yeer yeÌ{sieer heefjCeece mJe™he Øeefle meskesâC[ DeCegDeeW keâe škeâjeJe Yeer
YebJej ieefle (free vortex Motion) keânles nQ~ DeefOekeâ nesiee Dele: iewme keâer MÙeevelee yeÌ{sieer peyeefkeâ õJeeW keâer MÙeevelee
Ex.–veefoÙeeW ceW heeveer keâer YebJej ieefle, Jee@Me yesefmeve ceW õJe keâer ieefle leehe yeÌ{ves hej Iešleer nw~
Deeefo cegòeâ YebJej ieefle kesâ GoenjCe nQ~ 18. A gel is a–
15. Cavitation is primarily associated with which Skeâ pesue neslee nw–
of the following fluid properties (a) Suspension of a solid in a liquid
kesâefJešsMeve ØeeLeefcekeâ ™he mes efvecveefueefKele ceW mes efkeâme Skeâ õJe ceW "esme keâe efveuebyeve
lejue iegCeOece& mes mecyeefvOele neslee nw? (b) Suspension of tiny liquid droplets in another
(a) Specific gravity/efJeefMe<š ieg®lJe liquid
(b) Surface tension/melen leveeJe Úesšer õJe keâer yetboeW keâe Skeâ DevÙe õJe ceW efveuebyeve
(c) Viscosity/MÙeevelee (c) Gas trapped in a viscous liquid
(d) Vapour pressure/Jee<he oeye Skeâ efÛeheefÛehes õJe ceW kewâo iewme kesâ DeCeg
RRB SSE Shift-III : 03.09.2015 (d) Gas trapped in a semi-solid
Ans : (d) peye efkeâmeer heeFhe Ùee iegefnkeâe ceW yen jns lejue keâe oeye, Skeâ Deæ& "esmeerÙe heoeLe& ceW kewâo iewme kesâ DeCeg
Gmekesâ Jee<he oeye mes keâce nes peeS, lees Jen lejue Jeeef<hele nes peelee nw RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015
Deewj Gmekesâ yegueyegues kesâ heâšves kesâ keâejCe kesâefJešsMeve (keâesšjCe) Øeef›eâÙee Ans : (a) Skeâ pesue ceW õJe heefj#esheCe ceeOÙece leLee "esme heefjef#ehle
nesleer nw~ ØeeJemLee nesleer nw~ DeLee&led Skeâ õJe (Liquid) ceW "esme keâe efveuecyeve
⇒ õJeerÙe šjyeeFve kesâ [^eheäš šdÙetye kesâ Fveuesš hej, heche kesâ (Suspension) neslee nw~
Ûet<eCe heeFhe Deeefo ceW kesâefJešsMeve keâe Keleje neslee nw~ pewmes– štLehesmš (Toothpest), ›eâerce (Creem) Deeefo~
16. The liquid used in manometer should have– 19. The ratio between inertia force and viscous
cewveesceeršj ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee õJe nesvee force is called:
ÛeeefnS– peÌ[lJe (inertia) yeue SJeb MÙeeve (viscous) yeue kesâ
(a) Low density/keâce IevelJe ceOÙe Devegheele keâes keânles nQ:
(b) High density/GÛÛe IevelJe (a) Reynold's number/jsvee@u[ mebKÙee
(c) Low surface tension/efvecve he=<" leveeJe (b) Froude's number/øeâeG[ mebKÙee
(d) High surface tension/GÛÛe he=<" leveeJe (c) Weber's number/Jesyej mebKÙee
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015
(d) Euler's number/Ùetuej mebKÙee
Ans : (b) cewveesceeršj ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeves Jeeues õJe keâe IevelJe RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014
DeefOekeâ efueÙee peelee nw~ DeefOekeâ IevelJe Jeeuee õJe ØeÙeesie keâjves mes keâce
Ans. (a) : jwveeu[ mebKÙee kesâ Éeje õJe kesâ ØeJeen keâer Øeke=âefle
uecyeeF& keâer veueer keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee heÌ[leer nw~
(uesefceveej Ùee efJe#egyOe) keâes peevee peelee nw~
17. The viscosity of a gas–
FI ρvL
iewme keâer MÙeevelee jsveeu[ mebKÙee ( R e ) = =
FV µ
(a) Decreases with increase in temperature
leehe yeÌ{ves hej Iešleer nw øeâeG[ mebKÙee ( Fr ) =
FI
=
v
(b) Increases with increase in temperature Fg gL
leehe yeÌ{ves hej yeÌ{leer nw FI v
(c) is independent of temperature Ùetuej mebKÙee ( E u ) = =
Fp p
leehe mes mJelev$e nesleer nw ρ

64
 FI V (c) The deflection is independent of pressure
cewkeâ mebKÙee ( M a ) = = difference/efJeÛeueve, oeyeeblej mes cegòeâ neslee nw~
FC K
ρ (d) The deflection is depends on the air
FI V temperature
Jesyej mebKÙee ( We ) = =
efJeÛeueve, JeeÙeg leeheceeve hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~
FS σ
ρL
RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014
FI = peÌ[lJe yeue Ans. (b) : yees[&ve Jeeueer ceW efJeÛeueve oeyeevlej kesâ JÙegl›eâceevegheeleer
Fg = ieg™lJeerÙe yeue
neslee nw~ yees[&ve veueer Skeâ oeye ceeheves Jeeuee Ùev$e nw~
Fp = oeye yeue
h = ( p a − po )
Fe = mebheer[ve yeue
Fs = melen–leveeJe yeue pa − po
h=
σ = melen–leveeJe γ
K = Ùebie ceeheebkeâ
V = õJe keâe Jesie
L = DeefYeue#eefCekeâ uecyeeF&
g = ieg™lJeerÙe lJejCe
µ = ieeflekeâerÙe MÙeevelee
ρ = õJe keâe IevelJe
20. Falling drops of water become spheres due to Ùeefo heeF&he ceW oeye keâce neslees lees h keâe ceeve pÙeeoe nesiee~
the property of: 22. 'When a body is wholly or partially immersed
peue keâe efiejlee ngDee yetbo efkeâme iegCeOece& kesâ keâejCe in a fluid, it experiences an upthrust equal to
ieesueekeâej neslee nw: the weight of the fluid displaced'. This is
(a) surface tension of water/peue keâe he=<"erÙe leveve known as:
(b) compressibility of water/peue keâer mebheer[veMeeruelee ‘peye efkeâmeer efheb[ keâes efkeâmeer õJe ceW hetCe& Ùee DeebefMekeâ ™he
(c) capillarity of water/peue keâer kesâefMekeâlJe mes [gyeesÙee peelee nw leye Ùen efheb[ efJemLeeefhele õJe kesâ Yeej
(d) viscosity of water/peue keâer MÙeevelee kesâ yejeyej Skeâ Gl#eshe yeue keâe DevegYeJe keâjlee nw~’ Fmes
RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014
efkeâme efmeæeble kesâ ™he ceW peevee peelee nw?
Ans. (a) : õJe keâe yetBo Ùee efiejlee ngDee yetBo keâe ieesueekeâej nesvee õJe
kesâ Devoj he=<"–leveeJe (Surface Tension) iegCe keâes GheefmLele nesves (a) Pascal's principle/heemkeâue efmeæeble
(b) Archimedes principle/Deeefke&âceer[erpe efmeæeble
FS
kesâ keâejCe neslee nw~ he=<" leveeJe σ = (c) Stoke's law/mšeskeäme efmeæeble
L
(d) Newton's Laws of Motion
Ùeefo õJe kesâ leue hej Skeâ DeeYeemeer jsKee (yengle Úesšer jsKee) KeeRÛes lees
Gme jsKee hej uecyeJele leveeJe yeue ueielee nw~ Ùen yeue ner melen leveeJe vÙetšve keâe ieefle keâe efveÙece
yeue keânueelee nw~ RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014
he=<" leveeJe keâer FkeâeF& · vÙetšve/ceer. (N/m) Ans. (b) : Deeefke&âceer[erpe efmeæevle–peye efkeâmeer Jemleg keâes efkeâmeer õJe ceW
20 C hej heeveer keâe he=<" leveeJe σ = 0.0736 N/m
0 [gyeesÙee peelee nw lees Jemleg hej Skeâ TOJee&Oej yeue Thej keâer Deesj keâeÙe&
keâjlee nw efpemes GlhueeJeve yeue keânles nw~ Fmekeâe ceeve Jemleg Éeje nšeÙes
σ Hg > σ water
ieÙes õJe kesâ Yeej kesâ yejeyej neslee nw~ GlhueeJeve yeue keâe ceeve Jemleg
21. In Bourdon tube: keâer õJe ceW ienjeF& hej efveYe&j veneR keâjlee nw~ Ùen õJe kesâ IevelJe leLee
yee@[&ve veueer ceW: Jemleg kesâ DeeÙeleve kesâ meerOes meceevegheeleer neslee nw~
(a) The deflection is proportional to pressure
23. efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve-mee ØeJeener ceeheve GhekeâjCe
difference/efJeÛeueve (deflection) oeyeeblej kesâ
meceevegheeeflekeâ neslee nw~ Skeâ #es$e ceeršj (area meter) nw?
(b) The deflection is inversely proportional to (a) JesvÛegjerceeršj (b) jesšeceeršj
pressure difference/efJeÛeueve, oeyeeblej kesâ JÙegl›eâce (c) efheše@š šdÙetye (d) lehle leej heJeveJesieceeheer
™he mes meceevegheeeflekeâ neslee nw~ RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014
65
Ans : (c) efheše@š veueer Éeje Kegueer Ûewveue ceW õJe keâer ØeJeen keâer ieefle (d) ØekeâeefMele ef›eâÙeekeâueehe (optical activity)
keâes ceeheves ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014
JesvÛegjerceeheer JesvÛegjerceeršj mes efkeâmeer heeFhe ceW yenles ngS õJe kesâ efkeâmeer Ans : (b) mšwueeiceesceeršj
keâe GheÙeesie lejue keâer oer ieF& cee$ee ceW yetBoeW
Yeer efyevog hej õJe keâer cee$ee keâer oj (efJemepe&ve) ceehee peelee nw~ keâer mener mebKÙee keâe efveOee&jCe keâjkesâ melen keâe leveeJe ceeheves ceW efkeâÙee
jesšeceeršj mes efJemepe&ve keâes ceehee peelee nw~ peelee nw~ efoÙes ieÙes DeeÙeleve ceW keâce melen leveeJe Jeeuee ØelÙeskeâ yetBo
Úesše Deewj DeefOekeâ yetBo neslee nw~
lehle leej Sveerceesceeršj keâe ØeÙeesie JeeÙeg Ùee iewme keâe Jesie ceeheves ceW efkeâÙee
peelee nw~ 28. The density of water is:
24. meeceevÙe Tpee& meceerkeâjCe ......... ueeiet neslee nw~ heeveer keâe IevelJe efkeâlevee nw?
(a) DeheefjJeleea ØeJeen kesâ efueS (b) heefjJeleea ØeJeen kesâ efueS (a) 10–3 kg/m3/10–3 efkeâ.«ee./ceer.3
(c) Demeceeve ØeJeen kesâ efueS (d) efJe#egyOe ØeJeen kesâ efueS (b) 1 kg/m3/1 efkeâ.«ee./ceer.3
RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014 (c) 102 kg/m3/102 efkeâ.«ee./ceer.3
Ans : (a) meeceevÙe Tpee& meceerkeâjCe DeheefjJeleea ØeJeen kesâ efueS (d) 103 kg/m3/103 efkeâ.«ee./ceer.3
ueeiet neslee nw~ RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014
meeceevÙe meceerkeâjCe kesâ Devegmeej DeheefjJeleea ØeJeen kesâ efueS heeFhe Ans : (d) JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oeye (1 bar) leLee 40C leeheceeve hej heeveer
DeLeJee veueer keâe ØelÙeskeâ DevegØemLe keâeš mes efveefMÛele meceÙe ceW iegpejves keâe IevelJe meyemes pÙeeoe 103 kg/m3 neslee nw~
Jeeues õJe keâe Yeej meceeve neslee nw~ Ùen meceerkeâjCe ØeJeen ceW cee$ee
40C mes keâce Ùee DeefOekeâ leehe hej heeveer keâe IevelJe ncesMee 103 kg/m3
keâer DeefJeveeefMelee kesâ efmeæevle hej DeeOeeefjle nw~
mes keâce nesiee~
25. mesyeesuš MÙeeveleeceeheer (Saybolt Viscometer) 40C hej heeveer keâe Deehesef#ekeâ DeeÙeleve meyemes keâce leLee IevelJe meyemes
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes efkeâmekeâe GheÙeesie keâjlee nw? pÙeeoe neslee nw~ (1 JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oeye hej)
(a) vÙetšve keâer MÙeeve efJeefOe (Newton's law of
29. Centre of (buoyancy) always:
viscosity)
(b) nwpesve hJeeFmeewueer meceerkeâjCe (Hagen-poiseuille GlhueeJeve (buoyancy) keâe keWâõ ncesMee:
equation) (a) Coincides with the centre of gravity
(c) mšeskeâ efJeefOe (Stoke's law) ieg™lJe kesâvõ kesâ mebheeleer neslee nw~
(d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR (b) Coincides with the centroid of the volume of
RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014 the fluid displaced/efJemLeeefhele õJe kesâ DeeÙeleve kesâ
Ans : (c) mesyeesuš MÙeeveleeceeheer mes 240ºC leeheceeve hej hesš^esefueÙece kesâvõkeâ kesâ mebheeleer neslee nw~
õJeeW keâer MÙeevelee ceeheer peeleer nw~ mesyeesuš MÙeeveleeceeheer mšeskeâ kesâ (c) remains above the centre of gravity
efveÙece keâe GheÙeesie keâjlee nw~ ieg™lJe kesâvõ kesâ Thej efmLele neslee nw~
(d) Remains below the centre of gravity
26. Skeâ Dehekesâvõer heche keâer mLeweflekeâ oeyeesÛÛelee, Ûet<eCe
ieg™lJe kesâvõ kesâ veerÛes efmLele neslee nw~
oeyeesÛÛelee Deewj Øeoekeâ oeyeesÛÛelee kesâ .......... yejeyej nw~
RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014
(a) iegCeveheâue (Product) (b) Devlej (Difference)
Ans : (b)
(c) Ùeesieheâue (Sum) (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014
Ans : (c) Dehekesâvõer heche keâer mLeweflekeâ oeyeesÛÛelee, Ûet<eCe oeyeesÛÛelee
Deewj ØeoeÙe oeyeesÛÛelee kesâ Ùeesie kesâ yejeyej neslee nw~
õJe leue mes heche Mee@heäš kesâ kesâvõ lekeâ G"eÙes ieÙes õJe keâer TBÛeeF& (HS)
keâes Ûet<eCe Meer<e& Ùee Ûet<eCe oeyeesÛÛelee keânles nQ~ heche Mee@heäš kesâ kesâvõ mes
efvekeâeme lekeâ keâer TBÛeeF& (Hd) keâes ØeoeÙe oeyeesÛÛelee keânles nQ~ GlhueeJeve kesâvõ ncesMee efJemLeeefhele õJe kesâ DeeÙeleve kesâ mebheeleer neslee nw~
mLeweflekeâ Meer<e&, Hst = Hs + Hd ⇒ Ùeefo GlhueeJeve yeue leLee Jemleg Éeje nšeÙes ieS õJe keâe
27. efkeâmekesâ ceeheves efueS mšwueeiceesceeršj keâe GheÙeesie neslee nw? Yeej yejeyej nes, lees GlhueeJeve kesâvõ leLee efJemLeeefhele õJe kesâ kesâvõkeâ
(a) Megæieeflekeâ MÙeevelee (kinematic viscosity)
Skeâ–otmejs hej mecheeleer neWies~
(b) he=‰ leveeJe (surface tension)
veesš– efpeme õJe keâe IevelJe pÙeeoe neslee nw, Jen efkeâmeer Jemleg hej
(c) DeheJele&veebkeâ metÛekeâ (refractive index)
pÙeeoe GlhueeJeve yeue ueieelee nw~
66
30. Flow in a pipe is laminar, if the Reynold's 32. In a steady flow process, the value of:
number is: DeheefjJeleea ØeJeen Øeef›eâÙee ceW ............ neslee nw~
Ùeefo jsvee@u[ mebKÙee ........ nes lees heeFhe ceW ØeJeen mlejerÙe (a) heat transer is constant/G<cee mebÛejCe efmLej
(laminar) neslee nw~ (b) work transfer is constant/keâeÙe& mebÛejCe efmLej
(a) Less than 2000/2000 mes keâce (c) mass flow at inlet and outlet is same
(b) Between 2000 and 4000/2000 leLee 4000 kesâ ØeJesefMekeâe keâe efvekeâeme ceW õJÙeceeve ØeJeen meceeve
ceOÙe (d) all of these/FveceW mes meYeer
(c) Between 4000 and 6000/4000 leLee 6000 kesâ RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
ceOÙe Ans. (c) : eqmLej ØeJeen Øeef›eâÙee–steady flow Process ceW ØeJeen
(d) Above 6000/6000 mes Thej keâer oj ØeJesMe leLee efvekeâeme hej meceeve jnlee nw~ efmLej ØeJeen Øeef›eâÙee
RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014 Skeâ Keguee (open) efmemšce nw~
Ans : (a) Ùeefo jsveeu[ mebKÙee 2000 mes keâce nes lees heeFhe ceW ØeJeen
hešueerÙe (Laminar) nesiee~ m 2

ρVL
jsveeu[ mebKÙee Re = m1
µ
heeFhe ceW ØeJeen kesâ efueS– m1 = m2
(m = ρAV) mes
ρ1A1V1 = ρ2 A 2 V2
Ùeefo lejue Demecheer[dÙe nes lees
ρ1 = ρ 2

ÛewveueeW ceW ØeJeen kesâ efueS– leye, A1V1 = A 2 V2 → meelelÙe meceerkeâjCe

heche, šjyeeFve Deeefo ceW DeheefjJeleea ØeJeen Øeef›eâÙee nesleer nw~
33. The velocity at which the flow changes from
laminar to turbulent for the case of a given
liquid at a given temperature and in a given
pipe, is known as:
31. The turbine suitable for low heads and high efkeâmeer Øeoòe heeFhe ceW Øeoòe leeheceeve hej, Øeoòe õJe keâer
flow rates is: ØeJeen efpeme Jesie hej mlejerÙe mes efJe#egyOe ØeJeen ceW yeoueleer
efvecve nw[ (head) SJeb GÛÛe ØeJeen oj kesâ efueS GheÙeesieer nw, Jen Jesie nw:
šjyeeFve nw: (a) Turbulence velocity/efJe#egyOe Jesie
(a) Pelton wheel/hesušve Jnerue (b) Critical velocity/›eâebeflekeâ Jesie
(b) Francis/øeâebefmeme (c) Reynolds velocity/jsveeu[dme Jesie
(c) Keplan/keâheueeve (d) Froude velocity/øeâeG[ Jesie
(d) All of these/Ùes meYeer RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014 Ans. (b) : ›eâebeflekeâ R e .η
Jesie Vc =
Ans : (c) keâshueeve šjyeeFve keâe ØeÙeesie Jene@ hej efkeâÙee peelee nw Ùee ρd
keâshueeve šjyeeFve Ssmeer peien mLeeefhele efkeâÙee peelee nw, pene@ hej yengle Re = jsveeu[vecyej
pÙeeoe cee$ee ceW heeveer keâce TBÛeeF& hej GheueyOe nes~ η = MÙeevelee iegCeebkeâ
keâshueeve šjyeeFve, heeš& uees[ leLee Hegâue uees[ oesveeW hej pÙeeoe o#e ρ = õJe keâe IevelJe
neslee nw peyeefkeâ øebâeefmeme šjyeeFve kesâJeue Hegâue uees[ hej meyemes pÙeeoe d = heeFhe keâe JÙeeme
o#e neslee nw~ RN = 2000 hej efvecve ›eâeflekeâ Jesie (Lower Critical velocity)
keâheuee@ve šjyeeFve ceW meceeÙeespÙe (Adjustable) yues[ ueies jnles nw~ RN = 4000 hej GÛÛe ›eâeeflekeâ Jesie (Upper Critical velocity)
hesušve šjyeeFve GÛÛe Meer<e& leLee keâce ØeJeen oj kesâ efueS GheÙeesieer 34. Of the following identify the dimensionless
neslee nw~ Quentities.
67
 efvecve ceW mes efJeceenerve jeefMe keâes henÛeeefveS: (1) Fchewuej ßesCeer ›eâce ceW–Fchewuej keâes ßesCeer ›eâce ceW GÛÛeMeer<e&
(a) Pressure coefficient/oeye iegCeebkeâ Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS ueieeles nw~
(b) Froude number/øeâeG[ mebKÙee (i) Ûets<eCe heeFhe Éeje heeveer keâes (Ûet<eCe) Suck keâjlee nw Deewj ØeLece
(c) Darcy Weisbach friction factor/ Fchewuej lekeâ heeveer peelee nw~
[emeea JesFmeyewkeâ Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ (ii) henues Fchewuej mes efvekeâuee heeveer ogmejs Fchewuej hej heeFhe kesâ Éeje
(d) All of these/FveceW mes meYeer peelee nw~ Deye Fmekeâe oeye henues heeFhe keâer Dehes#ee DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014 henues Fchewuej keâe DeeGšhegš (Output) otmejs DehekesâvõerÙe heche kesâ
Ans. (d) : efueS Fvehegš neslee nw~
(a) oeye iegCeebkeâ · oeye iegCeebkeâ FkeâeF& jefnle oeye keâes ØeoefMe&le
oeye keâe yeÌ{vee ner Meer<e& yeÌ{vee efoKeelee nw~
keâjlee nw~ Fmekeâe DeefOekeâlece ØeÙeesie JeeÙegieeflekeâerÙe DeOÙeÙeve kesâ efueS
P − P∞
mechetCe& Meer<e& = n × cewveesefceefš^keâ Meer<e&
ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Cp =
1 (H) H = n × Hm
P∞ V∞2
2
Fi
(b) øeâeG[ mebKÙee (Fr) = peneb Fi = peÌ[lJe yeue
Fg
Fg = ieg®lJe yeue
yeue keâe Devegheele nw FmeefueS FkeâeF& jefnle neslee nw~
4flv 2
(c) [emeea JesFmeyewkeâ iegCeebkeâ hf =
2gD
h f × 2gD
peneB hf = Meer<e& neefve f = 2. Fchewuej meceevlej ›eâce ceW (DeefOekeâ efJeme&peve Ùee yeneJe)
4lv 2
ceeršj × 2 × ceer/mes.2 × ceeršj
FmeceW DehekesâvõerÙe heche keâes meceevlej ›eâce ceW ueieeÙee peelee nw~ ØelÙeskeâ
f= heeFhe meceeve reservoir sump mes heeveer lift keâjlee nw Deewj Skeâ
4 ceeršj × ceer2/mes.2
keâe@ceve heeFhe ceW ØeoeÙe keâjlee nw, efpememes efJemepe&ve Q1+Q2 keâeceve
 L0 T 0  DeLee&led FkeâeF& jefnle nw~
heeFhe ceW nes peeSiee~
f = Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ, l = heeFhe keâer uecyeeF&
mechetCe& ef[mÛeepe& = nθ
v = õJe keâe Jesie, D = heeFhe keâe JÙeeme
g = ieg®lJe lJejCe
35. Multi–stage centrifugal pumps are used to:
yeng–ÛejCeerÙe DehekeWâõerÙe hebhe keâe GheÙeesie efkeâme efueS
efkeâÙee peelee nw?
(a) give high discharge
GÛÛe efJemepe&ve Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueÙes
(b) produce high heads/GÛÛe Meer<e& Glheefòe kesâ efueS
(c) pump viscous fluids/MÙeeve õJeeW/lejue heoeLeeX keâes
hebhe keâjves kesâ efueÙes 36. For laminar flow between parallel plates
(d) all of these/FveceW mes meYeer separated by a distance 2h, head loss varies
RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014 mlejerÙe ØeJeen kesâ efueS oes meceevlej huesš kesâ yeerÛe keâer
Ans. (d) : oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ Fchewuej mes yevee ngDee DehekesâvõerÙe otjer 2h nw lees Meer<e& neefve heefjJele&ve efkeâlevee neslee nw~
heche yeng–ÛejCeerÙe heche keânueelee nw~ (a) Directly as h (b) inversely as h
2
yeng–ÛejCeerÙe heche kesâ Øekeâej– (c) Directly as h (d) inversely as h3
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014
1. yengÛejCeerÙe DehekesâvõerÙe heche GÛÛe Meer<e& kesâ efueS Ùee Fchewuej
meerjerpe (ßesCeer) ceW ueieevee (Head↑) Ans : (d) mlejerÙe ØeJeen kesâ efueS oes meceevlej huesš kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer
2. yengÛejCeerÙe DehekesâvõerÙe heche GÛÛe yeneJe (Discharge) kesâ efueS 2h nw lees Meer<e& neefve heefjJele&ve h L ∝ 1 neslee nw~
Ùee Fchewuej meceevlej ceW ueieevee (Discharge↑) h3

68
37. Which one of the following is correct ? Which of these Statement is/are correct?
efvecve ceW mes keâewve mener nw? FveceW mes keâewve mee keâLeve mener nw/nQ?
The specific volume of water when heated from (a) 1 alone/kesâJeue l (b) 1 and 3/l leLee 3
0 0C (c) 2 alone/kesâJeue 2 (d) 3 alone/kesâJeue 3
peue keâe efJeefMe<š DeeÙeleve peye 00C hej T<cee oer peeleer RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014
nw– Ans : (b) JeemleefJekeâ iewme kesâ efueS leeheceeve yengle pÙeeoe keâj os leLee
(a) first increases and then decreases oeye yengle keâce keâj oW lees Gvekesâ DeCeg otj–otj nes peeÙeWies efpememes Ùes
henues yeÌ{lee nw Deewj efHeâj Iešlee nw iewme hejHesâkeäš iewme kesâ efveÙece keâe heeueve keâj mekeâlee nw~
(b) first decreases and then increases 39. Steady State Heat flow implies
henues Iešlee nw Deewj efHeâj yeÌ{lee nw efmLej DeJemLee ceW T<cee ØeJeen keâe leelheÙe& neslee nw~
(c) increases steadily/meceeve™he mes yeÌ{lee nw (a) negligible flow implies/T<cee ØeJeen veieCÙe nes
(d) decreases steadily/meceeve ™he mes Iešlee nw (b) no difference of temperature between the
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014 bodies/oes yee@[er kesâ yeerÛe leeheevlej ve nes
Ans : (b) efkeâmeer heoeLe& kesâ Skeâebkeâ õJÙeceeve kesâ DeeÙeleve keâes ner Gme (c) constant heat flow rate i.e, heat flow rate
heoeLe& keâer efJeefMe<š DeeÙeleve keânles nw~ independent of time/T<cee ØeJeen keâer oj efmLej nes
V Ùee T<cee ØeJeen meceÙe hej DeeOeeefjle ve nes
v= (d) uniform rate in temperature rise of a body
m
Skeâ yee@[er keâe leeheceeve meceeve oj mes yeÌ{s
peneB v = efJeefMe<š DeeÙeleve
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014
m = õJÙeceeve
Ans : (c) efmLej DeJemLee ceW T<cee ØeJeen keâe leelheÙe& neslee nw efkeâ
V = heoeLe& keâe DeeÙeleve
T<cee ØeJeen keâer oj efmLej nes Ùee T<cee ØeJeen meceÙe hej DeeOeeefjle
unit ⇒ m3 / kg ve nes~
efJeefMe<š DeeÙeleve leLee IevelJe Skeâ otmejs kesâ efJeueesce nesles nw~ efmLej ØeJeen (Steady flow) ceW õJe kesâ efkeâmeer efyevog mes iegpejves Jeeues
keâCeeW kesâ efJeefYeVe iegCe pewmes efkeâ ieefle, oeye, IevelJe leLee leeheceeve meceÙe
m
ρ= kg / m 3 kesâ meeLe veneR yeoueles nQ~
V
DeefmLej ØeJeen (Unsteady flow) ceW õJe kesâ efkeâmeer efyevog mes iegpejves
Jeeues keâCeeW keâe keâesF& Yeer iegCe meceÙe kesâ meeLe yeoue peelee nw~
40. Fluid is a substance which offers no
resistance to change of–
lejue Skeâ Ssmee heoeLe& nw pees.............kesâ yeoueves ceW
efkeâmeer Øekeâej keâe ØeeflejesOe Deejesefhele veneR keâjles nQ–
(a) Volume/DeeÙeleve (b) Pressure/oeye
(c) Shape/Deekeâej (d) Flow/ØeJeen
RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015
0 C leehe hej peye peue keâes T<cee oer peeleer nw, lees henues lees peue keâer
o Ans : (c) lejue heoeLe& Jes heoeLe& nesles nw pees yenves keâe iegCe jKeles nw
efJeefMe<š DeeÙeleve Iešleer nw, efHeâj 4 C kesâ yeeo efJeefMe<š DeeÙeleve yeÌ{ves leLee Deheves Deekeâej ceW heefjJele&ve keâe efJejesOe veneR keâjles nw Fmekesâ
0

ueielee nw~ Devleie&le DeeoMe& õJe leLee DeeoMe& iewme Deeles nw~ JeemleJe ceW keâesF& Yeer
4 C leeheceeve hej heeveer keâe efJeefMe<š DeeÙeleve vÙetvelece leLee IevelJe
0 lejue DeeoMe& lejue veneR neslee nw Dele: Ùes Deheves Deekeâej ceW heefjJele&ve
DeefOekeâlece neslee nw~ keâe met#ce ØeeflejesOe keâjles nw~
41. In fluid flow, the line of constant piezometric
38. Consider the following Statements
head passes through two points which have the
A real gas obeys perfect gas law at very same
efvecveefueefKele keâLeve hej efJeÛeej keâerefpeS– õJe ØeJeen ceW efmLej heerpeesceerefš^keâ Meer<e& (constant
Skeâ JeemleefJekeâ iewme hejHesâkeäš iewme kesâ efveÙece keâe heeueve piezometric) oes efyebogDeeW mes iegpejlee nw efpevecesW meceeve
keâjlee nw, yengle hej – ....... nesles nQ~
(1) High temperatures/GÛÛe leeheceeve (a) Elevation/GlLeeheve
(2) High pressures/GÛÛe oeye (b) Pressure/oeye
(3) Low pressures/keâce oeye (c) Velocity/Jesie
69
 (d) Velocity potential/Jesie efJeYeJe 44. Which of the following is used to measure the
RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014 discharge?
Ans : (c) õJe ØeJeen ceW efmLej heerpeesceerefš^keâ Meer<e& oes efyevogDeeW mes
FveceW mes efkeâmekeâe ØeÙeesie Skeâ efJemepe&ve kesâ heefjceeCe keâes
iegpejlee nw, GmeceW Jesie meceeve nesles nQ~ ceeheves nsleg keâjles nQ?
(a) Current meter/Oeeje ceeršj
(b) Venturimeter/Jesvšgjer ceeršj
(c) Pitot tube/efheše@š veueer (šŸetye)
(d) Hotwire anemometer/lehle levleg JeeÙegceeheer
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
Ans : (b) JesvÛegjerceeršj keâe ØeÙeesie efJemepe&ve ceeheves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Ùeefo õJe ØeJeen kesâ oewjeve Ùeefo oes efyevog A leLee B hej heerpeesceerefš^keâ
efJemepe&ve ceeheves keâer DevÙe ÙegefòeâÙeeB–(i) Dee@jefheâme ceeršj, (ii)
Meer<e& meceeve neW, lees õJe keâe pees Jesie A efyevog hej nw, Jener Jesie efyevog
heäuees vee@peue, (iii) yesv[ ceeršj, (iv) jesšeceeršj, (v) vee@Ûe, (vi)
B hej Yeer nesiee~ Ssmee leYeer nesiee, peye ØeJeen kesâ oewjeve Jesie heefjJele&ve
efJeÙej, (vii) ceeGLe-heerme
ve nes (H.G.L. efmLej nes~)
veesš–efheše@š šdÙetye, lehle levleg JeeÙegceeheer, (Hotwire
heerpeesceerefš^keâ Meer<e& · efmLeeflepe Meer<e& ± oeye Meer<e& anemometer) Oeeje ceeršj Deeefo Jesie ceeheve ceW ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw~
42. Pascal-second is the unit of– 45. Water hammer pressure is relieved by
heemkeâue-meskebâ[ FkeâeF& nw– Jeešj nwcej oeye kesâ Éeje IešeÙee peelee nw?
(a) Pressure/oeye keâer (a) penstock/hesvemšekeâ Éeje
(b) Kinematic viscosity/Megæ ieeflekeâ MÙeevelee (b) draft tube/[^eheäš šdÙetye mes
(c) Dynamic viscosity/ieeflekeâ MÙeevelee (c) turbine/šjyeeFve
(d) surge tank/mepe& šQkeâ
(d) Surface tension/he=<" leveeJe keâer
RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015
RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015
Ans : (d) heeFheueeFveeW ceW ØeJeen kesâ Jesie kesâ heefjJeefle&le nesves kesâ keâejCe
Ans : (c) ieeflekeâ MÙeevelee keâe cee$ekeâ heemkeâue meskesâC[ neslee nw Fmes
ØeJeen keâe oeye meeceevÙe oeye mes keâce Ùee DeefOekeâ nesves hej Jee@šj nwcej
meeOeejCe MÙeevelee kesâ ™he ceW Yeer peevee peelee nw Fmes µ mes ØeoefMe&le keâer mecemÙee Deeleer nw~
keâjles nw leLee efoÙes ieÙes leehe leLee oeye hej efoÙes ieÙes heoeLe& kesâ efueÙes hesve mše@keâ ceW Jee@šj nwcej oeye keâer mecemÙee keâes otj keâjves kesâ efueS
efveÙele nesleer nw– mepe& šQkeâ keâes hesve mše@keâ hej peesÌ[e peelee nw~
dv
τ=µ 46. Kinematic viscosity of gases on increase of
dy temperature
τ N -s iewmeeW keâer Megæieeflekeâer MÙeevelee leeheceeve yeÌ{ves hej–
µ= Unit −
dv / dy m2 (a) Decreases/Iešleer nw
(b) Increases/yeÌ{leer nw
peneB τ = keâle&ve yeue leLee
(c) Remains the same/Skeâ meceeve jnleer nw
dv
= Jesie ØeJeCelee (d) First decreases then increases
dy
henues Iešleer nw efheâj yeÌ{leer nw
43. Spherical shape of droplets of mercury is due to– RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015
heejs keâer yeBtoeW keâe ieesueekeâej Deeke=âefle kesâ keâejCe nesleer nw? Ans : (b) iewmeeW keâer Megæieeflekeâer MÙeevelee leeheceeve yeÌ{ves hej yeÌ{leer nw~
(a) High density/GÛÛe IevelJe kesâ keâejCe peyeefkeâ õJeeW keâer Megæ ieeflekeâer MÙeevelee leeheceeve yeÌ{ves hej Iešleer nw~
(b) High surface tension/GÛÛe he=<" leveeJe µ
(c) High adhesion/GÛÛe Deemebpeve
Megæ ieeflekeâer MÙeevelee ( υ ) =
ρ
(d) Water/peue peneB µ= ieeflekeâer MÙeevelee
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015 leLee ρ= IevelJe
Ans : (b) heejs keâer yetBoeW keâe ieesueekeâej nesvee GÛÛe melen-leveeJe Ùee m2
he=‰-leveeJe kesâ keâejCe neslee nw~ Megæ ieeflekeâer MÙeevelee keâe cee$ekeâ neslee nw~ (S.I.)
s
F 2
σ= s Fmekeâer FkeâeF& vÙetšve/ceer. neslee nw~ peyeefkeâ C.G.S. heæefle =
cm
Ùee mšeskeâ
ℓ s
veesš– (i) σHg > σwater 1m 2 / s = 104 mšeskeâ
(ii) 200 leehe hej σ water = 0.0736 N / m veesš– υair > υwater

70
47. The eddy viscosity for turbulent flow is 50. Absolute pressure in flow system–
efJe#egyOe ØeJeen keâer YeBJej MÙeevelee neslee nw– ØeJeen ØeCeeueer ceW efvejhes#e oeye–
(a) A function of temperature only (a) is always greather than atmospheric pressure
kesâJeue leeheceeve keâe heâueve nw ncesMee JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oeye mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw
(b) A physical property of the fluid
(b) is equal to a vacuum pressure
lejue keâe Yeeweflekeâ iegCeOece& nw
efveJee&le oeye kesâ yejeyej neslee nw
(c) Dependent on the flow
(c) May be above, below or equal to the local
ØeJeen hej efveYe&j neslee nw
atmospheric pressure/JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oeye kesâ yejeyej,
(d) Independent of the flow
ØeJeen mes mJeleb$e neslee nw veerÛes Ùee Thej nes mekeâlee nw
RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015 (d) is also called negative pressure
Ans : (c) efJe#egyOe ØeJeen keâer YeBJej MÙeevelee, yeneJe hej Deeefßele Fmes $e+Ceelcekeâ oeye Yeer keânles nQ
nesleer nw~ RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
48. The flow profile of a fluid depends upon : Ans : (c) heeF&he ØeJeen ØeCeeueer ceW efvejhes#e oeye, JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oeye
lejue kesâ ØeJeen keâer ØeesHeâeFue hej efveYe&j keâjleer nw– mes keâce, DeefOekeâ Ùee yejeyej nes mekeâlee nw~ heeFheeW ceW ØeJeen heeFhe kesâ
(a) Velocity of the fluid only/kesâJeue lejue kesâ Jesie hej efmejeW kesâ yeerÛe oeyeevlej hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~
(b) The diameter of the tube only
hejce oeye · iespe oeye ± JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oeye
kesâJeue veueer kesâ JÙeeme hej
51. Equation of continuity is based on the principle
(c) The Reynold number/jsveeu[ mebKÙee hej
of conservation of–
(d) The surface roughness/melen ™#elee hej
meelelÙe meceerkeâjCe mebj#eCe kesâ efkeâme efveÙece hej DeeOeeefjle
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015
nw–
Ans : (c) lejue kesâ ØeJeen keâer ØeesHeâeFue jsveeu[ mebKÙee hej efveYe&j
keâjleer nw~ (a) Mass/õJÙeceeve (b) Energy/Tpee&
Ùeefo jsveeu[ mebKÙee 2000 mes keâce nes lees lejue ØeJeen kesâ Jesie keâer (c) Momentum/mebJesie (d) Time/meceÙe
ØeesHeâeFue hejJeuekeâej nesleer nw~ pewmes–pewmes jsveeu[ mebKÙee yeÌ{leer nw, Jesie RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
keâer ØeesHeâeFue heefjJeefle&le nesves ueieleer nw~ Ans : (a) meelelÙe meceerkeâjCe õJÙeceeve mebj#eCe hej DeeOeeefjle nw
Re > 4000 hej Jesie keâer ØeesHeâeFue ueIegieCekeâerÙe nes peelee nw~ DeLee&le yeneJe kesâ meceÙe õJÙeceeve keâe ceeve efmLej jnlee nw~
ρ1A1V1 = ρ2 A 2 V2
peneB ρ = IevelJe
A = #es$eheâue
V = Jesie
• Demecheer[dÙe õJe kesâ efueÙes IevelJe efmLej nesiee leye meelelÙe meceerkeâjCe
= A1V1 = A 2 V2
49. Which of the following device is not used to
measure the rate of flow : • yejveewueer meceerkeâjCe Tpee& mebj#eCe hej DeeOeeefjle nw~
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve meer Ùegefòeâ keâe ØeÙeesie ØeJeen oj 52. The pointer of an indicating instruement
ceeheves ceW veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw– should be–
(a) Venturimeter/JesvÛegjerceeršj ceehekeâ Ùeb$e keâe metÛekeâ nesvee ÛeeefnS–
(b) Pitot tube/efheše@š šŸetye (a) very light/yengle nukeâe
(c) Orificemeter/Dee@efjefHeâme ceeršj (b) very heavy/yengle Yeejer
(d) Rotameter/jesšeceeršj (c) either light or heavy/Ùee lees nukeâe Ùee Yeejer
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015 (d) neither light nor heavy/vee lees nukeâe ve Yeejer
Ans : (b) JesvÛegjer
ceeršj, Dee@efjefHeâme ceeršj, jesšeceeršj, vee@peue ceeršj RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
Deeefo keâe ØeÙeesie lejue kesâ ØeJeen oj keâes ceeheves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee
nw, peyeefkeâ efheše@š šŸetye Deeefo keâe ØeÙeesie lejue kesâ Jesie keâes ceeheves ceW Ans : (a) ceehekeâ Ùeb$e keâe metÛekeâ heefjMegæ ceeheve kesâ efueS yengle
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ nukeâe jKee peelee nw~

71
53. The dimensions of dynamic viscosity µ are : (c) 20 mm (d) 30 mm
ieefleMeerue MÙeevelee µ keâe DeeÙeece nw– RRB JE Shift-I : 29.08.2015

(a) ML−1T −2 (b) ML−1T −1 Ans : (d) efoÙee nw–

(c) MLT −2 (d) M o Lo T o veueer keâe JÙeeme (d) = 1 mm,
RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015 veueer keâer ef$epÙee r = 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10–3m
Ans : (b) ieefleMeerue MÙeevelee Ùee [eÙevee@efcekeâ MÙeevelee peue kesâ efueÙes mheMe& keâesCe θ = 0º
(Dynamic Viscosity) µ, lejue kesâ hejleeW kesâ yeerÛe yeneJe kesâ 20ºC hej peue keâe he=<" leveeJe 0.075 N/m neslee nw~
ØeeflejesOe keâe keâejCe nw~ 2T cos θ
∵ kesâefMekeâerÙe GlLeeve h =
rρg
DeeoMe& õJe kesâ efueS µ = 0
2 × 0.075 × cos 0º
JeemleefJekeâ lejue kesâ efueS h=
0.5 × 10−3 × 103 ×10
dy h = 0.03m
µ=τ
du
h = 30mm
peneB τ= keâle&ve Øeefleyeue
56. The specific gravity of water is taken as–
N −S heeveer keâe efJeefMe<š ieg®lJe............neslee nw–
MÙeevelee keâer FkeâeF& = 2 Ùee heemkeâue-meskesâC[
m
(a) 0.001 (b) 0.01
efJeceerÙe met$e = [ ML−1T −1 ] (c) 0.1 (d) 1
heeveer keâer MÙeevelee 200C hej 1 mesvšer hJeeFpe neslee nw~ RRB JE Shift-II : 29.08.2015
Ans : (d) heeveer keâe efJeefMe<š ieg®lJe 1 neslee nw
N −S
1 = 10 Poise
m2 efJeefMe<š ieg®lJe (S.G.)
õJe ceW MÙeevelee memebpeve yeue kesâ keâejCe peyeefkeâ iewme ceW MÙeevelee efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâe efJeefMe<š Yeej
=
DeCegDeeW kesâ mebJesie heefjJele&ve (M.M.E) kesâ keâejCe neslee nw~ Gmeer leehe hej ceevekeâ heoeLe& keâer efJeefMe<š Yeej
57. The variation in the volume of a liquid with the
54. An aeroplane works on-
variation of pressure is called its–
Skeâ nJeeF& penepe keâece keâjlee nw–
oyeeJe ceW efYevvelee kesâ meeLe DeeÙeleve ceW heefjJele&ve keâes
(a) Archimedes principle/Deeefke&âefce[erpe efmeæeble hej
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keäÙee keâne peelee nw–
(b) Pascal's law/heemkeâue kesâ efveÙece hej
(a) surface tension/he=<"erÙe leveeJe
(c) Bernoulli's principle/yejveewueer kesâ efmeæeble hej
(b) compressibility/mebheer[dÙelee
(d) Stoke's law/mšeskeâ kesâ efveÙece hej
(c) capillarity/kesâefMekeâlJe
RRB JE Shift-III : 28.08.2015
(d) viscosity/MÙeevelee
Ans : (c) Skeâ nJeeF& penepe yejveewueer kesâ efmeæevle hej keâece keâjlee
RRB JE Shift-III : 29.08.2015
yew~
Ans : (b) lejue keâe oeye keâce Ùee pÙeeoe keâjves hej lejue keâe
P v2
+ + h = (constant) efmLejebkeâ DeeÙeleve Yeer keâce Ùee pÙeeoe neslee nw Gmes lejue keâer mecheer[dÙelee
ρg 2g
keânles nQ~
55. The capillary rise at 200C in clean glass tube of
lejue keâe oeye yeÌ{eves mes DeeÙeleve keâce neslee nw leLee oeye keâce keâjves
1 mm diameter, containing water is:
peue ceW jKeer ngF& 1 mm JÙeeme Jeeueer Skeâ meeheâ keâeBÛe hej DeeÙeleve DeefOekeâ neslee nw uesefkeâve DeeoMe& õJe ceW veieCÙe heefjJele&ve
neslee nw~
keâer veueer ceW 200C leehe hej kesâefMekeâerÙe GlLeeve nw–
oeye yeÌ{eves kesâ meeLe-meeLe mecheer[dÙelee Iešleer nw~
(a) 15 mm (b) 50 mm
72
 kebâ›eâerš lekeâveerkeâer
(Concrete Technology)
1. meerceWš kebâ›eâerš kesâ Øekeâej ■ kebâ›eâerš kesâ mebnveve keâer Øeef›eâÙee Meg™ nes peeveer ÛeeefnS–
efvecee&Ce mLeue hej ueieeves kesâ lelkeâeue yeeo
(Types of Cement Concrete)
■ kebâ›eâerš keâe efmekegâÌ[vee keâce efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw peye Fmeces mes keâce
■ meercesvš kebâ›eâerš keâer mLeeefÙelJe ceW Deeceleewj hej Je=efæ keâer peeleer nw– keâj efoÙee peeÙes– meerceWš ceW heeveer keâer cee$ee
meercesvš keâer cee$ee yeÌ{ekeâj ■ kebâ›eâerš ceW Ûejce efJeke=âefle 0.3³ mes 0.5³ nesleer nw, peyeefkeâ Fmheele
■ meercesvš kebâ›eâerš keâer meeceLÙe& ØeOeevele: efveYe&j keâjleer nw– ceW Ûejce efJeke=âefle nesieer– 20 mes 30³
heeveer-meercesvš kesâ Devegheele hej ■ meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keâer meeceLÙe& 100³ lekeâ yeÌ{eÙeer pee mekeâleer nw–
■ yesnlej leehe ØeeflejesOeer nw– kebâ›eâerš 3 Je<e& kesâ yeeo
■ meercesvš-kebâ›eâerš keâer ef›eâÙeeMeeruelee yeÌ{eF& pee mekeâleer nw– ■ Ùeefo I.S. : 432-1966 kesâ Devegmeej ØeLece «es[ ce=og Fmheele GheueyOe
meercesvš keâer cee$ee yeÌ{ekeâj ve nesves hej efÉleerÙe «es[ Fmheele GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peeÙes lees Fmheele keâe
■ kebâ›eâerš keâe mLeeefÙelJe meceevegheeleer neslee nw–meercesvš-peue Devegheele #es$eheâue– 10³ yeÌ{eÙee peeÙes
■ meercesvš keâer peueÙeespeve ef›eâÙee kesâ efueÙes GmeceW efceueeÙes ieÙes heeveer keâer ■ kebâ›eâerš ceW yeeuet Ùee yeejerkeâ efceueeJes keâe Deehesef#ekeâ IevelJe neslee nw–
kesâJeue efkeâleves ØeefleMele DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw– 25 mes 30³ 2.2 mes 3.5
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW mebÙegkeäle (cenerve Je ceesšs) efceueeJes keâer cee$ee kegâue cee$ee keâe ■ I.S. : 432-1966 kesâ Devegmeej ØeLece ßesCeer kesâ ce=og Fmheele keâer
efkeâlevee ØeefleMele nesleer nw– 66–70³ leveve meeceLÙe& efkeâleveer nesieer– 4200 Kg/cm2
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW meercesvš keâer cee$ee mekeâue cee$ee keâer efkeâleves ØeefleMele nesleer ■ lelkeâeue Yeej ceW meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keâe JÙeJenej neslee nw– ueÛeeruee
nw– 7 mes 16³ ■ {eueves kesâ yeeo meeOeejCe meercesvš kebâ›eâerš–
metKeves hej efmekegâÌ[lee nw
efieóer keâer meyemes yeefÌ{ÙeeB eqkeâmce nesleer nw- «esveeFš ■ meeceevÙe meneÙekeâ Megæeueefcyele Oejve ceW Fmheele keâe DeefOekeâebMe Yeeie
meercesvš kebâ›eâerš keâe heeFpeve Devegheele ueieYeie neslee nw- 0.15 efoÙee peelee nw– efveÛeues efnmmes ceW
Ûetvee kebâ›eâerš ceW keâewve-meer Ûeerpe keâes S«eeriesš kesâ meeLe yebOekeâ heoeLe& ■ ÛetveeceÙe helLej mes mebyebefOele veneR nw– uesšsjeFš
kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw- yegPee Ûetvee ■ meyemes DeefOekeâ JeeFyeÇsšj keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw– efveef[ue JeeFyeÇsšj
■ kebâ›eâerš kesâ ceeheebkeâ ceW heefjJele&ve neslee jnlee nw– meceÙe kesâ meeLe
efceueeJes kesâ mLetue IevelJe keâe cetuÙe efkeâme hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw-
■ hesJeceWš, heâMe&, Úle Deewj muewye keâe keäÙeeseEjie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
efceueeJes kesâ Deekeâej, mebnveve keâer cee$ee, efceueeJes kesâ efJeefMe°
heeveer kesâ peceeJe efJeefOe mes
ieg®lJe
■ meercesvš JesÙej neGme keâer kebâ›eâerš heâMe& keâer DeefOekeâlece ceesšeF& nesleer
meercesvš kebâ›eâerš kesâ HeâMe& kesâ efvecee&Ce kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ efieóer keâe nw– 23 mesceer.
DeefOekeâlece Devegcele meeFpe neslee nw- 10 efceceer ■ 4 × 5 ceer. kesâ ne@ue kesâ Mešefjbie keâes Keesuee pee mekeâlee nw–
kebâ›eâerš keâe efJeefMe° meeceLÙe& efkeâleves efoveeW ceW veehee peelee nw- 28efove 7 efoveeW yeeo
GÛÛe Yeej Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš keâe Yeej neslee nw- 2. cenerve SJeb ceesšs efceueeJes keâe iegCe
3400 mes 4000efkeâ«ee/ceer3
(Property of Fine & Coarse
M-50 efkeâme Øekeâej keâer kebâ›eâerš ceeveer peeleer nw- ceevekeâ kebâ›eâerš Aggregate)
keâewve mes kebâ›eâerš «es[ kesâ efueS meeOeejCe kebâ›eâerš keâe ØeÙeesie veneR
efkeâÙee peelee- M-40 heesš&uewC[ meercesvš kesâ cegKÙe Ieškeâ nQ- Ûetvee Deewj efmeefuekeâe
M-20 kebâ›eâerš «es[ keâe Devegcele mebheer[ve meeceLÙe& nw- 200kg/cm2 yeefÌ{Ùee efkeâmce kesâ meercesvš ceW DeefOekeâ ØeefleMele efkeâmekeâe neslee nw-
š^eFkewâefuMeÙece efmeefuekesâš (C3A ) keâe
meeOeejCe kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ keâes[ nw- IS.456
meercesvš keâer met#celee %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw-
kebâ›eâerš keâe õJe kesâ ™he ceW yenves keâer ØeJe=efòe keâes keânles nQ- GlœeJeCe
Ûeeueveer efJeMues<eCe
■ meercesvš kebâ›eâerš keâer ØeÙeesieMeeuee ceW keâcheve Je oeye kesâ meeLe kegâšeF&
kesâ efueÙes vÙetvelece peue-meercesvš Devegheele efkeâleveer nesveer ÛeeefnS– meercesvš keâer Skeâ yeesjer kesâ efueS Deehesef#ele peue keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw-
0.40³ 28 ueeršj

73
 meercesvš kesâ Ieškeâ Je Gvekeâe ØekeâeÙe& meercesvš ceW efjòeâlee keâe ØeefleMele ueieYeie nw- 40³
(Ingredients of cement and their peueerÙe meercesvš efkeâme YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ keâes[ mes mecyeefvOele nw-
functions) IS:8043–1991
OPC keâe Deehesef#ele ieg®lJe DeefOekeâlej efkeâlevee neslee nw- 3.15
Ieškeâ ØeefleMele ØekeâeÙe& ■ kebâ›eâerš kesâ Skeâ mueche hejer#eCe ceW Ùeefo mueche 60 efceceer. nw lees
kewâefumeÙece Dee@keämeeF[ 60 mes 65³ Ùen yevOekeâ keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee megkeâeÙe&lee nesleer nw– ceOÙece
(CaO) nw~ Ùen meercesvš keâe cegKÙe ■ kebâ›eâerš, efpemekeâe mueche 6.5 mesceer. neslee nw, keânueelee nw–
Ieškeâ nw~ hueeeqmškeâ
efmeefuekeâe (SiO2) 17 mes 25³ Ùen meercesvš keâes meeceLÙe& ■ peye peue meercesvš Devegheele 0.6 nesleer nw lees meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keâer
Øeoeve keâjlee nw~ ›eâefMebie meeceLÙe& nesieer– 280 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2
Ùen meercesvš keâes MeerIeÇ peceves ■ kebâ›eâerš ceW JeeÙeg ØeJe=ef° mes– megkeâeÙe&lee yeÌ{leer nw
Suegefcevee (Al2O3) 3 mes 8³ keâer Meefòeâ oslee nw Fmekeâer ■ peye DeeÙeleve ceW peue meerceWš Devegheele 0.6 neslee nw lees Skeâ meerceWš
cee$ee DeefOekeâ nesves hej kesâ yeesjs ceW heeveer keâer cee$ee nesieer– 29 mes 32 ueeršj
meercesvš keâcepeesj nes peelee nw ■ meercesvš kesâ jemeeÙeefvekeâ DeJeÙeJeeW ceW efkeâmekeâe ØeefleMele DeefOekeâlece
efpehmece (CaSO4) 3 mes 5³ Ùen meercesvš kesâ DeejefcYekeâ neslee nw– Ûetvee
peceeJe keâeue keâes yeÌ{elee nw~ meercesvš ceW efpehmece keäÙeeW efceueeÙee peelee nw-
ueewn Dee@keämeeF[ 0.5 mes 6³ Ùen meercesvš keâes Yetje jbie Je C3A keâer leer›e ef›eâÙee keâes Oeerceer keâjves kesâ efueS
(Fe2O3) keâ"esjlee Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
cewiveerefMeÙece 0.1 mes 4³ Ùen jemeeÙeefvekeâ ef›eâÙeeDeeW ceW
efpeme efceóer keâe pH ceeve 7 mes keâce neslee nw Jen-
DecueerÙe nesleer nw~
Dee@keämeeF[ (MgO) meneÙekeâ neslee nw~
meuHeâj š^eF& Ùen meercesvš keâes efveoex<elee meercesvš keâer peceeJe keâeue hejer#eCe mes henues efkeâmekeâe hejer#eCe
Dee@keämeeF[ (SO3) 1 mes 2³ (Soundness) Øeoeve keâjvee ÛeeefnS- ieeÌ{eheve (Consistency)
keâjlee nw~ OPC keâer ØeejefcYekeâ peceeJe keâer DeJeefOe nesleer nw-
#eej (Alkalies) 0.5 mes 1³ DeefOekeâ #eej meercesvš ceW 30 efceveš
GlHegâuueve GlheVe keâjlee nw~
OPC keâer Deefvlece peceeJe keâer DeJeefOe nesleer nw- 10 IeCšs
meercesvš keâe jemeeÙeefvekeâ mebie"ve leLee yeeuet keâe Hetâuevee DeefOekeâlece neslee nw Ùeefo peueebMe keâe ØeefleMele nw-
peueeÙeespeve ef›eâÙeeeve ef›eâÙee 5%
(Chemical Composition of cement Skeâ efceueeJes keâe met#celee ceeheebkeâ ueieYeie efkeâmekesâ Devegheeeflekeâ neslee
nw- efceueeJes kesâ keâCeeW kesâ Deewmele Deekeâej
and Hydration)
yeesie (Boque) Ùeewefiekeâ- yeeuet keâe Hetâuevee efkeâme keâejCe mes neslee nw- he=‰ leveeJe
Ùeewefiekeâ jemeeÙeefvekeâ met$e ØeefleMele helLej leLee FËš kesâ štšs ngS Úesšs-Úesšs efÛehme keâes keâne peelee nw-
š^eF-kewâefuMeÙece 3CaO.SiO2 C3S = 30-50% mheeue
efmeefuekesâš Ùee C3S meeceevÙe kebâ›eâerš keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS efceueeJes keâe meboueve ceeve efkeâleves mes
[eF&-kewâefuMeÙece 2CaO.SiO2 C2S = 20-45%
DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS- 45³
efmeefuekesâš Ùee C2S
š^eF&-kewâefuMÙece 3CaO.Al2O3 C3A = 8-12% efceueeJee, kebâ›eâerš DeJeÙeJe keâer vÙetvelece ceesšeF& kesâ efkeâleves mes yeÌ[e
Ssuegefcevesš Ùee C3A veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS- 1 /4
šwš^e-kewâefuMeÙece 4CaOAl2O3Fe2 C4AF = 6-10% meeceevÙe Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš keâeÙe& kesâ efueS efkeâleves efceceer keâe efceueeJee
Suegefcevees- O3
"erkeâ jnlee nw- 20 efceceer
HewâjeFš Ùee C4AF
■ IS kesâ Devegmeej kebâ›eâerš ceW DeefOekeâlece mebheer[dÙe Øeefleyeue efkeâmemes
efpehmece Je DevÙe Ùeewefiekeâ CaSO4 8%
DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 0.85 × 28 efove keâer kebâ›eâerš
heespeesueevee ceW ØeÛegj ™he mes neslee nw- efmeefueb[j meeceLÙe&
efmeefuekeâe, Suegefcevee SJeb Sukeâueer ■ Deehekeâes Skeâ yeÌ[er yeeBOe yeveeveer nw, Deehekesâ Éeje ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeves
meeOeejCe heesš&uewC[ meercesvš ceW peue mes meJe&ØeLece ef›eâÙee keâjves Jeeuee Jeeuee meercesvš nesiee–
neslee nw- C 3A efvecve T<cee meercesvš (Low heat cement)
efkeâmeer Yeer Øekeâej kesâ heesš&uewC[ meercesvš kesâ efueS meercesCš keâe efJemleej ■ cenerve efceueeJes Ùee yeeuet keâe Hetâuevee neslee nw–
efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ vener nesveer ÛeeefnS- 10mm peue keâer cee$ee kesâ keâejCe
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■ uee@me Sbpeue ceMeerve ØeÙeesie nesleer nw, kesâ hejer#eCe kesâ efueS– kebâ›eâerš keâer peueeÙeespeve ef›eâÙee Je meeceLÙe& «enCelee keâer Âef° mes
DeheIe<e&Ce ØeeflejesOe YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ yÙetjeW ves efkeâleves 0C hej kebâ›eâerš keâer lejeF& mebmlegefle
■ meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keâes lewÙeej keâjves ceW pees hetjkeâ (Inert)heoeLe& ØeÙeesie
keâer nw- 270C ± 20C hej
efkeâÙee peelee nw, Jen nw– efceueeJee
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW ›eâerhe keâer ef›eâÙee efveYe&j nesleer nw– meceÙe hej kebâ›eâerš keâer 85³ kegâšeF& hej Fmekeâer kegâue meeceLÙe& keâe ³ ner Øeehle
nes heeleer nw- 20³
3. kebâ›eâerš kesâ iegCe (peue meerceWš Devegheele, 28 efove hej kebâ›eâerš keâer DeeÙeg Oeeefjle meeceLÙe& ueieYeie Øeehle nesleer
leepeer SJeb keâ"esj kebâ›eâerš kesâ iegCe) nw- 100³
[Properties of concrete (Water Cement
Ratio, Properties of Fresh & 4. ef ceefßele kebâ›eâerš DeefYekeâuheve
Hardended Concrete)] (Concrete Mixes Design)
meercesvš keâer peueÙeespeve ef›eâÙee kesâ efueS efkeâleveer ØeefleMele heeveer keâer ■ Skeâ yeesjer meercesvš kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ heeveer ÛeeefnS– 34.5 efkeâ«ee.
cee$ee heÙee&hle jnleer nw- 25% mes 30% ■ efkeâmeceW meyemes keâce cejccele keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw–
meercesvš keâer met#celee hejer#eCe efkeâmekeâe Deekeâueve Øeoeve keâjlee nw- Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš
peueÙeespeve oj (Rate of Hydration) ■ Ssmes kebâ›eâerš efceßeCe ceW, efpememes efÛekeâveer heefj<ke=âefle veneR efceueleer,
efJeMes<elee nesleer nw– keâ"esjlee
meercesvš keâer hetjer neF[^sMeve kesâ efueS peue meercesvš keâe pe™jer
■ JeeFyeÇsšj keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw– kegâšeF& kesâ efueS
Devegheele nw- 0.38 mes DeefOekeâ uesefkeâve 0.45 mes keâce
■ Skeâ 15 mesceer. kesâ leLee 10 mesceer. kesâ Ieve kesâ yeerÛe kebâ›eâerš keâer
pewmes-pewmes meercesvš pecelee nw Deewj keâ"esj neslee nw, Jen T<cee GlheVe meeceLÙe& keâe Devegheele neslee nw– 0.95
keâjlee nw Fmes keäÙee keânles nQ- peueÙeespeve ef›eâÙee ■ meeOeejCe meYeer Deej.meer.meer. keâeÙe&, pewmes– muewye, mlebYe, yeerce,
■ Ùeefo kebâ›eâerš leLee Fmheele keâer ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ Ec leLee ES nes oerJeej Deeefo ceW kebâ›eâerš efceßeCe JÙeJeùle neslee nw–
ES M-15 (1 : 2 : 4)
lees ceeheebkeâ Devegheele nesiee– ■ meerceWš keâer efveoex<elee keâe hejer#eCe neslee nw–
Ec
ueer-ÛewšefueÙej leLee Dee@šes keäuesJe hejer#eCe mes
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW ueeue jbie osves kesâ efueÙes efheieceWš ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
■ meYeer cenòJehetCe& keâeÙeex hej kewâmeer kebâ›eâerš keâes JejerÙelee osveer ÛeeefnS-
DeeÙejve Dee@keämeeF[ ef[peeFve efcekeäme kebâ›eâerš
■ GÛÛe leeheceeve, kebâ›eâerš keâer meeceLÙe& keâes– Iešelee nw ■ mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& keâer FkeâeF& nw– N/mm2
■ yeeuet keâe met#celee ceeheebkeâ Ùeefo 2.5 nw lees Fmes «esef[le efkeâÙee peelee ■ kebâ›eâerš keâer meeceLÙe& Je iegCelee efveYe&j keâjleer nw-
nw– cenerve yeeuet efceueeJes kesâ ßesCeerkeâjCe leLee efceueeJes kesâ he=‰ #es$eheâue hej
■ kebâ›eâerš kesâ peceves kesâ meceÙe Deewj meeceLÙe& keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjves Jeeueer ■ GÛÛe meeceLÙe& «es[ Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš nesleer nw– M-60 mes M-80
peue keâer DeMegefæ nw– Na2CO3 Deewj NaCO3 ■ meeceevÙe «es[ keâer kebâ›eâerš keânueeleer nw– M-10 mes M-20
■ kebâ›eâerš keâer melen ØeYeeefJele nesleer nw– cetbieheâueer kesâ lesue mes kebâ›eâerš keâer DeeÙeg Oeeefjle meeceLÙe&
peue meercesvš Devegheele meeceevÙele: JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw peue kesâ 1 efove hej ueieYeie 16³ (28 efove keâer meeceLÙe& keâe)
DeeÙeleve kesâ ™he ceW pees Dehesef#ele nes- Øeefle 50 efkeâ«ee meercesvš 3 efove hej ueieYeie 40³ (28 efove keâer meeceLÙe& keâe)
peue keâe Yeej Deewj meercesvš kesâ Yeej keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw- 7 efove hej ueieYeie 65³ (28 efove keâer meeceLÙe& keâe)
peue–meercesvš Devegheele 28 efove hej ueieYeie 100³ efveOee&efjle DeJeefOe
3 cenerves hej ueieYeie 110³ (28 efove keâer meeceLÙe& keâe)
efkeâme efmLeefle ceW peue–meercesvš kesâ GÛÛelece Devegheele keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee 6 cenerves hej ueieYeie 115³ (28 efove keâer meeceLÙe& keâe)
peelee nw- ØemlecYe, veebrJe Deeefo pewmes KeC[ pees keâYeer 1 Je<e& hej ueieYeie 120³ (28 efove keâer meeceLÙe& keâe)
Deeõ& Deewj keâYeer Meg<keâ efmLeefle ceW jnles nQ ■ ueieYeie 50³ kebâ›eâerš keâer meeceLÙe& nes peeleer nw–
kebâ›eâerš keâeÙe& efkeâleves leehe kesâ ceOÙe efkeâÙee peelee nw- 1 mes 3 efove keâer lejeF& ceW
150C mes 370C ■ kebâ›eâerš ceW ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeues yeejerkeâ efceueeJes keâer ueieYeie efjkeälelee
Devegheele neslee nw– 0.45
I.S. kesâ Devegmeej kebâ›eâerš keâer lejeF& efkeâleves ØeefleMele Deehesef#ekeâ
■ kebâ›eâerš kesâ DeJeÙeJeeW kesâ Devegheele keâer mece™helee keâer mener-mener ceehe
Deeõlee (Relatvie Humidity) hej keâjveer ÛeeefnS- 90³
keâer Øeef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw– Yeej yewefÛebie
kebâ›eâerš ceW 1³ JeeÙeg jnves hej Fmekeâer meeceLÙe& efkeâleveer Ieš peeleer nw- ■ kebâ›eâerš keâe efJeMues<eCe Fme Decue mes veneR neslee nw–
5% lekeâ Dee@keäpesefuekeâ Decue
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■ kebâ›eâerš efceßeCe ceW mecegÛÛeÙe keâe keâesefškeâjCe DeeJeMÙekeâ nw– DeJeheele hejer#eCe mes kebâ›eâerš keâer JÙeJeneefjlee efkeâme Øekeâej ceeheer peeleer
GÛÛelece IevelJe kesâ efueS nQ- efceceer0
■ 0.88 meIevelee iegCeebkeâ oMee&lee nw efkeâ kebâ›eâerš efcekeäme keâer
JÙeJeneefjkeâlee nw– ceOÙece
mebmlegle DeJeheele (Recommended Slumps)
■ yengle efvecve megkeâeÙe&lee Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš keâe meIevelee iegCeebkeâ neslee nw– ›eâ. efvecee&Ce keâe Øekeâej mebmlegle DeJeheele (mm ceW)
0.75 1 heeveer kesâ Yeerlej kebâ›eâerš 100–150
■ kebâ›eâerš IeveeW keâes efkeâme YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ keâes[ mebKÙee kesâ Devegmeej 2 ØeefleOeejkeâ oerJeej, mlecYe 50–100
lewÙeej efkeâÙee peelee nw– IS 516(1959) 3 muewye, venj keâer ueeFefvebie 25–75
■ mlecYe kesâ efueS efkeâme kebâ›eâerš «es[ keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nw– M-25 4 hegue-[skeâ (bridge deck) 25–75
■ yeÌ[s Je cenòJehetCe& keâeÙeex kesâ efueÙes ØeÙeesie keâjles nw– 5 mLetue kebâ›eâerš keâeÙe& 25–50
efveÙebef$ele kebâ›eâerš 6 meÌ[keâ hewJecesvš mebnveve-iegCekeâ hejer#eCe DeheveeÙes
■ GÛÛe meeceLÙe& Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš keâe ceeve neslee nw– 20 mm mes 40mm
60 N/mm2 DeLeJee Fmemes DeefOekeâ
kebâ›eâerš keâer megkeâeÙe&lee ØelÙe#ele: efkeâmekesâ meceevegheeeflekeâ nesleer nw- kebâ›eâerš ceW megkeâeÙe&lee kesâ efueS DeJeheele hejer#eCe ceW efceueeJes keâe
peue–meercesvš Devegheele Je efceueeJes keâe ßesCeerkeâjCe DeefOekeâlece ceehe veneR nesves ÛeeefnS- 38 efceceer mes DeefOekeâ
kebâ›eâerš ceW JeeÙeg meceeefJe°lee mes Fmekeâer keâeÙe&Meeruelee- yeÌ{ peeleer nw GÛÛe megkeâeÙe&lee Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš keâe mebnveve iegCekeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw-
0.95
meeOeejCe heesš&uewC[ meercesvš ceW heespeesueevee efceueeves mes efkeâmeceW Je=efæ
nesleer nw- mebkegâÛeve efvecve megkeâeÙe&lee Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš keâe mebnveve iegCeebkeâ neslee nw-
0.85 mes 0.92 kesâ ceOÙe
efkeâme lejn keâe efceueeJee ØeÙeesie keâjves mes kebâ›eâerš keâer megkeâeÙe&lee DeÛÚer
Øeehle nesleer nw- ieesue Je Ieveeke=âefle ™#e kebâ›eâerš keâe DeJeheele ceeve neslee nw- ueieYeie MetvÙe
300 ceeF›eâesve Ûeeueveer mes heeefjle nes peeves Jeeues keâCe keânueeles nQ- 5. meefcceßekeâ Deewj Gmekeâe GheÙeesie
cenerve keâCe (Admixtures & Their Uses)
efceße efceueeJes ceW cenerve keâCe keâe ØeefleMele efkeâleves mes keâce veneR nesvee keäÙee iegCeOece& ueeves kesâ efueS meercesvš kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW efpehmece efceueeles
ÛeeefnS- 10³
nQ- ÂÌ{erkeâjCe cevove
■ M-10 keâer kebâ›eâerš keâer «esef[bie keâe Devegheele neslee nw– 1 : 3 : 6
1 efpeme DeefOeefceßeCe kesâ keâejCe kebâ›eâerš keâe MeerIeÇ ÂÌ{erkeâjCe Deewj
■ M-20 keâer kebâ›eâerš keâer «esef[bie keâe Devegheele neslee nw– 1 : 1 : 3 keâ"esjerkeâjCe neslee nw, Gmes keäÙee keânles nQ- lJejkeâ
2
■ meerceWš ceW meuheâj keâer kegâue cee$ee DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– JeeÙeg-«eener Spesvš kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw-
2.75³ mes Øeeke=âeflekeâ jsefpeve Je meeyegve, lesue
■ MeerIeÇ keâ"esj nesves Jeeuee meercesvš keâer Meg™Deele ceW GÛÛe meeceLÙe& keâe kebâ›eâerš ceW kewâefuMeÙece keäueesjeF[ efceueeves hej Jen efkeâme ™he ceW keâeÙe&
keâejCe neslee nw– Ûetvee meercesvš keâer yeÌ{er ngF& cee$ee keâjlee nw- lJejkeâ
■ meerceWš ceW cewiveerefMeÙee keâer kegâue cee$ee DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS
(I.S.I. code kesâ Devegmeej)– 0.1 - 4³ mes
efJeceeve heòeve hegueeW hej ÙeeleeÙeele MeerIeÇ Keesueves kesâ efueS kebâ›eâerš cesb
efceueeles nQ- lJejkeâ
■ meÌ[keâ efvecee&Ce ceW JÙeJeùle meercesvš neslee nw, ØeeÙe:–
MeerIeÇ keâ"esj nesves Jeeuee meercesvš oeye mes nes jner efjmeve (leakage) jeskeâves kesâ efueS lJejkeâ heoeLe& nw-
■ mecegõ ceW nesves Jeeues efvecee&Ce keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS kebâ›eâerš keâer «esef[bie keâe SuÙegceerefveÙece keäueesjeF[
Devegheele keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 1 : 0.75 : .15(M30)
6. kebâ›eâerš keâe iegCe efveÙeb$eCe
mueche hejer#eCe efkeâmekesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw- megkeâeÙe&lee kesâ efueS
(Quality Control of Concrete)
efkeâmeer ÙeeBef$ekeâ kebâefhe$e mes kebâ›eâerš keâe mebnveve keâjles meceÙe DeJeheele
veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS- 50 mm mes DeefOekeâ ■ Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš ceW Øeyeueve heoeLe& kesâ ™he ceW Fmheele efkeâme
keâejCeeW mes GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– kebâ›eâerš keâer leveve
kebâ›eâerš kesâ mebnveve keâe cegKÙe GösMÙe nw- JeeÙeg efjefòeâÙeeb Kelce meeceLÙe& yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS
keâjvee leLee DeefOekeâlece IevelJe Øeehle keâjvee ■ .............keâer kebâ›eâerš keâe Yeej meyemes DeefOekeâ neslee nw–
DeJeheele hejer#eCe kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues Fmheele kesâ meeBÛes Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš
keâe Thejer JÙeeme, leueer JÙeeme Deewj Gmekeâer TBÛeeF& efkeâleveer nesleer nw- ■ meercesvš ceW efkeâmekeâe ØeefleMele vÙetvelece neslee nw–
10 mesceer, 20 mesceer, 30 mesceer. cewiveerefMeÙece Dee@keämeeF[
76
■ kebâ›eâerš keâcepeesj nesleer nw– leveeJe ceW
■ Jnšveer kesâ Devegmeej meblegefuele ef[]peeFve ceW kebâ›eâerš Øeefleyeue yueekeâ keâer meeOeejCe Ùee veceve efcekeäme kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS
ienjeF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 0.537 d efcekeäme Devegheele
■ I.S. Code 456 kesâ Devegmeej kebâ›eâerš keâer DeefOekeâlece mecheer[ve
meeceLÙe& nesleer nw– 400 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2 kebâ›eâerš keâe «es[ Øeefle yeesje Øeefle yeesje peue-
■ I.S. Code 456 kesâ Devegmeej kebâ›eâerš ceW Ieve keâer mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& meerceWš (50 meercesvš kesâ meercesvš
keâer peeBÛe nsleg Fmekeâe ceehe efueÙee peelee nw– 15 mesceer. kg) kesâ efueÙes efueÙes heeveer Devegheele
■ kebâ›eâerš keâe leehe›eâce keâce nes peeves kesâ keâejCe FmeceW neslee nw– mekeâue keâer cee$ee
efmekegâÌ[ve efceueeJes keâe
DeeÙeleve
■ Jen efceueeJee meeFkeäueesheerve keânueelee nw, Ùeefo Gmekeâe Deekeâej .......
M-5 (1:6:12) 800 kg 60 ueeršj 1.2
mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw– 75 efceceer.
M-7.5 (1:4:8) 625 kg 45 ueeršj 0.9
■ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ mebmLeeve ves kebâ›eâerš keâer hetCe& meeceLÙe& keâes M-10 (1:3:6) 480 kg 34 ueeršj 0.68
efJeefMe<šerke=âle efkeâÙee nw– 28 efove yeeo
M-15 (1:2:4) 350 kg 32 ueeršj 0.64
■ M-25 keâer kebâ›eâerš efcekeäme ceW meerOes mecheer[ve ceW Devegcele Øeefleyeue
1 250 kg 30 ueeršj 0.60
neslee nw– 250 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2 M-20 (1: 1 :3)
2
■ kebâ›eâerš keâer leveve Meefkeäle Gmekeâer mebheer[ve Meefkeäle keâer leguevee ceW nesleer
nw– 10³
iegCelee efveÙev$eCe mes efkeâme Øekeâej keâer kebâ›eâerš Øeehle nesleer nw-
GÛÛe keâesefš keâer kebâ›eâerš
meIevelee hewceevee (Jeer.yeer hejer#eCe kesâ efueS) efceueeJee YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ keâes[ nesvee ÛeeefnS-
Jeer.yeer. meIevelee kebâ›eâerš kesâ DeefYeue#eCe I.S. 383-1970 kesâ Deveg™he
ef[«eer
kebâ›eâerš ceW efceueeÙes peeves Jeeueer heeveer keâer iegCelee nesveer ÛeeefnS-
40–20 vece efceóer megkeâjlee yengle keâce, he=LekeäkeâjCe keâer
I.S. 456-1978 kesâ Devegmeej
mecYeeJevee, mebnveve ceW keâef"veeF&
■ meeceevÙele: meercesvš kesâ kebâ›eâerš mes heâece& Jeke&â nševes keâer DeJeefOe nesleer
20–10 yengle Meg<keâ mekegâjlee keâce, mebnveve kesâJeue keâchekeâeW nw– yeerce meewefheâš kesâ efueS 2 efove
Éeje ner mecYeJe
■ kebâ›eâerš keâer megkeâeÙe&lee ceW Fmes efceueekeâj Je=efæ keâer pee mekeâleer nw–
10–5 Meg<keâ megkeâjlee kegâÚ yesnlej
neF[^sefškeâ Ûetvee
5 –3 megIešŸe mebnveve Deemeeve, megkeâjlee DeÛÚer ■ cewkesâefvekeâue JeeFyeÇsšj mes kebâ›eâerš kesâ ienveerkeâjCe ceW mueche kesâ DeefOekeâ
(Plastic)
veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 5 mesceer.
3 –1 Deæ& lejue megkeâjlee yengle DeÛÚer, mebnveve yengle
■ kebâ›eâerš keâer melen mes lesue kesâ OeyyeeW keâes nševes kesâ efueS–
(Semi- Deemeeve
fluid) melen hej Dee@keäpesefuekeâ Decue, iesntB keâe Deeše leLee
1 mes keâce lejue meeceLÙe& efvecve ßesCeer kesâ nesles nQ~ heeveer kesâ Éeje yeveeÙee ieÙee hesmš ØeÙegkeäle keâjles nQ
(fluid) ■ meercesvš, yeeuet Deewj efiešdšer keâe Devegheele 1:3:6 kesâ yeves kebâ›eâerš keâe
■ meeceevÙe heesš&uewC[ meercesvš kesâ kebâ›eâerš keâes efceueeves, heefjJeefnle «es[ neslee nw– M 10
keâjves, {eueves Deewj ienveerke=âle keâjves ceW ........... mes DeefOekeâ meceÙe ■ Skeâ cubic ceeršj kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueÙes yeejerkeâ efceueeJee Ùee yeeuet keâe
veneR ueievee ÛeeefnÙes– 30 efceveš DeeÙeleve (volume of sand) (1 : 2 : 4 kebâ›eâerš efcekeäme kesâ
■ kebâ›eâerš keâer meeceLÙe& yeveeves ceW efkeâme Ùeewefiekeâ keâe neLe neslee nw– efueÙes) nes mekeâlee nw– 0.5 cu.m.
(C3S) š^eF& kewâequMeÙece efmeefuekesâš ■ kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueÙes hee@Ùemeve(Poison) Devegheele neslee nw–
■ kebâ›eâerš «es[ M-15 keâe DeLe& nw efkeâ 15 mesceer. kesâ Ieve keâer mebheer[ve 0.15 mes 0.20 lekeâ
meeceLÙe& 28 efoveeW kesâ yeeo nesleer nw– efkeâmeer Demegjef#ele mebjÛevee keâes DeJeuebye osves kesâ efueS Dehesef#ele
150 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2 DemLeeÙeer mebjÛevee keâe efvecee&Ce keânueelee nw– šskeâyevoer
■ kebâ›eâerš keâer leveve meeceLÙe& nesleer nw– 2 mes 10³, kebâ›eâerš keâer Heâjceeyevoer hej kebâ›eâerš jÛevee keâer ueeiele keâe ueieYeie JÙeÙe Deelee
mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& keâer nw– 20 mes 35³
■ 30³ yeequkebâie Dee@heâ meW[ hej vecelee keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– 5³
kebâ›eâerš DeJeÙeJe keâer Gòece mechetefle& Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS leKlee yevoer
heefjJenve kesâ oewjeve cemeeues mes ceesšs efceueeJes kesâ Deueie nes peeves keâes keâer Yeerlejer melen nesveer ÛeeefnS– meceleue Je efÛekeâveer
keânles nQ- he=LekeäkeâjCe
efkeâme efmLeefle ceW {tuee keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR heÌ[leer nw– peye
kebâ›eâerš keâer kegâšeF& keâer peeleer nw- keâchekeâeW Éeje kebâ›eâerš DeJeÙeJe keâes Yetefce hej [euee peeS
77
 oerJeejeW, mlecYeeW kesâ TOJee&Oej HeâuekeâeW kesâ efueS Heâjceeyeboer meeceevÙele: I.S. 456-1978 kesâ Devegmeej, kebâ›eâerš keâer mebkegâÛeve #ecelee nw-
nšeF& peeleer nw- 24 mes 48 IeCšs ceW mebcheer[ve meeceLÙe& kesâ Jeie&cetue kesâ Devegueesce Devegheele
Heâjceeyevoer keâeue kesâ oewjeve leeheceeve keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS- kebâ›eâerš kesâ mebkegâÛeve mes keäÙee yeÌ{ peelee nw- yebOeve meeceLÙe&
15 0
mes keâce efveIe<e&Ce mes efceueeJes kesâ ØeeflejesOe keâes keäÙee keâne peelee nw-
muewye keâer leueer kesâ hešjs nševes keâer DeJeefOe nw- 3 efove DeheIe<e&Ce ØeeflejesOe
keâe‰ keâer Heâjceeyevoer keâer Yeerlejer melen hej ØeÙeesie ceW ueeves mes henues 43 «es[ kesâ heesš&uewC[ meercesvš kesâ efueS 28 efove keâer Deewmele
heesle efoÙee peevee ÛeeefnS- Deuemeer kesâ lesue mes mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw- 43 MPa

heeveer kesâ mecheke&â ceW Deeves mes efkeâme Øekeâej keâer Heâjceeyevoer Hetâue peeleer I.S. 456-2000 kesâ Devegmeej kebâ›eâerš keâer kegâue mebkegâÛeve efJeke=âefle
nw- uekeâÌ[er keâer Heâjceeyevoer efueÙee peelee nw- 0.0003

■ leveve Øeefleyeue kesâ keâejCe heÌ[ves Jeeueer ojejeW keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueS efceueeJes keâe DeheIe<e&Ce ØeeflejesOe hejer#eCe %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw-
kebâ›eâerš ceW oeye keâer keâce-mes-keâce cee$ee nesveer ÛeeefnS– uee@me Sbpeue ceMeerve Éeje
2.5 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2 ■ I.S. code 456-1978 kesâ Devegmeej Skeâ DeeÙeleekeâej Oejve ceW
■ efkeâmeer Yeer R.C.C. heefjkeâuheve kesâ efueÙes meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keâer ceevekeâ mecheer[ve Øeyeueve DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– KeC[ kesâ kegâue
meeceLÙe&.......meceÙe ueer peeleer nw– 28 efove keâer meeceLÙe& #es$eheâue keâe 4.00³
■ meerceWš kebâ›eâerš kesâJeue cepeyetle nesleer nw– mecheer[ve ceW ■ ef[peeFve kesâ GösMÙe mes meeOeejCe meercesvš kebâ›eâerš keâe Yeej Fme Øekeâej
■ I.S.I. Code kesâ Devegmeej R.C.C. keâeÙeeX ceW kebâ›eâerš efcekeäme pees
uesvee ÛeeefnS– 2400 efkeâ«ee./ceeršj3

ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw– M-10

■ kebâ›eâerš keâeÙe& ceW ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeuee peue mJeleb$e nesvee ÛeeefnS–
■ ojejeW keâer mecYeeJeveeDeeW keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueÙes kebâ›eâerš efcekeäme lesue Ùee lewueerÙe heoeLeeX mes
ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnÙes– M-20 mes keâce veneR
■ keâcØesMeve ceW mšerue keâe Devegheele I.S.I. kesâ Devegmeej, DeefOekeâ veneR
yeÌ{vee ÛeeefnÙes– 6.15³
■ meerceWš kebâ›eâerš ceW meeOeejCeleÙee leveve meeceLÙe& nesleer nw–
■ efkeâmeer kebâ›eâerš kesâ keâeÙe& ceW peneB hej hetje keâeÙe& Skeâ ner yeej ceW
mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& keâe 7 mes 15³ nesleer nw
meceehle veneR neslee nw, peesÌ[ ØeÙegkeäle efkeâÙes peeles nQ–
keâjefveÙeeB Ûeueeves hej Yeer peye kebâ›eâerš keâer melen meceleue ve yeves lees vÙetvelece keâle&ve
Fmes keânles nQ- ®#elee jsKee keâer meeF[ ceW
kebâ›eâerš ceW 2³ efjefòeâÙeeB nesves hej Fmekesâ meeceLÙe& ceW keäÙee ØeYeeJe ■ meeOeejCe kebâ›eâerš keâe mebkegâÛeve neslee nw, ueieYeie–
heÌ[lee nw- meeceLÙe& 10³ mes DeefOekeâ Ieš peelee nw~ 0.3 mes 0.6 efceceer/ceeršj
■ efkeâleves peue meercesvš Devegheele mes keâce hej kebâ›eâerš megkeâeÙe& veneR nw–
efceßeCe ceW heeveer keâer cee$ee DeefOekeâ jKeves hej kebâ›eâerš keâer megkeâeÙe&lee-
0.4
yeÌ{leer nw~ ■ keâece ÛeueeT meercesvš kesâ efueS heeveer-meercesvš keâe Devegheele neslee nw–
he=LekeäkeâjCe keâer mecYeeJevee yeÌ{ peeleer nw- DelÙeefOekeâ kegâšeF& mes 0.60
■ mLeeÙeer kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece heeveer-meerceWš Devegheele neslee nw–
efve:ŒeJeCe keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ-
0.8
JeeÙeg-«eener Ùeewefiekeâ
■ meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keâe efškeâeTheve megOeeje pee mekeâlee nw–
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW ojejeW keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueÙes, Fmekesâ DeefOekeâuheve ceW, peue-meerceWš Devegheele Iešekeâj
Ùen DeÛÚe nw efkeâ heeveer Jeeueer melen hej Fmheele Øeyeueve ceW uesves ■ legjvle efceueeS ieS kebâ›eâerš mes heeveer, yeeuet Deewj meercesvš keâe Deueie
Jeeuee leveve Øeefleyeue nesvee ÛeeefnS– 1000 kg/cm2
nesvee keânueelee nw– yueeref[bie
■ meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keâer mesefšbie keâer ef›eâÙee keâes lespe keâjves kesâ efueÙes ■ meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keâer meeceLÙe& meceÙe kesâ meeLe-meeLe– yeÌ{leer nw
kewâequMeÙece keäueesjeF[ keâer cee$ee efceueeÙeer peeleer nw– 2 mes 4³
■ heeveer keâer melen mes otj mšerue Øeyeueve (Reinforcement) ceW
■ Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš ceW N.A. keâe DeLe& nw– Goemeerve De#e efmLele oeye efueÙee peeSiee– 1600 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2
■ kebâ›eâerš mes efvecee&Ce-keâeÙe& kesâ efueS ØeeÙe: Jewmes meercesvš keâes GheÙeesie ■ peye Fmheele Øeyeueve kesâ #es$eheâue A keâes kebâ›eâerš kesâ #es$eheâue A ceW
t e
kesâ efueS DevegheÙegkeäle keâjej os efoÙee peelee nw, efpemeceW DeJeMeesef<ele yeouevee nes lees meceeve #es$eheâue ceW kegâue Je=efæ nesieer– mA t
veceer keâer cee$ee .........mes DeefOekeâ nes– 5³
Skeâ uee@š ceW DeefOekeâlece efkeâleveer yeesjer mes DeefOekeâ veneR jKevee
■ meerceWš kebâ›eâerš «es[ M-15 Ùee C.C. 1 : 2 : 4 ceW mecheer[ve
ÛeeefnS- 15 yeesjer
meeceLÙe& nesleer nw– 150 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2
78
 kebâ›eâerš yeveeves kesâ efueS Fmekesâ mebIeškeâeW keâes efveOee&efjle Devegheele ceW 8. efJeMes<e kebâ›eâerš kesâ iegCe (lewÙeej efceefßele
ceeheves keâer ef›eâÙee keânueelee nw- yewefÛebie Deej.meer.meer, hetJe& Øeefleyeue, HeâeFyej
Skeâ yeesjer meercesvš keâe Yeej neslee nw- 50 efkeâ«ee
Øeefleyeue, hetJe& {eefuele)
ØeLece yewÛe kebâ›eâerš efceßeCe kesâ Meg® ceW efcekeämej ceW kegâÚ cemeeues keâes (Properties of Special Concrete
efceueeves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw- yeóeEjie (leerceeveoejer)
(Ready Mix, RCC, Prestressed, Fiber
kebâ›eâerš keâer meeceLÙe& SJeb megkeâeÙe&lee ØeYeeefJele nesleer nw- Reinforced, High Performance)
heeveer keâer cee$ee mes
Skeâ-meceeve kebâ›eâerš he=‰ kesâ šerueeW (ncheeW) Deewj ieºeW(hollows) keâes ■ Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš ceW Fmheele GmeceW keäÙee Glhevve keâjves kesâ
otj keâjves keâer ef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw- m›eâeref[bie (Screeding) efueÙes GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– leveve meeceLÙe&
■ [eF&-kewâequMeÙece efmeefuekesâš - õgle peueerkeâjCe keâjlee nw
peye kebâ›eâerš keâes nmle efceßeCe efJeefOe Éeje efceueeÙee peelee nw, lees
kebâ›eâerš ceW efkeâlevee ØeefleMele meercesvš DeefOekeâ efceueeÙee peelee nw- 10³ ■ kebâ›eâerš ceW Øeefleyeue, efJeke=âefle kesâ hetCe&le: meceevegheeleer veneR neslee~
Fmekeâe keâejCe hejeYeJe efyevog lekeâ Øeefleyeue Je efJeke=âefle kesâ Je›eâ keâer
kebâ›eâerš keâer Ùeebef$ekeâ kegâšeF& Deheveeves mes meercesvš keâer Kehele-
Deeke=âefle nesieer– efvekeâšlece mejue jsKee
ueieYeie 15³ keâce nesleer nw~
■ hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš ceW YeejCe mes hetJe& Glhevve keâj .......... oer
he=LekeäkeâjCe jeskeâves kesâ efueS kebâ›eâerš keâes jKeves keâer DeefOekeâlece TBÛeeF&
peeleer nw– kebâ›eâerš ceW mebheer[dÙe Øeefleyeue
efkeâleveer nesleer nw- 100 mesceer
■ meerceWš ceW Ùeefo 4³ Deeõ&lee nw lees yeeuet keâer yeequkebâie nesleer nw–
kebâ›eâerš mebnveve keâe GösMÙe neslee nw- IevelJe keâes yeÌ{evee
25 mes 30³
Devlepe&ueerÙe kebâ›eâerefšbie efkeâmekesâ Éeje keâer peeleer nw– š^sceer heæefle ■ heespeesueevee meercesvš ceW heespeesuesefvekeâ meece«eer keâe ØeefleMele neslee nw–

7. efJehejerle heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW kebâ›eâerš keâeÙe& 30³

(Concreting in Adverse Conditions) kebâ›eâerš hesJecesvš ceW mebÙeespeer ÚÌ[W ueieeF& peeleer nw-
DevegowOÙe& peesÌ[eW ceW
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW Øeyeueve heoeLe& kesâ ™he ceW Fmheele keâes DeefOekeâ hemebo
efkeâÙee peelee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ– Fmheele Deewj kebâ›eâerš keâe leehe meercesvš kebâ›eâerš ceW efvecee&Ce pees[Ì - keâesves ceW veneR nesves ÛeeefnS
Øemeej iegCeebkeâ ueieYeie meceeve neslee nw
uecyeer FceejleeW ceW efJemleej pees[Ì eW keâes efkeâleves Devlejeue hej yeveeÙee
■ I.S. Code 456 (1978) kesâ Devegmeej kebâ›eâerš kesâ «es[ keâer mebKÙee
peelee nw- 20 mes 30 ceer.
nesleer nw– 7
■ meercesvš ceW Glhegâueve ........kesâ DeeefOekeäÙe kesâ keâejCe neslee nw– #eej B.I.S kesâ Devegmeej kebâ›eâerš keâer oerJeej ceW Øemeej pees[Ì efkeâleveer otjer
■ efceueeJes keâer Devegcele ceehe ...........mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– efoÙee peelee nw- 30 ceeršj
75 efceceer.
mebkegâÛeve peesÌ[ Je Øemeej peesÌ[- Skeâ meeLe efoÙes peeles nQ
■ 1:2:4 meerceWš kebâ›eâerš efcekeäme keâer Skeâ Ieve ceeršj (1 meter3)
kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueÙes meerceWš kesâ yeesjs keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesieer– 5 mes 6 B.I.S kesâ Devegmeej kebâ›eâerš leLee efÛeveeF&
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW heeveer keâe cegKÙe keâeÙe& yeejerkeâ leLee ceesšs efceueeJes ceW Øeoeve
mebjÛeveeDeeW kesâ efueS Øemeej pees[
Ì eW keâer Deehemeer otjerr
keâjvee neslee nw– mvesnkeâ
meercesvš-peueÙeespeve Deewj ceewmece kesâ ØeYeeJe mes efceueeJes kesâ ØeeflejesOe keâes ›eâ. mebjÛevee keâe Øekeâej Deehemeer otjer
keäÙee keâne peelee nw- efveoexef<elee 1 oerJeejW 30 ceeršj hej
vee@peue kesâ ceeOÙece mes oeye kesâ DeOeerve meercesvš kesâ cemeeues keâes ueieeves 2 {eBÛes oej øesâce mebjÛeveeÙes 30 ceeršj hej
keâer Øeef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw- iegveeFefšbie 3 yeeuekeâveer Je cegB[sj 6 mes 12ceeršj
kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS meyemes GheÙegòeâ leehe›eâce efueÙee peelee nw- 4 Thej mes Kegueer muewye 15ceeršj hej
100C mes 270C
5 Úle-muewye efpemekesâ Thej 20 mes 30 ceer.
kebâ›eâerš efyeÚeves kesâ oewjeve keâce leeheceeve nesves mes Fmekeâer-
leehejesOekeâ hejle [eueer ieÙeer nw~
Meefòeâ keâce nes peeleer nw~
79
1. Strength of commonly used concrete, for (b) Law of Mass Action/õJÙeceeve ef›eâÙee keâe efveÙece
constructing low rise residential building is: (c) Van der Waals Principle
meeceevÙe leewj hej ØeÙegòeâ nesves Jeeues kebâ›eâerš keâer Meefòeâ keâce Jewve [j Jeeume keâe efmeæevle
TBÛeeF& Jeeues efjneÙeMeer FceejleeW kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW efkeâleveer nesveer (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
ÛeeefnS~ RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
(a) 300 psi (b) 8000 psi Ans : (a) Ùeefo Skeâ mevlegueve DeJemLee ceW jKes ØeCeeueer keâer meevõlee
(c) 15000 psi (d) 25000 psi ceW heefjJele&ve efkeâÙee peelee nw DeLeJee leeheceeve Ùee oeye ceW heefjJele&ve
RRB SSE Secunderabad : 21-12-2014 efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees mevlegueve DeJemLee Fme efoMee ceW cegÌ[ peelee nw,
Ans : (c) meeceevÙe leewj hej ØeÙegòeâ nesves Jeeues kebâ›eâerš keâer Meefòeâ pees Gme heefjJele&ve kesâ ØeYeeJe keâes yesDemej (efve<ØeYeeJeer) keâj oslee nw~
keâce TBÛeeF& Jeeues efjneÙeMeer FceejleeW kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW 15000 Psi mes Fmes ueer ÛewefšefueÙej keâe efmeæevle keânles nw~
keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~ 4. The percentage of gypsum added to the clinker
2. What is the common between Rockwell, Brinell during manufacturing process is–
and shore? They pertain to– efpehmece efpemes efkeäuebkeâj (clinker) ceW Glheeove Øeef›eâÙee kesâ
je@keâJesue, efyeÇvesue leLee Mee@j (Shore) kesâ yeerÛe ceW keäÙee hetJe& efceueeÙee peelee nw keâer ØeefleMele cee$ee nesleer nw?
meeceevÙe nw? Ùes mecyeefvOele nQ– (a)
0.2
(a) Surface finish/melen heefj<keâjCe 0.25 to 0.35/0.25 mes 0.35 lekeâ
(b)
(b) Heat treatment/T<cee GheÛeej 2.5 to 3.5/2.5 mes 3.5
(c)
(c) Metal turning/Oeeleg šefveËie 5 to 10/5 mes 10
(d)
(d) Hardness/keâ"esjlee RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015
RRB SSE Secunderabad : 21-12-2014 Ans : (c) meeOeejCe meercesCš ceW ueieYeie 65% ÛetveehelLej leLee
Ans : (d) je@keâJesue, efyeÇvesue leLee Mee@j leerveeW ner heoeLe& keâer keâ"esjlee 35% efÛekeâveer efceóer kesâ Ieesue keâes ueieYeie 14500C hej hekeâekeâj
keâes yeleelee nw~ cenerve heermekeâj yeveeÙee peelee nw efkeäuebkeâj keâes heermeles meceÙe FmeceW 2–
Mee@j šsmš keâes [gjesceeršj (Durometer) Yeer keânles nw~ 3% lekeâ efpehmece efceuee osles nw~
Fme Test keâe ØeÙeesie pÙeeoelej hee@efueceme&, Fuee@mšesceme& leLee jyej 5. Which of the following oxide is in the
(Flexible materials) keâer keâ"esjlee %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee LOWEST% in ordinary Portland cement?
nw~ meeOeejCe heesš&uewC[ meerceWš ceW FveceW mes efkeâme Dee@keämeeF[
efyeÇvesue keâ"esjlee hejer#eCe–Fme Testing ceW Skeâ keâ"esj mšerue keâe vÙetvelece ØeefleMele neslee nw?
keâer ieesueer (In lender) keâes Sample ceW yeuehetJe&keâ oyeeÙee peelee nw~ (a) Iron oxide/ueewn Dee@keämeeF[
Hardness Testing Machine hej vecetves (specimen) keâes (b) Magnesium oxide/cewiveerefMeÙece Dee@keämeeF[
šsyeue hej ueskeâj Load W Éeje yeeue (Dia = D) keâes vecetves ceW (c) Soda–Potash/mees[e + heesšeMe
IebmeeÙee peelee nw, efpememes vecetves ceW 'd' dia efveMeeve yeve peelee (d) Aluminium oxide/SuÙetceerefveÙece Dee@keämeeF[
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015
2W
nw~ B.H.N. = N/mm 2
Ans. (c) meesÌ[e-heesšeMe #eejerÙe lelJe nw~ #eejerÙe lelJe keâer cee$ee
πD(D - D 2 - d 2 ) meerceWš ceW 1% mes keâce nesleer nw~ yeekeâer meYeer lelJe meesÌ[e-heesšeMe mes
DeefOekeâ heeÙes peeles nw~ Dele: Gòej (c) mener nw~
6. The minimum time before striking the form for
columns as per IS 456 is :
IS 456 kesâ Devegmeej mlecYeeW kesâ efueS Heâjceeyeboer nševes kesâ
efueS vÙetvelece meceÙe nw-
(a) 14 – day/14 efove (b) 7 – day/7 efove
(c) 3 – day/3 efove (d) 16 –24 hr./16-24 IebšW
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015
je@keâyesue hejer#eCe yengle DeefOekeâ keâ"esj vecetves kesâ efueS peyeefkeâ yeÇervesue Ans. (d) oerJeejeW, mlebYeeW Deewj meYeer mebjÛeveelcekeâ DeJeÙeJeeW kesâ
LeesÌ[e keâce keâ"esj vecetves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ TOJee&Oej heâuekeâeW kesâ efueS heâjceeyeboer meeceevÙele: 24 mes 48 IeCšs
3. If a system in equilibrium is subjected to a yeeo nšeÙee peelee nw peyeefkeâ muewye keâer leueer mes hešjs 3 efove leLee
change of concentration; temperature or Oejve keâer leueer mes hešjs 7 efove yeeo nšeÙee peelee nw~ muewye keâer
pressure, the equilibrium shifts in a direction
that tends to undo the effect of the change
leueer keâer šskesâ 7 efove yeeo nšeles nw leLee Oejve keâer šskesâ 14 efove
imposed. This is known as: yeeo nšeÙee peelee nw~
Ùeefo Skeâ mevlegueve DeJemLee ceW jKes ØeCeeueer keâer meevõlee ceW 7. Normally, when ordinary Portland cement
heefjJele&ve efkeâÙee peelee nw DeLeJee leeheceeve Ùee oeye ceW hydrates :
heefjJele&ve efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees mevlegueve DeJemLee Fme efoMee meeceevÙele: peye meeOeejCe heesš&uewC[ meerceWš keâe peueÙeespeve
ceW cegÌ[ peelee nw, pees Gme heefjJele&ve kesâ ØeYeeJe keâes yesDemej neslee nw, lees–
(efve<ØeYeeJeer) keâj oslee nw~ Fmes keânles nQ– (a) Heat is absorbed/T<cee keâe DeJeMees<eCe neslee nw~
(a) Le Chatelier's Principle/ueer ÛewefšefueÙej keâe efmeæevle (b) Heat emmitted/T<cee Glmee|pele nesleer nw~
80
 (c) Heat neither emmitted nor is absorbed 11. The time elapsed between the moment water is
T<cee ve lees hewoe nesleer nw Deewj ve DeJeMeesefMele added to the ordinary Portland cement and the
(d) Cement paste cools down below atmospheric time when the cement completely loses its
temperature/meerceWš keâe hesmš JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe leeheceeve kesâ plasticity and can resist certain definite
veerÛes "C[e neslee nw~ pressure is termed as :
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015 heesš&uewC[ meercesCš ceW peue keâes efceßeCe keâjves kesâ meceÙe mes
Ans. (b) peye meercesvš ceW heeveer efceueeÙee peelee nw lees meercesvš keâer ueskeâj meercesCš kesâ ØelÙeemLe DeJemLee ceW hengBÛeeves lekeâ kesâ
heeveer kesâ meeLe ef›eâÙee nesleer nw efpemekesâ keâejCe keâeheâer cee$ee ceW T<cee meceÙe lekeâ peye Ùen meercesCš Skeâ efveefMÛele oeye keâes menves
Glmeefpe&le nesleer nw~ meercesCš keâer peue Ùeespeve T<cee meeceevÙele: 120
kewâueesjer/«eece ueer peeleer nw~ ceW me#ece nes peeS keâes keânles nw–
8. Which of the following roles fly ash does not (a) Initial setting time/ØeejbefYekeâ mesefšbie meceÙe
play in concrete/kebâ›eâerš ceW efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve (b) Final setting time/Deefvlece mesefšbie meceÙe
meer heäueeF& SsMe keâer Yetefcekeâe veneR nw– (c) Hydration time/neF[^sMeve meceÙe
(a) Improving the workability/keâeÙe&Meeruelee kesâ megOeej (d) Gestation period/meie&Yelee DeJeefOe
(b) Accelerating the strength gain RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015
meeceLÙe& «enCe ceW lespeer Ans : (b) meerceWš keâe peceeJe keâeue efJekeâeš GhekeâjCe mes %eele efkeâÙee
(c) Delaying the setting time of concrete
kebâ›eâerš keâer peceeJe meceÙe ceW osjer peelee nw Ùen oes Øekeâej keâe neslee nw~
(d) Helps in long-term strength gain (1) ØeejefcYekeâ peceeJe keâeue, (2) Debeflece peceeJe keâeue
oerIe&keâeefuekeâ meeceLÙe& «enCe ceW meneÙelee~ (1) ØeejefcYekeâ peceeJe keâeue–meerceWš ceW heeveer efceueeÙes peeves kesâ
RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015 yeeo peye efJekeâeš megF& ceesu[ kesâ leue mes 5efceceer. mes 7 efceceer. Thej
Ans : (b)
9. According to IS 456, under normal
jn peeÙes Ùee 33 mes 35 efceceer. Oebme peeS lees Gmes ØeejefcYekeâ peceeJe
circumstances, the maximum cement content in keâeue keânles nQ~ OPC kesâ efueS 30 efce. efueÙee peelee nw~
kg/cum (including fly ash and slag) allowed is (2) Debeflece peceeJe keâeue–meerceWš ceW heeveer efceueeÙes peeves kesâ yeeo
IS 456 kesâ Devegmeej, meeceevÙe heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW, Jen meceÙe peye 1 efceceer. keâer megF& hesmš hej Dehevee efveMeeve Úes[Ì os
DeefOekeâlece meerceWš keâer cee$ee kg/m3 (heäueeF& SsMe Deewj efkeâvleg 5 efceceer. keâe keâe@uej Dehevee efveMeeve ve Úes[s Debeflece peceeJe
muewie mecceefuele) nw–
(a) 500 (b) 400 (c) 450 (d) 600
keâeue keânles nQ~ Ùen ceeve OPC kesâ efueS 10 Iebše efueÙee peelee nw~
RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015 12. Which of the following is not used as a
Ans : (c) IS 456 kesâ Devegmeej, meeceevÙe heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW, supplementary cementitious material?
DeefOekeâlece meerceWš keâer cee$ee kg/m (heäueeF& SsMe Deewj muewie
3 ef vecve ceW mes keâewve Deveghetjkeâ meercesvšceÙe meece«eer kesâ ™he ceW
mecceefuele) 450 ueer peeleer nw~ Fmlesceeue veneR efkeâÙee ieÙee nw?
10. The minimum time before striking the props to (a) Fly ash/heäueeF& SsMe
arches (less than 6 m) as per IS 456 is : (b) Gypsum/efpehmece
IS 456 kesâ Devemeej (6ceer0 mes keâce) cesnjeye kesâ efueS
(c) Rice husk ash/Oeeve Yetmeer jeKe
šskeâ keâes nševes kesâ hetJe& vÙetvelece meceÙe neslee nw:
(a) 14-day/14-efove (b) 7-day/7-efove (d) Silica fume/efmeefuekeâe heäÙetce
(c) 3-day/3-efove (d) 16-24 h/16-24 IeCše RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015
RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015 Ans : (b) Jes heoeLe& pees meercesCš kebâ›eâerš Ùee efceueeJes keâe DeeÙeleve
Ans : (a) yeÌ{eves kesâ efueÙes ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles nw Deveghetjkeâ heoeLe& keânueeles nw~ Ùes
Heâjceeyeboer keâe Øekeâej heâjceeyeboer nševes keâe kebâ›eâerš keâer ueeiele keâes Yeer keâce keâj osles nw pewmes–heäueeF& SsMe, Oeeve
meceÙe keâer Yetmeer, efmeefuekeâe heäÙetce~
oerJeejeW, mlebYees Deewj Oejve FbpeerefveÙej-Fve-Ûeepe& Éeje 24 efpehmece keâe ØeÙeesie meercesCš efkeäuebkeâj kesâ heeG[j keâes peceves mes jeskeâves
mes 48 Iebšes keâe efveCe&Ùe
kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee peelee nw~ peueÙeespeve ef›eâÙee ceW Ùen cevokeâ keâer YeeBefle
efueÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
kesâ TOeJee&Oej heâuekeâ keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ meercesCš ceW efpehmece keâer cee$ee 2% mes 3% jKeer
muewye (Leceues veerÛes ueies jns) 3 efove peeleer nw~
muewye mes Leceues nševee 7 efove 13. According to IS 456, if the maximum aggregate
(4.5ceer. heeš lekeâ) size is increased from 20 mm to 40 mm, the
muewye mes Leceues nševee 14 efove minimum cement content requirement changes
(4.5ceer. mes DeefOekeâ heeš lekeâ) (in kg/cum) by :
IS 456 kesâ cegleeefyekeâ Deiej efceueeJeW keâe DeefOekeâlece kegâue
Oejve Deewj cesnjeye mes Leceues 14 efove
nševee (6 ceer. heeš lekeâ) Deekeâej 20 mm mes 40 mm lekeâ yeÌ{ peelee nw lees
Oejve Deewj cesnjeye mes Leceues 21 efove meercesCš keâer cee$ee ceW vÙetvelece heefjJele&ve nw–
nševee (6 ceer. mes DeefOekeâ heeš lekeâ) (a) –20 (b) 20

81
 (c) –30 (d) 30 further mixing without addition of water. This is
RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015 called as
Ans : (c) efceueeJes keâe Deekeâej 20 mm mes yeÌ{ekeâj 40 mm keâj Skeâ leepee efceefßele heesš&uewC[ meercesCš hesmš lespeer kesâ meeLe
osves mes efceueeJes keâe efJeefMe° melener #es$eheâue (Specific surface ÂÌ{ neslee nw leLee DelÙeefOekeâ peueÙeespeve T<cee GlheVe
area) Ieš peelee nw efpememes efceueeJes keâer melen hej keâce meercesCš keâjlee nw~ Ùen ÂÌ{lee efyevee heeveer efceueeÙes ve lees otj keâer pee
hesmš keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesieer~ Dele: kebâ›eâerš efcekeäme ceW meercesCš keâer mekeâleer nw Deewj ve ner hegve: megIešdÙelee Øeehle keâer pee mekeâleer
keâce cee$ee keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesieer~ efceueeJes keâe Deekeâej 20 mm mes nw~ Ùen keânueeleer nw–
(a) Flash set/heäuewMe mesš
40 mm nes peeves hej meercesCš keâer vÙetvelece DeeJeMÙekeâ cee$ee 30%
(b) Rigidity index/DevecÙelee metÛekeâebkeâ
keâce nes peeÙesieer~
(c) Set acceleration/lJeefjle peceeJe
14. According to IS 456, nominal mix concrete can
be used upto which of the following grade (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
IS 456 kesâ Devegmeej vee@ceve efcekeäme kebâ›eâerš efvecve ceW mes RRB SSE Shift-II : 02.09.2015
efkeâme «es[ lekeâ ØeÙeesie keâjles nw~ Ans : (b) heäuewMe mesefšbie–Ùen kewâefuMeÙece meuhesâš keâer keâceer kesâ
(a) 10 (b) 15 keâejCe neslee nw~
(c) 20 (d) 25 19. The recommended slump of concrete for hand-
RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015 placed pavements is :
Ans : (c) vee@ceve efcekeäme kebâ›eâerš ceW M-10, M-15 leLee M-20 neLeeW Éeje efyeÚeÙes peeves Jeeues hewJecesCš kesâ efueÙes megPeeÙee
«es[ keâer kebâ›eâerš ØeÙeesie keâjles nw~ ieÙee kebâ›eâerš keâe DeJeheele neslee nw–
15. The batching tolerance for cement as per IS 456 is (a) 2-4 inches/2-4 FbÛe (b) 3-4 inches/3-4 FbÛe
IS 456 kesâ Devegmeej meerceWš ceeheve kesâ efueS Útš nw– (c) 4-6 inches/4-6 FbÛe (d) 1-3 inches/1-3 FbÛe
(a) ± 1% (b) ± 1.5% RRB SSE Shift-III : 02.09.2015
(c) ± 2% (d) ± 3%
RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015 Ans : (d) neLeeW Éeje Pavement [eueves kesâ efueÙes Concrete ceW
Ans : (c) meerceWš ceeheve ceW ± 2% keâe Útš peyeefkeâ efceueeJee Je Slump keâe ceeve 1-3 inches (25 mm-75 mm) kesâ ceOÙe nesvee
heeveer ceeheve ceW ± 3% keâer Útš ueer peeleer nw~ Ûeeef nS~
16. The excessive amount of expansion due to 20. The recommended slump for pumped concrete
unsound cement is usually related to is :
efveoexef<ele meerceWš kesâ keâejCe efJemleej keâer DelÙeeefOekeâ cee$ee heche kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS DeJeheele (mueche) keâe ceeve nesvee
Deeceleewj hej mebyebefOele nw– Ûeeef nS–
(a) Magnesia /cewieefveefMeÙee (a) 1-2 inches/1-2 FbÛe (b) 2-4 inches/2-4 FbÛe
(b) Iron oxide /DeeÙejve Dee@keämeeF[ (c) 3-4 inches/3-4 FbÛe (d) 4-6 inches/4-6 FbÛe
(c) Alkalies /#eej RRB SSE Shift-I : 03.09.2015
(d) Water /peue Ans : (d) kebâ›eâerš keâer megkeâeÙe&lee keâe helee ueieeves kesâ efueÙes DeJeheele
RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015 hejer#eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùen ØeÙeesieMeeuee DeLeJee efvecee&Ce mLeue hej
Ans : (a) meerceWš keâer efveoexef<elee cegKÙele: cewieefveefMeÙee mes mecyeefvOele JeemleefJekeâ ™he ceW Fmlesceeue keâer pee jner kebâ›eâerš hej efkeâÙee peelee nw~
neslee nw~ vÙetve peue meerceWš Devegheele Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš keâe DeJeheele ueieYeie MetvÙe
* DeeÙejve Dee@keämeeF[ meerceWš keâer jbie, keâ"esjlee leLee meeceLÙe& keâes Deelee nw~ peye kebâ›eâerš ceW ceesšs efceueeJes keâe DeefOekeâlece ceehe 38 mm
yeÌ{elee nw mes yeÌ[e nes, leye Yeer Ùen hejer#eCe GheÙegòeâ veneR nw~ heche kebâ›eâerš kesâ
* #eej keâer DeefOekeâebMe cee$ee pJeueve Øeef›eâÙee kesâ oewjeve efvekeâue peeleer efueS DeJeheele keâe ceeve 4-6 FbÛe efueÙee peelee nw~
nw~ 21. Concrete in a member represented by a core test
17. The batching tolerance for aggregates as per IS shall be considered acceptable, if the average
456 is equivalent cube strength of the cores is equal to
IS 456 kesâ Deveg™he efceueeJee keâer yewefÛebie šeuejsvme efkeâleveer at least X% of the corresponding cube strength.
nw? What is the value of X?
(a) ±1% (b) ±1.5% efkeâmeer kebâ›eâerš meomÙe ceW kebâ›eâerš keâe keâesj šsmš keâjves hej
(c) ±2% (d) ±3% mJeerkeâeÙe& mecePee peelee nw~ Ùeefo Gmekeâer keâesj keâer Deewmele
RRB SSE Shift-II : 02.09.2015 meceleguÙe Ieve meeceLÙe& keâce mes keâce Ieve meeceLÙe& keâe X%
Ans : (d) IS–456 kesâ Deveg™he efceueeJee keâer yewefÛebie šeuejsvme ±3% nes~ X keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee–
nesleer nw~ leLee DeefOeefceßeCe, heeveer keâer yewefÛebie šeuejsvme Yeer ±3% nesleer (a) 70 (b) 75
nw~ leLee meercesCš keâer ±2% nesleer nw~ (c) 80 (d) 85
18. The rapid development of rigidity in a freshly RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015
mixed Portland cement paste, mortor, or Ans (d) : kebâ›eâerš keâe keâesj hejer#eCe keâjves hej Deewmele Ieve meeceLÙe&,
concrete, usually happens with evolution of
considerable heat. This rigidity cannot be Gmekesâ Ieve meeceLÙe& kesâ keâce mes keâce 85% nesves hej ner mJeerkeâeÙe& keâer
dispelled, nor can the plasticity be regained, by peeleer nw~ 85% mes keâce nesves hej DemJeerkeâeÙe& keâj efoÙee peelee nw~
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22. Which of the following supplementary Ans : (b) IS 516 kesâ Devegmeej mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& keâer ieCevee kesâ
cementitious materials have self-cementing efueS vecetvee efpemekeâe hejer#eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw, Gmekeâer vÙetvelece mebKÙee
properties? 3 nw~
efvecve ceW mes keâewve hetjkeâ meerceWšer heoeLe& nw, efpemeceW mJele:
26. In general, the coefficient of thermal expansion
peceves keâe iegCe nw– of concrete does not depend on which of the
(a) Class F fly ash/ßesCeer F Oetce Yemce following factors
(b) Silica Fume/efmeefuekeâe heäÙetce meeceevÙeleÙee, kebâ›eâerš keâe leeheerÙe Øemeej iegCeebkeâ efvecve ceW
(c) Rice husk ash/Oeeve keâer Yetmeer mes keâewve mes keâejkeâ hej efveYe&j veneR keâjlee nw~
(d) Ground-granulated blast furnace slag (a) Type of cement/meercesCš kesâ Øekeâej
«eeGC[-«esveguesefš[ yueemš heâvexme Oeelegceue (b) Type of aggregate/efceueeJes kesâ Øekeâej
RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015 (c) The cement content/meercesCš keâer cee$ee
Ans (d) : (d) The quality of water/peue keâer iegCelee
23. According to IS 1200, during demolition and RRB SSE Shift-III : 03.09.2015
dismantling, the concrete, brick roofs and floors Ans : (d) kebâ›eâerš kesâ Yeeweflekeâ iegCe pewmes ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ leeheerÙe
shall be measured in : Øemeej iegCeebkeâ Deeefo efceueeJes leLee meercesCš kesâ Øekeâej leLee cee$ee hej
IS 1200 kesâ Devegmeej {enves kesâ oewjeve kebâ›eâerš, FËš keâer
efveYe&j keâjles nw~ Ùes peue keâer iegCelee mes mJelev$e nesles nw~
Úle Deewj heâMe& keâeÙe& ceehes peeles nQ– 27. Which of the following is not a non-destructive
(a) meter/ceeršj test used for concrete?
(b) cubic meter/Ieve ceeršj efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee kebâ›eâerš keâe DeefJeOJebmekeâejer
(c) square metres/Jeie& ceeršj hejer#eCe veneR nw–
(d) thickness/ceesšeF& (a) Rebound hammer/Øeefle#eshe nLeewÌ[e
RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015 (b) Pull-out/efJekeâ<e&Ce
Ans (b) : IS 1200 kesâ Devegmeej– kebâ›eâerš, FËš keâer Úle Deewj (c) Ultra-sonic/hejeßeJÙe
heâMe& kesâ {enves kesâ keâeÙe& keâes Ieve ceeršj ceW ceehee peelee nw~ (d) Direct tensile test/meerOee leveve hejer#eCe
efkeâmeer mebjÛevee keâer ueeYekeâejer DeeÙeg meceehle nes peeves kesâ yeeo Gmekeâe RRB SSE Shift-III : 03.09.2015
KeÌ[er efmLeefle ceW pees cetuÙe neslee nw, Gmes keâyeeÌ[ keâe cetuÙe keânles nQ~ Ans : (d) kebâ›eâerš kesâ Jes hejer#eCe efpemeceW kebâ›eâerš vecetveeW keâes Ùee
Ùen mebjÛevee keâer efvecee&Ce ueeiele kesâ 10% efueÙee peelee nw~ meomÙeeW keâes efyevee efJeheâue efkeâÙes kebâ›eâerš keâer meeceLÙe& keâer peeBÛe keâj
peyeefkeâ efkeâmeer mebjÛevee keâer ueeYekeâejer meceehle nes peeves kesâ yeeo, Gmes ueer peeleer nw, DeefJeOJebmekeâejer hejer#eCe keânueeles nw Øeefle#eshe nLeewÌ[e
efiejeves kesâ yeeo pees cetuÙe Øeehle neslee nw Gmes ceueJes keâe cetuÙe keânles efJeefOe leLee hejeßeJÙe mhevo Jesie Fmekesâ GoenjCe nw~ DevleJexMeve
nQ~ ØeeflejesOe peeBÛe leLee efJekeâ<e&Ce peeBÛe DeebefMekeâ efJeOJebmekeâejer hejer#eCeeW kesâ
24. Normally the consistancy of cement is measured GoenjCe nw~ meerOee leveve hejer#eCe efJeOJebmekeâejer hejer#eCe keâer ßesCeer ceW
using : Deelee nw~
meeceevÙele: meerceWš keâer meIevelee ceeheves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie 28. Initial setting time is maximum for–
efkeâÙee peelee nw– ØeejefcYekeâ peceeJe keâeue DeefOekeâlece neslee nw–
Le Chatelier's apparatus/ueer-ÛewšerueerÙej GhekeâjCe
(a) (a) Portland-Pozzolana cement
Blaine's permeameter/yueeFve hewjeceeršj
(b)
heesš&uewC[-heespeesueevee meercesvš
(b) Portland-Slag cement/heesš&uewC[-Oeelegceue meercesvš
Vicat apparatus/efJekeâeš GhekeâjCe
(c)
(c) Low heat portland-pozzolana cement
Venturimeter/JesvÛegjer ceeršj
(d) Deuhe T<cee heesš&uewC[ meercesvš
RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015 (d) High strength portland cement
Ans (c) : meerceWš keâer meIevelee (ieeÌ{eheve) hejer#eCe keâjves kesâ efueS GÛÛe meeceLÙe& heesš&uewC[ meercesvš
efJekeâeš GhekeâjCe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ peceeJe keâeue kesâ RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015
efveOee&jCe kesâ efueS Yeer efJekeâeš GhekeâjCe keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ans : (c) Deuhe T<cee heesš&uewC[ meercesvš keâe GheÙeesie Yeejer
ueer-ÛewšerueerÙej GhekeâjCe mes efveoex<elee hejer#eCe leLee JesvÛegjerceeršj mes mebjÛeveeDeeW ceW mLetue kebâ›eâerš keâeÙe& pewmes-yeeBOe, hegueeW keâer ketâhekeâ veebrJe
õJe keâe efvemmejCe ceehee peelee nw~ Deeefo kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekeâe ØeejefcYekeâ peceeJe keâeue
25. According to IS 516, what is the minimum DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ Fme meercesvš ceW š^eF&-kewâefuMeÙece efmeefuekesâš leLee
number of specimen to be tested for estimating š^eF& kewâefuMeÙece Ssuegefcevesš keâer cee$ee keâce jKeer peeleer nw~
the compressive strength 29. The main ingredients of portland cement are–
IS 516 kesâ Devegmeej mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& kesâ Deekeâueve kesâ heesš&uewC[ meercesvš kesâ cegKÙe Ieškeâ nw–
efueS hejer#eCe kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ vÙetvelece vecetveeW keâer (a) Lime and silica/Ûetvee leLee efmeefuekeâe
mebKÙee efkeâleveer nw~ (b) Lime and alumina/Ûetvee leLee SuÙegefcevee
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) Silica and alumina/efmeefuekeâe leLee SuÙegefcevee
(c) 4 (d) 5 (d) Lime and iron/Ûetvee leLee ueesne
RRB SSE Shift-III : 03.09.2015 RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015
83
 Ans : (a) heesš&ueQ[ meerceWš ceW Ûetvee, efmeefuekeâe, Ssuegefcevee, (b) leveeJe ceW kebâ›eâerš štš mekeâleer nw~
cewiveerefMeÙece Je DeeÙejve leLee meuheâj kesâ DeekeämeeF[ efceues jnles nw~ (c) mšerue ncesMee Deefle Øeyeefuele neslee nw~
Fmekeâe mebIešve efvecve Øekeâej nw– (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
kewâefumeÙece Dee@keämeeF[ (CaO) – 60-65³ RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014
efmeefuekeâe (SiO2) – 17-25³ Ans : (b) peye kebâ›eâerš keâes Meefòeâ Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS Fmheele Ùee
Ssuegefcevee (Al2O3) – 3-8³ ueesns keâer ÚÌ[eW, meueeKeeW DeLeJee leej kesâ peeueeW keâe Øeyeueve efoÙee
cewiveerefMeÙece Dee@keämeeF[ (MgO) – 0.1-4³ peelee nw leye Gmes Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keânles nQ~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie
hesâefjkeâ Dee@keämeeF[ (Fe2O3) – 0.5-6³ cekeâeve keâer ÚleeW, KecYeeW, hegueeW, yeeBOeeW Deeefo kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW neslee nw~
meuheâj š^eF& Dee@keämeeF[ (SO3) – 1-2.75³ Ùeefo Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš keâe Deemebpeve hetCe& (Perfect) veneR neW, lees
#eej (mees[e Je heesšeMe) – 0.5–1³ leveeJe ceW kebâ›eâerš štš mekeâlee nw~
Fme Øekeâej, heesš&uewC[ meerceWš ceW cegKÙele: Ûetvee Deewj efmeefuekeâe kesâ 34. Gypsum is a/ efpehmece nw:
Dee@keämeeF[ keâer DeefOekeâlee nesleer nw~ (a) Mechanically formed sedimentary rock/
30. Excess silica in cement Ùeebef$ekeâ ™he mes efveefce&le Skeâ DeJemeeoer Mewue
meercesvš ceW DeeJeMÙekeâlee mes DeefOekeâ efmeefuekeâe (b) lgneous rock/DeeivesÙe Mewue
(a) increases the setting time (c) Chemically precipitated sedimentary rock/
ÂÌ{erkeâjCe keâeue keâes yeÌ{elee nw jemeeÙeefvekeâ ™he mes DeJe#esefhele DeJemeeoer Mewue
(b) decreases the setting time (d) Metamorphic rock/keâeÙeevleefjle Mewue
ÂÌ{erkeâjCe keâeue keâe keâce keâjlee nw RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014
(c) weakens the strength of the cement Ans : (c) efpehmece jmeeÙeefvekeâ ™he mes DeJe#esefhele DeJemeeoer Mewue
meercesvš kesâ meeceLÙe& keâes keâcepeesj keâjlee nw nw~ efpehmece (Ca SO4.2H2O) Skeâ lenoej Keefvepe nw, efpemes
(d) does not affect the setting time mewuesveeFš Yeer keânles nQ~ jemeeÙeefvekeâ mebjÛevee keâer Âef<š mes Ùen
ÂÌ{erkeâjCe keâeue hej keâesF& ØeYeeJe veneR [euelee kewâefuMeÙece keâe meuhesâš nw~
RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014 35. In low heat cement, the constituent that is kept
Ans. (c) : meerceWš ceW 65% ÛetveeceÙe heoeLe& leLee 35% ce=efòekeâeceÙe at minimum. is:
heoeLe& nesles nQ~ DelÙeefOekeâ efmeefuekeâe ceW meercesCš MeerIeÇ keâ"esj nes peelee Deuhe T<cee meerceWš ceW ............. Ieškeâ keâes efvecvelece mlej
nw~ efmeefuekeâe ce=efòekeâeceÙe heoeLeeX kesâ Devleie&le Deeleer nw~ Ùeefo hej jKee peelee nw~
efmeefuekeâe keâer cee$ee yeÌ{eles nQ, lees ce=efòekeâeceÙe heoeLeeX keâer cee$ee yeÌ{ (a) dicalcium silicate/[eFkewâefuMeÙece efmeefuekesâš
peeleer nw, efpememes meerceWš keâer meeceLÙe& ceW keâceer Dee peeleer nw~ meerceWš (b) tricalcium silicate/š^eF&kewâefuMeÙece efmeefuekesâš
kesâ ÂÌ{erkeâjCe keâeue keâes yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS FmeceW 3 mes 5% efpehmece (c) teicalcium aluminate/š^eF&kewâefuMeÙece Ssuegefcevesš
efceueeÙee peelee nw~ (d) tetracalcium aluminate/šsš^eF&kewâefuMeÙece Ssuegefcevesš
31. Which strength of concrete is maximum? RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
kebâ›eâerš keâer DeefOekeâlece meeceLÙe& efkeâmecebs nesleer nw ? Ans. (b) : meerceWš kewâefuMeÙece Suegefcevesš leLee kewâefuMeÙece efmeefuekesâš
(a) Compressive/mebheer[ve (b) Torsional/cejesÌ[heve keâe efceßeCe neslee nw~ Ùen Skeâ Oetmej (grey) jbie keâe yeejerkeâ ÛetCe&
(c) Fatigue/ßeebefle (d) Flexural/vecÙelee neslee nw, efpemeceW peue kesâ meeLe DeefYeef›eâÙee keâjkesâ peceves leLee ÂÌ{
RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014 nesves keâe iegCe neslee nw~ meerceWš ceW Ûetvee, efmeefuekeâe, Suegefcevee,
Ans. (a) : kebâ›eâerš keâer meeceLÙe& meyemes DeefOekeâ mecheer[ve ceW nesleer cewiveerefMeÙee Je DeeÙejve leLee meuheâj kesâ Dee@keämeeF[ efceues jnles nQ~
nw, kebâ›eâerš keâer leveve meeceLÙe& mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& keâe
1
iegvee efueÙee Deuhe T<cee meercesvš ceW š^eF& kewâefuMeÙece efmeefuekesâš leLee š^eF&
10 kewâefuMeÙece SuÙegefcevesš keâer cee$ee keâce jKeer peeleer nw~
peelee nw~ kebâ›eâerš ceW leveve meeceLÙe& yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS kebâ›eâerš ceW Fmheele 36. Batching in concrete refers to
[euee peelee nw~ kebâ›eâerš keâe heâefšbie meeceLÙe& veieCÙe neslee nw~ kebâ›eâerš ceW yeweEÛeie efkeâmemes mevoe|Yele nw?
32. Separation of water or sand or cement from a (a) Controlling the total quantity of each batch
freshly mixed concrete is known as– ØelÙeskeâ yewÛe keâer kegâue cee$ee kesâ efveÙeb$eCe mes
leepee efceefßele kebâ›eâerš mes peue Ùee jsle Ùee meerceWš keâe Deueie (b) Weighing accurately, the quantity of each
nes peevee keânueelee nw– material for a job before mixing
(a) Segregation/efJemebÙeespeve (b) Creeping/›eâerefhebie efceßeCe mes hetJe& efve<heeefole keâeÙe& nsleg ØelÙeskeâ heoeLe& keâe mešerkeâ
(c) Bleeding/yenvee (d) Flooding/DeehueeJeve Yeej Deekeâueve~
RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014 (c) Controlling the quantity of each material into
each batch/ØelÙeskeâ yewÛe ceW ØelÙeskeâ heoeLe& keâer cee$ee keâes
Ans. (c) : leepee efceefßele kebâ›eâerš mes peue, meerceWš leLee jsle Deueie
nes peeves keâer ef›eâÙee Bleeding keânueeleer nw~ efveÙeb$eCe ceW ueevee
(d) Adjusting the water to be added in each batch
kebâ›eâerš keâeÙe& ceW keâjveer kesâ DeefOekeâ ØeÙeesie mes meerceWš hesmš melen hej
according to the moisture content of the
Dee peelee nw, pees Bleeding keâe GoenjCe nw~ materials being mixed in the batch
33. Ùeefo Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš keâe Deemebpeve, hetCe& (perfect) veneR yewÛe ceW efceueeS pee jns heoeLeeX keâer Deeõ&lee keâer cee$ee kesâ
nes, lees......... Devegmeej peue kesâ meceeÙeespeve keâer Øeef›eâÙee
(a) keâv›eâerš, mebheer[ve ceW keâcepeesj nesleer nw~ RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014
84
 Ans : (d) yeweEÛeie Øeef›eâÙee ceW meerceWš leLee efceueeJeeW keâes Skeâ 41. After storage, the strength of cement–
efveefMÛele Devegheele ceW efueÙee peelee nw~ heoeLeeX ceW GheefmLele peueebMeeW YeC[ejCe kesâ yeeo, meerceWš keâer meeceLÙe&.............nw–
keâes OÙeeve ceW jKekeâj Gvekeâer cee$ee ceW meceeÙeespeve leLee Gmeer kesâ (a) Decreases/Iešleer
Devegmeej peue efceueevee Yeer yeweEÛeie kesâ Devleie&le ner Deelee nw~ (b) Increases/yeÌ{leer
(c) Remains same/meceeve jnleer nw
37. When water is added to cement–
peye meerceWš ceW heeveer efceueeÙee peelee nw lees– (d) May increase or decrease/Iešleer Ùee yeÌ{leer nw
(a) Chemical reaction starts RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
jemeeÙeefvekeâ Øeef›eâÙee Meg™ nes peeleer nw Ans : (a) meercesvš
keâer meeceLÙe& meceÙe kesâ meeLe Iešleer nw~
(b) Heat is absorbed/leehe DeJeMeesef<ele neslee nw meceÙe meeceLÙe& ceW keâceer
(c) Heat is generated/leehe Glhevve neslee nw leerve ceen 20%
(d) Impurities are washed out/DeMegefæ nš peeleer nw Ú: ceen 30%
RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015 Skeâ Je<e& 040%
Ans : (c) meercesCš kesâ mLeueerÙe hejer#eCe ceW peye meercesCš Útves hej oes Je<e& 50%
iece& Øeleerle neslee nw lees Ùen ceeve efueÙee peelee nw efkeâ meercesCš leLee 42. Addition of pozzolana to ordinary portlant
peue kesâ yeerÛe jemeeÙeefvekeâ ef›eâÙee ØeejcYe nes Ûegkeâer nw Dele: efJekeâuhe cement increase–
(a) leLee (c) oesveeW mener nw hejvleg DeeÙeesie ves efJekeâuhe (c) keâes mener
meeOeejCe meerceWš ceW heespeesueevee efceueeves mes yeÌ{leer nw
ceevee nw~ (a) Bleeding/ yueeref[bie
(b) Shrinkage/mebkegâÛeve
38. Cement concrete is a–
meercesCš kebâ›eâerš nesleer nw– (c) Permeability/heejiecÙelee
(d) Heat of hydration/peueÙeespeve keâe leehe
(a) Elastic material/Skeâ ØelÙeemLe heoeLe&
RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015
(b) Visco-elastic material
Skeâ efÛeheefÛehee ØelÙeemLe heoeLe& meeOeejCe meercesvš ceW efkeäuebkeâj (ueieYeie 70³) kesâ meeLe
Ans : (b)
(c) Non elastic material/Skeâ iewj ØelÙeemLe heoeLe&
hees p ees ueevee heoeLe& (30³) heermekeâj heespeesueevee meercesvš yeveeÙee peelee
(d) Plastic material/hueeefmškeâ heoeLe&
nw ~ Fmekes â ieg C e meeOeejCe meercesvš pewmes nesles nQ hejvleg Ùen osj ceW
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
meeceLÙe& «enCe keâjlee nw ~ Fmekeâer lejeF& DeefOekeâ meceÙe lekeâ keâjveer heÌ[leer
Ans : (b) meercesvš kebâ›eâerš Skeâ efÛeheefÛehee ØelÙeemLe heoeLe& nw~
nw ~ hees p ees u eevee meer c es v š hej meuhes âšeW leLee ueJeCeerÙe heeveer keâe ØeYeeJe
meercesvš kebâ›eâerš keâe mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& GÛÛe neslee nw leLee Fmekeâe keâce heÌ[lee nw peceles meceÙe Fmemes keâce T<cee yeenj Deeleer nw~
43. Which of the following cement has maximum
leveve meeceLÙe& yengle keâce ueieYeie mecheer[ve keâe 10% neslee nw~ percentage of C3S :
39. A sample of cement is said to be sound when it efvecve ceW mes efkeâme meerceWš ceW C3S keâe ØeefleMele meyemes
does not contain free. DeefOekeâ nw–
Skeâ meerceWš kesâ ØeefleoMe& keâes efveoex<e keâne peeÙesiee, Ùeefo
(a) Ordinary Portland cement/meeOeejCe heesš&ueQ[ meerceWš
GmeceW efvecve ceW mes ve nes–
(b) Low heat cement/Deuhe T<cee meerceWš
(a) Free Lime/cegòeâ Ûetvee (b) Silica/efmeefuekeâe
(c) Sulphate resisting cement/meuHesâš efJejesOeer meerceWš
(c) Iron oxide/ueewn Dee@keämeeF[ (d) Alumina/Ssuegefcevee
(d) Rapid hardening cement/MeerIeÇ ÂÌ{keâjCe meerceWš
RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015 RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015
Ans : (a) ‘meerceWš ceW GheefmLele cegòeâ Ûetves keâer cee$ee, efveoex<elee Ans : (d) C3S meercesCš kesâ keâ"esj nesves kesâ efueÙes GòejoeÙeer neslee
hejer#eCe Éeje %eele keâer peeleer nw~ nw Dele: MeerIeÇ keâ"esjer meercesCš ceW Fmekeâer ØeefleMelelee DeefOekeâ jKeer
efveoex<elee hejer#eCe ueer-ÛewefšefueÙej GhekeâjCe Éeje efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùen peeleer nw MeerIeÇ keâ"esjer meercesCš ceW 2% lekeâ kewâefuMeÙece keäueesjeF[
Skeâ ØeÙeesieMeeuee hejer#eCe nw~ (CaCℓ2) Yeer efceueeÙee peelee nw Dele: Fmes kewâefuMeÙece keäueesjeF[
efveoexef<elee hejer#eCe kesâ efueÙes meerceWš ceW DeeJeMÙekeâ heeveer keâer cee$ee
= 0.78 P
meercesCš Yeer keânles nw~
peneB P = meIevelee hejer#eCe keâjves hej heeveer keâer DeeJeMÙekeâ cee$ee~ 44. As per IS specification, the maximum final
setting time for ordinary portlant cement
40. Plaster of paris is obtained by calcining :
should be–
hueemšj Dee@Heâ hesefjme...............kesâ kewâefuMekeâjCe mes Øeehle IS efJeefMeef° kesâ Devegmeej, meeOeejCe heesš&uewC[ meercesCš kesâ
neslee nw– efueS DeefOekeâlece peceeJe keâeue nesvee ÛeeefnS–
(a) Gypsum/efpehmece (b) Bauxite/yee@keämeeFš (a) 30 minutes/30 efceveš (b) 1 hour/1 IeCše
(c) Lime stone/ueeFce mšesve (d) Kanker/kesâvkeâj (c) 6 hours/6 IeCše (d) 10 hours/10 IeCše
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015 RRB JE Shift-I : 29.08.2015
Ans : (a) hueemšj Dee@Heâ hesefjme efpehmece kesâ efvemlee@heve mes Øeehle Ans : (d) IS efJeefMe° kesâ Devegmeej meeOeejCe heesš&uewC[ meercesCš keâe
neslee nw~ efpehmece keâe jemeeÙeefvekeâ met$e CaSO4.2H2O nw, peyeefkeâ DeejefcYekeâ peceeJekeâeue 30 efceveš leLee Deefvlece peceeJekeâeue 10
1 IeCše efueÙee peelee nw~ Ùen meceÙe heeveer efceueeves kesâ meceÙe mes efueÙee
hueemšj Dee@Heâ hesefjme keâe jemeeÙeefvekeâ met$e CaSO4. H2O nw~ peelee nw~
2
85
 ceMeerveeW kesâ efmeæeble
(MECHANICS OF STRUCTURE)
heoeLe& keâe Jen iegCe efpemekesâ keâejCe Gmekesâ heleues leej KeeRÛes pee
1. Øeefleyeue SJeb efJeke=âefle mekeâles nw, keânueelee nw– levÙelee
(Stress and Strain) ØelÙeemLelee DeeÙeleve ceeheebkeâ keâes efkeâme Devegheele kesâ ™he ceW ØeoefMe&le
efkeâÙee peelee nw– meerOee Øeefleyeue Deewj DeeÙeleveer efJeke=âefle
jeyeš& ngkeâ kesâ Devegmeej efkeâme meercee kesâ Devoj, Øeefleyeue efJeke=âefle kesâ
meceevegheeleer neslee nw– meceevegheeleer meercee Ùeefo K yeukeâ ceeheebkeâ Deewj µ heeFpeve Devegheele nw lees efvecveefueefKele
ceW mes heoeLe& keâe ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ nesiee– 3K(1–2µ)
Jen meeceLÙe& efpeme hej Fmheele DeeJeleer& Yeej ueieves kesâ keâejCe
mechetCe& Deefvemš^esefhekeâ ØelÙeemLe heoeLe& pees ngkeâ kesâ efveÙece keâe
efJeHeâue nes peelee nw– Heâšerie meeceLÙe&
DevegmeejCe keâjlee nw, ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ efkeâleves neWsies– 21
Jen iegCe efpemekesâ keâejCe Skeâ Oeeleg DeeIeele Yeej keâes jeskeâleer nw,
Ùeefo efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâe hee@Ùemeve Devegheele 0.5 nw lees Gmekeâe
keânueeleer nw– ÛeerceÌ[heve
ØelÙeelLelee iegCeebkeâ nesiee– Fmekesâ Dehe™heCe iegCeebkeâ keâe efleiegvee
yesefuuele mebjÛeveelcekeâ ce=og Fmheele keâe ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ nw–
Skeâ Deevleefjkeâ lejue oeye p kesâ DeOeerve t ceesšeF& leLee d JÙeeme
2 × 105MPa
DeefOekeâlece Øeefleyeue pees efkeâmeer heoeLe& kesâ efyevee efJeheâue ngS ueieeÙes kesâ Skeâ heleues yesueveekeâej efmeefueC[j ceW DeefOekeâlece keâle&ve Øeefleyeue
ieÙes hegvejeJe=efòe Øeefleyeue keâer Devevle Ûe›eâeW keâer efmLeefle ceW ØeÙegkeäle pd
yejeyej nw–
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– 8t
menveMeeruelee meercee (Endurance Limit) efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâer efyevee Yebie ngS efJe¤efhele nes peeves keâer #ecelee
hee@Ùemeve Devegheele ceW meefcceefuele neslee nw– Øeefleyeue Deewj efJeke=âefle keânueeleer nw– megIešdÙelee
ØeefleyeueeW keâe Jen ceeve efpeme lekeâ Yeej nševes kesâ heMÛeeled Skeâ leveve hejer#eCe efkeâS peeles nQ– levÙe heoeLeeX hej
meomÙe Dehevee JeemleefJekeâ Deekeâej hegve: Øeehle keâj ueslee nw, Skeâ ce=og Fmheele kesâ ieesue ÚÌ[ hej leveve hejer#eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keânueeleer nw– ØelÙeemLe meercee leveve kesâ heMÛeeled Fmekeâe JÙeeme– keâce nes peeSiee
Ùeefo Fmheele leLee leeByes keâer mebÙegkeäle ÚÌ[ keâes iece& efkeâÙee peeÙes lees mebheer[ve hejer#eCe ceW efhešJeeB ueesns kesâ ØeefleoMe& ceW Yebpeve nesiee–
leeByes keâer ÚÌ[ DeOeerve nesieer– mecheer[ve kesâ Skeâ efleÙe&keâ meceleue hej
ngkeâ kesâ efveÙece keâe heeueve keâjves Jeeues meceowefMekeâ, meceebieer leLee leeByes keâe ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ ues[ keâer Dehes#ee DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
ØelÙeemLe heoeLe& kesâ efueÙes mJelev$e ØelÙeemLe efveÙeleebkeâeW keâer mebKÙee Fmekeâe celeueye neslee nw efkeâ leeByee–
nesleer nw– 2 DeefOekeâ ØelÙeemLe (Elastic) nw
Skeâ ØelÙeemLe heoeLe& kesâ efueÙes hJee@Fpeve Devegheele keâe DeefOekeâlece Øeefle FkeâeF& uecyeeF& efJe¤heCe keâes keânles nQ– efJeke=âefle (Strain)
ceeve neslee nw– 0.5 leveve hejer#eCe ceW peye heoeLe& hej ØelÙeemLelee meercee mes DeefOekeâ
Skeâ Jeiee&keâej KeC[ Jeeueer keâe@hej ÚÌ[ oes ÂÌ{ DeeuebyeeW kesâ yeerÛe Øeefleyeue ueieeÙee peelee nw lees leveve Øeefleyeue ueieeS ieS Øeefleyeue
efmLej nw Deewj efpemekesâ Thej Skeâ Jeiee&keâej mšerue ÚÌ[ keâes keâer leguevee ceW– DeefOekeâ MeerIeÇlee mes yeÌ{lee nw
meeOeejCeleÙee jKee ieÙee nw~ Ùeefo hetjs mecetn keâe leeheceeve T0C Ùeefo efkeâmeer DeJeÙeJe kesâ hejeYeJe efyevog lekeâ hengBÛeves lekeâ efkeâmeer
yeÌ{eÙee ieÙee nw lees mšerue cesW Deewj keâe@hej ceW ›eâceMe: Øeefleyeue nwb– Øekeâej keâe efJe¤heCe veneR neslee nw Deewj leye Skeâ efmLej Øeefleyeue ceW
MetvÙe Deewj mebheer[ve jnlee nw, lees Ssmee heoeLe& keânueeSiee– ÂÌ{ hueeefmškeâ
heeÕe& efJeke=âefle Deewj jsKeerÙe efJeke=âefle kesâ Devegheele keâes heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee keâesF& heoeLe& štšves mes henues PeškeâeW keâe efJejesOe keâjlee nw keânueelee
ieÙee nw– hJee@Fpeve Devegheele nw- ÛeerceÌ[heve (Toughness)
menveMeerue meercee nesleer nw–Jen DeefOekeâlece Øeefleyeue efpeme hej
ØeefleyeueeW keâe 1 efyeefueÙeve ØelÙeeJele&ve ØelÙeemLelee meercee lekeâ efkeâmeer heoeLe& kesâ DeJeMees<eCe keâer #ecelee keâes
heoeLe& keâes efJeheâue veneR keâj mekeâlee nw~ keäÙee keânles nQ- ueÛekeâ Ùee ØelÙeemkeâvove (Resilience)
peye Skeâ efØepceerÙe ÚÌ[ De#eerÙe leveeJe yeue kesâ DeOeerve efkeâÙee peelee meyemes keâce ØelÙeemLe nw- jyej
nw lees ÚÌ[ ceW kegâue leveve keânueelee nw– De#eerÙe heefjCeeceer
leveeJe kesâ Debleie&le hejer#eCe KeC[ keâer owOÙe& Je=efæ keâe ØeefleMele
keâeke&â keâe hee@Ùemeve Devegheele keâe ceeve ueieYeie yejeyej nw– MetvÙe
oMee&lee nw Gmekeâer- levÙelee (Ductility)
ØelÙeemLe meercee ceW Fmheele kesâ efueS hee@Ùemeve Devegheele keâe ceeve neslee
nw– 0.30 meece«eer kesâ Ssmes iegCe keâes keäÙee keânles nw efpemekesâ keâejCe Gmes heerše
peye Skeâ yeesuš hej veš keâmee peelee nw lees yeesuš ceW Øeefleyeue keâer pee mekeâlee nw Ùee Ûeheše efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
Øeke=âefle nesleer nw– leveve DeeIeeleJeOe&veerÙelee (Mealability)
86
 efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâe ØeceeCe ØelÙeemkeâvove Øeefle FkeâeF& DeeÙeleve keânueelee hee@Fpeve Devegheele kesâ ceeve ceW meyemes DeefOekeâ hejeme ØeoefMe&le keâjlee
nw- ØelÙeemkeâvove ceeheebkeâ (Modulus of resilience) nw– jyej (0.1 mes 0.5)
keâešves Jeeues DeewpeejeW kesâ efueS GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee Fmheele
efkeâmeer efheC[ ceW mebefÛele DeefOekeâlece efJeke=âefle Tpee& keâes keânles nQ- keânueelee nw–
ØeceeCe ØelÙeemkeâvove (Proof resilience) GÛÛe keâeye&ve Fmheele (High corbon steel)
E,G,K,µ ceW mecyevOe- efkeâmeer heoeLe& ceW Yebpeve Glhevve nesves mes hetJe& Deejesefhele Øeefleyeue
keânueelee nw– Dehe¤heCe Øeefleyeue
E = 3K(1 − 2µ)
efkeâmeer DeJeÙeJe kesâ efueS ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ efveYe&j keâjlee nw–
E = 2G(1 + µ) DeJeÙeJe keâer mebjÛevee hej
9KG ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ DeeÙeleve ceeheebkeâ leLee ÂÌ{lee ceeheebkeâ ceW mecyevOe
E= 9GK
3K + G efvecve met$e ceW oMee&Ùee peelee nw– E=
3K − 2G
( 3K + G )
µ= Jen meercee efpemekesâ Yeerlej heoeLe& keâes mLeeF& ¤he mes efJe¤efhele efkeâS
6K + 2G
peneB, E · Ùebie ceeheebkeâ efyevee DeefOekeâlece Øeefleyeue Glhevve efkeâÙee pee mekesâ, keânueeleer nw–
G · keâle&ve ceeheebkeâ ØelÙeemLelee meercee
K · DeeÙeleve ceeheebkeâ ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ leLee DeeÙeleve ceeheebkeâ kesâ yeerÛe oMee&ves Jeeuee
µ · heeFpeve Devegheele  2
met$e nw– E = 3K  1 − 
heoeLe& ØelÙeemLe efmLejebkeâ keâer  m 
mebKÙee keâeÙe&keâejer Øeefleyeue ncesMee neslee nw– Ûejce Øeefleyeue mes keâce
mepeeleerÙe 2 leveeJe hejer#eCe kesâ meceÙe Skeâ meermes keâer ÚÌ[ keâe Øeefleyeue-efJeke=âefle
DeeLeÇesš^esefhekeâ (uekeâÌ[er) 9 Je›eâ nesiee– Je›eâ ceW SkeâeSkeâ štšvee
Deefvemeesš^esefhekeâ 21 Ûe›eâerÙe ØeefleyeueeW (Reversible stress) keâes Deejesefhele efkeâS peeves
hej OeelegDeeW keâe JÙeJenej keânueelee nw– Heâšerie
keâesF& heoeLe& keâšves KegjÛes peeves keâe efJejesOe keâjlee nw keânueelee nw-
keâ"esjlee (Hardness) ngkeâ kesâ efveÙece kesâ Devegmeej ØelÙeemLelee meercee kesâ Yeerlej meceerkeâjCe
leveeJe Øeefleyeue Øeefleyeue
ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ neslee nw– nw– · efveÙeleebkeâ
leveeJe efJeke=âefle efJekeâ=efle
ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ keâe ceeve meyemes keâce neslee nw– uekeâÌ[er keâe ÂÌ{ efheC[ kesâ ceeceues ceW ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ nesiee-
ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ keâe ceeve meyemes DeefOekeâ neslee nw– Fmheele keâe Deveble kesâ yejeyej
Ùeefo Skeâ yeeušer keâes efkeâmeer jmmeer mes KeeRÛee peelee nw lees jmmeer ceW megIešŸe heoeLe& hej yeue ueieeves mes Gmekesâ Deekeâej ceW neslee nw- mLeeÙeer
Glhevve Øeefleyeue neslee nw– leveeJe Øeefleyeue heefjJele&ve
Ùeefo efkeâmeer Yeejer meeceeve keâes Oekeäkeâe efoÙee peeS Ùee Oekesâuee peeS,
lees FmeceW Glhevve Øeefleyeue nesiee– mecheer[ve Øeefleyeue Øeefleyeue keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw- N/mm2
heerleue, leeByee, Fmheele, kebâ›eâerš ceW mes meyemes keâce hee@Fpeve Devegheele ÂÌ{ efheC[ hej yeue ueieeves mes Gmekesâ Deekeâej ceW heefjJele&ve neslee nw-
neslee nw– kebâ›eâerš MetvÙe / veieCÙe
Skeâ heoeLe& keâer ÚÌ[ oesveeW efmejeW hej ÂÌ{lee mes keâmeer ngF& nw~ Ùeefo
peye efkeâmeer DeJeÙeJe hej Glkesâefvõle Yeej ef›eâÙee keâjlee nw leye Gmekeâe-
ÚÌ[ kesâ leehe›eâce keâes 600C lekeâ yeÌ{e efoÙee peeS lees ÚÌ[ ceW
PegkeâeJe neslee nww~
Glhevve Øeefleyeue nesiee– leeheerÙe mecheer[ve Øeefleyeue
SsuÙegefceefveÙece keâe DeefOekeâlece leveeJe Øeefleyeue neslee nw–
Fmheele, jyeÌ[, meesvee, leeByee ceW mes meyemes DeefOekeâ hee@Fpeve Devegheele 1265 kg/cm2
neslee nw– jyeÌ[ (0.5) efJeke=âefle keâe Devegheele nw– Jemleg keâer uecyeeF& ceW heefjJele&ve
Ùeefo efkeâmeer heoeLe& hej efYevve-efYevve heefjceeCe ceW heefjJele&veMeerue yeue Deewj Gmekeâer cetue uecyeeF& keâe
keâes Deveskeâ Ûe›eâ ceW yeej-yeej ueieeÙee peeS efpememes heoeLe& ve<š Ùee Ùeefo efkeâmeer heefnS keâe JÙeeme d1 leLee šeÙej keâe JÙeeme d2 nw Deewj
efJeHeâue nes peeS, lees heoeLe& keâer Ùen efJeHeâuelee keânueeleer nw– heoeLe& keâe ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ E nes lees šeÙej ceW Glhevve heefjOeerÙe
Heâšerie efJeHeâuelee (Fautige less) d1 – d 2
Dehe™heCe ceeheebkeâ leLee ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ oMee&ves Jeeuee met$e nw– leveeJe efJeke=âefle nesieer– e=
d2
 1 efJeke=âefleÙeeW keâe efJeMues<eCe keâjles meceÙe nce ØeeÙe: efJeÛeej keâjles nQ–
E = 2G  1 + 
 m kesâJeue Deehesef#ekeâ efJemLeeheveeW
1 JeemleefJekeâ Øeefleyeue Deewj Deveg%esÙe Øeefleyeue ceW Devlej veneR nesvee
hee@Fpeve Devegheele keâes ØeoefMe&le efkeâÙee peelee nw– µ DeLeJee mes
m ÛeeefnS– ± 5% mes DeefOekeâ

87
 ÂÌ{lee ceeheebkeâ (Modulus of regidity) oMee&ves kesâ efueS met$e Ùebie kesâ ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ kesâ mebKÙeelcekeâ ceeve kesâ mevoYe& ceW
Dehe¤heCe Øeefleyeue keâeBÛe, SsuÙegefceefveÙece, leeByee, efhešJeeb ueesne Deewj šbiemšve keâe
nw– DeejesnCe ›eâce nw–
Dehe¤heCe efJekeâ=efle
keâeBÛe, SuÙetceerefveÙece, leeByee, efhešJeeb ueesne, šbiemšve
SsuegceerefveÙece keâe ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ neslee nw–
Ùeefo efkeâmeer mebjÛevee hej efJe¤hekeâ yeue Fme Øekeâej Deejesefhele efkeâÙee
0.84 × 106 kg/cm2
{ueJeeB ueesns kesâ Deefvlece leveeJe Øeefleyeue keâe ceeve neslee nw– peeS efkeâ efJe¤heCe efvecvelece nes lees Gmes keânles nQ–
Deuhecele ef›eâÙee efveÙece
700 mes 2100 kg/cm2 kesâ yeerÛe
efkeâmeer MebkeäJeekeâj oC[ ceW Gmekesâ mJeÙeb kesâ Yeej kesâ keâejCe ngÙeer
efkeâmeer heoeLe& hej keâeÙe&keâejer Øeefleyeue keâe heefjceeCe %eele keâjves kesâ owOÙe&Je=efæ .......... kesâ yejeyej nesleer nw– meceeve uecyeeF& kesâ
efueS Ûejce Øeefleyeue keâes Yeeie efoÙee peelee nw– efØepceerÙe ob[ ceW ngF& owOÙe&Je=efæ kesâ Skeâ efleneF&
megj#ee iegCeebkeâ (Saftey factor) mes Fmheele kesâ mecyevOe ceW hee@Ùepeve Devegheele neslee nw–
Jemleg kesâ Yeerlej Gmekesâ Øeefle FkeâeF& #es$e hej ueieves Jeeuee ØelÙeeveÙeve 0.23 mes 0.30 lekeâ
yeue keânueelee nw– Øeefleyeue Ùeefo ce=og Fmheele kesâ mecyevOe ceW Ùebie kesâ ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ keâe
jwefKekeâ Øeefleyeue Deewj jwefKekeâ efJeke=âefle keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw– efveOee&jCe leveve Deewj mebheer[ve keâes ueskeâj efkeâÙee peeS lees oesveeW kesâ
ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ
ceeveeW keâe Devegheele   nesiee–
Et
efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâer meeceLÙe& JÙeJemLee keâer ceehe kesâ yeerÛe keâe Devegheele 1
 Ec 
nw– Ûejce meeceLÙe& Deewj IevelJe {ueJeeB ueesns kesâ efueS hee@Ùepeve Devegheele neslee nw– 0.27
Deeke=âefle ceeheebkeâ (Section modulus) keâer FkeâeF& nw– mesceer3 hee@Ùepeve Devegheele 0.4 kesâ efueS Dehe¤heCe iegCeebkeâ Deewj ØelÙeemLelee
{ueJeeB ueesns kesâ efkeâmeer šgkeâÌ[s hej leveve hejer#eCe kesâ oewjeve #es$eHeâue iegCeebkeâ kesâ yeerÛe Devegheele keâe ceeve nesiee– 5/14
ceW ØeefleMele keâceer nesieer– veieCÙe L ceeršj keâer uecyeeF& keâe Skeâ ÚÌ[ P efkeâ«ee. leveve yeue ueieeves hej
 2 0.001l
DeeÙeleve efJeke=âefle yejeyej nesleer nw– e v = eℓ  1 -  l efceceer. Hewâue peelee nw~ ÚÌ[ ceW Glhevve efJeke=âefle nQ–
 m L
Ùeefo efkeâmeer ÚÌ[ efpemekeâer uecyeeF& L, JÙeeme D Deewj DevegØemLe
1
hee@Ùepeve Devegheele JÙekeäle keâjves keâe met$e nw – heefjÛÚso keâe #es$eHeâue A nw, ceW ØelÙe#e Yeej W Éeje Glhevve
m efJeke=âefle S nes, lees Ùebie ØelÙeemLee iegCeebkeâ Fbefiele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee
1 heeefMJe&keâ efJekeâ=efle W
= nw– E=
m DevegowOÙe& efJekeâ=efle SA
yeue kesâ ØeYeeJe ceW efkeâmeer Debie kesâ Deekeâej ceW heefjJele&ve keâes keâne peelee peye efkeâmeer ÚÌ[ keâes efkeâmeer Yeej Éeje uecyee Ùee Úesše efkeâÙee peelee
nw lees Ùen meeLe-ner-meeLe mebkeâje Ùee ÛeewÌ[e nes peelee nw~ ÛeewÌ[eF& keâer
nw- efJeke=âefle
efoMee ceW Fme efJeke=âefle Deewj uecyeeF& keâer efoMee ceW meeLe-ner-meeLe
ØelÙeskeâ heoeLe& ngkeâ kesâ efveÙece keâe heeueve keâjlee nw Deheveer- Glhevve ngÙeer efJeke=âefle kesâ Devegheele keâes keânles nQ–
meceevegheeleer meercee kesâ Yeerlej hee@Ùepeve Devegheele (Poission Ratio)
ÂÌ{lee iegCeebkeâeW kesâ Deewmele ceeve kesâ mevoYe& ceW SuÙetceerefveÙece,
efkeâme DeJemLee ceW vejce mšerue keâer meece«eer ngkeâ kesâ efveÙece kesâ heerleue, leeByee, efveefkeâue Deewj Fmheele keâe DeJejesnCe ›eâce nw–
Devegmeej JÙeJenej keâjleer nw- meceevegheeeflekeâ meercee SuÙetceerefveÙece, heerleue, leeByee, efvekesâue Fmheele
Devegheeeflekeâlee keâer meercee efkeâme hej efveYe&j keâjleer nw- Ùeefo G ÂÌ{lee ceeheebkeâ Deewj q Dehe¤heCe Øeefleyeue keâer leer›elee nes
heoeLe& kesâ Øekeâej, DevegØemLe keâeš kesâ #es$e lees Dehe¤heCe kesâ keâejCe efJeke=âefle Tpee& JÙekeäle keâer pee mekeâleer nw–
q2
L ceeršj kesâ Skeâ yesueveekeâej oC[ keâes De#eerÙe™he mes ℓ efceceer. ceW × Jemleg keâe DeeÙeleve
2G
efJeke=âefle efkeâÙee ieÙee~ oC[ keâer efJeke=âefle nesieer- 0.001(ℓ/L) Skeâ MebkeäJeekeâej ÚÌ[ efpemekeâer uecyeeF& L Deewj leue JÙeeme d1 leLee
Thejer efmejs keâe JÙeeme d2 nw, hej P Yeej ueieeÙee peelee nw~ Thejer
efkeâmeer õJÙe keâes levÙe keâne peelee nw Ùeefo- Gmekeâe hueeefmškeâ efmejs mes l otjer hej ÚÌ[ ceW leveve Yeej nesiee–
owOÙe& Je=efæ heefjmej uecyee nes
4PL2
efJeke=âefle kesâ efJeMues<eCe ceW efJeÛeej keâjles nQ–
π ( d 1 - d 2 ) l + ld 2 
2
Deemevve efyevogDeeW kesâ yeerÛe Deehesef#ekeâ efJemLeeheve hej
efkeâmeer Yeej keâes Dekeâmceele ueieeS peeves hej Glhevve Øeefleyeue Gleves efkeâmeer õJÙe keâe leveve Øeefleyeue %eele keâjves keâe met$e nw–
ner Yeej keâes ›eâceMe: Oeerjs-Oeerjs (Gradual) ueieeS peeves hej hejer#eCe keâs oewjeve DeefOekeâlece Yeej
Glhevve Øeefleyeue keâer leguevee ceW neslee nw– oesiegvee cetue DevegØemLe heefjÛÚso keâe #es$eHeâue
efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâer DeJecebove #ecelee nesleer nw– efkeâmeer "esme ceW Yeb[eefjle efJeke=âefle Tpee& Fme Øekeâej oer peeleer nw-
ØeIeele Deewj keâcheveeW keâes DeJeMeesef<ele keâjves keâer #ecelee
0.5×σ×ε×DeeÙeleve
keâeBÛe kesâ Skeâ ÚÌ[ hej leveve hejer#eCe kesâ oewjeve Øeefleyeue-efJeke=âefle
Je›eâ– DeÛeevekeâ štš peeleer nw vejce Fmheele ceW keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee- 0.15 mes 0.30³
88
 vejce Fmheele keâe Ùebie ceeheebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw- 2×105N/mm2 Skeâ Oejve ceW yebkeâve DeeIetCe& SJeb keâle&ve yeue kesâ yeerÛe mecyevOe nw–
dM
meYeer efoMeeDeeW ceW meceeve iegCeOeceeX mes Ùegòeâ Skeâ heoeLe& keâes keânles nQ- V=
du
meceowefMekeâ (Isotropic)
Skeâ meceeve efJeleefjle Yeej Jenve keâjves Jeeues efkeâmeer yeerce keâer uecyeeF&
meJee&efOekeâ Dehe™heCe efJeke=âefle nesleer nw- hej veceve DeeIetCe& DeejsKe keâe Deekeâej meowJe neslee nw– hejJeueefÙekeâ
cegKÙe meceleueeW (Principal planes) kesâ meeLe 450 hej Jen efyevog peneB hej veceve DeeIetCe& MetvÙe neslee nw keânueelee nw–
Deefvlece Øeefleyeue Je keâeÙe&keâejer Øeefleyeue keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw- veefle heefjJele&ve efyevog
megj#ee iegCeebkeâ Oejve ceW DevegØemLe Yeej Deewj keâle&ve kesâ yeerÛe mecyevOe nw–
2. veceve IetCe& SJeb keâle&ve yeue W=
dV
dx
(Bending Moment & Shear Force)
meeOeejCe meceefLe&le Oejve ceW DeefOekeâlece veceve IetCe& Jene Ieefšle neslee
keâle&ve uecyeeF& keâes Skeâ #es$e keâer lejn heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee peelee nw nw peneB keâle&ve yeue neslee nw– vÙetvelece
peneB– Dehe™heCe yeue DeÛej nes L heeš keâer Skeâ kewâvšerueerJej Oejve hej ceOÙe heeš hej Skeâ
Yeej mebÛeeefjle yeerce ceW Jen efyevog peneb yebkeâve DeeIetCe& efoMee yeouelee mebkesâefvõle Yeej DeOÙeejesefhele nw~ Gmekesâ cegòeâ efmejs hej veceve DeeIetCe&
nw, keânueelee nw– veefle heefjJele&ve efyevog yejeyej nw– MetvÙe
veefle heefjJele&ve efyevog Jen efyevog nw peneB– l efJemleej hej w Skeâ meceefJeleefjle Yeej Jenve efkeâÙes ngÙes Deeyeæ
yebkeâve DeeIetCe& efÛevn yeouelee nw
Skeâ meceefJeleefjle Yeej kesâ lenle, keâle&ve yeouelee nw–jsKeerÙe ™he mes wl 2
Oejve keâe Deeuecye DeeIetCe& nw–
efyevog Yeej kesâ yeerÛe keâle&ve yeouelee nw– efmLej jnlee nw 12

cenlJehetCe& leLÙe (Important Fact)

Yeej DeefOekeâlece keâle&ve DeefOekeâlece veceve IetCe& keâle&ve DeejsKe veceve DeejsKe
(Beam/load) yeue (Max B.M) (S.F.D) (B.M.D)
(Max S.F)

W Wl
2 4

wl wl 2
2 8

w wl

wl 2
wl 2

RA = wl wl 2
3
9 3
RB = wl
6

wℓ wl 2
4 12

89
Yeej (load) S.F.D B.M.D veceve DeeIetCe& keâe ceeve Oejve kesâ veefle heefjJele&ve efyevog hej neslee nw-
efyevog Yeej DeeÙeleekeâej ef$eYegpeekeâej MetvÙe
(Point load) Skeâ meceeve kewâvšerueerJej yeerce kesâ cegòeâ efmejs hej Yeej yeÌ{eÙee peelee
U.D.L ef$eYegpeekeâej hejJeueÙeekeâej nw, lees efJeHeâuelee efkeâme efmejs hej nesieer- Deeyeæ efmejs hej
U.V.L hejJeueÙeekeâej DeeflehejJeueÙeekeâej Skeâ Øeeme Oejve, efpemekesâ cegkeäle efmejs hej mebkesâefvõle Yeej W ueieeÙee
ef$eYegpeekeâej Yeej mes Yeeefjle Skeâ Megæeueefcyele Oejve kesâ veceve ieÙee nw, keâe DeefOekeâlece yebkeâve DeeIetCe& nesiee– (peneB L = Øeeme
DeeIetCe& keâer Øeke=âefle nesleer nw– IeveerÙe hejJeueÙe OejCe keâer uecyeeF&) WL
Skeâ Megæeueefcyele Oejve kesâ ÛeewLeeF& efyevog hej DeefOekeâlece veceve Skeâ Megæeuecye Oejve efpemekeâer mecemle uecyeeF& hej meceeve ¤he mes
DeeIetCe& GlheVe nesiee peye Yeej keâeš keâes ›eâeme keâjsiee, peyeefkeâ efJeleefjle Yeej W Øeefle FkeâeF& uecyeeF& ueiee nw, kesâ Dehe¤heCe yeue
›eâeefmebie kesâ keâejCe UDL keâer uecyeeF& heeš kesâ yeebÙes mes oebÙes efoMee DeejsKe ceW efveefnle nw– oes mecekeâesCe ef$eYegpe
mes keâce nw– mheeve keâe leerve-ÛeewLeeF& Skeâ Megæeuecye Oejve efpemekesâ heeš keâer uecyeeF& l nw Deewj Oejve kesâ
efkeâmeer Oejve cebs DeefOekeâlece yebkeâve DeeIetCe& GlheVe neslee nw, peneB– kesâvõ hej efyevog Yeej W nw, keâe DeefOekeâlece yebkeâve DeeIetCe& nesiee–
Dehe™heCe yeue efÛeåve yeoue peelee nw~ WL
Ùeefo efkeâmeer Oejve hej mebkesâefvõle Yeej [eues peeSb lees yebkeâve DeeIetCe& 4
DeejsKe nesiee– vele meerOeer jsKee (Inclined line) Skeâ Megæeuecye Oejve efpemekeâer mecemle uecyeeF& hej meceeve ¤he mes
yebkeâve DeeIetCe& ceW heefjJele&ve keâer oj yejeyej nesleer nw– efJeleefjle Yeej w Øeefle FkeâeF& uecyeeF& ueiee nw, kesâ efmejeW hej
Dehe¤heCe yeue Dehe¤heCe yeue keâe heefjceeCe nw–
efkeâmeer Øeeme Oejve (cantilever) keâe DeefOekeâlece yebkeâve DeeIetCe& Skeâ efmejs hej wl/2 Deewj otmejs efmejs hej wl/2
DeJeefmLele neslee nw– Deeyeæ efmejs (Fixed poin) hej Ùeefo efkeâmeer yeengOejve kesâ cegkeäle efmejs hej Yeej yeÌ{eÙee peelee nes, lees
mebheer[ve yeue kesâ DeOeerve DeJeÙeJeeW ceW DeekegbâefÛele nesves keâer ØeJe=efòe efJeHeâuelee Glhevve nesieer Deeyeæ efmejs hej
nesleer nw– Gvekeâer vÙetvelece heefjYeüceCe ef$epÙee Ùeefo efkeâmeer yeengOejve keâer Øeefle FkeâeF& uecyeeF& hej meceeve ¤he mes
keâer efoMee ceW efJeleefjle Yeej w ueiee nes Deewj Gmekesâ cegkeäle efmejs hej mebkesâefvõle Yeej
Ùeefo efkeâmeer yeengOejve (Cantilever) kesâ cegkeäle efmejs hej Skeâ efyevog w ueiee nes lees yebkeâve DeeIetCe& DeejsKe keâer Deeke=âefle nesieer–
Yeej jKee ieÙee nes lees Dehe¤heCe yeue DeejsKe nesiee– DeeÙeleekeâej hejJeueefÙekeâ
meleled Oejve Gmes keânles nQ, pees– meceeve YeejCe kesâ efueÙes cesnjeye leLee [ešeW ceW yebkeâve DeeIetCe& Oejve
oes mes DeefOekeâ mLeeve hej Deeuebefyele nes keâer Dehes#ee neslee nw– keâce
efkeâmeer heefjÛÚso hej yebkeâve DeeIetCe& JeneB DeefOekeâlece neslee nw peneB efkeâmeer Oejve keâes Je›eâ kesâ Deekeâej keâe yeveeves keâe GösMÙe neslee nw–
Dehe¤heCe yeue– efÛeÖ yeoue jns neW meYeer YeeieeW ceW yebkeâve DeeIetC& e keâes keâce keâjvee
l uecyeeF& kesâ Øeeme Oejve hej Skeâ meceeve ¤he mes efJeleefjle Øeefle dF
FkeâeF& uecyeeF& W Yeej jKee ieÙee nes lees Dehe¤heCe yeue DeejsKe Skeâ Oejve kesâ efkeâmeer keâeš hej yeue kesâ heefjJele&ve keâer oj
dx
nesiee– Skeâ mecekeâesCe ef$eYegpe yejeyej nesleer nw- Yeej keâer oj w kesâ yejeyej
Skeâ Øeeme Oejve keâer uecyeeF& L nw, efpemekeâer mecemle uecyeeF& ceW Øeefle
FkeâeF& hej uecyeeF& hej w heefjceeCe keâe meceeve ¤he mes efJeleefjle Yeej Skeâ Oejve kesâ efkeâmeer keâeš hej veceve IetCe& M kesâ heefjJele&ve keâer oj
ueiee nw Deewj cegkeäle efmejs hej mebkesâefvõle Yeej W ueiee nw~ Øeeme dM
yejeyej nesleer nw- keâle&ve yeue kesâ yejeyej
Oejve kesâ Deeyeæ efmejs hej DeefOekeâlece yebkeâve DeeIetCe& -------- kesâ dx
wL2 Ùeefo efkeâmeer Oejve kesâ oes efyevogDeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâle&ve yeue DeejsKe
yejeyej nesiee– WL +
2 (Shear force diagram) jsKee #eweflepe nesleer nw, lees Gve oes
L uecyeeF& kesâ Øeeme Oejve hej Ùeefo Skeâ meceeve ¤he mes heefjJeefle&le efyevogDeeW kesâ yeerÛe veceve IetCe& DeejsKe (bending moment
Yeej jKee ieÙee nes, pees cegkeäle efmejs hej MetvÙe mes ueskeâj Deeyeæ efmejs diagram) nesiee- Deevele meerOeer jsKee (Inclined line)
hej Øeefle FkeâeF& uecyeeF& lekeâ nes lees Dehe¤heCe yeue DeejsKe nesiee–
hejJeueefÙekeâ Je›eâ efkeâmeer Oejve keâe Skeâ efmeje Deeyeæ nw leLee otmejs mJelev$e efmejs hej
šskeâ ueieer ngF& nw~ Skeâ efyevog Yeej Gmekeâer uecyeeF& kesâ ceOÙe ceW ueie
efkeâmeer meceleue mebjÛevee ceW Skeâ Deeyeæ Deeuecye hej Øeefleef›eâÙeeDeeW jne nw~ DeefOekeâlece veceve IetCe& neslee nw-
keâer kegâue mebKÙee nesleer nw- 3 Oejve kesâ Deeyeæ efmejs hej (Fixed end)
keâerefuele hejleyebo Oejve kesâ ceeceues ceW Heâuekeâ keâer DeefOekeâlece ienjeF& efkeâmeer keQâvšerueerJej Oejve efpeme hej Oejve keâer hetjer uecyeeF& hej
meerefcele nesleer nw- 2.5 mesceer. meceefJeleefjle Yeej ueiee jne nw, keâe veceve IetCe& DeejsKe nesiee-
yeerce keâes mebjÛeveelcekeâ meomÙe kesâ meceeve heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw hejJeueÙeekeâej (Parabola)
efpeme hej ueielee nw- DevegØemLe Yeej (Transverse load) veefle heefjJele&ve efyevog (point of contraflexure) kesâJeue neslee nw–
peye Oejve ceW kesâJeue veceve Øeefleyeue Ghepelee nw lees Jen keânueelee yeenj efvekeâueer Oejve (Overhanging beem) leLee Deeyeæ
nw- Megæ veceve (Pure bending) Oejve (Fixed Beam) ceW
90
3. peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& Ùeefo efkeâmeer keWâšerueerJej Oejve keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& b leLee ceesšeF& d keâes
hejmhej yeoue efoÙee peeS lees Oejve hej efyevee Yeej leLee heeš yeoues,
(Moment of Inertia)
cegkeäle efmejs hej efJe#eshe, ÛeewÌ[eF& leLee ienjeF& kesâ Devegheele ceW nesiee–
Skeâ DeeÙeleekeâej keâeš (Section) keâe peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& keâe met$e b 
2

bd 3 d 
neslee nw efpemekeâe DeeOeej b leLee TBÛeeF& d nw–  
12 keâle&ve Øeefleyeue keâe DeJeÙeJe hej ØeYeeJe–
Skeâ KeesKeueer ÚÌ[ efpemekeâe yee¢e JÙeeme (D) Deewj Deevleefjkeâ JÙeeme DeJeÙeJe keâer Skeâ hejle keâe otmejer hejle mes efKemekeâeJe
(d) nw, kesâ OeÇgJeerÙe peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& keâe ceeve nesiee– yeengOejve Gmes keânles nQ pees–
π Skeâ efmejs hej Deeyeæ leLee otmejs efmejs hej cegkeäle nes
32
(
D4 − d 4 ) efkeâmeer Yeeefjle yeengOejCe Ùee Oejve ceW efkeâmeer efyevog hej ØeJeCelee Deewj
Skeâ KeesKeues DeeÙeleekeâej keâeš keâe peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& keâe met$e nw– efJe#eshe keâe ceeve %eele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– cewkeâeues keâer efJeefOe
bd 3 -b1d13 Ùeefo yeueeW kesâ mesš keâe heefjCeeceer yeue MetvÙe nes lees Jen keânueeles nQ
12 efkeâ Jen- meecÙeeJemLee (Equilibrium) ceW nw
Skeâ ieesueekeâej keâeš keâe, Fmekesâ kesâvõerÙe De#e kesâ heefjle: peÌ[lJe
π × d4 oes meceeve Je Gušer efoMee ceW keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeues yeueeW kesâ heefjCeeceer
DeeIetCe& neslee nw– yeue keâe ceeve nesiee- MetvÙe
64
d JÙeeme kesâ "esme Je=òeekeâej MeeHeäš keâe OeÇgJeerÙe peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& neslee cegKÙe meceleue Deewj GÛÛelece Dehe™heCe leue kesâ yeerÛe keâesCe neslee nw-
π 4 450
nw– d
32 meJee&efOekeâ Dehe™heCe efJeke=âefle nesleer nw-
Jen FmheeleerÙe KeC[ efpemekeâe ieg®lJe kesâvõ DevegØemLe keâeš kesâ cegKÙe meceleue kesâ meeLe 450 hej
#es$eHeâue kesâ yeenj heÌ[lee nw–
keâesCeerÙe KeC[ (Angle section) σ-τ huesve kesâ ceesnj meefke&âue ceW TOJee&Oej JÙeeme keäÙee ØeoefMe&le
Skeâ KeesKeues ieesueekeâej keâeš keâe peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& keâe met$e nw– keâjlee nw- DeefOekeâlece Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue
π 4
64
(
d 1 − d 42 ) cegKÙe leueeW hej- DeefYeuecye Øeefleyeue DeefOekeâlece
leLee keâle&ve Øeefleyeue MetvÙe neslee
efkeâmeer #es$e keâe peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& kesâ mevoYe& ceW vÙetvelece nesiee– 1. In S. I system, unit of stress is:
kesâvõerÙe De#e S.I. ØeCeeueer ceW Øeefleyeue keâer ceehe FkeâeF& nw–
Skeâ ef$eYegpe efpemekeâer TBÛeeF& h leLee DeeOeej b nes lees Gmekeâe
(a) kg/cm2 (b) N
bh 3 (c) N/m2 (d) Watt/Jeeš
kesâvõerÙe De#e mes peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& nesiee–
36 RRB SSE Secunderabad : 21-12-2014
efkeâmeer #es$e keâe peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& efkeâme De#e kesâ heefjle: vÙetvelece
nesiee– kesâvõerÙe De#e kesâ heefjle: Ans : (c) Øeefleyeue = Deevleefjkeâ ØeeflejesOeer yeue
#es$eHeâue
4. Oejve ceW Øeefleyeue (Stress in Beam) σ=
FIrs
= 2
N
A m
σ − τ huesve kesâ ceesnj Je=òe ceW (σ = DeefYeuebye Øeefleyeue τ = ∴ σ keâer S.I. Unit = N/m2
Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue), TOJee&Oej JÙeeme Ùen ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw– yeue keâer S.I. Unit = N
DeefOekeâlece Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue
Meefòeâ keâer S.I. Unit = Watt
cegKÙe meceleue Gme meceleue Éeje heefjYeeef<ele nesles nQ efpeme hej
keâle&ve Øeefleyeue nesles nQ– MetvÙe 2. A simply supported beam carries a varying
Skeâ DeJeÙeJe ceW hetjkeâ keâle&ve Øeefleyeue meowJe nw– load from zero at one end to w N/m at the other
heefjceeCe ceW meceeve uesefkeâve efÛevn ceW efJehejerle end (as under)
Skeâ DeJeÙeJe kesâ efueS efÉDe#eerÙe Øeefleyeue kesâ DeOeerve hetjkeâ Skeâ Megæeuecye Oejve hej heefjJeefle&le Yeej (Varging
DeefYeuebye ØeefleyeueeW keâe Ùeesie neslee nw– meowJe efmLej Load) Skeâ efmejs hej MetvÙe mes otmejs efmejs w N/m ueie
cegKÙe meceleue hej ueielee nw– kesâJeue DeefYeuecye Øeefleyeue jne nw~
Skeâ keWâšerueerJej Oejve, efpemekeâe DevegØemLe keâeš DeeÙeleekeâej nw, hej
Fmekesâ mJeleb$e efmejs hej Skeâ mebkesâefvõle Yeej ueiee nQ~ Ùeefo Oejve keâer
ÛeewÌ[eF& ogiegveer keâj oer peeS lees Oejve keâe efJe#eshe, cegkeäle efmejs hej,
henues keâer leguevee ceW nesiee– 1/2 iegvee nesiee
Ùeefo efkeâmeer Oejve keâer uecyeeF& Gmekesâ šskeâ kesâ mLeeve mes Deeies lekeâ
nes, lees Jen keânueeleer nw–
Øeuecye Oejve (Overhanging beam)
91
 The length of the beam is L. The shear force 9KC 3KC
(c) E = (d) E =
will be zero at a distance 'x' from A. Find 'x': 3K + C K + 2C
Oejve keâer uecyeeF& L nw~ keâle&ve yeue efmejs A mes x otjer hej RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014
MetvÙe nw~ lees x keâe ceeve %eele keâerefpeS– Ans. (c) : peneb K = DeeÙeleve ceeheebkeâ
(a)
L
(b)
L
(c)
L
(d)
L C = keâle&ve ceeheebkeâ
2 4 3 3 E = Ùebie ØelÙeemLelee
RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014 Ùebie ØelÙeemLelee leLee keâle&ve ceeheebkeâ ceW mecyevOe E = (1 + µ)
Ans : (c) Ùebie ØelÙeemLelee leLee DeeÙeleve ceeheebkeâ ceW mecyevOe E = 3K(1–2µ)
Ùebie ØelÙeemLelee, DeeÙeleve ceeheebkeâ leLee keâle&ve ceeheebkeâ ceW mecyevOe
9KC
E=
3K + C
4. The property of a material by which iy can by
rolled into sheets is called:
Oeeleg Deheves efpeme iegCeOece& kesâ keâejCe Meerš ceW heefjJeefle&le
wL
RA + RB = ..........(i) efkeâÙes pee mekeâles nQ, Jen nw:
2
(a) Elasticity/ØelÙeemLelee
∑ MA = O mes
(b) Plasticity/megIešdÙelee
WL 2L WL2
RAXO + RB×L = × = (c) Ductility/levÙelee
2 3 6
(d) Malleability/DeeIeeleJeOÙe&lee
WL
RB = – meceer. (1) ceW jKeves hej RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014
6 Ans. (d) : DeeIeeleJeOe&veerÙelee (malleability) kesâ keâejCe heoeLe& keâes
WL WL 2WL WL heerškeâj Ùee jesefuebie keâjkesâ Gmes heleueer Ûeeoj keâe ™he efoÙee pee mekeâlee
RA = − = =
2 6 6 3 nw~ pewmes–efhešJeeB ueesne, SuÙetceerefveÙece, heerleue, leeByee, meesvee, ÛeeBoer
∴ RA =
WL Deeefo~
3 5. The stress below which a material regains its
original size and shape when the load is removed
is called as :
Øeefleyeue efpemekesâ DeOeerve Skeâ heoeLe& oesyeeje Deheves
ØeejefcYekeâ meeFpe leLee Deekeâej ceW Dee peelee nw, peye Yeej
nšeÙee peelee nw, Ùen keânueelee nw–
S.F. (A – X) Yeeie ceW –
(a) Failure stress/Demeheâue Øeefleyeue
ceevee efyevog A mes X otjer hej keâle&ve yeue = 0
(b) Shrinkage limit/mebkegâÛeve meercee
leye X = ?
(c) Plastic limit/megIešŸe meercee
WL WX 1 WL WX 2
− × ×X = 0 ⇒ = ] (d) Elastic limit/ØelÙeemLelee meercee
6 L 2 6 2L RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015
L2
⇒ = X2 Ans (d) : efkeâmeer heoeLe& kesâ efueS Jen meercee efpemekesâ Devleie&le Gme
3 heoeLe& hej yeue ueieeves mes Gmekesâ keâCeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer ceW heefjJele&ve
∴ X=
L nes peelee nw leLee yeue keâes nše uesves hej heoeLe& Deheveer hetJe& efmLeefle keâes
3 Øeehle keâj ueslee nw, ØelÙeemLelee meercee keânueeleer nw~
3. Choose the option which correctly show the 6. The fixed support in real beam becomes in the
relationship between Modulus of Elasticity (E); conjugate beam is
Modulus of Rigidity (C) and Bulk Modulus JeemleefJekeâ Oejve keâer Deeyeæ Deeuecye, mebÙegeficele Oejve
(K): keâer efkeâme Øekeâej keâer Deeuecye ceW heefjJeefle&le nesleer nw~
mener efJekeâuhe keâe ÛeÙeve keâerefpeS pees ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ (a) Fixed support/Deeyeæ Deeuecye
(E); keâle&ve ceeheebkeâ (C) leLee DeeÙeleve ceeheebkeâ (K) ceW (b) Hinged support/efnvpe Deeuecye
efmLele mebyebOe keâes oMee&lee nw? (c) Roller support/jesuej Deeuecye
(a) E =
KC
(b) E=
2KC (d) Free support/cegòeâ Deeuecye
K+C 2K + C RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
92
Ans : (d) Conjugate Beam keâe mecyevOe OejveeW kesâ {eue leLee 9. The stress required to cause actual fracture of
efJe#eshe mes nw~ Conjugate Beam Jen keâeuheefvekeâ Oejve nesleer nw~ a material is called the
efpemekeâer efJeceeÙeW JeemleefJekeâ Oejve kesâ meceeve ner nesleer nw efkeâvleg Fme hej heoeLe& kesâ JeemleefJekeâ efJeYeepeve kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ
YeejCe Fme Øekeâej neslee nw efkeâ Fme Oejve hej keâle&ve yeue leLee yebkeâve Øeefleyeue keânueelee nw-
DeeIetCe& JeemleefJekeâ Oejve kesâ ›eâceMe: {eue leLee efJe#eshe keâes yeleelee nw~ (a) Tangential stress/mheMe&jsKeerÙe Øeefleyeue
Fme efmeæevle ceW JeemleefJekeâ Oejve leLee Conjugate Beam kesâ (b) Normal stress/meeceevÙe Øeefleyeue
DeeuecyeeW ceW Hesâj yeoue efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (c) Ultimate stress/Ûejce Øeefleyeue
pees efvecve Øekeâej nw- (d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
JeemleefJekeâ Oejve Conjugate Beam RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
Deeyeæ efmeje cegòeâ efmeje Ans : (c) efkeâmeer heoeLe& hej Gmekesâ Ûejce Øeefleyeue mes DeefOekeâ levÙe
cegòeâ efmeje Deeyeæ efmeje
Øeefleyeue ueieeves hej Jen efJeHeâue nes peelee nw~ levÙe heoeLeex ceW Fme
ceOÙe Deeuecye ceOÙe efnbpe
Øeefleyeue hej Deekeâj efJe®heCe Meg™ nes peeleer nw Deewj Gmekeâe DevegØemLe
ceOÙe efnbpe ceOÙe Deeuecye
keâeš keâce nesves ueielee nw Fme efyevog kesâ he§eele heoeLe& keâes efJeHeâue keâjves
kesâ efueS Deewj Øeefleyeue yeÌ{eves keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR jnleer nw~
7. Which one of the following substances has the
largest value of Young's modulus ? 10. Where (1/m) = Poisson’s ratio, E = Young’s
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes efkeâme heoeLe& keâe Ùebie ØelÙeemLelee modulus and C = Rigidity modulus, the
iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve meJee&efOekeâ nw? relation between E and C is given as
(a) Rubber/jyej (b) Nylon/veeÙeueesve peneB (1/m) · hJeemeeW keâe Devegheele, E · Ùebie ceeheebkeâ
(c) Iron/ueesne (d) Copper/lee@yee Deewj C · ÂÌ{lee ceeheebkeâ nw, lees E Deewj C kesâ yeerÛe
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015 mebyebOe nw.............
Ans : (c) ØelÙeemLelee meercee kesâ Yeerlej efkeâmeer heoeLe& hej ueieeÙes ieÙes (a) E = C [1+(1/m)] (b) E = 2C [1+(1/m)]
Øeefleyeue leLee GlheVe efJeke=âefle ceW meceevegheeleer mecyevOe neslee nw (c) E = C[1+(2/m)] (d) E = 2C[1+(2/m)]
Øeefleyeue ∝ efJeke=âefle RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
σ∝ e 1
Ans : (b) Ùeefo heeFpeve Devegheele =
σ =Ee m
peneB E Ùebie ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ nw~ Fmekeâe cee$ekeâ heemkeâue neslee nw~ Ùebie ceeheebkeâ = E
efkeâmeer heoeLe& kesâ Øeefleyeue-efJeke=âefle Je›eâ keâe {eue Fmekesâ ØelÙeemLelee ÂÌ{lee ceeheebkeâ = C
iegCeebkeâ keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw~ FmeceW mecyevOe
jyej, veeÙeuee@ve, ueesne leLee leeByee kesâ efueS ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve  1
E = 2C  1 + 
›eâceMe: 0.01 − 0.1MPa, 2 − 4 MPa, 210 MPa, leLee 117 MPa  m
neslee nw~ 11. If a bar of three different cross-sections
8. Strain energy of a member may be defined as (stepped) is subjected to an axial load of P
work done on it. (tensile), which of the following is true?
efkeâmeer meomÙe hej efvecve kesâ ™he ceW keâeÙe& keâjves keâes Ùeefo leerve efYeVe DevegØemLe keâeš (meesheeveer) kesâ oC[ hej
efJeke=âefle Tpee& kesâ ™he ceW heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee peelee nw~ · (levÙe) kesâ De#eerÙe Yeej kesâ DeOeerve efkeâÙee peelee nw,
(a) To deform it/Gmes efJeke=âle keâjvee lees FveceW mes keâewve-mee mener nw?
(b) To resist elongation/oerIeeakeâjCe keâe ØeeflejesOe keâjvee (a) the total stress will be the sum of the stresses
(c) To resist shortening/vÙetveerkeâjCe keâe ØeeflejesOe keâjvee in the three cross sections/Øeefleyeue leerveeW DevegØemLe
(d) All of the above /GheÙeg&òeâ meYeer keâešeW ceW Øeefleyeue keâe kegâue Ùeesie nesiee
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015 (b) the total elongation of the bar will be the sum
Ans : (d) efkeâmeer Jemleg hej yeue ueieeves hej Gmekeâer efJeceeDeeW ceW of the elongation of the individual
heefjJele&ve nes peelee nw~ efJecee ceW heefjJele&ve leLee JeemleefJekeâ efJecee kesâ sections/oC[ keâer oerIe& Je=efæ, ØelÙeskeâ DevegØemLe keâer
Devegheele keâes efJeke=âefle keânles nw~ efJecee ceW heefjJele&ve Jemleg kesâ oerIeeakeâjCe oerIe& Je=efæ keâe Ùeesie nesiee
Ùee efmekegâÌ[ve oesveeW kesâ keâejCe nes mekeâlee nw~ efkeâmeer Jemleg keâes efJeke=âle (c) the total stress will be the difference between
keâjves ceW efkeâÙee ieÙee keâeÙe& Jemleg ceW efJeke=âefle Tpee& kesâ ™he ceW mebefÛele the maximum and the minimum stress of the
nes peelee nw~ Dele: efJeke=âefle Tpee& kesâ mevoYe& ceW efJekeâuhe (d) mener sections/kegâue Øeefleyeue kesâ DevegØemLeeW DeefOekeâlece Deewj
nesiee~ vÙetvelece Øeefleyeue kesâ yeerÛe keâe Devlej nesiee
93
 (d) the total elongation will be the difference 13. The structure made of rigid curved surfaces
between the maximum and the minimum are known as–
elongation of the sections/kegâue oerIe& Je=efæ keâ"esj Je›eâekeâej melen mes efveefce&le {ebÛes keâes keânles nQ?
DevegØemLeeW keâer DeefOekeâlece Deewj vÙetvelece oerIe& Je=efæ kesâ (a) Surface structure/melener {eBÛee
yeerÛe keâe Devlej nesiee~ (b) Frame structure/øeâsce {ebÛee
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015 (c) Shell structure/Keesue mebjÛevee
Ans : (b) Demeceeve DevegØemLe heefjÛÚsoes Jeeueer ÚÌ[ ceW yee¢e YeejeW kesâ (d) Space structure/mhesme {ebÛee
DeOeerve uecyeeF& ceW Je=efæ ØelÙeskeâ Yeeie keâer uecyeeF& ceW Je=efæÙeeW keâe Ùeesie RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015
nesiee– Ans : (c) keâ"es j Je›eâekeâej melen mes efveefce&le {eBÛes keâes Keesue mebjÛevee
(Shell structure) keânles nw~
Keesue (Shell) oes Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw–
1. ceesše Keesue (Thick shell), 2. heleuee Keesue (Thin shell)
(i) thin shell
Di Di
t< to
10 15
( ii ) thick shell
Di Di
t> to
10 15
14. A beam is a structural member designed
primarily to take which of the following type of
load
SL = SL1 = SL2 + SL3 Oejve Skeâ mebjÛeveelcekeâ meomÙe nw, efpemekeâe DeefYekeâuheve
SL =
PL1 PL 2 PL3
+ + ØeeLeefcekeâ ™he mes efvecveefueefKele ceW mes efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ
A1E A 2 E A 3 E Yeej uesves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw–
P  L1 L 2 L3  (a) Torsional/cejesÌ[ (b) Bending/veceve
SL =  + +  (c) Compressive/mecheer[ve (d) Shear/keâle&ve
E  A1 A 2 A 3 
RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015
12. The intensity of bending stress at any point in a Ans : (b) Oejve Skeâ mebjÛeveelcekeâ meomÙe nw, efpemekesâ De#e hej
beam varies directly with
Oejve ceW, efkeâmeer Yeer efyevog hej yebkeâve Øeefleyeue keâer leer›elee
DevegØemLe Yeej (uecyeJele Yeej) keâece keâjlee nw, efpememes Oejve veceve nesves
keâer keâesefMeMe keâjlee nw~
ceW ØelÙe#e ™he mes efYeVe neslee nw~
⇒ Ùeefo efkeâmeer Debie hej yeueÙegice ueieekeâj Gmekeâe veceve efkeâÙee
(a) length of the beam/Oejve keâer uecyeeF&
peelee nw Deewj Gme hej keâesF& Yeej Ùee yeue veneR ueielee DeLee&led keâle&ve
(b) area of cross-section of the beam/Oejve kesâ
yeue MetvÙe neslee nw, lees Gmes Megæ veceve (Pure bending) keânles nQ~
DevegØemLe keâeš keâe #es$e
15. The ratio of compressive stress to volumetric
(c) distance of the point from the neutral
strain is called as :
axis/Goemeerve De#e mes efyevog keâer otjer
mecheer[ve Øeefleyeue Deewj DeeÙeleefvekeâ efJeke=âefle kesâ Devegheele
(d) polar moment of inertia/OeÇgJeerÙe peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& #eCe
keâes keânles nQ–
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
(a) Young's modulus/Ùebie ceeheebkeâ
Ans : (c) Jee¢e YeejeW kesâ DeOeerve OejveeW kesâ DevegØemLe keâeš ceW yebkeâve
(b) Shear modulus/keâle&ve ceeheebkeâ
Øeefleyeue Oejve kesâ Goemeerve De#e mes otjer kesâ meceevegheeleer nesles nQ Ùes kesâvõ
(c) Poisson's ratio/hee@Fpeve Devegheele
hej MetvÙe leLee Thejer Je efveÛeues jsMeeW ceW DeefOekeâlece nesles nw~
(d) Bulk modulus of elasticity
ØelLeemLelee keâe yeuekeâ ceeheebkeâ
RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015
Ans : (d) mecheer[ve Øeefleyeue Deewj DeeÙeleefvekeâ efJeke=âefle kesâ Devegheele
keâes yeukeâ ceeheebkeâ keânles nQ~
yeukeâ ceeheebkeâ/DeeÙeleve ceeheebkeâ keâes K mes Øeoe|Mele keâjles nQ~
meerOeer Øeefleyeue σ
K= =
DeeÙeleve efJekeâ=efle e v

94
16. The negative ratio of transverse to axial strain 19. If a material shows different properties in
is called as:/DevegØemLe keâe De#eerÙe efJeke=âefle kesâ different directions, then it is called as
$e+Ceelcekeâ Devegheele keâes keâne peelee nw– peye keâesF& heoeLe& efYeVe efoMeeDeeW ceW Deueie-Deueie iegCe
(a) Young's modulus/Ùebie ceeheebkeâ ØeoefMe&le keâjW lees Jen keânueelee nw?
(b) Shear modulus/keâle&ve ceeheebkeâ (a) Isotropic/meceowefMekeâ
(c) Poisson's ratio/hJeeFpeve Devegheele (b) Homogeneous/mece®heerÙe
(d) Bulk modulus of elasticity (c) Anistropic/DemeceowefMekeâ
ØelÙeemLelee keâe yeukeâ ceeheebkeâ (d) Heterogeneous/efJe<ece®heerÙe
RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015 RRB SSE Shift-II : 02.09.2015
Ans : (c) hJeeFpeve Devegheele–heeMJe& efJeke=âefle SJeb DevegowOÙe& efJeke=âefle Ans : (c) Oeeleg mJeleb$e ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ keâer mebKÙee–
kesâ $e+Ceelcekeâ Devegheele keâes hJeeFpeve Devegheele keânles nQ~ mece™heerÙe (meceowefMekeâ) 2
uecyeeF& kesâ yeÌ{ves hej JÙeeme ceW keâceer DeeÙesieer~ Fmes 'µ' mes Øeoe|Mele DeeLeexš^eefhekeâ (uekeâÌ[er) 9
keâjles nQ~ Sefvemeesš^eefhekeâ 21
mšerue kesâ efueS µ keâe ceeve
1
mes
1
kesâ yeerÛe neslee nw~ peye keâesF& heoeLe& efYeVe efoMeeDeeW ceW Deueie-Deueie iegCe ØeoefMe&le keâjW lees
4 3 Jen DemeceowefMekeâ keânueelee nw~ GoenjCe–heesuesjeF[, uekeâÌ[er~
ce=og Fmheele kesâ efueS µ = 0.286 20. The phenomenon of increase in stress with
keâeke&â keâe µ = 0 increase in strain beyond yielding is called as
jyej keâe µ = 0.5 DeefOekeâlece neslee nw~ hejeYeJe efyevog kesâ heMÛeele Øeefleyeue ceW Je=efæ kesâ meeLe-
⇒ 0.5 mes DeefOekeâ hJeeFpeve Devegheele veneR neslee nw~ meeLe efJeke=âefle ceW Je=efæ nesves keâer Iešvee keânueeleer nw~
⇒ hJeeFpeve Devegheele keâe meerceevle ceeve -1 mes 0.5 neslee nw~ (a) Plastic hinge formation/hueeefmškeâ efnvpe heâecexMeve
17. The point where the bending moment is zero is (b) Strain hardening/mš^sve ne[&efvebie
called as (c) Strain softening/mš^sve meeheäšefvebie (leveeJe cevÙelee)
Jen efyevog peneB hej veceve DeeIetCe& MetvÙe neslee nw keânles (d) Yielding/megvecÙe
nw– RRB SSE Shift-II : 02.09.2015
(a) Point of contraflexure /veefle heefjJele&ve efyevog Ans : (b)
(b) Yield point /hejeYeJe efyevog
(c) Plastic hinge /ØelÙeemLe efnbpe
(d) Limit of elasticity /ØelÙeemLelee keâer meercee
RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015
Ans : (a) veefle heefjJele&ve efyevog Jen efyevog neslee nw peneB hej veceve
DeeIetCe& Dehevee efÛevn yeouelee nw~ veefle heefjJele&ve efyevog hej veceve
DeeIetCe& MetvÙe neslee nw~
18. The area under the stress-strain plot (product
of stress and strain) represents #es$e DE Strain hardening peesve keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw~
Øeefleyeue leveeJe kesâ lenle Deeves Jeeueer #es$eheâue (Øeefleyeue #es$e EF Strain softening peesve keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw~
leLee leveeJe keâe iegCeveheâue) efkeâmekeâes JÙeòeâ keâjlee nw? #es$e CD Plastic peesve keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw~ FmeceW efyevee ØeefleyeueeW ceW
(a) Hardness of the material/heoeLe& keâer keâ"esjlee keâes Je=efæ efkeâÙes ner efJeke=âefle ceW Je=efæ nesleer nw~
(b) Energy required of cause failure 21. If a material shows similar properties in
heoeLe& keâer Demeheâuelee (#eerCelee) GlheVe keâjves nsleg different directions, then it is called as :
DeeJeMÙekeâ Tpee& keâes Ùeefo Skeâ heoeLe& efJeefYeVe efoMeeDeeW ceW meceeve iegCe oMee&lee
(c) Rigidity of the material/heoeLe& keâer DevecÙeleeDeeW nw, lees Ùen keânueelee nw–
(d) Flexibility of the material/heoeLe& keâes megvecÙelee keâes (a) Isotropic/meceowefMekeâ
RRB SSE Shift-II : 02.09.2015 (b) Homogeneous/meceebieer
Ans : (b) Øeefleyeue-leveeJe kesâ lenle Deeves Jeeueer #es$eheâue (Øeefleyeue × (c) Anisotropic/Demece owefMekeâ
leveeJe) keâes heoeLe& keâer Demeheâuelee (#eerCelee) GlheVe keâjves nsleg (d) Heterogeneous/Demeceebieer
DeeJeMÙekeâ Tpee& nesleer nw~ RRB SSE Shift-III : 02.09.2015
Ûeerce[heve–Oeeleg keâe Jen iegCe pees efyevee øewâkeäÛej kesâ Tpee& DeJeMeesef<ele Ans : (a) meYeer efoMeeDeeW ceW meceeve iegCeOece& jKeves Jeeues heoeLe& keâes
keâjlee nw ÛeerceÌ[heve keânueelee nw~ Isotropic material keânles nQ~

95
22. If a substance resists shear stress by elastic 25. Bending compressive and tensile stresses
deformation then the substance is : respectively are calculated based on
Ùeefo keâesF& heoeLe& Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue keâes ØelÙeemLe veceve, mecheer[ve leLee leveve ØeefleyeueeW keâer ieCevee ›eâceMe:
efJe™heCe mes ØeeflejesOe keâjlee nw, leye Jen heoeLe& nw– DeeOeej hej keâer peeleer nw–
(a) Fluid/lejue heoeLe& (b) Liquid/õJe (a) Net area and gross area
(c) Solid/"esme (d) Gas/iewme Megæ #es$eheâue leLee kegâue #es$eheâue
RRB SSE Shift-I : 03.09.2015 (b) Gross area and net area
Ans : (c) heoeLe& keâer Jen DeJemLee efpemeceW Jen yeenjer yeueeW kesâ ØeYeeJe kegâue #es$eheâue leLee Megæ #es$eheâue
ceW Deheves Deekeâej leLee DeeÙeleve ceW heefjJele&ve keâe efJejesOe keâjlee nw, "esme (c) Net area in both cases
keânueelee nw~ oesveeW efmLeefleÙeeW ceW Megæ #es$eheâue
ngkeâ kesâ efveÙeceevegmeej–ØelÙeemLe heoeLeeX ceW ØelÙeelLelee meercee kesâ Yeerlej (d) Gross area in both cases
oesveeW efmLeefleÙeeW ceW kegâue #es$eheâue
Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue, Dehe™heCe efJeke=âefle kesâ meceevegheeleer neslee nw~
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015
23. The behaviour shown by some materials by
Ans : (b) efkeâmeer meomÙe ceW veceve Je mecheer[ve ØeefleyeueeW keâer ieCevee
virtue of which, as the shear stress reduces
continuously with the development in the plastic kegâue #es$eheâue leLee leveve ØeefleyeueeW keâer ieCevee Megæ #es$eheâue kesâ DeeOeej
strain is called as : hej keâer peeleer nw~
kegâÚ heoeLeeX kesâ Éeje efoKeeÙee ieÙee JÙeJenej efpemekesâ Éeje Megæ #es$eheâue · kegâue #es$eheâue – efjJesš keâšewleer
hueeefmškeâ efJeke=âefle ceW efJekeâeme kesâ meeLe keâle&ve Øeefleyeue 26. The ability of a material to deform without
melele ™he mes Iešlee nw, keânueelee nw– breaking is called:
(a)Vielding/hejeYeJe efyevee Yebpeve (breaking) kesâ heoeLe& keâer efJeke=âle nesves keâer
(b)Strain softening/mš^sve mee@heäšseEveie ÙeesiÙelee keânueeleer nw:
(c)Strain hardening/mš^sve ne[xeEveie (a) resilience/ueÛeerueeheve (b) creep/mejkeâve
(d)Plasticity/hueeefmškeâlee (c) plasticity/meIedšÙeheve (d) elasticity/ØelÙeemLeheve
RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015 RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014
Ans (b) : kegâÚ heoeLeeX kesâ Éeje hueeefmškeâ efJeke=âefle yeÌ{ves Ùee Ans. (c) : megIešdÙeheve (plasticity)–Ùeefo efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâes Yeej
efJekeâefmele nesves kesâ oewjeve keâle&ve Øeefleyeue melele ™he mes Iešves ueielee nw~ ueieekeâj efJeke=âle efkeâÙee peeÙes, uesefkeâve Yeej nševes hej Jen hegve: Deheves
Fme JÙeJenej keâes mš^sve mee@heäšseEveie keânles nQ~ ØeejefcYekeâ DeJemLee ceW ve DeeÙes~ Fme iegCe keâes megIešdÙeheve keânles nw~
24. If the modulus of elasticity is zero, the material • Ùeefo efkeâmeer Jemleg Ùee yee@[er hej Yeej ueieeves hej Jen efJeke=âle
is said to be– nes peeS uesefkeâve pewmes ner Yeej nšeÙee peeÙes, Jen Deheves ØeejefcYekeâ
Ùeefo efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâe ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ MetvÙe nw Jen efmLeefle ceW hegve: Jeeheme Dee peeÙes~ heoeLe& Ùee yee@[er keâe Ùen iegCe Gmekeâe
nw– ØelÙeemLeheve keânueelee nw~
(a) Rigid/ÂÌ{ (b) Elastic/ØelÙeemLe
27. The ratio between the stress produced by
(c) Flexible/vecÙe (d) Plastic/megIešdÙe
gradually applied and suddenly applied load is:
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015 Oeerjs–Oeerjs (gradually) Yeej [eueves mes Glhevve Øeefleyeue
Ans : (d) ngkeâ kesâ efveÙeceevegmeej, ØelÙeemLelee meercee kesâ Yeerlej heoeLe& ceW (stress) Deewj DeÛeevekeâ Yeej [eueves mes Glhevve Øeefleyeue
Ghepes Øeefleyeue efJeke=âefle kesâ meceevegheeleer nesles nQ–
(stress) kesâ ceOÙe Devegheele nesiee?
f ∝ε
(a) 1
f = Eε
(b) 2
f Øeefleyeue 1
E= = (c)
ε efJekeâ=efle 2
peneB E efkeâmeer efoÙes ieÙes heoeLe& kesâ efueÙes efveÙeleebkeâ neslee nw efpemes (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ keânles nQ~ ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ efkeâmeer heoeLe& kesâ RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014
ØelÙeemLe nesves keâer ceehe keâes oMee&lee nw~ keâesF& heoeLe& efpelevee DeefOekeâ Ans. (c) : efkeâmeer heoeLe& hej Oeerjs–Oeerjs Yeej [eueves mes Glhevve
ØelÙeemLe nesiee, Gmekesâ ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve Glevee ner DeefOekeâ Fir f P
nesiee Deewj Jen Deheves Deekeâej ceW heefjJele&ve keâe Glevee ner efJejesOe keâjsiee~ Øeefleyeue σg nw~ σg = A = A (meecÙeeJemLee ceW Firf = P)
Fmeer Øekeâej Ùeefo efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâe ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ MetvÙe nw lees Jen Ùeefo heoeLe& hej DeÛeevekeâ Yeej [euee peeS lees Glhevve Øeefleyeue σ nes
s
Deheves Deekeâej ceW heefjJele&ve keâe MetvÙe ØeeflejesOe keâjlee nw Dele: MetvÙe
ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ Jeeuee heoeLe& hueeefmškeâ nesiee~ Fmheele keâe lees, P 1 + 2AE.h 
σi =  1 +  (pene@ h = 0 nes
ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ ueieYeie 200 MPa neslee nw~ A P.L 

96
 P 0  2P 31. A simply supported beam of length L is loaded
σs = 1 + 1 + = with a uniformly distributed load of w per unit
A P.L  A
length. The maximum bending moment will be:
σg 1 uecyeeF& L keâe Skeâ mejue Deeueefcyele Oejve, Øeefle Skeâebkeâ
σs = 2 σg Ùee =
σs 2 uecyeeF& hej Skeâmeceeve efJeleefjle Yeej w mes Yeeefjle nw~
pene@ σg = Oeerjs–Oeerjs Yeej kesâ keâejCe Øeefleyeue DeefOekeâlece yebkeâve DeeIetCe& efkeâlevee nesiee?
σs = DeÛeevekeâ Yeej kesâ keâejCe GlheVe Øeefleyeue wL2 wL2
(a) (b)
28. The property of a material by which it can be 4 8
rolled into sheets is called: wL2
(c) (d) wL2
heoeLe& keâe Jen iegCeOece& efpemekesâ keâejCe Fmes Ûeeoj ceW 2
heefjCele efkeâÙee peelee nw, keäÙee nw? RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014
(a) Elasticity/ØelÙeemLelee Ans. (b) :
(b) Plasticity/megIešdÙelee
(c) Ductility/levÙelee
(d) Malleability/DeeIeeleJeOe&veerÙelee
RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014
Ans. (d) : Oeeleg keâe Jen iegCe efpemekesâ Éeje heerškeâj heleueer Meerš kesâ
™he ceW yeveeÙee peelee nw, Gmes DeeIeeleJeOe&veerÙelee keânles nQ~ Ùen
DelÙeefOekeâ ueÛeeruee Oeeleg hej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùen yeÌ[s hewceeves hej Meerš
yeveeves ceW ØeÙeesie ceW ueeÙee peelee nw~
29. For perfectly elastic bodies, the value of
coefficient of restitution is:
hetCe&le: ØelÙeemLe JemlegDeeW keâe ØelÙeemLeeheve iegCeebkeâ
efkeâlevee nw? RA & RB Øeefleef›eâÙee nw~
(a) zero/MetvÙe (b) 0.5 ∑V= 0 RA+RB = w×L
(c) 1.0 (d) 0.25 L
RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014 A kesâ heefjle: DeeIetCe& uesves hej RA×0–w×L× +RB×L=0
2
Ans. (c) : ØelÙeemLeeheve iegCeebkeâ (e) = 0 mes 1 kesâ yeerÛe jnlee nw~ wL2
e = 0 = hetCe&le: DeØelÙeemLe mebIešdš RB×L=
2
0 < e < 1 = JeemleefJekeâ DeØelÙeemLe mebIešdš
wL
e = 1 = hetCe&le: ØelÙeemLe mebIešdš RB =
2
30. DeeÙeleve heefjJele&ve keâe cetue DeeÙeleve mes Devegheele keâes
keânles nQ– RA =
wL
(a) jsKeerÙe efJeke=âefle (Linear strain) 2
(b) heee|MJekeâ efJeke=âefle (Lateral strain) wL
keâle&ve yeue FA = −R A = −
(c) DeeÙeleefvekeâ efJeke=âefle (Volumetric strain) 2
(d) hÙeemeeW keâe Devegheele (Poisson's ratio) wL wL
FB = − R A + wL = − + wL =
RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014 2 2
Ans : (c) efkeâmeer efheC[ kesâ DeeÙeleve ceW ngS heefjJele&ve (∆V) leLee veceveIetCe& DeejsKe
cetue DeeÙeleve (V) kesâ Devegheele keâes DeeÙeleve efJeke=âefle (Volumetric efyevog B hej,
strain) keânles nw~ wL wL2
∆V M B = 0, M A= × L − =0
ev = 2 2
V wL2
efkeâmeer efheC[ kesâ uecyeeF& ceW ngS heefjJele&ve (∆L) leLee cetue uecyeeF& DeefOekeâlece veceveIetCe& keâe ceeve = nesiee
(L) kesâ Devegheele keâes jsKeerÙe efJeke=âefle (Linear strain) keânles nw~ 8
∆L 32. Skeâ kewâvšerueerJej Oejve kesâ cegòeâ efmejs hej Dehe™heCe yeue
eL = (shear force) Deewj yebkeâve DeeIetCe& (bending
L
efkeâmeer efheC[ kesâ JÙeeme ceW ngS heefjJele&ve leLee cetue JÙeeme kesâ Devegheele moment) MetvÙe neslee nw, Ùeefo Jen Jenve keâjlee nw–
keâes heeefMJe&keâ efJeke=âefle keânles nQ~ Ùen efJeke=âefle $e+Ceelcekeâ nesleer nw~ (a) cegòeâ efmejs hej Skeâ efyevog Yeej~
jsKeerÙe efJeke=âefle leLee heeefMJe&keâ efJeke=âefle kesâ Devegheele keâes hJeemeeW Devegheele (b) Gmekeâer uecyeeF& kesâ ceOÙe hej efyevog Yeej~
keânles nw~ (c) hetCe& uecyeeF& hej meceeve ™heer Yeej keâe efJelejCe

97
 (d) FveceW mes keâesF& veneR Fmekeâe cee$ekeâ N/m2 neslee nw~
RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014
Ans : (c) peye efkeâmeer kewâvšerueerJej Oejve kesâ hetCe& uecyeeF& hej meceeve
™heer Yeej keâe efJelejCe neslee nw, lees Oejve kesâ cegòeâ efmejs hej Dehe™heCe
yeue Deewj yebkeâve DeeIetCe& oesveeW MetvÙe neslee nw~ efyevog 'A' DeLee&led cegòeâ
efmejs hej yebkeâve DeeIetCe& leLee Dehe™heCe yeue MetvÙe nw~

DevegowOÙe& Øeefleyeue leLee DevegowOÙe& efJeke=âefle kesâ Devegheele keâes Ùebie ceeheebkeâ
keânles nw~
σ
E=
∈

DeefYeuecye Øeefleyeue leLee DeeÙeleve efJeke=âefle keâe Devegheele yeukeâ ceeheebkeâ

(Bulk Modulus) keânueelee nw~
σ
K=
∈v
35. The impact strength of a material is an index of
its:
33. If a beam is constrained to move and heated, it efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâer ØeefleIeele meeceLÙe& (impact strength)
will develop ......... stress. Gme heoeLe& kesâ ....... keâe metÛekeâ nesleer nw~
Ùeefo efkeâmeer yeerce keâer ieefle keâes jeskeâe peeS leLee Fmes iece& (a) Resistance to corrosion/meb#eejCe kesâ Øeefle ØeeflejesOe
efkeâÙee peeÙe lees Ùen............Øeefleyeue keâe efJekeâeme keâjsiee~ (b) Hardness/keâ"esjheve
(a) Shear stress/keâle&ve Øeefleyeue (c) Toughness/ÛeerceÌ[heve
(b) tensile stress/leveve Øeefleyeue (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
(c) principal stress/cegKÙe Øeefleyeue RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014
(d) compressive stress/mebheer[ve Øeefleyeue Ans : (c) efkeâmeer Yeer heoeLe& keâer ØeefleIeele meeceLÙe& Gme heoeLe& kesâ
RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014 ÛeerceÌ[heve (Toughness) keâes yeleelee nw~
Ans : (d) Ùeefo efkeâmeer yeerce keâer ieefle keâes jeskeâe peeS leLee Fmes iece& heoeLe& ceW ÛeerceÌ[heve iegCe kesâ keâejCe Ùen ØeefleIeele keâes menve keâjlee nw~
efkeâÙee peeÙes, lees FmeceW mebheer[erÙe Øeefleyeue keâe efJekeâeme nesiee, keäÙeeWefkeâ Ùeefo keâesF& heoeLe& pÙeeoe ØelÙeemLee ± pÙeeoe efJeke=âefle oesveeW mebÙegòeâ ™he
peye iece& keâjWies lees yeerce ceW Øemeej nesiee uesefkeâve Gmekeâe efmeje (yeerce keâe mes jKes lees Jen pÙeeoe ÛeerceÌ[ heoeLe& nw~
efmeje) jeskeâe ieÙee nw, efpemekesâ keâejCe Oejve ceW mecheer[ve Øeefleyeue
Ghepesbies~
34. Modulus of rigidity is defined as the ratio of :
ÂÌ{lee iegCeebkeâ (Modulus of rigidity) keâes efkeâmekesâ
Devegheele keâer lejn heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee peelee nw?
(a) Longitudinal stress to strain/DevegowOÙe& Øeefleyeue SJeb
DevegowOÙe& efJeke=âefle (Longitudinal)
(b) Shear stress to shear strain
keâle&ve Øeefleyeue SJeb efJeke=âefle (strain)
(c) Stress to strain/Øeefleyeue SJeb efJeke=âefle B, A keâer leguevee ceW pÙeeoe ÛeerceÌ[ (Tough) nw~
(d) Stress to volumetric strain Absor bed energy to fracture
Øeefleyeue SJeb DeeÙeleefvekeâ efJeke=âefle ÛeerceÌ[heve ( Toughness ) =
Volume
RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014
36. In a perfectly elastic collision:
Ans : (b) keâle&ve Øeefleyeue leLee keâle&ve efJeke=âefle kesâ Devegheele keâes ÂÌ{lee
Skeâ hetCe& ØelÙeemLe (elastic) škeäkeâj ceW:
iegCeebkeâ kesâ veece mes peelee nw~
(a) Linear momentum and K.E. both are
τ conserved/jsKeerÙe mebJesie SJeb ieeflepe Tpee& oesveeW
G=
θ mebjef#ele jnleer nw~
98
 (b) Only momentum is conserved/kesâJeue mebJesie 38. Principal Plane is a plane on which the shear
mebjef#ele jnleer nw~ stress is :
(c) Only K.E. is conserved/kesâJeue ieeflepe Tpee& mebjef#ele cegKÙe meceleue Jen meceleue nw efpeme hej Dehe™heCe
jnleer nw~ Øeefleyeue (shear stress) ............. neslee nw~
(d) None of them is conserved/FveceW keâesF& Yeer mebjef#ele (a) zero/MetvÙe
veneR jnleer nw~ (b) minimum/vÙetvelece
RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014 (c) maximum/DeefOekeâlece
Ans : (a) Ùeefo oes efheC[ Skeâ–otmejs mes Fme Øekeâej škeâjeBS efkeâ (d) none of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
škeäkeâj hetCe& ™he mes ØelÙeemLe nes lees Fvekeâe jsKeerÙe mebJesie (∆mv = C) RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
leLee ieeflepe Tpee& oesveeW mebjef#ele jnleer nw~
Ans. (a) : cegKÙe meceleue Jen meceleue neslee nw, efpeme hej Dehe™heCe
oes efheC[eW kesâ škeâjeves kesâ oewjeve –
Øeefleyeue MetvÙe leLee DeefYeuecye Øeefleyeue DeefOekeâlece neslee nw~ Dehe™heCe
mebIešdš mes henues keâe Deehesef#ekeâ Jesie – mebIešdš kesâ yeeo keâe Deehesef#ekeâ
ØeefleyeueeW keâe ceeve cegKÙe meceleueeW mes 45º hej DeefOekeâlece neslee nw~
Jesie
39. The maximum stress produced in a bar of
Ùee V1–V2 = Constant (e) × (u1–u2)
tapering section is at:
v1 − v 2 Skeâ ÚÌ[ (yeej) kesâ šsheefjbie KeC[ ceW DeefOekeâlece
=e
u1 − u 2
Øeefleyeue keâer Glheefòe ....... nesleer nw~
hetCe& ™he mes ØelÙeemLe škeäkeâj (mebIešdš) kesâ efueS, e = 1 (a) smaller end/Úesšs efmejs ceW
leye V1 − V2 = u1 − u 2 ] (b) larger end/yeÌ[s efmejs ceW
(c) middle/ceOÙe Yeeie ceW
Ùeefo e = 0 nes, lees hetCe& ™he mes hueeefmškeâ mebIešdš keânueelee nw~
(d) anywhere/keâneR Yeer
37. If l and δl are the length and change in length
RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
respectively, the strain is equal to:
Ùeefo l SJeb δl ›eâceMe: uecyeeF& SJeb uecyeeF& ceW heefjJele&ve Ans. (a) : Skeâ yeej kesâ šsheefjbie KeC[ ceW DeefOekeâlece Øeefleyeue keâer
keâes efve™efhele keâjlee nw lees efJeke=âefle (strain) yejeyej Glheefòe Úesšs efmejs ceW nesleer nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ šsheefjle KeC[ kesâ Úesšs efmejs keâe
nesiee: #es$eHeâue keâce neslee nw
δl l
(a) (b)
l δl
(c) l × δl (d) l + δl F
RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014 lees σ= mes
A
Ans : (a) Ùeefo efkeâmeer ÚÌ[ Ùee je@[ keâer ØeejefcYekeâ uecyeeF& l nes~ Fmes
A ↓=σ↑ nesiee peyekeâer yeÌ[s efmejs hej Øeefleyeue keâe ceeve keâce neslee nw
P yeue mes KeeRÛee Ùee mecheeref[le keâer peeS lees uecyeeF& ceW δl keâer Je=efæ
keäÙeesefkeâ #es$e Heâue DeefOekeâ nw
Ùee keâceer nes lees l leLee δl kesâ Devegheele keâes ner efJeke=âefle (e) keânles nw~
1
Fmekeâer keâesF& FkeâeF& vener nesleer nw~ σ∝ lees A ↑ lees σ ↓
A
δl σ P  P
=e= = σ =  Dele: efpeOej #es$eHeâue keâce nesiee GOej pÙeeoe Øeefleyeue Glhevve nesiee~
l E EA  A
40. The maximum deflection of a fixed beam
Pl
δl = carrying a central load W is equal to (other
AE notations standard)
efmLej yeerce hej kesâvõ Yeej ueiee nw~ lees DeefOekeâlece efJe#eshe
efkeâlevee nesiee
WL3 WL3
(a) (b)
48EI 96EI
WL3 5 WL3
(c) (d)
192EI 384 EI
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014

99
Ans : (c) efyevogYeej kesâ DeOeerve DeeJeæ Oejve keâe DeefOekeâlece efJe#eshe–
WL3
y=
192EI

RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014

Ans : (b) Øeefleef›eâÙee = R A + R B = 20 + 20 × 4 = 0
RA + RB = 80 + 20
RA + RB = 100 KN
Point (a) kesâ heefjle: yeue DeeIegCe& uesves hej,
∑M = 0
4
RA × 0 – 20 × 2 – 20 × 4 × + RB × 4 = 0
2
41. In a thin–wall T–section, the shear centre C is
– 40 – 160 + 4RB = 0
located at the point shown in
Skeâ T– KeC[ keâe efoJeej ceW keâle&ve kesâvõ C efoKeeÙee 4RB = 200 R B = 50 R A = 50
ieÙee nw~

X–X De#e hej DeeIetCe&

x
MXX = +50 × x – 20 × x × –20×(x–2)
2
ceOÙe efyevog hej yebkeâve DeeIetCe&,
Ghejesòeâ meceer. ceW x = 2 jKeves hej,
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014 2
M c = +50 × 2 − 20 × 2 × − 20 × ( 2 − 2 )
Ans : (b) 2
M c = +100 − 40
M c = 60kN − m
43. Poise can also be expressed as–
hJee@Fme (Poise) keâes FveceW mes efkeâme ceehe FkeâeF& kesâ ™he
ceW JÙekeäle efkeâÙee peelee nw?
(a) Dyne-cm/s2 (b) Dyne-cm/s
(c) Dyne-s/cm (d) Dyne-s/cm2
efkeâmeer keâeš keâe keâle&ve kesâvõ yeng efyevog neslee nw peneB hej yeue ueieeves RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
mes KeC[ ceW cejesÌ[ Øeefleyeue veneR Ghepeles nw~ T KeC[ keâe keâle&ve kesâvõ Ans : (d) hJeeFpe ieeflekeâ MÙeevelee keâe cee$ekeâ nw~
Jesye leLee heäueQpe keâer De#eeW kesâ keâševe efyevog hej neslee nw~ 1 vÙetšve-mes.
= 10 hJeeFpe
42. A simply supported beam is loaded as below ceer.2
Megæ Deeuecye Yeej efoKeeÙee ieÙee nw~ ∴ 1N = 105 Dyne leLee 1 m = 100 cm
105 Dyne − s
lees, = 10 hJeeFpe
(100 )2 cm 2
Dyne − s
10 = 10 hJeeFpe
cm 2
1Dyne − s
The corresponding Bending Moment Diagram ∴ 1 hJeeFpe =
is cm 2

100
44. The unit of elastic modulus is the same as those Ùeefo y keâe ceeve yengle keâce nes leye y2 → 0
of
ℓ2
ØelÙeemLe ceeheebkeâ keâer FkeâeF& Jener nesleer nw pees– 2Ry =
4
(a) Stress, shear modulus and pressure
ℓ2
Øeefleyeue, keâle&ve ceeheebkeâ leLee oeye keâer nesleer nw y=
8R
(b) Strain, shear modulus and force
leveve, keâle&ve ceeheebkeâ leLee yeue keâer nesleer nw 46. A prismatic beam has uniform :

(c) Shear modulus, stress and force

Skeâ efØepceerÙe Oejve ceW nesleer nw Skeâmeceeve –
keâle&ve ceeheebkeâ, Øeefleyeue leLee yeue keâer nesleer nw (a) Depth/ienjeF&
(d) Stress, strain and pressure (b) Width/ÛeewÌ[eF&
Øeefleyeue, leveve leLee oeye keâer nesleer nw (c) Strength/meeceLÙe&
RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015 (d) Cross–section/›eâe@me-meskeäMeve
Ans : (a) keâle&ve ceeheebkeâ, Øeefleyeue leLee oeye keâer FkeâeF& Jener nesleer nw, RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015
pees ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ keâer nesleer nw~ Ans : (d) efØepceerÙe Oejve keâer DevegØemLe keâeš Skeâ meceeve nesleer nw
Øeefleyeue peyeefkeâ meceeve meeceLÙe& Oejve (Uniform strength beam) keâer
ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ =
efJekeâ=efle DevegØemLe keâeš hetCe& uecyeeF& ceW veceve DeeIetCe& kesâ heefjJele&ve kesâ meeLe-
peneB, efJeke=âefle efJeceenerve jeefMe nw~ meeLe heefjJeefle&le nesleer nw~
Dele: ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ keâer FkeâeF& · Øeefleyeue keâer FkeâeF& 47. The ratio of transverse strain to the
longitudinal strain under an axial load is
N
= known as–
m2
Skeâ De#eerÙe Yeej kesâ DeOeerve DevegØemLe efJeke=âefle keâe
45. In the case of pure bending, the beam will bend
DevegowOÙe& efJeke=âefle mes Devegheele FveceW mes keäÙee keânueelee
into an arc of a–
nw–
Megæ PegkeâeJe keâer efmLeefle ceW yeerce efkeâme Ûeehe keâer efmLeefle
(a) tangent modulus of elasticity
ceW Pegkeâ peeleer nw?
ØelÙeemLelee keâe mheMeea ceeheebkeâ
(a) Circle/Je=lle (b) Parabola/hejJeueÙe
(b) bulk modulus of elasticity
(c) Ellipse/oerIe=Je=lle (d) Hyperbola/DeeflehejJeueÙe
ØelÙeemLelee keâe yeukeâ ceeheebkeâ
RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015
(c) modulus of rigidity/ÂÌ{lee ceeheebkeâ
Ans : (a) peye efkeâmeer Oejve hej Yeej ueieeÙee peelee nw lees PegkeâeJe keâer
(d) Poission's ratio/hJee@Fmeve keâe Devegheele
efmLeefle ceW Gmes efkeâmeer Je=òe keâer Ûeehe keâer YeeBefle ceevee peelee nw~
RRB JE Shift-III : 29.08.2015
Ans : (d) hJee@Fmeve Devegheele–DevegØemLe efJeke=âefle leLee DevegowOÙe&
efJeke=âefle kesâ Devegheele keâes hJeeFpeve Devegheele keânles nQ Fmekeâes 'm' mes
ØeoefMe&le keâjles nQ~ Fmekeâe ceeve 0.5 mes DeefOekeâ veneR neslee nw–
jyej kesâ efueS m = 0.48–0.5
mšerue kesâ efueS m = 0.25–0.33
keâemš DeeÙejve kesâ efueS m = 0.23–0.27
keâeke&â kesâ efueS m = 0
pÙeeefceleerÙe mes–
SuÙegceerefveÙece kesâ efueS m = 0.334
ℓ ℓ
(2R − y) × y = × leeByee kesâ efueS m = 0.355
2 2
ℓ2 MeerMee kesâ efueS m = 0.271
2Ry − y 2 =
4 Fmekeâe meerceevle ceeve – 1 mes 0.5 neslee nw~

101
 eEmeÛeeF& FbpeerefveÙeeEjie
(Irrigation Engineering)
#es$e keâes peue-peceeJe Jeeuee leye keâne peelee nw peye efceóer kesâ jvOeÇ
1. peue efJe%eeve (Hydrology) meble=hle nesleer nw– heâmeue keâer peÌ[ keâer ienjeF& lekeâ
õesCeer ceW peue keâe mebbÙegkeäle GheÙeesie neslee nw–melener leLee Yetefceiele peue-peceeJe Jeeues #es$e keâer Thejer hele& DeefOekeâ #eejerÙe nes peeves kesâ
heeveer kesâ œeesleeW keâe mebÙegkeäle GheÙeesie keâejCe GhepeeTnerve nes peeleer nw Ùeefo Fmekeâe pH ceeve neslee nw–11
Oejleer hej GheueyOe kegâue peue keâe ØeefleMele pees efkeâ ueJeCeerÙe nw– yeenjer {ueeve hej efoÙee peeves Jeeuee Skeâ #eweflepe yeWefÛeie nw–
97% Øeefleyece& (Counter berm)
efÚÌ[keâeJe efmebÛeeF& keâe he#e keâjves Jeeueer oMeeÙeW nQ– Yeejle Je<e& ceW efkeâmeer mLeeve hej Deewmele Je<ee& keâe ceeve Gme mLeeve
peye heeveer keâef"veeF& mes efceuelee nes leLee hej efkeâleves Je<eeX keâer Je<ee& keâe Deewmele ceeve neslee nw– 35 Je<e&
peye ce=oe DelÙeefOekeâ heejiecÙe nes Ùee Oeeje kesâ efkeâmeer efJeMes<e efyevog hej jsKee kesâ meeLe-meeLe efvemmejCe ceW
peye ce=oe DelÙeefOekeâ DeheejiecÙe nes keâceer-yesMeer keâes oMee&vesJeeuee DeeuesKe keânueelee nw–
Meg<keâ #es$eeW ceW, Demece melen Jeeueer Yetefce kesâ efmebÛeeF& keâer meJeexòece peue-DeeuesKe (Hydrograph)
efJeefOe nw– efÚÌ[keâeJe efmebÛeeF& letheâeve kesâ oewjeve Gòejesòej FkeâeF& meceÙe DevlejeueeW ceW efJeefveefo&°
keâce Je<ee& Deewj lespe nJeeDeeW Jeeues #es$e kesâ efueS efmebÛeeF& keâer meyemes #es$eeW ceW Deewmele Je<ee& keâer ojeW keâe «eeheâerÙe efve™heCe keânueelee nw–
GheÙegòeâ efJeefOe nw– šhekeâve efmebÛeeF& Je<ee& Ûeeš&
heeveer keâe DeebefMekeâ Kehele ØeÙeesie keâe GoenjCe nw– «eervejerpe efkeâmeer FkeâeF& DeJeefOe Deewj efJeefveefo&° #es$e efJelejCe keâer Je<ee& mes Skeâ
IHP mes Deehe keäÙee mecePeles nw– mesceer. kesâ DeheJeen keâes efve™efhele keâjves Jeeuee peue «eeheâ keânueelee
International Hydrologic Programme nw– FkeâeF& peue-«eeheâ
φ-metÛekeâebkeâ keâer leguevee ceW W-Fb[skeäme keâe ceeve nw– keâce peue Jew%eeefvekeâ yeeÌ{ ceeie& efJeefOeÙeeB cetuele: nesleer nQ–
DeeÙeleefvekeâ efJeefOe ceW peue-keâj efveOee&jCe (Assessment) keâe keâeÙe& efvejvlejlee meceerkeâjCe
nw– keâce [Ÿetšer Ùeefo D ef$epÙee keâer Je=òeekeâej heWoer Jeeueer jsefKele venj kesâ keâeš keâe
eqkeâme efJeefOe mes efmeÛeeF& keâjves ces DeefOekeâ heefjßece vener keâjvee he[Ìlee meerOee heeMJe& #eweflepe leue kesâ meeLe θ keâesCe yeveeÙes lees Deewmele
nw– cegkeäle efJeefOe D
uenjoej Kesle ces heeveer ueieeves keâer keâewve-meer efJeefOe keâe GheÙeesie õJeerÙe ienjeF& (Hydraulic depth) nesleer nw–
2
efkeâÙee peelee nw –cegkeäle hueeJeve Skeâ Oeejeceeheer ØeJeen keâe Jesie veehelee nw Ùeefo Fmes jKee peelee nw–
Jee<heve keâe ceeheve efkeâmekeâe GheÙeesie keâjkesâ efkeâÙee peelee nw DevegØemLe keâeš kesâ efkeâmeer efyevog hej
–ueeFmeesceeršj DeheJeen %eele keâjves keâe Keesmeuee met$e nw– R=P–4.81T
Oeeve keâer Kesleer keâer eEmeÛeeF& efkeâme efJeefOe Éeje efkeâÙee peelee nw melen kesâ Jee<heerkeâjCe, ienje Deble:œeJeCe leLee DeJÙeJeefmLele efJelejCe
–hueeJeve efJeefOe kesâ keâejCe #es$e ceW heeveer keâer neefve keâe ueieYeie ØeefleMele neslee nw–
Deeuet, cetBieheâueer, hÙeepe FlÙeeefo heâmeueeW keâer eEmeÛeeF& keâer peeleer nw– 22%
ketbâ[ efJeefOe Éeje DeefOekeâlece efvemmejCe %eele keâjves keâe ef[keâve keâe met$e nw–
heewOeeW Éeje GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee peue, ce=oeDeeW ceW cegKÙele: Q = C × M3/4
GheueyOe jnlee nw– kesâefMekeâerÙe peue kesâ ™he ceW peueYe=le Ùee meble=hle mlej, pees leueer hej heefj®æ neslee nw, efkeâvleg
efÚÌ[keâeJe eEmeÛeeF& keâes JejerÙelee osles nQ, peye– eEmeÛeeF& peue Thejer leue hej heefj®æ veneR neslee nw, keânueelee nw–
meerefcele nw leLee Yetefce melen uenjoej nw Deheefj®æ peueYe=le
Ùeefo eEmeÛeeF& peue keâe SAR keâe ceeve 20 nes, lees Jen keânueeÙesiee– Ùeespevee keâe Øekeâej #es$eheâue ueeiele
GÛÛe meesef[Ùece peue
meeceevÙe > 10,000 nskeäšsÙej > 5 keâjesÌ[
yeeie Je heâueesÅeeveeW kesâ eEmeÛeeF& kesâ efueS keâewve-meer efJeefOe DeheveeÙeer
peeleer nw –õesCeer Ùee yesefmeve efJeefOe ceOÙece 2000-10000 0.2 keâjesÌ[ - 5
nskeäšsÙej keâjesÌ[
2. Je<ee& leLee DeheJeen peue ueIeg <2000 nskeäšsÙej <0.2 keâjes[ Ì Ùee 20
(Rainfall and Run off) ueeKe
ye<ee& ceeheer keâes ueieevee DeÛÚe jnlee nw– Kegueer peien hej
ieg®lJeekeâ<e&Ce yeue keâe ØeeflejesOe keâjles ngS efceóer Éeje – Je<ee& keâes ceeheves kesâ efueÙes pees Ùeb$e ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw keânueelee
#es$e #ecelee(Field Capacity) nw– Je<ee& ceeheer
102
ye<ee& leer›elee leLee meceÙe kesâ ceOÙe DeejsKe keânueelee nw– oyeeJe Deblej kesâ keâejCe JeeÙeg õJÙeceeve kesâ G"ves kesâ keâejCe Je<ee& keâes
neFš^es«eeheâ keâne peelee nw– Ûe›eâJeeleer Je<ee& (Cyclonic Storm)
neF[^esuee@peer Jen efJe%eeve nw, pees neFšes«eeheâ Skeâ «eeheâ pees ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw–
–melen Deewj Yetefceiele peue mes mecyevOe jKelee nw~ Je<ee& leer›elee Deewj meceÙe kesâ meeLe
Je<ee& keâer cee$ee, pees meceeve DeheJeen GlheVe keâjleer nw, keânueeleer keâewve mee Je<e&Ce "b[s Deewj Ieves efvekeâeÙeeW kesâ ÛeejeW Deesj iece& nukeâer
nw– ØeYeeJeer Je<ee& nJee keâs Øeeke=âeflekeâ G"eve keâs keâejCe neslee nw–
DeheJeen iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw– FkeâeF& mes keâce nw mebJenveer Je<e&Ce
Deiej yeeefjMe keâer leer›elee efceóer keâer efjmeeJe #ecelee mes DeefOekeâ nw, DeeFmees hueeefmškeâ jsKeeÙes keâvštj nQ–
lees efjmeeJe oj nesieer– efjmeeJe #ecelee kesâ yejeyej heerpeesceerefš^keâ melen kesâ efueS KeeRÛee peelee nw~
mecYeeefJele DeefOekeâlece yeeÌ{– #eejerÙe efceóer keâes megOeej keâjves keâe meyemes DeÛÚe lejerkeâe nw– efve#eeueve
ceevekeâ heefjÙeespevee yeeÌ{ mes DeefOekeâ nw leLee efpehmece efceueekeâj
Ùetefveš neF[^es«eeHeâ efmeæeble efoÙee ieÙee nw– ueer.js.kesâ. Mece&ve meghees<eCe (Neutrification) neslee nw–
Hewâveekeâej peue«enCe #es$e ceW lespe yeeÌ{ keâe Devegceeve keâjves keâe met$e heeveer kesâ efheb[eW ceW heewOeeW kesâ hees<ekeâ leòJeeW keâe peceeJe
nw– Fbieefueme keâe met$e peue efvekeâeÙeeW kesâ meghees<eCe (Neutrification) keâe keâejCe neslee
peueejsKe keâer Deheieceve Yegpee Depression Limb keâer Deeke=âefle efveYe&j nw–
keâjleer nw– hees<ekeâ õJÙeeW keâe Deefleefjòeâ ØeJeen
kesâJeue Ieešer efJeMes<eleeDeeW hej ce=oe keâer Jen DeJemLee, peneB heewOee Deheveer DeeJeMÙekeâlee kesâ Devegmeej
5 efceceer./IeCše keâer leer›elee mes efiejves Jeeueer Je<ee& keânueeleer nw– peue keâes KeeRÛeves ceW efJeheâue nes peelee nw,keânueelee nw–
Deewmele Je<ee& (Permanent wilting Point) mLeeÙeer ceueervelee efyevog
Skeâ 100 Je<e& yeeÌ{ nw–pees efkeâ 100 Je<e& ceW Skeâ yeej keâYeer efkeâmeer Heâmeue kesâ [suše (∆) keâe leelheÙe& neslee nw–
Yeer Ieefšle nes mekeâlee nw hetjs DeeOeej keâeue ceW Heâmeue Éeje JeebefÚle peue keâer ienjeF&
peue kesâ melen mes Jee<heerkeâjCe keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueS meyemes efvekeâeme hej peue keâer cee$ee peeveer peeleer nw–
DeefOekeâ GheÙegòeâ keâewve mee jmeeÙeve ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ– efvekeâeme keâejkeâ (Outlet factor)
efmeLeeFue Sukeâesnue KejerHeâ keâer Heâmeue yeesFË peeleer nw– petve–pegueeF& cenerves ceW
ef[keâsve met$e kesâ Devegmeej ØeJeen Øeekeäkeâueve kesâ efueS Ûejce efJemepe&ve [dÙetšer (Duty) DeefOekeâlece nesleer nw– Kesle hej
meceevegheeleer neslee nw– A3/4 Ûeves kesâ Heâmeue keâe keâesj keâeue 18 efove Deewj keâesj ienjeF& 12
meceoeye jsKee Jen jsKee nesleer nw pees meceeve.........kesâ efyevogDeeW keâes mesceer nw~ Ûeves keâer Heâmeue keâer [Ÿetšer keäÙee nesieer–
efceueeleer nw– JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oeye 1296 nskeäšsÙej/keäÙetceskeâ
meeFceve Je<ee&ceeheer efkeâme Øekeâej keâe nw– efmebÛeeF& heeveer ceW ueJeCe meevõlee efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ veneR yeÌ{veerr
DeveDeefYeuesKeer Øekeâej keâe (Non Recording type gauge) ÛeeefnS–
meceJe=ef<š efJeefOe mes oes keâeš ceW Je<ee& keâe heefjJele&ve keäÙee nesiee– 2000 PPM
jsKeerÙe efmebÛeeF& keâer DeeJe=efòe Fme Øekeâej efveOee&efjle efkeâÙee peeS keâer ce=oe kesâ
Oeeje mes Deewmele Ùeeru[ kesâ Éeje %eele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– peÌ[ #es$e ceW Deewmele peueebMe vepeoerkeâ nw–iueeveer efyevog kesâ
neF[^es«eeheâ vepeoerkeâ
jsef[ÙeesSefkeäšJe DeeFmeesšeshe efJeefOe ceW Jesie keâe ceeheve ØeefleØeJeen ceW GheueyOe peueebMe nw–ce=oe keâe #es$e #ecelee (Field
jsef[ÙeesSefkeäšefJešer kesâ ceeheve kesâ Éeje Fme otjer hej efkeâÙee peelee nw– Capacity) Deewj mLeeÙeer cueeveer efyebog (Permanent
10 efkeâceer. Wilting Point) kesâ yeerÛe keâe Devlej
yeeÌ{ ceeie& kesâ keâejCe neslee nw–neF[^es«eeheâ ceW Ûejce ØeJeen kesâ Skeâ efJeMes<e Heâmeue kesâ efueS ceesiee efvemmejCe efoÙee peelee nw–
Deekeâej ceW keâceer uesefkeâve DeefOekeâ meceÙe ceW Øeehle #es$eHeâue (area) / ceesiee iegCeebkeâ (Outlet Factor)
FbieefueMe met$e ØeJeen efJemepe&ve kesâ Øeekeäkeâueve kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee heâmeue keâes yeesves mes henues efoÙee ieÙee henuee heeveer keânueelee nw–
peelee nw– hegjeves yeecyes metyes kesâ DeheJeen #es$e kesâ efueS heuesJee
ceevekeâ meeFceve Je<ee&ceeheer Skeâef$ele #es$eheâue keâe Deebleefjkeâ JÙeeme peue DevegØeÙeesie o#elee keâe Devegheele nw–peÌ[ #es$e ceW Skeâef$ele
efkeâlevee nesiee– 12.7 cm heeveer Deewj KesleeW Ùee cewoeveeW keâes ÚesÌ[e ieÙee heeveer
oesnje õJÙeceeve Je›eâ efJeMues<eCe efueÙee peelee nw– efpeve heâmeueeW keâes Gieeves kesâ efueÙes efmebÛeeF& keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR
DeekeâÌ[eW keâer meIevelee keâer peeBÛe keâjvee nesleer, GvnW keâne peelee nw– Meg<keâ Ùee yeerjeveer heâmeue
hesvecewve keâe Jee<he-Jee<heeslmepe&ve meceerkeâjCe DeeOeeefjle nw– ÛeeJeue keâer heâmeue kesâ efueS ceesiee iegCeebkeâ neslee nw–
Tpee& meblegueve Deewj õJÙeceeve mLeeveevlejCe SØeesÛe 637 nskeäšsÙej/ceeršj3/meskeâC[
FkeâeF& neF[^es«eeheâ ceW Meyo FkeâeF& meboefYe&le keâjlee nw– efmebÛeeF& keâer Jeeef<e&keâ ienvelee efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesleer nw–
meerOes ØeJeen keâer FkeâeF& ienjeF& (Unit Depth of Direct 50% mes
run off) DeÛÚer peue-efvekeâemeer Jeeueer jsleerueer efceóer oerIe& meceÙe lekeâ GheÙeesie
Skeâ oer ieF& DeeJe=efòe keâer yeeÌ{ keâer YeefJe<ÙeJeeCeer kesâ efueS, meyemes kesâ yeeo DeheejiecÙe yeve peeleer nw~ Ùeefo Gmekeâer efmebÛeeF& efkeâS peeves
efJeÕemeveerÙe efJeefOe nw– FkeâeF& peueeuesKe efJeefOe Jeeues peue ceW efveefnle meesef[Ùece keâer cee$ee nes– 85%

103
Øeehle Meer<e& Deewj Øeoòe Meer<e& keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw– o#elee heâmeue yeesves leLee keâešves kesâ yeerÛe henueer leLee Debeflece efmebÛeeF& kesâ
efkeâme Øekeâej keâer ce=oe ceW Oeeve keâer heâmeue GieeF& peeleer nw– yeerÛe kesâ keâeue keâes keânles nQ– DeeOeej keâeue
heerš (keâeueer ce=oe) peye heewOes Deheves Je=efæ kesâ efueS efceóer mes Deewj DeefOekeâ heÙee&hle peue
efmebÛeeF& peue keâer [Ÿetšer keâce nesieer, Ùeefo– «enCe veneR keâj mekeâles lees efceóer kesâ Gme peueebMe keâes keânles nQ–
Dehesef#ele peueehetefle& DeefOekeâ nes mLeeÙeer efJeefušbie efyevog (Permanent wilting Point)
0.002 mes Úesšs keâCeeW Jeeueer ce=oe keâes keânles nQ– ce=efòekeâe ieVes keâer Deewmele [Ÿetšer nskeäšsÙej/keäÙetceskeâ nesleer nw– 2500
ieg®lJe yeue kesâ DeOeerve ce=oe mes neskeâj mebÛeefuele nesves Jeeuee peue nw[ hej heeveer keâer efkeâleveer cee$ee ner heâmeue keâer efmebÛeeF& kesâ efueS
keânueelee nw– ieg®lJe peue GheÙeesie nes heeleer nw– 70 mes 75%
mechetCe&le: Je<ee& kesâ peue Éeje efmebÛeeF& keâjkesâ lewÙeej keâer ieF& heâmeue jyeer Je Kejerheâ keâer cegKÙe heâmeueeW kesâ yeerÛe keâce meceÙe Jeeueer heâmeue
keânueeleer nw– yeeefjMeer heâmeue keânueeleer nw– peeÙeo keâer heâmeue
efpeve heâmeueeW kesâ efueS efmebÛeeF& heeveer keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw, efkeâmeer #es$e ceW efkeâmeer efJeMes<e meceÙe heâmeue Gieeves hej Jen #es$e
GvnW keâne peelee nw– vece heâmeue keânueelee nw– venjer ke=â<Ùe #es$e
jsleerueer ce=oe keâes efkeâme veece mes peevee peelee nw efmebÛeeF& heeveer ceW efkeâleves "esme keâCe Iegues nesves hej Jen efmebÛeeF& kesâ
–ce®Yetefce (yeuegF& ce=oe) efueÙes GheÙeg&òeâ mecePee peelee nw– 400 PPM
#eejerÙe ueJeCeeW Jeeueer Yetefce keâe pH ceeve nesleer nw –7 kesâ Thej Kejerheâ heâmeue yeesF& peeleer nw– ceevemetve Deeves hej petve ceW
eEmeÛeeF& peue kesâ cetuÙe efveOee&jCe keâer efJeefOe nesleer nw iesntB kesâ efueÙes keâesj heeveer ienjeF& nesleer nw– 13.5 mesceer.
DeeÙeleefvekeâ cetuÙe efveOee&jCe oj keâewve meer heâmeue keâes uecyes meceÙe lekeâ heeveer keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer
keâheeme keâer Kesleer kesâ efueÙes keâewve-meer ce=oe GheÙegòeâ nesleer nw nw– ieVee
keâeueer ce=oe iesntB keâer peÌ[eW keâer Devegceeefvele ienjeF& nesleer nw– 90 mesceer.
efkeâme ce=oe ceW Ieeme Yeer veneR Gieleer– Tmej ce=oe
ce=oe ceW GheefmLele peerJeeCeg ce=oe ceW yeÌ{eles nQ– keâeye&efvekeâ heoeLe& mšerhe šeshees«eeheâer ceW meyemes DeÛÚer efmebÛeeF& keâer efJeefOe nw–
efmeuš kesâ keâCeeW keâe Deewmele ceehe neslee nw– efÚÌ[keâeJe efJeefOe
0.002 mes 0.06 efceceer. Kegues ceW ØeeÙe: heeveer keâer #eefle nesleer nw– 22%
KeÌ[er Ì{eue Ùegòeâ Yetefce keâer efmebÛeeF& keâer peeleer nw– Ùeefo heâmeue kesâ ceewmece ceW veoer keâe yeneJe keâce nw leye efmebÛeeF& kesâ
cegòeâ peue ØeJeen efJeefOe Éeje efueS Deheveeveer ÛeeefnS– efueHeäš efmebÛeeF& efJeefOe
Tmej ce=oe keâe pH ceeve neslee nw– 11 kegâSB kesâ Éeje efmebÛeeF& mebyebefOele nw– efueHeäš efmebÛeeF&
ce=oe ceW peue keâer Jen cee$ee efpemekesâ yeeo heewOes Deheveer Je=efæ kesâ efkeâmeer heâmeue efJeMes<e kesâ efueÙes Gmekesâ DeeOeej keâeue ceW efove jele
efueÙes Deewj heeveer veneR uesles nQ, keânueelee nw– ØeJeeefnle nesves Jeeues FkeâeF& heeveer Éeje efmebefÛele #es$e Gme heâmeue keâe
mLeeF& cueeveebkeâ efyebog (Permanent Wilting Point) keânueelee nw– heeveer keâer [Ÿetšer
efmebÛeeF& keâer ÛeewkesâJeej peue-ØeJeen efJeefOe ØeÙeesie ceW ueeF& peeleer nw– Jele&ceeve heeveer kesâ œeesle efJeÕe kesâ efmebÛeeF& ÙeesiÙe #es$e kesâ kesâJeue
kegâÚ meceÙe lekeâ peue DeehueeJeve keâes men efkeâleves ØeefleMele #es$e keâer ner efmebÛeeF& keâjves kesâ efueS heÙee&hle nw–
mekeâves Jeeueer heâmeueeW kesâ efueS 50%
efpeme heâmeue keâes hetjs Je<e& efmebÛeeF& keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw, Gmes
Ùen heâmeue hetjs Je<e& DeLee&led yeejnceemeer heâmeue keânueeleer nw– ieVee
keânles nQ– yeejnceemeer heâmeue
peue leue mes Thej efceóer kesâ jbOeÇeW ceW kesâefMekeâe yeue kesâ keâejCe
efmebÛeeF& Gve #es$eeW ceW DeeJeMÙekeâ nw, peneB–
Oeeefjle peue, pees ieg®lJe yeue Éeje efve<keâeefmele veneR neslee, keânueelee
Je<ee& Demeceeve nesleer nw
nw– kesâefMekeâe peue
DeOeesYetefce efmebÛeeF& efJeefOe mes Øeehle heeveer keâe efkeâleves ØeefleMele GheÙeesie
hecheeW Ùee efkeâmeer DevÙe GlLeeheve Ùegefòeâ mes heeveer keâes efkeâmeer Ssmes #es$e
efmebÛeeF& kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– 80% mes DeefOekeâ
Ùee Deehetefle& ceeie& kesâ efkeâmeer Ssmes efyevog lekeâ GlLeeefhele keâjkesâ JeneB
keâer efmebÛeeF& keâjvee, efpevekeâe peuemlej Flevee TBÛee nes efkeâ JeneB Øees#eCe Ùee efÚÌ[keâeJe efmebÛeeF& efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ #es$eeW kesâ efueÙes
ØeJeen Éeje efmebÛeeF& veneR keâer pee mekeâleer nes, keânueelee nw– GheÙeesieer nw– TyeÌ[-KeeyeÌ[ Ùee Demeceleue #es$e
GodJeenve efmebÛeeF& (Lift Irrigation) Skeâ ke=âef<e heâmeue keâer Je=efæ ceW pees heeveer ke=âef$ece ™he mes efoÙee peelee
efceóer ceW heewOeeW kesâ efJekeâeme kesâ efueS GheÙeesieer peue keânueelee nw nw, keânueelee nw– efmebÛeeF&
–kesâefMekeâe peue ÛeeJeue kesâ efueS keâesj (core) heeveer osves keâer F<šlece ienjeF& nw–
190 mm
ieVes keâer heâmeue kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ ce=oe nesleer nw– keâeueer ce=oe Heâmeue yegDeeF& mes henues efoÙes peeves Jeeues henues heeveer keâes keâne peelee
Oeeve keâer heâmeue kesâ efueS Deewmele heeveer keâer ienjeF& Ùee [suše nesleer nw heuesJee efmebÛeeF& (Paleo Irrigation)
nw, ueieYeie– 120 mesceer.
eEmeÛeeF& kesâ heeveer kesâ ØeoeÙe keâe Devlejeue efveYe&j keâjlee nw
heâmeue kesâ efueS ce=oe ceW GheefmLele Ùen ueJeCe neefvekeâejkeâ neslee nw– ce=oe, heâmeue leLee peueJeeÙeg
meesef[Ùece keâeyeexvesš eEmeefÛele heâmeue kesâ #es$eheâue leLee mechetCe& yeÌ{le keâeue kesâ oewjeve,
jyeer leLee Kejerheâ keâer heâmeueeW kesâ mebefÛele #es$e kesâ Devegheele keâes keânles DeeJeMÙekeâ peue keâer cee$ee keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw [dÙetšer
nQ– heâmeue Devegheele DeefOekeâlece peue ØeJeen %eele keâjves kesâ efueÙes ef[kesâve keâe met$e neslee
Yeejer heâmeue ceevee peelee nw– ieVee keâes
nw– Qp = CM 3/4
1 keäÙetceskeâ efove yejeyej neslee nw– 8.64 nskeäšsÙej ceeršj

104
Skeâ Glœegle peueYe=le Jen nesleer nw peneB–peue leue, meble=efhle yevOeeje mes Thej efvekeâueves Jeeuee heeveer keâe efvemmejCe %eele keâjves kesâ
#es$e keâer Thejer melen keâer YeeBefle ner Øeehle neslee nw efueÙes met$e neslee nw– Q = 1.7 LH3/2
Dehekesâefvõle heche kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece DevegcevÙe Ûet<eCe ØeÙeesie ceW MeeKee venj mes heeveer keâe efvemmejCe neslee nw–
nw– 6 ceeršj 30 keäÙetceskeâ mes DeefOekeâ
Skeâ efmeefueC[j Ùee ketâheheele efkeâmekesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ Deewj efceleJÙeÙeer ietue Éeje efvemmejCe #ecelee nesleer nw– 0.028 mes 0.084 keäÙetceskeâ
neslee nw– efvecve efvemmejCe Deewj GÛÛe leehe
(Low Discharge and High Temperature) 3. venjeW keâe DeefYekeâuheve
Skeâ veueketâhe keâer JÙeeme meeceevÙeleÙee meerefcele neslee nw– (Design Of Cannal)
500 efceceer.
Skeâ Kegues kegBâS keâer ienjeF& meeceevÙeleÙee meerefcele nesleer nw– efkeâmeer venj ceW leš kesâ efMeKej leue Deewj venj ceW DeefOekeâlece peue
30 ceeršj ØeoeÙe leue kesâ yeerÛe Deblej keânueelee nw–
ieg™lJe kesâ efKebÛeeJe kesâ efJe™æ DeOe: ce=oe Éeje jeskesâ ieÙes heeveer keâer cegòeâevlej Ùee Meer<ee&vlej (Free Board)
cee$ee peeveer peeleer nw– Ûewveue kesâ oesveeW Deesj ØeJeen efoMee ceW keâšeF& kesâ Thejer efmejs Je leš
efJeefMe° DeJeOeejCe (Specific Renteion) kesâ Deebleefjkeâ heoe«e kesâ yeerÛe ÚesÌ[er ieF& Yetefce heóer keânueeleer nw–
Ùeefo Skeâ kegâSB ceW peue mlej peceerve kesâ mlej mes veerÛes nw, uesefkeâve yece& (Berm)
mLeeveerÙe heeveer kesâ mlej kesâ Thej nw, Ùen keäÙee keânueelee nw~– ÙeÅeefhe venj keâe {eue Yetefce kesâ meeceevÙe {eue hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw,
GLeuee kegâDeeB hejvleg keâšeJe Jesie GlheVe nesves mes yeÛeeves kesâ efueS venj keâe {eue
eEmeÛeeF& kegâC[ keâer #ecelee efveYe&j keâjleer nw– nesvee ÛeeefnS– 0.25 ceeršj Øeefle 1000 ceeršj
heâmeue kesâ Øekeâej Deewj [dÙetšer hej efmebÛeeF& keâer venjW ØeeÙe: mebjsefKele nesleer nw– efjpe jsKee hej
oeye keâer keâceer mes Skeâ efIejs ngS Deheefj®æ peue Ye=le keâe yesOeve venjeW mes heeveer keâer efjmeve #eefle Gmekesâ Meer<e& hej heeveer keâer efkeâleves
keâjles ngS kegâSB kesâ peue mlej ceW nesieer– Je=efæ nesieer ØeefleMele heeF& ieF& nw– 30 mes 50%
Skeâ ketâhe keâe efJemepe&ve, Øeefle FkeâeF& Dehekeâ<e&, keânueelee nw– vÙetvelece 90 mesceer. keâe yece& leye efoÙee peelee nw peye venj ceW
efJeefMe<š #ecelee (Specific Capacity) efvemmejCe neslee nw– 60 keäÙetmeskeâ mes DeefOekeâ
Skeâ KeeBefÛele veueketâhe keâer ueefyOe, Skeâ peeueer veueketâhe keâer ueefyOe efvejer#eCe meÌ[keâ Jeeues leš keâer efMeKej ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes–
keâer leguevee ceW nesleer nw– keâce 5 ceeršj mes keâce
GlLeeheve eEmeÛeeF& ceW, ØeJeen neslee nw– venj ceW meerhespe #eefle yeÌ{sieer– venj ceW heeveer keâer ienjeF&
efveÛeues leue mes Thej–leue keâer Deesj yeÌ{ves mes
(Low Level to high level)
Jen Yet-hejle efpemeceW heeveer neslee nw leLee Deemeeveer mes heeveer Øeoeve Keleeve keâneB yeveevee DeefOekeâ GheÙeesieer heeÙee ieÙee nw–
keâjleer nw, keânueeleer nw– heejiecÙe hejle venj keâer leueer kesâ ceOÙe Yeeie ceW
Skeâ peueOeejer hejle kesâ FkeâeF& DeeÙeleve ceW GheueyOe peue keânueelee DeeGšuesš kesâ efvemmejCe ceW heefjJele&ve keâer oj Deewj Fmekesâ cetue
nw –Deehesef#ekeâ OeejCe #ecelee Ûewveue kesâ efvemmejCe kesâ heefjJele&ve keâer oj keâe Devegheele keânueelee
heeveer keâes efveÛeues leue mes Thej G"ekeâj eEmeÛeeF& keâjves keâer efJeefOe nw– ueÛeerueeheve (Flexibility)
keânueeleer nw –GodJeenve eEmeÛeeF& venj kesâ ef[peeFve kesâ efueS «eeheâerÙe {eue ceW iewjsš kesâ DeejsKeeW keâe
heefj®æ peue Ye=le ceW peue mlej JeeÙeg ceC[ueerÙe oeye mes neslee nw– GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– kewâves[er kesâ efmeæeble Éeje
DeefOekeâ oeye hej Skeâ DeeGšuesš leye Deevegheeeflekeâ keâne peelee nw Ùeefo Fmekeâe
yeeÌ{ kesâ ØeJeen kesâ efueS ceefmkeâvIece efJeefOe nw– OeejeDeeW mes ueÛeerueeheve neslee nw– FkeâeF& kesâ yejeyej
neskeâj ™efšbie ØeJeen keâer Skeâ peueerÙe meJex#eCe efJeefOe nw hetjs Je<e& heeveer GheueyOe keâjeves Jeeueer venjW keânueeleer nQ–
Skeâ venj pees kesâJeue Skeâ ner lejHeâ efmebÛeeF& keâj mekeâleer nw, peeveer yeejnceemeer venjW (Perennial Canal)
peeleer nw– meceesÛÛe venj (Contour Canal) Jes venjW efpevekeâer ueeiele keâeMlekeâejeW mes heeveer keâe cetuÙe ueskeâj 17
peneB leerKeer Yetefce GheueyOe nes, efmebÛeeF& keâer efJeefOe ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer mes 20 Je<e& ceW hetjer keâer pee mekeâleer nw, GvnW keânles nQ–
nw– cegòeâ yeeÌ{ Glheeokeâ venjW (Productive Canal)
efmebÛeeF& venj keâe mebjsKeve meeOeejCeleÙee efkeâmekesâ meehes#e efkeâÙee peelee veefoÙeeW kesâ yeeÌ{ peue kesâ efJeheLeve kesâ efueS efveefce&le venjW keânueeleer
nw– peue efJeYeepekeâ jsKee kesâ (Water Shed Line) nQ– DeehueeJeve venj (Flood Canal)
heeveer keâe Jesie heefjMegælee mes ceeheves kesâ efueÙes GheÙeesie nesves Jeeuee veoer Je venj ueieYeie meceeve leue hej efceueves hej heejieeceer
Ùeb$e nw– efheše@š veueer peueefvekeâeme keâeÙe& keânueelee nw–
efveIe<e&Ce muetme keâe ØeÙeesie venj ceW keäÙee jeskeâves kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee meceleue heejkeâ (Level Crossing)
peelee nw– efmeuš meerhespe oeye kesâ efJe®æ mebjÛevee kesâ mLeeefÙelJe kesâ efueS ›eâeefvlekeâ
cegKÙe venj mes heeveer efvemmejCe keâe ceeve neslee nw~– {eue keâes Keesmeuee keâe ›eâerhe efmeæeble yejeyej ceevelee nw–
200 mes 350 keäÙetceWkeâ lekeâ 0.50 kesâ yejeyej
cegKÙe venj MeeKee venj kesâ efueÙes efkeâmekeâe keâeÙe& keâjleer nw– meeFheâve peuemesleg ceW veoer keâe GÛÛelece neslee nw–
hees<eCe keâe keâeÙe& venj keâer leueer mes yengle Thej
105
peye Skeâ venj Deewj [^svespe meceeve leue hej hengBÛeles nQ lees Ssmeer venj kesâ veerÛes Gušs meeFheâve kesâ Éeje oeye kesâ Devleie&le [^svespe heeveer
mebjÛevee keânueeleer nw– uesJeue ›eâe@efmebie kesâ yeneJe kesâ efueS efveefce&le mebjÛevee keânueeleer nw–
venj ceW heeveer kesâ menpe ØeJesMe kesâ efueS ns[ jsieguesšj Deewj heeveer kesâ meeFheâve DekeäJee[keäš
yeerÛe keâe keâesCe jKee peelee nw ØeeÙe:– 1100 venj keâer leueer ceW yeveeÙes peeves Jeeues KeleeveeW keâer ienjeF& DeefOekeâ
venj keâe F.S.L. [^svespe š^heâ kesâ heeveer kesâ Yeerlejer efkeâveejs keâer veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– 100 mesceer. mes
Dehes#ee veerÛee neslee nw– GOJe&uebIekeâ (Supper Passage) efmebÛeeF& venjeW keâes ØeeÙe: efkeâmekesâ meeLe-meeLe mebjsKeve efkeâÙee peelee
Deeceleewj hej cetue venj mes efYeVe leue {eue osles ngS Gmekesâ yeieue ceW nw– heveOeeje (Ridge line)
ØeeÙe: meceeveevlej efveefce&le venj keânueeleer nw– KeeF& #es$e keâer meceesÛÛe jsKee kesâ DeefYeuecye yeveeF& ieF& venj keânueeleer nw–
Úesšs [^sve ceW peueheLe keâer DeefOeceevÙe efmekegâÌ[ve nesleer nw– 20% yeieueer {eue venj (Side Slope Canal)
venjeW ceW Ieeme-Hetâme kesâ efJekeâefmele nesves mes– Deehetefle& Ûewveue kesâ peue mlejeW ceW nesves Jeeues yeoueeJeeW mes DeØeYeeefJele
venj mes neskeâj efvemmejCe ceW keâceer Deeleer nw jnkeâj pees DeeGšuesš efvemmejCe oslee nw, Gmes keânles nQ–
ISI keâer mebmlegefle kesâ Devegmeej Demlej Ùegòeâ venj keâer Deeke=âefle nesveer efve§eeefÙeie ceesiee (Rigid Module Outlet)
ÛeeefnS– efJe<ece ÛelegYeg&peekeâej Ùeefo efmeuš kesâ keâCeeW keâe Deewmele Deekeâej m efceceer. nw lees uewmeer keâe

m
efmebÛeeF& venj keâe Jen #es$e efpeme hej venj keâe peue ieg®lJe ØeJeen ceW
yen mekeâlee nw, keânueelee nw– JebMeeiele #es$e efmeuš hewâkeäšj meceevegheeleer neslee nw– kesâ
Skeâ ke=âef$ece veeueer, efpemekeâe keâeš meceuecyeekeâej neslee nw, keânueeleer uesmeer keâe efjpeerce Jesie meceevegheeleer neslee nw– R S3/4 1/3

nw– venj venjeW ceW hetCe& mebYejCe leue Yetleue mes nesvee ÛeeefnÙes–
Meejoe venj peue Øeheele nw– TOJee&Oej-heele peueØeheele 15 mes 30 mesceer. TBÛee
Skeâ MeeKee venj keâer efvemmejCe #ecelee nesleer nw– Ûewveue ceW leueÚš peceves keâe cegKÙe keâejCe neslee nw–
30 keäÙetceskeâ mes DeefOekeâ $egefšhetCe& Meer<e& jsieguesšj
venj keâer leueer keâes DeefveJeeÙe&le: veerÛes keâj efoÙee peelee nw– Skeâ veoer mes venj efvekeâeueveer ÛeeefnS– veoer mes 900 Ùee Fmemes
venj meeFheâve efmLeefle ceW DeefOekeâ keâesCe hej
Skeâ kebâ›eâerš Demlej keâer ngF& venj ceW Devegcele heeveer keâe Jesie nesvee Ûewveue jeGefšbie ceW mebÛeÙe Heâueve neslee nw–
ÛeeefnÙes– 2 ceeršj/meskeâC[ mes DeefOekeâ veneR yee¢e efvemmejCe keâer cee$ee keâe
meyemes DeefOekeâ ceBniee venj keâe Demlej neslee nw– Skeâ efmebÛeeF& kewâveeue keâer ef[peeFve #ecelee Deeceleewj hej Fmekesâ Éeje
kebâ›eâerš keâe Demlej efveÙebef$ele nesleer nw– KejerHeâ HeâmeueeW keâer keâesj ceebie
venj kesâ DeefYekeâuhe ceW efue[ues kesâ efmeæeble kesâ Devegmeej venj keâer uesmeer kesâ efmeæeble kesâ Devegmeej efmeuš iegCeebkeâ neslee nw–keâCe kesâ
ienjeF& leLee ÛeewÌ[eF& kesâ mebyebOe keâe met$e nw– B = 7.80D1.61 Deewmele Deekeâej kesâ Jeie&cetue kesâ meceevegheeleer neslee nw
venj ceW heejieeceer peueefvekeâeme keâeÙe& veneR yeveeves heÌ[les– otceš jsleerueer efceóer hej yeveer venj kesâ heeÕe& keâe {ueeve nesiee–
heveOeeje venj ceW (Ridge Canal) 1
Skeâ neF[^esefuekeâ mebjÛevee keäÙee menves kesâ efueS DeefYekeâefuhele nesleer keâševe hej 1 : 1 Deewj YejeJe hej 2 : 1
2
nw– neF[^esefuekeâ oeye keâes efmebÛeeF& JeeefnkeâeDeeW DemlejerkeâjCe–
MeeKee venjeW keâe efvemmejCe neslee nw, ØeeÙe:– 200 keäÙetmeskeâ heeveer kesâ efjmeeJe keâes jeskeâ mekeâlee nw~
yeÌ[er venjeW ceW yeenjer yeewjes efheš šQkeâ kesâ heoe«e mes nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– iewjsš kesâ efÛe$e keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw–
10 ceeršj otj venjeW keâe Øee™heCe keâjves cebs
Skeâ venj kesâ yeebOe keâer efMeKej ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes pees meefJe&me Skeâ Meejoe Øekeâej kesâ Øeheele ceW meceuecyeer Meer<e& keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& 'B'
meÌ[keâ ues jner nes– 5 ceeršj mes keâce veneR
nesleer nw– B = 0.55 H + d
Skeâ efmebÛeeF& venj ceW DeheJele&ve nw[ keâeÙe& hej efjmeve Éeje heeveer keâer uesmeer efmeæevle keâe efmeuš iegCeebkeâ efkeâme met$e kesâ Éeje efoÙee peelee
neefve nesleer nw– 30 mes 50% lekeâ
efvecee&Ce DeJemLee ceW venj keâe heefjÛÚso efceleJÙeÙeer nesves kesâ efueÙes nw– f = 1.76 d
DeeJeMÙekeâ nw– YejeF& Je keâšeF& meceeve nes efmebÛeeF& venjW meeceevÙele: mebjsefKele keâer peeleer nw– efjpe jsKee
efvekeâeueer peeves Jeeueer venj keâe hetCe& mebYejCe leue cetue Ûewveue kesâ efkeâmeer peueerÙe mebjÛevee kesâ ØeefleØeJeen HeâMe& hej GlLeeve oeye keâe
F.S.L. mes veerÛee nesvee ÛeeefnÙes~ cegKÙe venj kesâ efueÙes Ùen Deblej efveOee&jCe Keesmeuee efmeæevle keâer leguevee ceW efyueIe Éeje neslee nw–
nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 100 mesceer. keâce neslee nw
peueesÌ{ ce=oeDeeW ceW venjeW keâer YegpeeDeeW keâe {eue (#eweflepe : ceesšs yeeuet kesâ efueS Keesmeuee keâe megjef#ele efvekeâemeer {ueeve keâe
TOJee&Oej) nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 2:1 ceeve, kesâ yeerÛe nw– 0.20 mes 0.17
venj keâe hetCe& mehueeF& leue (F.S.L.) veoer Ùee veeues keâer leueer mes efkeâmeer #es$e kesâ Øeeke=âeflekeâ peue efvekeâeme kesâ ueieYeie meceevlej mebjsefKele
keâeheâer TBÛee nesves hej yeveeÙee ieÙee heejieeceer peueefvekeâeme efvecee&Ce Ûewveue keânueeleer nw– heeÕe& {eue Ûewveue
keânueelee nw venj meeFheâve Skeâ efmebÛeeF& Ûewveue keâe meyemes Gòece mebjsKeCe neslee nw– efpemekesâ
peye venj keâes Skeâ Øeeke=âeflekeâ [^svespe kesâ Thej ues peeles nQ leye Øeoòe efueS DeefOekeâlej Yeeie peue-efJeYeepeve jsKee keâe DevegmejCe
mebjÛevee keânueeleer nw– DekeäJee[keäš keâjlee nes
106
uesmeer efmeæevle kesâ Devegmeej DeefYekeâefuhele venj keâe Deewmele Jesie YeejleerÙe ceevekeâeW keâer mebmlegefle kesâ Devegmeej, Deemlej Ùegòeâ venj keâe
1m/s nw~ efmeuš iegCeebkeâ Skeâebkeâ nw~ õJeerÙe ceOÙeceeve ef$epÙee Deekeâej nesvee ÛeeefnÙes~ meceuecyeekeâej
nesieer– 2.5 m eEmeÛeeF& JeeefnkeâeDeeW keâe DemlejerkeâjCe
10 cumec kesâ FkeâeF& ÛeewÌ[eF& efvemmejCe leLee 0.9 kesâ efmeuš heeveer kesâ efjmeeJe keâes jeskeâlee nw~
iegCeebkeâ kesâ efueS efjpeerce efveIe<e&Ce ienjeF& nw– 6.50m Skeâ venj ceW ›eâeme jsiÙetuesšj (cross regulator) keâe GodosMÙe
uesmeer efmeæevle keâs Devegmeej {eue, efmeuš iegCeebkeâ Deewj efJemepe&ve ceW nw– DeeHeâ šsefkebâie Jeeefnkeâe ceW GheÙegòeâ
f 5/3 Deehetefle& kesâ efueS peue keâe mlej yeÌ{evee
mecyevOe nw– S=
veefoÙeeW kesâ yeeÌ{ keâe heeveer keâYeer–keâYeer otmejer venjeW ceW [eue efoÙee
3340Q1/6
efveIe<e&Ce keâer ienjeÙeer meeceevÙeleÙee ceeheer peeleer nw mes– peelee nw, pees keânueeleer nQ–
ceeOÙe peue mlej DeehueeJeve venj (Inundation canal)
Ùeefo V0 Skeâ Ûewveue keâe ›eâebeflekeâ Jesie nw, Fmekeâe efmeuš heefjJenve efJeYeepeve oerJeej yeveeF& peeleer nw–
Meefòeâ, kesâves[er kesâ Devegmeej meceevegheeleer nw– V05/2 efJeÙej kesâ De#e kesâ uecye keâesCe hej
uesmeer keâs efjpeerce efmeæevle ceW, ØeJeen Jesie meceevegheeleer neslee nw– ieeo efve<keâemekeâ Skeâ ieeo efveÙeb$ekeâ meeOeve keâer lejn ØeÙeesie nesles
(Qf2)1/6 nQ– venj Meer<e& efveÙev$ekeâ kesâ DevegØeJeen ceW
Skeâ efJeefveÙeb$ekeâ efpemekesâ meeLe DeOe:muetce Yeer ueiee neslee nw pees ueebefÛebie SØeve keâer Ûeew[Ì eF& meeceevÙeleÙee yejeyej nesleer nw– 1.5 D
efmeuš keâes Oeesves leLee nševes ceW ØeÙeesie ceW Deelee nw, keânueelee nw– venj kesâ ØeJesMe mes DelÙeefOekeâ DeJemeeo keâes nševes kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ
efmeuš efJeefveÙeb$ekeâ (Silt Requlator) Ùegefòeâ Fmekesâ ns[ jsiÙeguesšj hej keânueeleer nw–
yeejerkeâ efmeuš kesâ efueÙes efmeuš iegCeebkeâ f keâe ceeve nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– muegme iesš (Sluice Gate)
0.50 Skeâ efveMÛeeefÙekeâ ceesies (Rigid Module) keâer mebJesoveMeeruelee
uesmeer ves Deheves efmeuš efmeæeble ceW efmeuš keâe heeveer ceW YebJej GlheVe nesleer nw–
nesves kesâ keâejCe Petueleer ceevee nw pees venj kesâ– MetvÙe kesâ yejeyej
mecemle heefjceehe mes GlheVe nesles nQ Skeâ ceesiee (Outlet) meceevegheeleer keânueelee nw Ùeefo vecÙelee nw–
iewjsš DeejsKe ef[peeFve keâjves keâer kewâves[er kesâ efmeæeble keâer– Skeâ kesâ yejeyej
«eeheâerÙe efJeefOe nw DeefleJeener Ûewveue keâer #ecelee Deewj cetue Ûewveue keâer #ecelee keâe
kewâves[er ves Deheves efmeuš efmeæeble ceW ceevee efkeâ efmeuš heeveer ceW YebJej Devegheele keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 50%
GlheVe nesves kesâ keâejCe Petueleer jnleer nw pees venj kesâ– venj ØeCeeueer kesâ YeeieeW keâs mener ›eâce keâes ÛegefveS–
kesâJeue leueer mes GlheVe nesles nQ ns[ Jekeäme&-cegKÙe venj- MeeKee venj- ceeFvej efJeleefjkeâe
kewâves[er keâer ›eâebeflekeâ Jesie keâe meceerkeâjCe nw– V0 = 0.55 D0.64 Skeâ ceevšsiÙet-Øekeâej Øeheele ceW–
eqmebÛeeF& kesâ heeveer keâer Deehete|le kesâ efJeefveÙece kesâ efueÙes efvee|cele eEmeÛeeF& Skeâ hejJeueÙeekeâej iuesefmeme Øeoeve efkeâÙee peelee nw
efvecee&Ce keâes keâne peelee nw efveÙeecekeâ (Requlator) veoer hej yeveeF& ieF& mebjÛevee, efpemekeâe cegKÙe GösMÙe veoer mes heeveer
venj keâe DeefOekeâlece efceleJÙeer KeC[ neslee nw DeOe&Je=òeekeâej venjeW ceW Yespevee nw, keâes keâne peelee nw– peue Meer<e& lev$e
uesmeer keâe heefjceehe (P) efJemepe&ve (Q) ceW mecyevOe oMee&lee nw celmÙe meerÌ{er keâe ØeeJeOeeve efkeâÙee peelee nw–ceÚefueÙeeW kesâ Deeves
P = 4.75 Q peeves keâe ceeie& Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueÙes
uesmeer keâe efmeæevle efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ ØeJeen kesâ efueÙes DevegØeÙeespÙe nw Skeâ venj ns[Jeke&â keâer meyemes GefÛele efmLeefle nw–
peueesÌ{ veefoÙeeW leLee venjeW mes ØeJeen veoer keâer iele& efmLeefle
ieeo (Silt) kesâ Deewmele keâCe keâe ceehe mm ceW 'd' nw, leye uesmeer peye venj kesâ peue-leue keâes Dekeâmceele veerÛes efieje efoÙee peelee nw,
keâe ieeo iegCeebkeâ 'f' efkeâmekesâ Devegheeeflekeâ nw d½ Fmes keânles nQ –Øeheele (Fall)
heneÌ[er venj (Ridge canal) keâes keäÙee keâne peelee nw ÛeewÌ[er ›eâsmš Jeeues heäuetce iuesmeer Øeheele venj keâe efvemmejCe ceeheves
peue efJeYeepekeâ venj (Water Shed Canal) kesâ keâece Deeleer nw –ceeršjer Øeheele
iewjsš DeejsKe efkeâme hej DeeOeeefjle nw kewâves[er keâe efmeæevle JeWÛegjer heäuetce keâes efkeâme veece mes peeveles nQ –ceeršjer heäuetce
efkeâmeer venj kesâ efueÙes kesâ efueÙes meJee&sòece mebjsKeve efkeâme ueeFve kesâ JeWÛegjer heäuetce mes DeÛÚe ceevee peeves Jeeuee heäuetce neslee nw
meeLe neslee nw efjpe ueeFve –DeØeieeceer lejbie heäuetce
venj keâer ueeFeEveie efkeâÙes ngÙes meskeäMeve keâer ef[peeFve efkeâve heâecet&ueeW venj nw[ jsieguesšj keâe GösMÙe neslee nw
mes keâj mekeâles nQ~ ceweEveie Je Ûespeer kesâ met$e –venj KeC[ ceW efmeuš keâes Deeves mes jeskeâvee
L JeerÙej Je venj efveÙeb$ekeâ keâer De#e kesâ yeerÛe vÙetvelece keâesCe nesvee
Ûespeer kesâ C keâer efJecee efkeâleveer nesleer nw~ ÛeeefnÙes– 900
T2
eEmeÛeeF& venjeW keâe DemlejerkeâjCe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Skeâ Deesieer GlhueeJe ceeie& DeefYekeâefuhele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
peue-peceeJe #es$e ceW keâceer nsleg (To reduce water DeefOekeâlece efvemmejCe kesâ efueÙes
logging Area) JeerÙej keâe efMeKej nw– ›esâmš
keâÛÛeer venjeW kesâ efueÙes cegòeâeblej keâneB mes ceehee peelee nw~ JeerÙej De#e kesâ mecekeâesCe hej leLee peue ØeJeen kesâ meceeveevlej yeveves
hetCe& ØeoeÙe mlej mes leš kesâ Meer<e& lekeâ Jeeueer mebjÛevee leLee muetmeeW keâes Deueie keâjleer nw, nesleer nw–
hekeäkeâer venj kesâ efueÙes cegòeâeblej keâes keâneB mes ceehee peelee nw~ efJeYeeefpekeâe oerJeej
hetCe& Deehete|le mlej mes Demlej kesâ Meer<e& lekeâ DeOe:muetme keâe otmeje veece neslee nw– efveIe<e&Ce muetme
107
peueeMeÙe ceW vÙetvelece peue mlej Deewj meeceevÙe peue mlej kesâ yeerÛe ceÚueer meerÌ{er keâe {eue efkeâlevee nesvee ÛeeefnÙes, efpememes ØeJeen keâe
mebefÛele peue DeeÙeleve keânueelee nw– Jesie 2 ceeršj/meskeâC[ mes DeefOekeâ GlheVe ve nes– 1 : 10
GheÙeesieer YeC[ejCe (Useful Storage) Skeâ veoer hej DeheJele&ve nw[ efveefce&le efkeâÙee peelee nw–
JeerÙej kesâ oesveeW Deesj {euet ØeebieCe yeveeÙes peeles nQ, GvnW keânles nQ– venj hej "erkeâ venj efvekeâueves Jeeues mLeeve hej
iuesmeer JeerÙej kesâ DeefYeuecye venj efveÙeb$ekeâ mes DevegØeJeen keâer Deesj hekeäkesâ
Meeheäš GlhueJe meceeve neslee nw– cee@efveËie iueesjer GlhueJe kesâ HeâMe& lekeâ yeveeF& ieF& "esme oerJeej keânueeleer nw–
Ùeefo GlhueJe ceeie& kesâ efMeKej hej Gòeue Deewj Deleleue hej DeJeleue efJeYeeefpekeâe oerJeej
oesnjs Ùee S-Ûe›eâ keâe DeJeheele nes, lees Jewmee GlhueJe keânueelee nw– JeerÙej leue Je DeOees: muetme kesâ leueeW keâes Deueie keâjvee keâeÙe& nw–
"esme Yeejeefßele Ùee Deesieer GlhueJe efJeYeeefpekeâe oerJeej keâe
jsvee@u[ keâheeš Skeâ DeeÙeleekeâej keâheeš nw leLee Ûewve Éeje hegueer hej Bligh kesâ efmeæeble kesâ Devegmeej cenerve jsle (Gòej Yeejle keâer veefoÙeeW
ueškeâe jnlee nw~ Fmekeâer meeceevÙe ceehe nesleer nw– pewmee) hej yeves JeerÙejes keâer megj#ee kesâ efueS peue efvekeâeme {eue nesvee
3 m × 2.5 m ÛeeefnÙes– C = 15
{euet iuesmeer Jeeues kebâ›eâerš JeerÙej Gmeer mLeeve hej yeveeÙes peeles nQ peye JeerÙej kesâ efMeKej leLee DevegØeJeen hej veoer keâer leueer ceW Deblej
peneB JeerÙej ›esâmš Je DevegØeJeen peueleue keâe Deblej nes– 3 ceeršj ueieYeie 3 ceeršj neslee nw lees Fme JeerÙej keâe efvecee&Ce keâjvee DeÛÚe
peueeieej ceW efmeefušbie jeskeâves kesâ efueÙes GheeÙe efkeâÙee peelee nw– jnlee nw– {euet iuesmeerpe Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš JeerÙej
efveIe<e&Ce muetme T pewmes yeveeJeš Jeeuee mhej keânueelee nw– ef[vnskeâe mhej
Skeâ peueerÙe mebjÛevee efpemekeâe cegKÙe keâeÙe& venj keâes heeveer Øeoeve GlhueJe keâer DevegØeJeen keâer heâuekeâ leer#CeOeej JeerÙej mes efiejves Jeeueer
keâjvee neslee nw, keânueelee nw– nw[ keâeÙe& vesheer kesâ Devegmeej nesves hej GlhueJe keânueelee nw– Deesieer GlhueJe
Skeâ yewjepe ceW efMeKej leue neslee nw– vee@ve-cees[Ÿetuej DeeGšuesš keâece keâjlee nw– yengle keâce Meer<e&
keâce jKee peelee nw leLee yeÌ[s keâheeš GheueyOe nesves hej Yeer
ueieeÙes peeles nw~ ce=oe yeeBOeeW kesâ efueÙes meJeexòece GlhueJe nw– Deesieer GlhueJe
veoer ceW peue keâe leue TBÛee keâjves kesâ efueS veoer kesâ Deej-heej peueeMeÙe mes yeeBOe kesâ DevegØeJeen keâer Deesj Deefleefjòeâ heeveer efvekeâeueves
yeveeF& ieF& efÛeveeF& keâer "esme jeskeâ Ùee yeeOee keânueeleer nw– JeerÙej kesâ efueÙes yeveeF& peeves Jeeueer mebjÛevee keânueeleer nw– GlhueJe
Skeâ veoer kesâ oesveeW Deesj yeeÌ{ efveÙeb$eCe kesâ efueÙes Fmekesâ yebOeeW mes Skeâ peesÌ[ lešyebOe Øekeâej kesâ yeebOe kesâ ceOÙe DeYesÅe keâesj kesâ efueS
kegâÚ otjer hej efceóer kesâ YejeJe yeveeÙes peeles nQ, GvnW keânles nQ– meyemes GheÙegòeâ meece«eer nw–
[eFkeâ efceóer keâes yeejerkeâ jsle kesâ meeLe efceueevee
ceesÌ[ nw[Jekeäme& Éeje Ùen keâeÙe& veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw– Skeâ ce=oe yeeb@Oe kesâ ØeefleØeJeen heâuekeâ kesâ efueÙes, {eue kesâ mLeeefÙelJe
peue mes efJeÅeglepeefvele keâjvee keâer meyemes efJehejerle heefjefmLeefle nw– DeÛeevekeâ Dehekeâ<e&
veoer kesâ lešyebOeeW ceW veneR Deelee nw– [eFkeâ ieg®lJe yeeBOe keâer leguevee ceW ce=oe yeeBOe ceW–keâce kegâMeue ßeefcekeâes
Skeâ JeerÙej ceW Jen mechetCe& uecyeeF& pees efjmeve peue leÙe keâjleer nw, keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw
keânueeleer nw– ›eâerhe uecyeeF& ceevekeâ heefjÙeespevee yeeÌ{ nesleer nw–
veoer kesâ mecegõ ceW efiejves mes hetJe& veoer keâe DeeefKejer efJemleej mecYeeefJele DeefOekeâlece yeeÌ{ mes keâce
keânueelee nw– veoercegKe (Delta) yeeÌ{ kesâ ceeie& efveOee&jCe keâer cemeefkebâIece efJeefOe–peue OeejeDeeW mes
Deesieer GlhueJe kesâ mebyebOe ceW efvemmejCe keâer cee$ee meceevegheeleer nesleer
neskeâj yeeÌ{ kesâ ceeie& efveOee&jCe keâer peue Jew%eeefvekeâ efJeefOe nw
nw– H3/2
Skeâ jsKeerÙe peueeMeÙe Jen neslee nw efpemeceW– mebÛeÙeve yee¢e ØeJeen
DeefOekeâlece peuee›eâceCe Jeeuee #es$e nw– heefMÛece yebieeue oj kesâ meeLe jsKeerÙe ™he mes heefjJeefle&le neslee nw
meeFheâve kesâ GlhueJe kesâ mebyebOe ceW efvemmejCe keâer cee$ee meceevegheeleer Skeâ yeeÌ{ efveÙev$eCe peueeMeÙe kesâ efueS ØeYeeJeer mebÛeÙeve yejeyej
H

nesleer nw– neslee nw–meef›eâÙe mebÛeÙeve + DeefOeYeej mebÛeÙeve – efveef<›eâÙe

efJebie efoJeej keâe KeC[erÙe Deæ&JÙeeme H keâe neslee nw– 6 iegvee mebÛeÙeve
Skeâ keâeš–Dee@Heâ keâes Keeme leewj hej ueieeÙee peelee nw– GlLeehekeâ oeye keâes veieCÙe ceeveles ngS Yeejeefßele yeeBOe kesâ ØeeLeefcekeâ
[eGvemš^erce ceW ØeesHeâeFue keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesieer–
H
&
H
keâe DeefOekeâlece
Ùeespevee ceW heeMJe&-efheefÛebie Deewj heWoer-efheefÛebie kesâ ceOÙe keâesCe neslee G µG
nw– 450 meceebieer ce=oe yeebOe keâer efmLeefle ceW meble=efhle jsKee hej oeye–
veoer hej yeveeF& ieF& mebjÛevee efpemekeâe cegKÙe GösMÙe veoer mes heeveer JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe nw
venjeW ceW ceesÌ[vee nw, keâne peelee nw– nw[Jekeäme& . eføeâSefškeâ jsKee keâe Deekeâej nw– hejJeueÙeekeâej
efkeâmeer veoer hej cees[Ì nw[Jekeäme& yeveeÙes peeles nQ– Keesmeuee kesâ Devegmeej, melener yeneJe keâe efvekeâemeer {ueeve–
venj efvekeâeues peeves Jeeues mLeeve hej b/d Devegheele hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw
Jen GlhueeJe pees ßeer ieCesMe DeÙÙej ves yeveeÙee Lee, keânueelee nw– ieg®lJe yeeBOe ceW cegKÙe heuešeJe yeue nw– peue oeye
JeesuÙetš meeFheâve GlhueeJe peueerÙe mebjÛevee kesâ hekeäkesâ HeâMe& kesâ Øeefle ØeJeen Ùee DevegØeJeen hej
Ùeefo DevegØeJeen keâer Deesj efjmeve jeskeâ oerJeej ve nes lees Keesmeuee kesâ efkeâmeer mecYeJe efveIe<e&Ce kesâ efJe™æ megj#ee Deeceleewj hej Fmes
Devegmeej efvekeâeme {eue keâe ceeve nesiee– Devevle efyeÚekeâj megefveef§ele efkeâÙee peelee nw– helLej SØeve
108
peye ce=oe YejeJe kesâ efJe®æ KeÌ[e peue leue, DeÛeevekeâ efiej peelee Deefle peue efvekeâeme Ûewveue keâer #ecelee cegKÙe Ûewveue keâer #ecelee kesâ–
nw leye JeneB mejkeâeJe efJeheâue keâe efJeefMe° Keleje nw– 50% mes keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnÙes
ØeefleØeJeen-{eue (Upstream Slope) peye peueeMeÙe Yeje nes, lees efkeâmeer ieg®lJe yeeBOe ceW DeefOekeâlece
Skeâ kebâ›eâerš DeLeJee efÛeveeF& ieg®lJe yeebOe keâe efveÛeuee Yeeie mebheer[ve yeue nesiee– šes (Toe) hej nesiee
meeOeejCeleÙee keâjlee nw–yeeBOe keâs DeeOeej keâe keâle&ve ieg®lJe yeeBOe ceW ØeOeeve ØeeflejesOekeâ yeue nw–
meeceLÙe& yeÌ{elee nw mJeÙeb yeeBOe keâe Yeej
Skeâ peueerÙe mebjÛevee mejkeâeJe kesâ efJe™æ megjef#ele nw peye heefjceeCe peueeMeÙe ceW vÙetvelece hetue mlej mes veerÛes pecee ngÙes peue keâes keäÙee
keâe– #eweflepe yeue, veerbJe Ie<e&Ce ØeeflejesOe keânles nQ– efveef<›eâÙe mebÛeÙeve (Dead Storage)
kesâ Dehes#ee keâce nw peueeMeÙe kesâ melen mes Jee<heerkeâjCe keâes keâce efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw,
Jen peueeieej efpemeceW GlhueeJe, muetme efveie&ce Éeje iesšeW leLee efkeâmekesâ efÚ[Ì keâeJe Éeje–
JeeuJeeW kesâ meeLe ueies jnles nQ, GvnW keânles nQ– mebÛeÙe peueeieej efmeefšue Deukeâesnue (Cetyel Alcohol)
Meejoe efkeâmce keâe Peerue efkeâleves leue Deblej kesâ efueÙes GheÙeesieer nw– Skeâ yeeBOe keâer TOJee&Oej efÛeveeF& efYeeflle keâer Øeefle ceeršj uecyeeF& hej,
1.0 ceeršj mes 1.8 ceeršj lekeâ
WH 2
venj nw[Jekeäme& yeveeÙes peeles nQ– DeOe& heneÌ[er Yeeie ceW peue oeye nesiee–
2
14 ceeršj /meskeâC[ efvemmejCe kesâ efueÙes Meejoe Peerue keâer Gòece
3
ieg®lJeerÙe yeeBOeeW keâer leguevee ceW, ce=oe yeeBOe nesles nQ~– keâcepeesj
›esâmš nw– DeeÙeleekeâej Skeâ ieg®lJeerÙe yeeBOe kesâ DeeOeej hej keâesF& leveve veneR nesves kesâ efueÙes,
Meg<keâ helLej efÛeveeF& JeerÙej GheÙeesieer nesiee– oef#eCe keâer ceesšer jsle DeefOekeâlece Deveg%esÙe Glkesâvõlee nesleer nw–
Jeeueer veefoÙeeW ceW B/6
peueeMeÙe keâer o#elee keâe heâueve nw– ce=oe yeeBOe ceW, veeRJe mes efjmeeJe keâes efveÙebef$ele keâjves kesâ efueÙes yeveeles
#ecelee/DevleJee&n (Capacity/Inflow) nQ– DeheejiecÙe keâš-Dee@heâ
venj keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee mes DeefOekeâ cee$ee ceW nesves hej peue keâes venj Skeâ lešyebOe keâer efkeâheâeÙeleer TBÛeeF& Jen TBÛeeF& nw, efpemekesâ efueÙes–
mes efpeme peueeMeÙe ceW Deehetefle& keâj efoÙee peelee nw, Gme peueeMeÙe YeC[ejCe keâer Øeefle FkeâeF& ueeiele vÙetvelece nesleer nw~
keâes keânles nQ– heMÛe šQkeâ Skeâ MÙetš GlheueeJe ceW ØeJeen Deeceleewj hej neslee nw–
GlhueeJe ceeie&, JeerÙej, yewjepe Deeefo hej pees keâheeš ueieeÙes peeles nQ, meghej ef›eâefškeâue
Gvns keânles nQ– iesš Oeejeceeheer keâes 0.6 ienjeF& hej jKekeâj ceehes ieÙes Jesie keâe ceeve–
peueeMeÙe kesâ šQkeâ mes DeefOeMes<e peue keâer efvekeâemeer kesâ efueS yeveeÙee Deewmele Jesie keâes oMee&lee nw
ieÙee ceeie& keânueelee nw– efvekeâeme JeerÙej veoer efveÙeb$eCe keâeÙe& veoer keâer Fme DeJemLee ceW efkeâÙes peeles nQ–
peueeMeÙe ceW efveef<›eâÙe YeC[ejCe efkeâÙee peelee nw– efJemehe&Ce DeJemLee ceW
peueeMeÙe ceW hebâmeer ieeo keâes meceeÙeesefpele
efJemehe&Ce keâer uecyeeF& Je ÛeewÌ[eF& meceevegheeleer nw–
keâjves kesâ efueS /
(efvemmejCe)1 2
peueeMeÙe ceW meeceevÙe peue mlej Deewj DeefOekeâlece peue mlej kesâ
veoer keâer cetue leue mes keâšeJe ienjeF& D nes lees ueeefÛebie SØeve keâer
yeerÛe mebefÛele peue keâe DeeÙeleve keânueelee nw–
uecyeeF& nesieer– 2.5 D
Deefleefjòeâ YeC[ejCe (Surcharge Storage)
veoer keâe ceerv[efjbie neslee nw ØeeÙe:– š^heâ mšspe ceW
peueeMeÙe kesâ vÙetvelece peue mlej mes veerÛes mebefÛele peue keâe DeeÙeleve
keânueelee nw– efveef<›eâÙe YeC[ejCe veoer kesâ leš hej ØeJeen kesâ DevegØemLe efveefce&le keâer ieF& mebjÛevee, pees
›eâeme efveÙeecekeâ yeveeÙee peelee nw– cegKÙe venj ceW veoer kesâ leš mes veoer keâer Deesj yeveer nesleer nw, keânueeleer nw– «ee@Ùeve
peueeMeÙe hetCe& Yeje nesves hej kegâÚ heeveer Gmekesâ heejiecÙe lešeW ceW efvemmejCe keâer ceehe keâjves kesâ efueS ØeeÙe: efÛeveeF& Éeje efveefce&le mebkeâje
efjme peelee nw leLee peueeMeÙe leue veerÛee nes peeves hej Ùen efjmee peueceeie& keânueelee nw– DeJeveeefuekeâe
ngDee heeveer hegve: peueeMeÙe ceW Dee peelee nw~ Ùen efjmee ngDee heeveer yeeÌ{ kesâ meceÙe veoer ceW DeefOekeâ meeo Ùee leueÚš nesves kesâ keâejCe
keânueelee nw– leš mebÛeÙeve (Bank Storage) efJe#egyOelee GlheVe nesves kesâ keâejCe– veoer ceW efJemehe&Ce neslee nw
peueeieej keâe Jen heeveer efpemekeâe GheÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw, veoer ceW veewkeâe Ûeeueve kesâ efueS ienjeF& Øeehle keâer pee mekeâleer nw–
keânueelee nw– efveef<›eâÙe mebÛeÙeve «ee@Ùeve yeveekeâj
peueeieej ceW hetCe& peue leue lekeâ kesâ heeveer kesâ DeeÙeleve keâes peueeieej he=‰ JesieeW keâes %eele keâjves kesâ yeeo he=‰ JesieeW keâes Skeâ GheÙegòeâ
keâer keânles nQ– hetCe& mebÛeÙeve #ecelee iegCeebkeâ mes iegCee keâjkesâ ØelÙeskeâ Keeves kesâ efueS Deewmele Jesie %eele
efkeâmeer peueeMeÙe ceW meef›eâÙe mebÛeÙeve neslee nw– efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Jen GheÙegòeâ iegCeebkeâ nw– 0.85
vÙetvelece kegbâ[ leue Je meeceevÙe kegbâ[ leue kesâ yeerÛe veoer keâer leueer Ùee veeues kesâ DeefOekeâlece GÛÛe peue leue (H.F.L.)
DeefOekeâlece kegbâ[ leue Je meeceevÙe kegbâ[ leue kesâ veerÛes mebefÛele heeveer mes keâeheâer Thej nesves hej yeveeÙee ieÙee heejieeceer peue efvekeâeme
keânueelee nw– meef›eâÙe mebÛeÙeve efvecee&Ce keâeÙe& keânueelee nw– peuemesleg Ùee SkeäJee[keäš
109
venj keâe hetCe& mehueeF& leue (F. S. L.) veoer Ùee veeues keâer leueer mes Skeâ yeeBOe kesâ efkeâmeer Yeer Yeeie ceW Devegcele keâeÙe&keâejer Øeefleyeue Fmemes
keâeheâer TBÛee nesves hej yeveeÙee ieÙee heejieeceer peueefvekeâeme efvecee&Ce DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 70 efkeâ«ee./ mesceer.2
keânueelee nw– kewâveeue meeFheâve efkeâmeer yeeBOe keâer peueefvekeâeme iewuejer keâer melen hej GlLeeheve oeye keâe
peye keâesF& veoer Ùee veeuee venj kesâ Thej mes iegpejlee nw lees heejieeceer ceeve neslee nw– heoe«e oeye kesâ 2/3 Je heeo oeye kesâ
peue efvekeâeme keâeÙe& keânueelee nw– 1/3 Yeeie kesâ yejeyej
GOJe&ueIebkeâ (Supper passage) Skeâ Yeejeefßele yeeBOe Demeheâue nes mekeâlee nw–
veoer Je venj ueieYeie meceeve leue hej efceueves hej heejieeceer mKeueve Ùee efKemekeâves kesâ keâejCe
peueefvekeâeme keâeÙe& keânueelee nw– meceleue heejkeâ Yeejle ceW yeng[eš Øekeâej kesâ hegMlesoej yeeBOe keâe GoenjCe nw–
meeFheâve peuemesleg ceW veoer keâe GÛÛeleue neslee nw– ceerj-Deeuece yeeBOe
venj keâer leueer mes yengle Thej efkeâmeer veoer kesâ efvemmejCe ceeheve kesâ mLeue keâe ÛeÙeve keâjles meceÙe
Øeeflekeâejer «ee@Ùeve keâe mebjsKeCe leš mes efkeâÙee peelee nw– Fme yeele keâe OÙeeve jKee peeve ÛeeefnÙes efkeâ veoer Ùee venj kesâ
ØeefleØeJeen keâer Deesj Pegkeâe ngDee ØeefleØeJeen keâer Deesj venj keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& keâer–
efveoxMekeâ leš keâer õJeerÙe mebjÛevee mes ØeefleØeJeen keâer Deesj uecyeeF& 10 iegvee meerOeer nesveer ÛeeefnS
nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 1.25 mes 1.5 L efkeâme yeeBOe kesâ efueS vÙetvelece jKe-jKeeJe keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer
Skeâ efJekeâ<e&keâ «ee@Ùeve keâes yeveeÙee peelee nw nw– Yeejeefßele yeeBOe
Øeefle ØeJeen keâer efoMee ceW veoer kesâ Deej-heej yeeOee yeveekeâj Gmekesâ ØeefleJeen keâer Deesj heeveer
veoer ØeJeen kesâ efkeâme ÛejCe ceW veoer keâe leue DeefOekeâlece {eue Jeeuee Skeâef$ele keâjves kesâ efueS yeveeF& ieF& yeeOee keânueeleer nw– yeeBOe
neslee nw heneÌ[er ÛejCe cewoeveer #es$e ceW lešeW kesâ yengle keâce {euet nesves hej keâewve-mee yeeBOe
Skeâ efJeYeepekeâ efYeefòe yeveeF& peeleer nw meJeexòece nesiee– ce=oe yeeBOe
yewjepe kesâ De#e kesâ mecekeâesCe hej Ùeefo yeeBOe kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW Skeâ kesâ yeeo Skeâ Gòejesòej vece efceóer kesâ
Ùeefo Skeâ veoer mes oes venj efvekeâue jner nw, leye JeneB hej neWies mlej [eues peeSB lees Fme Øekeâej keâe yeeBOe keânueelee nw–
oes efJeYeepekeâ efYeefòe leLee oes DeOe: muetme KeC[ Jesefuuele YejCe yeeBOe
yeeBOe DeefOelece efceleJÙeÙeer yeveeves keâer Âef° mes efvecee&Ce mLeue hej veoer
Deekeâ<eea «eeÙeve keâe PegkeâeJe neslee nw 45º mes 60º keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– vÙetvelece
Øeeflekeâejer «ee@Ùeve keâe PegkeâeJe veoer kesâ efkeâveejs mes jKee peelee nw ce=oe yeeBOe keâer efkeâmeer Yeer TBÛeeF& kesâ efueS efMeKej keâer ÛeewÌ[eF&–
60º mes 80º hej 3 ceeršj mes keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS

efvekeâeme ØeJeCelee efkeâmeer ‘JeerÙej’ kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW, pees Meer<e& H Yeejeefßele yeeBOe keâer ØeejbefYekeâ ™hejsKee keâe heeMJe&™he neslee nw–
leLee DeheejiecÙe HeâMe& uecyeeF& b SJeb DevegØeJeen Meerš heeFue keâer ef$eYegpeekeâej
ienjeF& d hej keâer peeleer nw, Keesmeuee efmeæevle kesâ Devegmeej nesleer DeefOekeâ TBÛeeF& kesâ ce=oe yeeBOeeW, efpeveceW keâheeš Ùegòeâ GlhueJe ceeie&
H 1 ueies neW, kesâ efueÙes keâheešeW kesâ efMeKej hej cegòeâevlej nesvee ÛeeefnS–
nw–
d π λ 3 ceeršj
mhej Skeâ mebjÛevee nw efpemekeâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– veefoÙeeW peueeMeÙe kesâ hetCe& nesves hej Yeejeefßele yeeBOe hej mebheer[Ÿe yeue GlheVe
Deewj venjeW kesâ efkeâveejeW efkeâ megj#ee kesâ efueS nesvee ÛeeefnS– DeeOeej kesâ ceOÙe oes efleneF& Yeeie ceW
Skeâ yenles ngÙes peue ceW DeJemeeoeW keâer vÙetvelee kesâ keâejCe Skeâ veoer leveeJe kesâ keâejCe yeeBOe ceW DeeF& oMee mes veerÛes keâer Deesj uecyeJeled
nes mekeâleer nw– he§eJeleea Øekeâej keâer yeue– Iešlee nw
Skeâ peueesÌ{ veoer keâe ØeYeeJeer efvemmejCe 1600 ceer3/meskeâC[ Deewj Øeefleyeueve kesâ Øeefle megj#ee iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS–
DeeOeej {ueeve 5000 ceW 1 nw~ Fme veoer kesâ efueS IegceeJeoej 1.5 mes
ÛeewÌ[eF& ueieYeie nesiee– 6 km kesâJeue Skeâ ner Øekeâej keâer ce=oe mes yeveeÙee ieÙee yeeBOe keânueelee nw–
Skeâ meejoe šeF&he Heâeue ceW DeeÙeleekeâej efMeKee keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâme meceebieer ce=oe yeeBOe
efJemepe&ve lekeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw– 14 keäÙetceskeâdme efKemekeâeJe kesâ Øeefle megj#ee iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve–
Skeâ veoer ceW, "eskeâjW (spurs) keäÙeeW yeveeF& peeleer nw– efveOee&efjle 1 mes DeefOekeâ nesvee ÛeeefnS
ceeie& kesâ meeLe ØeJeen keâes ØeefMeef#ele (train) keâjves kesâ efueS ce=oe yeeBOe ceW DeheejiecÙe ›eâes[ keâer ceesšeF& 10 ceeršj mes DeefOekeâ
DeefYe›eâceer veefoÙeeB Jes veefoÙeeB nw pees– efJemeheea nw nesves hej Jen– peesve yeeBOe keânueelee nw

110
Yeejeefßele yeeBOe ceW yeÌ[e ØeeflejesOeer yeue nw Ùeefo Skeâ ce=oe yeeBOe keâer TBÛeeF& 'H' nes lees yeeBOe kesâ efMeKej keâer
– yeeBOe keâe mJeÙeb Yeej (Self Weight of Dam) ÛeewÌ[eF& 'a' nesleer nw– a=
H
+ 1.5
pees yeeÌ{ keâes efveÙeb$eCe keâjlee nw leLee Deefleefjòeâ peue mebÛeÙe keâjlee 5
nw, Gme efvecee&Ce keâeÙe& keâes keânles nQ– yeeBOe peneB b = yeeBOe keâer DeeOeej ÛeewÌ[eF& nw, JeneB Skeâ Yeejeefßele yeeBOe
b
efkeâmeer veoer kesâ ØeJeeefnle peue kesâ Deewmele Jesie keâe ceeve melen mes keâe Yeej DeØeJeen heâuekeâ mes ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw– otjer hej
efkeâleveer ienjeF& hej neslee nw– 0.6 ienjeF& 3
Skeâ meceebieer yeeBOe ceW DeheØeJeen keâe {eue efueÙee peelee nw–
DeebOeÇ ØeosMe keâe veeieepeg&ve meeiej yeeBOe nw– Skeâ efÛeveeF& yeeBOe
1
Øeefleyeue kesâ Øeefle megj#ee iegCeebkeâ ceeve efueÙee peelee nw– 2 mes 3 2 : 1 mes 3 : 1
2
meyemes DeefOekeâ mLeeF& yeeBOe neslee nw– Yeejeefßele yeeBOe
ce=oe yeeBOe ceW DeeOeej hej DeheejiecÙe ›eâes[ keâer ÛeewÌ[eF&, heeveer keâer 4. Devle:œeJeCe šwbkeâ
TBÛeeF& keâer nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 50% (Percolation Tank)
Ùeefo efkeâmeer yeeBOe kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW ieerueer efceóer keâer ›eâefcekeâ len Ùee
hejle Skeâ-otmejs kesâ Thej efyeÚeF& peeleer nw, lees yeeBOe keânueelee nw– Skeâ #es$e ceW peue YejeJe keâne peelee nw, peyeefkeâ– ieg®lJeekeâ<e&Ce
jesu[ efheâue yeeBOe mes peue efvekeâemeer ®keâ peeleer nw
Skeâ meerceWš kebâ›eâerš kesâ Yeejeefßele yeeBOe kesâ Meer<e& keâes hetCe& peueeieej peue «emeve keâe keâejCe neslee nw– DeheejiecÙe melen keâer GheefmLeefle
leue mes TBÛee jKee peelee nw– 2 mes 3 ceeršj Skeâ peceerve peue«emle keânueeleer nw peye–kesâefMekeâe eføebâpe heewOeeW
ce=oe yeeBOe ceW veeRJe mes efjmeve jeskeâves kesâ efueÙes yeveeÙes peeles nQ– kesâ peÌ[ cetue lekeâ hengBÛelee nw
DeheejiecÙe efjmeve jeskeâ oerJeej Øeefle FkeâeF& #es$eheâue ceW mš^erce keâer uecyeeF& keâes peeveles nw–
ce=oe yeeBOe keâes efjmeve mes hesâue nes peeves keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueÙes meble=efhle ØeJeen IevelJe
jsKee yeeBOe kesâ šes kesâ Deboj jnveer ÛeeefnS~ Ùeefo Ùen jsKee yeenj efve#eeueve Skeâ Øeef›eâÙee efpememes–ce=oe kesâ ‘Thej’ efmLej peue
efvekeâue peeleer nw, lees– Oeerjs-Oeerjs yeeBOe DevegØeJeen Éeje ce=oe ceW DelÙeefOekeâ ueJeCe KeeRÛee peelee nw
keâer Deesj mes keâšves ueiesiee
Skeâ heej DeheJeen keâeÙe& keâes venj meeFheâve keânles nQ Ùeefo venj–
yeeBOe ceW peueefvekeâeme KeeF& yeveekeâj– DeheJeeefnkeâe kesâ veerÛes nes Deewj venj keâe hetCe& hetefle& mlej
efjmeve jeskeâer pee mekeâleer nw DeheJeeefnkeâe keâer leueer kesâ mlej mes Thej nes
yeeBOe ceW efjmeve jsKee keâes heoe«e kesâ Deboj jKeves kesâ efueÙes yevee osles DeefleØeJeen efmheueJes hej meeFheâve mLeeefhele keâjves mes–
nQ– heoe«e efheâušj Gmekeâer ØeYeeJeMeeruelee yeÌ{leer nw
ce=oe yeeBOe keâer ØeefleØeJeen heâuekeâ keâer efmLejlee kesâ efueÙes meyemes Kejeye meeFHeâve peue mesleg keâer Úle hej GlLeeve oeye, Gme meceÙe
DeJemLee nw– Deekeâefmcekeâ Dehekeâ<e& DeefOekeâlece neslee nw, peye– veeuee GÛÛe yeeÌ{ leue hej yen jne
yeeBOe kesâ Thej mes heeveer kesâ efvekeâue peeves keâes keânles nQ– GlhueeJeve nw leLee venj metKeer nw~
peye Skeâ efmebÛeeF& venj Deewj Skeâ veeuee keâe Skeâ meceeve DeeOeej Hej
Jen yeeBOe pees yeenjer ØeefleyeueeW, pewmes heeveer keâe oeye, hegue keâe Yeej
Deeefo keâes Deheves Yeej mes ner menve keâjlee nw, keânueelee nw– Skeâ otmejs keâes heej keâjles nw, mebjÛevee keânueeleer nw–
Yeejeefßele yeeBOe meceleue heejkeâ
Ùeefo P Deewj A efvekeâemeer yesefmeve keâe heefjceehe SJeb #es$eheâue nw,
meercesvš kebâ›eâerš keâe Yeejeefßele yeeBOe yeveeles meceÙe kebâ›eâerš keâer Skeâ
P
hejle keâer ceesšeF&– 1.5 ceeršj mes DeefOekeâ Fmekeâer mebnvelee iegCeebkeâ nw–
2 PA
veneR nesveer ÛeeefnÙes Ùeefo 75 ceeršj mes 100 ceeršj lekeâ yesOeve keâjves hej Yeer peueOeejer
uekeâÌ[er mes efveefce&le DeJejesOe, pees lebie efvekeâeme hej heeveer keâes jeskeâves mlej keâer keâeheâer ienjeF& veneR efceueleer lees Ùes veueketâhe keânueeles nQ–
kesâ efueS yeveeÙee peelee nw Deewj pees helLej Ùee DevÙe GheÙegòeâ meece«eer efPejer&oej veueketâhe
mes hetefjle neslee nw– uekeâÌ[er kesâ {eBÛes keâe efkeâmeer šŸetyeJesue mes peue keâer Deewmele Øeeefhle ØeeÙe: nesleer nw–
yeeBOe neslee nw 40 mes 50 ueeršj/meskeâC[
Yeejeefßele yeeBOe kesâ efueÙes kebâ›eâerš yeveeles meceÙe GmeceW Øemeej jeskeâves Yetleue kesâ veerÛes Je Yeewce peue leue kesâ Thej keâe mLeeve keânueelee
kesâ efueÙes efceueeÙee peelee nw– heeveer keâe 50% yehe&â nw– Jeeleve peesve
Skeâ yewue yeebOe ceW DeØeJeen Je›eâ keâe ceeve neslee nw– heeveer efvekeâeueves hej kegâSB kesâ heefjieeceer heeveer keâer melen Je›eâ Deekeâej
1200 mes 1400 lekeâ keâer nes peeleer nw, Fme Je›eâ keâes keânles nQ– keâesšj
111
 ketâhe keâer efJeefMe° #ecelee efveYe&j veneR keâjleer nw– ceOÙece efmebÛeeF& heefjÙeespevee keâe ueeYeeefvJele #es$eHeâue (C.C.A)
ce=oe keâer meb«eeefnlee hej efkeâlevee neslee nw– 2000–10000 nskeäšsÙej
meeceevÙe šŸetye Jesue ceW Thejer 60 ceeršj ienjeF& lekeâ efÚõ keâe Deespeer Deekeâej kesâ DeefOehueeJeve ceeie& kesâ Meer<e& kesâ efueS Deespeer heeÕe&
JÙeeme jKee peelee nw– 60 mesceer. efÛe$e kesâ Devegketâue Je›eâ efvecve nQ– x1.85 = 2H y0.85
ce=oe keâe Jen mlej efpemeceW heeveer neslee nw Deewj Fme mlej kesâ veerÛes ce=oe yeeBOe kesâ lešyevOe ceW efjmeeJe keâes efveÙev$eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw–
DeØeJesMÙe mlej neslee nw, keânueelee nw– peueOeejer mlej peueefvekeâemeer efHeâušj Éeje
efkeâmeer kegâSB mes efvemmejCe keâer cee$ee Yeewce peue mlej keâer ienjeF& leLee MÙetš mheerueJes ceW efJeÙej kesâ Meer<e& hej peue kesâ efiejves kesâ yeeo peue
peueoeÙe hejle keâes yeveeves Jeeueer ce=oe keâer Øeke=âefle hej efveYe&j keâjleer keâe ØeJeen ›eâceMe: neslee nw–
nw, efkeâvleg ØeeÙe: Ùen cee$ee nesleer nw– 0.005 keäÙetceskeâ
efJeÙej kesâ efMeKej kesâ mecekeâesCeerkeâ Deewj meceevlej
Skeâ yeeBOe keâer cetueYetle ØeesHeâeFue nesleer nw– Skeâ mecekeâesCe ef$eYegpe
ketâhe keâer #ecelee keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw– m3/hour
peue œeesle Øeespeskeäš DeOe& (meceleue) kesâ Skeâ yeeBOe ceW efveef<›eâÙe
ØeeÙe: Kegues kegâSB keâer ienjeF&– 20 ceeršj mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesleer
mebÛeÙeve Øeoeve veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw –
Yetefce kesâ veerÛes meble=hle ce=oe keâer Thejer melen keâes keânles nQ– efmebÛeeF& Deewj peue ØeoeÙe kesâ efueS (Irrigation and water
Yeewcepeue leue supply)
efyevee ueeFefvebie Jeeues keâÛÛes kegâSB keâe DeefOekeâ mes DeefOekeâ efvemmejCe Skeâ ce=oe yeeBOe keâer ØeefleØeJeen heâuekeâ nesleer nw, Skeâ–
neslee nw– 0.0002 keäÙetceskeâ Skeâ meceeve efJeYeJe jsKee
efpeme ketâhe ceW heeveer heeMJe& oeye kesâ keâejCe heâJJeejs kesâ ™he ceW Keesmeuee efmeæevle kesâ Devegmeej peueesÌ{ ce=oe kesâ efueS ›eâeefvlekeâ
efvekeâueves ueielee nw, Jen keânueelee nw– GlmegÇle kegâDeeB peueerÙe {eue ueieYeie yejeyej nesiee– 1.00
Kegues ketâhe mes efvemmejCe keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– Yetkeâche kesâ DeOeerve Yeejeefßele yeeBOe keâer efmLeefle ceW õJeieeflekeâ oeye heefjJele&ve
2.5 mes 6 ueeršj Øeefle meskeâC[ Je›eâ meeOeejCele: efueÙee peelee nw– hejJeueÙeekeâej
Kegues kegâSB keâer oerJeejW peueerÙe hetJe& efveefce&le kebâ›eâerš yuee@keâeW, F&šeW Ùee meceebie ce=oe kesâ lešyeBOe kesâ mLeeefÙelJe efJeMues<eCe ceW, efJeheâue melen
helLejeW keâer efÛeveeF& mes yeveeF& pee mekeâleer nw~ Ùes oerJeejW keânueeleer keâes ceevee peelee nw–
nQ– ketâhe efYeefòe kesâJeue [eGve mš^erce hesâme kesâ Je=òeerÙe efmuehe melen hej
ieg®lJe kesâ efJe®æ jeskeâe ieÙee heeveer keânueelee nw– #es$e#ecelee Skeâ yeeBOe heefjÙeespevee ceW G@âÛeer meeF[ Deewj mebkegâefÛele ceeie& kesâ efueS
efkeâme Øekeâej keâe GlhueJe GheÙegòeâ jnsiee–
Skeâ Kegues ketâhe keâer [Ÿetšer ceeveer peeleer nw– 4 nwkeäšsÙej
heeÕe& Ûewveue GlhueJe ceeie&
Jen heejiecÙe hejle, pees meeOeejCe #es$eerÙe DeJemLee ceW Yeer heeveer keâer Meejoe Øeheele keâe DeeÙeleekeâej Meer<e& efkeâlevee efJemepe&ve %eele keâjves kesâ
keâeheâer cee$ee Deheves Deboj ØeJeeefnle nesves osleer nw, GvnW keâne peelee efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– 14 keäÙetceskeâ
nw– peueoeÙe hejle
uees vesefJeiesšj yeeBOe (Low Navigator Dam) ceW efkeâme lejn keâe
Yetefceiele PejveeW mes heeveer efvekeâeueves kesâ efueS heneÌ[er kesâ meeLe-meeLe iesš ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– efyeÙej š^whe iesš
yeveeF& ieF& megjbie keânueeleer nw– keâjspe 1. The greatest problem faced in water
5. efokeâd heefjJele&ve Meer<e& keâeÙe& conservation is to reduce the amount of:
peue mebj#eCe ceW efkeâmekeâer cee$ee keâe Iešvee Skeâ yeÌ[er
(Diversion Head Tank) mecemÙee nw?
(a) precipitation/DeJe#esheCe keâer cee$ee
efkeâmeer efmebÛeeF& heefjÙeespevee keâes Skeâ yeÌ[er heefjÙeespevee keâne peelee nw (b) run–off water/DeheJeen peue keâer cee$ee
Ùeefo ke=âef<e efveÙeb$eCe #es$e (nskeäšsÙej ceW) Fmemes DeefOekeâ nes– 10000 (c) groundwater/Yet–peue keâer cee$ee
nceejs osMe keâe YeeKeÌ[e yeeBOe efkeâme jepÙe ceW efmLele nw– (d) evaporation/Jee<heerkeâjCe keâer cee$ee
efnceeÛeue ØeosMe RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
peye Skeâ peue œeesle Øeespeskeäš kesâ ÛeÙeve kesâ efueS Øeespeskeäš ØemleeJeeW Ans. (c) : peue mebj#eCe ceW Yet-peue mlej keâe Iešvee Skeâ yengle yeÌ[er
keâer mebKÙee, efJeòeerÙe mebmeeOeveeW keâer keâceer, meyemes DeÛÚe ØemleeJe Ûegveewleer nw~ Jele&ceeve ceW Fmekesâ efueS (peue mebj#eCe kesâ efueS) mejkeâej
Skeâ nw efpemekesâ efueS– (ueeYe-ueeiele) Devegheele DeefOekeâlece nw Éeje leeueeyeeW keâe efvecee&Ce, peue meb«en kesâ efueS Úesšs-Úesšs ieºs Deeefo
Skeâ ØeJeen-õJÙeceeve Je›eâ DeOÙeÙeve ceW ceeBie jsKee Skeâ efjpe jsKee keâe efvecee&Ce keâjeÙee pee jne nw leeefkeâ Yet-peue mlej Skeâ GefÛele meercee
mes KeeRÛeer ieÙeer nw Je›eâ ceW õJÙeceeve Je›eâ keâes hegve: ØeefleÛÚso veneR lekeâ yevee jns~ pegueeF&, 2016 mes Je<ee& peue mebÛeÙeve keâe keâeÙe&›eâce
keâjleer nw~ Ùen ØeefleefveefOelJe keâjlee nw–ceeBie DebleJee&n kesâ Éeje ØeejcYe efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
veneR efceue mekeâlee pewmee efkeâ peueeMeÙe oesyeeje veneR Yejsiee 2. In India, which of the following is adopted as
Jes heefjÙeespeveeSB efpeveceW ueeYeeefvJele #es$e keâe #es$eHeâue (C.C.A) the standard recording rain gauge?
2000 nskeäšsÙej mes keâce nes keânueeleer nw– Yeejle ceW ceevekeâ efjkeâeef[Ëie Je<ee& ceeheer GhekeâjCe kesâ ™he
Úesšer efmebÛeeF& heefjÙeespevee ceW FveceW mes efkeâmes DeheveeÙee ieÙee nw?
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 (a) Symon's rain gauge/meeFceve Je<ee&ceeheer (b) Phreatic surface/eføeâÙeeefškeâ melen
(b) Tipping bucket type/efšhheeRie yekesâš Øekeâej keâe (c) Potentiometric surface/efJeYeJeceeheer melen
(c) Natural syphon type/mJe meeFHeâve Øekeâej keâe (d) Normal surface/meeceevÙe melen
(d) Weighing bucket type/JesFbie (Weighing) yekesâš RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015
Øekeâej keâe Ans (c) : Skeâ efJeYeJeceeheer melen Jen nw peneB ØeJeen keâe Skeâ efoÙee
RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014 ieÙee peueeMeÙe ØeJeen keâes Devegceefle osves kesâ efueS ‘yejeyej’ nesiee~ Skeâ
Ans : (c) Yeejle ceW ceevekeâ efjkeâee\[ie Je<ee&ceeheer GhekeâjCe kesâ ™he ceW efJeYeJeceeheer melen peueerÙe efmeæevleeW hej DeeOeeefjle nw~
mJeÙeb meeFheâve Øekeâej keâe Je<ee&ceeheer DeheveeÙee ieÙee nw~ Yeejle ceW 6. Preventing rain water to run–off and its
DeefOekeâebMele: ceevekeâ Je<ee& ceeheer (meeFceve) keâe ØeÙeesie Je<ee& ceeheves ceW accumulation and deposition for re–use on site
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ keäÙeeWefkeâ Ùen efvecee&Ce Je keâeÙe& ØeCeeueer ceW mejue is called
neslee nw~ Je<ee& kesâ heeveer keâes yen peeves mes jeskeâves leLee mebÛeÙeve SJeb
3. Plants get water through roots because of: keâeÙe&mLeue hej hegve: ØeÙeesie kesâ efueS efve#esheCe keâes keânles nQ~
heeohe peÌ[eW kesâ ceeOÙece mes efkeâme Øeef›eâÙee Éeje peue keâe (a) rain water collection/Je<ee& peue meb«enCe
DeJeMees<eCe keâjles nQ? (b) micro–dams/cew›eâes–yeeBOe
(a) Viscosity/MÙeevelee (c) micro–accumulation/cew›eâes–mebÛeÙeve
(b) Elasticity/ØelÙeemLelee (d) rain water harvesting/Je<ee&–peue mebÛeÙeve
(c) Gravity/ieg®lJe RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014
(d) Surface tension/he=‰ leveeJe Ans. (d) : Je<ee& peue mebÛeÙeve keâer pe™jle ueieeleej yeÌ{leer pee jner
RRB SSE Secunderabad : 21-12-2014
nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ heeveer keâe mlej veerÛes neslee pee jne nw~ efpemekesâ keâejCe heerves
Ans : (d) heeohe peÌ[eW mes heewOes he=<" leveeJe keâer ef›eâÙee Éeje peue keâe
keâe heeveer Yeer keâneR-keâneR veneR efceuee heelee nw~ efJeMJe ceW kegâÚ Ssmes
DeJeMees<eCe keâjles nw~ heewOeeW keâer peÌ[eW ceW heeÙes peeves Jeeues cetuejesceeW keâer
Fueekesâ nQ~ pewmes– vÙetpeeruewC[, peneB ueesie peue mebÛeÙeve ØeCeeueer hej
keâesMee–efYeefòe heejiecÙe keâuee keâer lejn keâeÙe& keâjleer nw~ meyemes henues
DeeOeeefjle jnles nQ~ Yeejle ceW jepemLeeve kesâ Leej jsefiemleeve #es$e ceW ueesie
cetuejesce keâer efYeefòe ce=oe efJeueÙeve ceW mes peue keâe Devle:Mees<eCe keâjleer
nw~ ce=oe efJeueÙeve ceW peue keâe hejmejCe oeye cetuejesce kesâ hejemejCe mes peue mebÛeÙeve mes peue Skeâef$ele efkeâÙee keâjles nQ~
keâce jnlee nw~ Fmeer oeye Devlej kesâ keâejCe ce=oe keâe peue cetuejesce ceW 7. Which crop requires water–logging for its
Dee peelee nw~ efpeme meceÙe cetuejesce kesâ heeme efmLele ce=oe keâe kesâefMekeâe cultivation?
peue (Capillary Water) cetuejesceeW Éeje ues efueÙee peelee nw, lees efkeâme heâmeue keâes Kesleer kesâ efueS peue YejeJe keâer
cetuejesce mes otj efmLele kesâefMekeâe peue memebpekeâ yeue kesâ keâejCe cetuejesce DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw?
kesâ heeme Dee peelee nw~ Ùes Øeef›eâÙee efvejblej Ûeueleer jnleer nw leLee (a) Tea/ÛeeÙe (b) Coffee/keâeheâer
FmeerØekeâej mes heeohe ce=oe mes peue keâe DeJeMees<eCe keâjles jnles nQ~ (c) Rice/ÛeeJeue (d) Mustard/mejmeeW
4. Hydrographic survey deals with the mapping of– RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014
peue meJex#eCe efJe%eeve efkeâmemes mecyeæ nw? Ans : (c) Oeeve keâer heâmeue ceW peue-YejeJe (water logging) keâjkesâ
(a) Larger water bodies Kesleer keâer peeleer nw~ Oeeve Ssmeer heâmeue nQ, efpemekeâer Kesleer ceW heeveer keâer
Je=no peue efvekeâeÙeeW kesâ efÛe$eCe (cewefhebie) mes DelÙeefOekeâ pe™jle heÌ[leer nw~
(b) Rainfall data/Je<ee& mes pegÌ[s DeebkeâÌ[eW kesâ efÛe$eCe mes 8. The most effective farming method for
(c) Wave movement/lejbie ieefle kesâ efÛe$eCe mes returning minerals to the soil is
(d) Hilly areas/heJe&leerÙe #es$eeW keâer cewefhebie (efÛe$eCe) mes efcešdšer ceW KeefvepeeW keâes ueewševes kesâ efueS keâewve–meer Kesleer
RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015 ØeCeeueer meyemes DeefOekeâ ØeYeeJeer nw?
Ans : (b) peue meJex#eCe efJe%eeve kesâ Devleie&le Je<ee& mes peg[ Ì s DeebkeâÌ[eW (a) Contour ploughing/kebâštj pegleeF&
keâe «eeefheâkeâue Deekeâueve keâj [eše Skeâef$ele efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 50 mes (b) Teracing/meerÌ{eroej Kesleer
60 Je<eeX kesâ efJeJejCe kesâ Devegmeej peue efJeÅegle mebÙeb$e mLeeefhele keâjves keâer (c) Crop rotation/Heâmeue Ûe›eâeveg›eâce
Ùeespevee lewÙeej keâer peeleer nw~ (d) Furrowing/nue Ûeueevee
5. The imaginary surface connecting points to RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
which water would rise in tightly cased wells
from a given point in an aquifer is called as : Ans : (c) heâmeue Ûe›eâeveg›eâce, $e+leg ceW Skeâ ner #es$e ceW efYeVe Ùee efYeVe
Skeâ peuece=le ceW Skeâ efoÙes ieÙes efyevog mes hetCe&leÙee keâmes Øekeâej keâer heâmeueeW keâer Skeâ ëe=bKeuee keâes yeÌ{eves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw, leeefkeâ
(yebOes) kegâDeeW ceW peue ÛeÌ{siee efpememes efyevogDeeW keâes peesÌ[ves KesleeW keâer efceóer hees<ekeâ lelJeeW kesâ kesâJeue Skeâ mesš kesâ efueS GheÙeesie veneR
Jeeuee keâeuheefvekeâ melen keânueelee nw– keâer pee mekesâ~ Ùen efceóer kesâ #ejCe keâes keâce keâjves ceW ceoo keâjlee nw~ Ùen
(a) Specific surface/efJeefMe° melen efceóer keâer GJe&jlee Deewj heâmeue keâer hewoeJeej yeÌ{elee nw~
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 meJex#eCe FbpeerefveÙeefjbie
(Surveying Engineering)
1. meJex#eCe kesâ Øekeâej ■ Skeâ š^e@heerkeâue Je<e& ceW meer[erefjÙeue efoveeW keâer mebKÙee nesleer nw–
366.2422
(Types of Survey) ■ vekeäMee mecyeæ #es$e keâe neslee nw– #eweflepe Øe#eshe
■ Skeâ meJex#eCe 1 : 1000 kesâ hewceeves hej Skeâ #es$e keâe vekeäMee lewÙeej ■ efJeefYeVe heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW veehe uesves mes meyemes keâce $egefš nesleer nw–
keâjves kesâ efJeÛeej mes DeeÙeesefpele efkeâÙee ieÙee~ Ùeefo vekeäMee KeeRÛeves kesâ FvJeej heâerlee mes
efueÙes 0.1 mm kesâ Deuheleceebkeâ Jeeuee hewceevee ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw ■ pejerye keâes DemeeJeOeeveerhetJe&keâ hekeâÌ[ves (Incorrect Holding) Deewj
lees #es$e ceW uecyeeF& ceeheve ceW Megælee keäÙee nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 0.1 m Debefkeâle keâjves kesâ keâejCe heefjefcele uecyeeF& ceW $egefš nesieer
■ Skeâ DeeÙele keâer YegpeeSsb (120±0.05) ceer0 Deewj (180 ± – mecekeâejer $egefš (Compansative error)
0.06)ceer0 nw~ #es$eHeâue ceW mebYeeefJele $egefš nesieer– ±12.35m2
■ efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ hewceeves mes FkeâeF& leLee FkeâeF& keâe omeJeeB Yeeie Yeerr
■ Skeâue Øes#eCe keâer mecYeeefJele $egefš (Es) Deewj ceeOÙe keâer mecYeeefJele
heÌ{e pee mekeâlee nw– meeOeejCe hewceevee
Es
$egefš (Em) kesâ yeerÛe mecyevOe neslee nw– Em = ■ he=LJeer keâer melen kesâ efYeVe-efYeVe efyevogDeeW keâer meehes#e efmLeefleÙeeB
n
efvekeâeueves keâer keâuee keâes keânles nQ– meJex#eCe
■ meJex#eCe ceW ‘hetCe& mes DebMe’ keâer Deesj keâeÙe& keâe efmeæevle ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
peelee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ– Fmemes $egefšÙeeW kesâ mebÛeÙe keâes jeskeâe peelee nw #es$e kesâ DeeOeej hej meJex#eCe
■ meJex#eCe keâe cegKÙe efmeæeble nw–mebhetCe& Yeeie mes DeebefMekeâ Yeeie
keâer Deesj meJex#eCe keâjvee (Land Based Survey)
■ Jen hewceevee, efpeme hej leerve ceehe Ùee heefjceehe ceeheer pee mekeWâ mLeueeke=âeflekeâ meJex#eCe Ùen meJex#eCe Yet-#es$e keâer Øeeke=âeflekeâ
keânueelee nw– efJekeâCe& ceeheveer (Topographical Deeke=âefleÙeeB, pewmes- heJe&le, veoer, Peerue leLee
■ Meefkeäle ØeCeeueer ceW, 1 heefjefOe kesâ yejeyej nw– 400o «es[ Survey) ceeveJe jefÛele Deeke=âefleÙeeB , pewmes- Menj,
■ efpeme meJex#eCe ceW he=LJeer keâer melen meceleue ceeveer peeleer nw Deewj he=LJeer ieebJe, meÌ[keâ, jsueceeie& keâer efmLeefle leLee
keâer Je›eâlee keâes OÙeeve ceW veneR jKee peelee nw, Gmes keânles nQ–
Deekeâej %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
meceleue meJex#eCe
■ metÙe& Ùee efkeâmeer leejs pewmes KeieesueerÙe efheC[eW kesâ Øes#eCe nsleg efkeâÙee ieÙee Yetkeâj meJex#eCe Ùen meJex#eCe, #es$eeW, jepÙeeW keâer meercee
meJex#eCe keânueelee nw– KeieesueerÙe meJex#eCe (Cadastral efveOee&efjle keâjves leLee Gmekesâ Devleie&le Deeves
■ efkeâme meJex#eCe ceW melen keâer jsKeeÙeW Je›eâekeâej ceeveer peeleer nw leLee Survey) Jeeueer Yetefce keâe #es$eHeâue %eele keâjves kesâ efueS
ieesueerÙe ef$ekeâesCeefceleerÙe ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw– Yet-he=<"erÙe meJex#eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw~
#es$eeW keâer meerceeDeeW pewmes Deefleefjkeäle efJeJejCe keâe efveOee&jCe keâjves kesâ veiej meJex#eCe veiejeW kesâ Devoj efmLele, veeefueÙeeW, meerJejeW,
efueS efkeâS peeves Jeeues meJex#eCe keâes keâne peelee nw (City Survey) meÌ[keâeW, YeJeveeW Je Kegues #es$eeW keâer peevekeâejer
– Yetkeâj meJex#eCe (Cadastral survey) leLee efmLeefle %eele keâjves kesâ efueS Ùen meJex#eCe
kesâJeue efJekeâCe& hewceeves ceW ner- efkeâÙee peelee nw~
FkeâeFÙeeB, omeJeeb Deewj meewJeeB Yeeie efoKeeÙee pee mekeâlee nw peuejeefMe meJex#eCe Ùen meJex#eCe PeerueeW, veefoÙeeW, peueeMeÙeeW Je
keâewve mee meJex#eCe ceue efveheševe Deewj heeveer keâer Deehetefle& keâeÙe& kesâ (Hydrographic mecegõeW ceW peue keâe efJemleej, ienjeF& Je ieefle
mebyebOe ceW heÙee&hle DeebkeâÌ[s Skeâ$e keâjves kesâ efueS keâeÙe&jle nw– Survey) FlÙeeefo %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
DevegØemLe keâšerÙe Deewj heeMJe& efÛe$e leues#eCe
nJeeF& meJex#eCe Ùen meJex#eCe, Yetkeâche, metKee, yeeÌ{ mes
Yet-he=‰erÙe meJex#eCe meceleue meJex#eCe mes Deueie nw, Fmekeâe keâejCe (Aerial Survey) ØeYeeefJele #es$eeW leLee DevÙe Yeewieesefuekeâ ÂMÙeeW
nw– he=LJeer keâer Je›eâlee keâer peevekeâejer Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS JeeÙegÙeeveeW
Yet-he=‰erÙe meJex#eCe ceW GÛÛelece mešerkeâlee Øeehle keâer peeleer nw Ùeefo Éeje efkeâÙee peelee nw~
– Yetmelen keâer Je›eâlee keâes ieCevee ceW efueÙee peeÙe KeieesueerÙe meJex#eCe Fmekesâ Éeje DeekeâeMe kesâ «eneW kesâ mevoYe& ceW
■ Jen $egefš, efpemekeâe ceeve ceeheer ieF& otjer kesâ meeLe-meeLe yeÌ{lee ner
(Astronomical he=LJeer hej efyevogDeeW keâer hetCe& efmLeefle %eele keâer
peeÙes Ûeens Jen Oeveelcekeâ nes DeLeJee $e+Ceelcekeâ keânueeleer nw–
mebÛeÙeer $egefš (Cumulative Error)
Survey) peeleer nw~
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 #es$e GösMÙeeW hej DeeOeeefjle meJex#eCe ■ jsKeerÙe ceeheve ceW Peesue kesâ efueS mebMeesOeve neslee nw–
meowJe $e+Ceelcekeâ
(Purpose Based Survey) ■ Kejeye jsefpebie kesâ keâejCe $egefš nesleer nw– mebÛeÙeer Oeveelcekeâ
peue efJe%eeve meJex#eCe Yetefceiele peue keâer cee$ee, GheueyOelee SJeb ■ OeeeflJekeâ Heâerlee efkeâmekeâe yevee neslee nw– keâheÌ[e Deewj leej keâe
(Hydrological efJemleej keâer peevekeâejer Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS ■ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ kesâ Devegmeej Skeâ 30 ceerršj keâer pejerye keâer Skeâ
Survey) Ùen meJex#eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ keâÌ[er keâer uecyeeF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 20cm
FvpeerefveÙejer meJex#eCe venj, meÌ[keâ, hegue, Deeefo keâer heefjÙeespevee Je ■ øeWâÛe ›eâeme mšeHeâ keâer meneÙelee mes keâewve mes keâesCe mLeeefhele efkeâÙes pee
(Engineering DeefYekeâuheve kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ DeekeâÌ[s Skeâ$e mekeâles nQ– 450 leLee 900
Survey) keâjves kesâ efueS Ùen meJex#eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ■ DeejsKeve ÚÌ[ keâer uecyeeF& nesveer ÛeeefnS–
Keeve meJex#eCe Yetefce melen kesâ veerÛes Keefvepe heoeLeeX kesâ YeC[ej 2 to 3.0 m /2 mes 3.0 ceer
(Mine Survey) kesâ efJemleej keâe helee ueieeves kesâ efueS Keeve ■ θ° {eue kesâ meeLe ØelÙeskeâ 30 ceer Ûesve ceW mebMeesOeve efkeâÙee peelee nww–
meJex#eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 30 (secθ – 1) m
hegjelelJe meJex#eCe Yetefce melen kesâ veerÛes oyeer hegjeveer JemlegDeeW, ■ Jen yeeOee pees pejerye ceeheve Je DeejsKeve oesveeW ceW yeeOee [eueleer nw,
(Archaeological DeJeMes<eeW keâer Keespe keâjves kesâ efueS Ùen
nes mekeâleer nw– YeJeve
Survey) meJex#eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ■ Skeâ pejerye meJex#eCe heešea ceW kegâue ceveg<ÙeeW keâer mebKÙee nesleer nw–
3 Deeoceer
mewefvekeâ meJex#eCe cenlJehetCe& efveMeeveeW, efyevogDeeW, ef"keâevees, ceeieeX
(Military Survey) ojeX, hegueeW Deeefo keâer efmLeefle %eele keâjves kesâ ■ Yetefce ceeheves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeueer GheÙegkeäle pejerye, meJex#eCe
efueS Ùen meJex#eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pejerye nesleer nw~ Fmekeâe otmeje veece nw– iebšj pejerye
Yet-Jew%eeefvekeâ meJex#eCe he=LJeer keâer melen kesâ veerÛes efmLele ÛeóeveeW keâer ■ ØeeÙe: efkeâmeer Dee@heâmesš keâer meerceevle uecyeeF& efkeâleveer nesveer ÛeeefnS–
15 ceeršj
(Geological peevekeâejer Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS Ùen meJex#eCe
Survey) efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ■ Skeâ hešJeejer pejerye ceW keâÌ[er keâer mebKÙee nesleer nw– 16
■ osMeevlej keâes veeheles nQ, MetvÙe ef[«eer mes– 180o hetjye Ùee heefMÛece
■ Skeâ pejerye ceeheve ceW lees yeeOee ve nes, hejvleg DeejsKeve ceW nes leLee oes
efmejeW kesâ efyevog Ùee mšsMeve DeÂMÙe ve nes~ Ùeefo efkeâveejs Jeeues mšsMeve
■ mecheefòe kesâ Deveg›eâce keâes efveOee&efjle keâjves, Yet-#es$e keâe heefjkeâueve
jsKee kesâ efkeâmeer ceOÙe mes ÂMÙe nes lees Ùen mecemÙee efkeâmekesâ Éeje nue
keâjves Ùee Skeâ mes otmejs JÙeefkeäle keâes Yet-mecheefòe kesâ nmleeblejCe keâes keâer pee mekeâleer nw
efveOee&efjle keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee ieÙee meJex#eCe keânueelee nw– – DevÙeesvÙe DeejsKeve (Reciprocal Ranging)
Yet-keâj meJex#eCe (Cadastral Survey) ■ efkeâmeer Dee@heâmesš oC[ kesâ efMeKej hej keäÙee ueiee neslee nw– ngkeâ
Jes meJex#eCe pees heneÌ[eW, veefoÙeeW, peueeMeÙeeW, pebieue-#es$eeW Deewj DevÙe ■ Skeâ Kemekeâe oC[ keâer uecyeeF& nesleer nw– 2 ceeršj
meebmke=âeflekeâ efJeJejCeeW keâe vekeäMee yeveelee nw, keânueelee nw– ■ Skeâ pejerye efpeme leej keâer yeveer nesleer nw Gmekeâe JÙeeme neslee nw–
mLeueeke=âefle meJex#eCe (Topographical Survey) 4 efceceer.
neF[^es«eeHeâer meJex ceeveefÛe$eCe mes mecyeefvOele nw– yeÌ[s peueeMeÙe meJex#eCe šsefuemkeâesheeW ceW ›eâe@me leej ueieeS peeles nQ–
vesef$ekeâe kesâ meeceves (In front of eye pice)
efkeâmeer ceevekeâ ceeheveer keâes 1 mesceer. = 100 km keâer efve™hekeâ efYeVe
1 30 m cesefš^keâ Ûesve ceW efuebkeäme (keâÌ[er) keâer mebKÙee nesieer– 150
kesâ ™he ceW oMee&Ùee peeÙesiee –
100000 efyebog keâer efmLeefle DeefOekeâ heefjMegælee mes leÙe keâer pee mekeâleer nw–
cegKÙe meJex#eCe jsKeeDeeW hej kegâÚ efmLej mšsMeveeW keâes pees[Ì ves Jeeueer uebyeJele Dee@Heâmesš Éeje (By Perpendicular offset)
jsKee nesleer nw– meneÙekeâ jsKee efkeâmeer ceerefš^keâ ëe=bKeuee ceW, keâef[Ì ÙeeW keâer mebKÙee Øeefle ceeršj jve nes
meJex#eCe keâer keâesefš efpemeceW he=LJeer keâer Je›eâlee keâes OÙeeve ceW jKee mekeâleer nw– 5
peelee nw keânueeleer nw– Yet-he=‰erÙe meJex#eCe (Geodatic Survey) meengue met$e keâer DeefYeuebye jsKee keâes keânles nQ–
meceleue jsKee(Level Line)
#es$e keâer hewceeFMe keâjves kesâ efueS GheÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer meceleue
keâjves keâer efJeefOe keäÙee nw – GÌ[ve meceleueve (Fly Levelling) Dee@heâmesš keâer meerceeble uecyeeF& efveYe&j veneR keâjleer –
meJexef#ele efkeâS peeves Jeeues DeefveefMÛele ue#eCeeW hej
2. pejerye SJeb iegefveÙee meJex#eCe ØekeâeMeerÙe iegefveS keâer jÛevee efmeæeble hej DeeOeeefjle nesleer nw–
(Chain and Cross Staff Survey) ØekeâeMeerÙe efÉ–hejeJele&ve kesâ (Double Reflection)
■ ef$ekeâesCeerÙeve meJex#eCe ceW Deveg<ebieer mšsMeve nesleer nw– $egefš kesâJeue Skeâ ner efoMee ceW nesleer nw Deewj ëe=bKeuee ceW pecee nesleer
Skeâ DeeYeemeer mšsMeve pees cegKÙe mšsMeve kesâ efvekeâš nesleer nw peeleer nw – mebÛeÙeer $egefšÙeeB
■ meeceevÙele: efkeâmekeâe GheÙeesie DeeOeej jsKee (Base Line) ceeheve ceW ■ heefjMegæ ceeheve kesâ efueS, heâerlee ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
efkeâÙee peelee nw– FveJeej šshe FvJee@j heâerlee
■ iegefveÙee Skeâ GhekeâjCe neslee nw efpemekeâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmekesâ efueS efkeâÙee ■ efkeâmeer ØekeâeMeerÙe iegefveÙee kesâ oes meeos meermeeW kesâ ceOÙe keâesCe nesvee
peelee nw– mecekeâesCe [eueves ÛeeefnÙes– 45o
115
■ ØekeâeMeerÙe iegefveÙee keâe keâeÙe& efmeæeble DeeOeeefjle nw– oesnje hejeJele&ve ■ Jes $egefšÙeeB pees veneR yeÌ{leer nw, keânueeleer nw– Øeeflekeâejer $egefšÙeeB
■ efkeâmeer jsKee hej efkeâmeer efyevog mes uecye [eueves kesâ efueS Fme Ùeb$e mes ■ KeeRÛeves ceW ngS heefjJele&ve kesâ keâejCe GlheVe $egefš, Fme $egefš kesâ Deboj
heefjMegæ heefjCeece efceuelee nw– efØepceerÙe ØekeâeMeerÙe iegefveÙee Deeleer nw– mebÛeÙeer leLee mecekeâejer $egefš oesveeW
(Prismatism Optical Square) ■ Ùeefo pejerye mes, Fmekesâ ceevekeâ leeheceeve, efpeme hej Ùen yeveeF& ieF&,
■ mechetCe& meJex#eCe #es$e keâes efveÙeb$eCe keâjves Jeeueer pees meJex#eCe #es$e kesâ mes keâce leehe hej ceeheW ueer peeleer nw, lees leehe›eâce kesâ keâejCe $egefš
ceOÙe mes iegpejleer nw, jsKee keânueeleer nw–DeeOeej jsKee (Base Line) nesieer–mebÛeÙeer Oeveelcekeâ $egefš (Cumulative Positive Error)
■ peye Kemekesâ keâer uecyeeF& 15 ceeršj mes DeefOekeâ nesleer nw lees keânueelee ■ pejerye meJex#eCe ceW #es$e keâes efkeâme pÙeeefceleerÙe Deeke=âefle ceW yeeBškeâj
nw– uecyee Kemekeâe veehevee Deemeeve neslee nw– ef$eYegpe
■ Skeâ meerOeer jsKee kesâ meJex#eCe ceW Ûeej DeejsKeve ÚÌ[ ØeÙeesie nesleer nw ■ Skeâ ner cee$ee kesâ oes ceehes ieÙes ceeveeW keâe Deblej keânueelee nw–
Ùee ieeÌ[ oer peeleer nw lees Fmekeâes meecebpemÙe jefnle
– DevÙeesvÙe DeejsKeve keânles nQ (Reciprocal Ranging) ■ Skeâ Ûesve ueeFve mes 45o hej Skeâ Dee@heâmesš keâjves kesâ efueS JÙeJeùle
■ Skeâ pejerye meJex#eCe keâe cetue efmeæeble neslee nw– GhekeâjCe nw– øeWâÛe ›eâeme mšeheâ
#es$e keâes ef$ekeâesCeeW ceW yeeBšvee ■ Skeâ ceehe heÌ{les meceÙe meJex#ekeâ 9 kesâ mLeeve hej 6 heÌ{lee nw lees Ùen
■ ef$eYegpe keâe keâesF& Yeer keâesCe efkeâleves mes keâce ve nesves hej megDeekeâejerÙe $egefš keânueeÙeer peeleer nw–JÙeefòeâiele $egefš Ùee ieueleer (Mistake)
keânueelee nw– 30o ■ Jen $egefš pees meJex#ekeâ keâer DevegYeJenervelee kesâ keâejCe nesleer nw–
■ meJex#eCe keâeÙe& ceW hetCe& Yeeie mes DeebefMekeâ Yeeie keâer Deesj keâeÙe& JÙeefòeâiele $egefš Ùee ieueleer
megefveefMÛele keâjves kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee peelee nw– Skeâ Yeeie keâer $egefš ■ DeejsKeve ÚÌ[ ueieYeie efkeâleveer otjer lekeâ meeheâ vepej Deeleer nw–
Je ieueleer otmejs Yeeie keâes ØeYeeefJele veneR keâjleer 200 ceeršj
■ pejerye meJex#eCe DelÙeble GheÙegkeäle nw, Ùeefo Yetefce mejue efJeJejCeer ■ FvJeej heâerlee, efveefkeâue Deewj Fmheele keâer efceßeOeeleg keâe yevee neslee nw,
Jeeueer leLee– keâeheâer meceleue nes FmeceW efveefkeâue keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– 36³
■ pejerye meJex#eCe ceW Skeâ ef$eYegpe megieef"le keânueelee nw, peye Fmekeâe ■ mecekeâejer $egefš nesleer nw– pejerye keâes hekeâÌ[ves leLee Debefkeâle
ØelÙeskeâ keâesCe neslee nw– 30o mes DeefOekeâ keâjves ceW ueehejJeener
■ pejerye mes meJex#eCe keâjles meceÙe ØeeÙe: #es$e ceW efkeâleves megÙes peeves ■ Úesšs KemekeâeW keâe ceeheve neslee nw– meeOeejCe Ûesve mes
ÛeeefnS– 10 megDee Øeefle pejerye ■ ØelÙe#e efJeefOeÙeeW ceW mes Ùen efJeefOe meyemes heefjMegæ heefjCeece osves Jeeueer
■ leebyes Ùee heerleue kesâ leejeW mes Øeyeefuele efueefveve keâe heâerlee keânueelee ceeveer pee mekeâleer nw– Dees[esceeršj kesâ Éeje ueer ieF& ceeheW
nw– OeeeflJekeâ heâerlee
■ FbpeerefveÙej pejerye keâer uecyeeF& nesleer nw– 100 hegâš pejerye kesâ Øekeâej (Types of chain)
■ mener otjer ceeheves kesâ efueS FvJeej heâerles keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw,
FvpeerefveÙejer pejerye • 100 Hegâš, 100 keâÌ[er
keäÙeeWefkeâ– Fmekeâe T<cee Øemeej iegCeebkeâ yengle keâce neslee nw
(Engineer
■ efkeâmeer pejerye keâes DevegmebMeesefOele efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues leehe›eâce mes DeefOekeâ • ØelÙeskeâ 10 keâÌ[er kesâ yeeo heerleue keâer Skeâ
Chain)
leehe›eâce hej GheÙeesie keâjves hej Gmemes ceeheer ieF& uecyeeF& ceW $egefš efškeäkeâer (Tag) ueieeÙeer peeleer nw~
nesieer– $e+Ceelcekeâ ievšj pejerye
■ Skeâ ueIeg Kemekesâ keâer uecyeeF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 15 ceeršj mes keâce (Gunter Chain) • 66Hegâš, 100 keâÌ[er
■ mecekeâejer $egefšÙeeB nesleer nQ pees–Skeâ-otmejs keâes yejeyej keâj osleer nw • ØelÙeskeâ 10 keâefÌ[ÙeeW kesâ Devlejeue hej Skeâ
or Surveyer
■ Ùeefo pejerye keâer uecyeeF& Fmekeâer ceevekeâ uecyeeF& mes DeefOekeâ nw lees Chain
efškeäkeâer ueieer jnleer nw~
$egefš nesleer nw– $e+Ceelcekeâ
jepemJe pejerye • 33Hegâš, 16 keâef[Ì ÙeeB
■ ceeršjer pejerye keâer efuebkeâ Skeâ otmejs mes DeC[ekeâej Deeke=âefle kesâ ÚuueeW
(Revenue
mes pegÌ[er jnleer nw leLee Fve ÚuueeW keâer mebKÙee nesleer nw– 2 • Ùen KesleeW keâer meerceeÙeW efveOee&efjle keâjves leLee
Chain) or
■ Ùeefo pejerye keâer uecyeeF& Fmekeâer ceevekeâ uecyeeF& mes keâce nesleer nw lees Cadestrol chain Heâmeue #es$e keâes veeheves kesâ keâece Deeleer nw~
$egefš nesleer nw– Oeveelcekeâ
■ GhekeâjCe ceW GlheVe $egefš kesâ keâejCe hee"dÙeebkeâ ceW $egefš keânueeleer nw– ceeršj pejerye • 30ceeršj, keâefÌ[ÙeeW keâer mebKÙee · 150
(Metric Chain)
GhekeâjCeerÙe $egefš • 20ceeršj, keâefÌ[ÙeeW keâer mebKÙee · 100
(I.S1492-1970)
■ pejerye meJex#eCe ceW ieuele DeejsKeve nes peeves mes $egefš nesieer– • 10ceeršj, keâefÌ[ÙeeW keâer mebKÙee · 50
mebÛeÙeer Oeveelcekeâ $egefš (Cumulactive Positive Error)
■ pejerye ceW Peesue Dee peeves kesâ keâejCe $egefš Fme $egefš kesâ Deboj Deeleer • 5ceeršj, keâef[Ì ÙeeW keâer mebKÙee · 25
nw–mebÛeÙeer Oeveelcekeâ $egefš (Cumulactive Positive Error) heòeer pejerye • 20ceeršj, 30ceeršj uecyeer leLee 12efceceer
■ %eele GÛÛelee keâe meehes#ele: efmLej efyevog keânueelee nw– (Steel Band mes 16efceceer ÛeewÌ[er Deewj 0.3 mes 0.6efceceer
efveoxMe efÛevn (Bench Mark) Chain) ceesšer nesleer nw~
■ meJex keâeÙe& ceW uecye Kemekeâe [eueves ceW meneÙekeâ Ùeb$e nw– Ùee Fmheeleer yesC[
efØepce mkeäJeeÙej, ØekeâeMeerÙe iegefveÙee SJeb • FmeceW keâefÌ[ÙeeB veneR nesleer nQ~
›eâe@me mšeheâ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw ■ efkeâme pejerye keâer keâÌ[er keâer uecyeeF& meyemes DeefOekeâ nesleer nw–
■ JÙeefkeäleiele $egefšÙeeB Fme $egefš kesâ Deboj Deeleer nw–ieueleer (Mistake) jsJesvÙet pejerye (hešJeejer)
116
■ Skeâ efueveve šshe keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw– 12 efceceer. mes 15 efceceer. ■ Skeâ efØepcesefškeâ keâcheeme keâe DemLeeÙeer meceeÙeespeve neslee nw– kesâvõCe
■ efkeâmeer efyevog keâer efmLeefle DelÙeble Megælee mes efveOee&efjle keâjves kesâ efueS ■ Ùeefo Skeâ jsKee Skeâ ÛelegLeeËMe efokeâdceeve nes lees jsKee keâe hetCe& Je=òe
DeeJeMÙekeâ nw– efleÙe&keâ Dee@heâmesš efokeâdceeve nesiee– 3350
■ Skeâ pejerye kesâ oesveeW efmejeW hej ueies heerleue kesâ nQ[ue Fme peesÌ[ mes ■ efkeâmeer mLeeve hej melÙe ÙeecÙeesòej Deewj ÛegcyekeâerÙe ÙeecÙeesòej kesâ yeerÛe
pegÌ[s jnles nQ– efheâjkeâer peesÌ[ (mJeeFJeue peesÌ[ ) yevee #eweflepe keâesCe peevee peelee nw– ÛegcyekeâerÙe efokeâdheele
■ Jen yeeOee pees pejerye-ceeheve keâes yeeefOele keâjleer nw, efkeâvleg DeejsKeve ■ meJex#eCe ceeheve ceW, efyeÙeefjbie keâes ÛegbyekeâerÙe Gòej kesâ meboYe& ceW
hej Gkeäle yeeOee keâe keâesF& ØeYeeJe veneR heÌ[lee– Peerue oef#eCeeJele& efoMee ceW efueÙee peelee nw, Fmes efkeâme ™he ceW meboefYe&le
■ Skeâ pejerye meJex#eCe ceW DeejsKeve ÚÌ[ hej Skeâ Peb[e ueiee osles nQ efkeâÙee peelee nw– hetCe& Je=òe efokeâdceeve
peye DeejsKeve otjer nesleer nw– 100 ceeršj mes DeefOekeâ 10
■ peye Skeâ meJex#ekeâ Deheves oesveeW neLe efmej kesâ Thej ues peelee nw Deewj ■ Yeejle keâe ceevekeâ ceOÙeeb#e nw– 82 hetJeea osMeevlej
2
efheâj oesveeW keâes veerÛes ueelee nw lees Ùen mebkesâle ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw ■ meJex#eCe efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee #es$eheâue yengle yeÌ[e leLee TBÛee-veerÛee
efkeâ– DeejsKeve mener nw nesves hej leLee DeefOekeâ Megælee JeebefÚle ve nesves hej meJex#eCe keâer
■ pejerye Ùee heâerles ceW DeJeveceve kesâ keâejCe heefjefcele uecyeeF& ceW $egefš meJeexòece efJeefOe nw– efokeâdmetÛekeâ meJex#eCe
keânueeleer nw– Oeveelcekeâ $egefš ■ he=LJeer kesâ ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e keâer yeue jsKeeSb he=LJeer keâer melen kesâ
■ Fme efveÙece ceW DeefYeuecyeeW keâer meercee hejJeueÙe Ûeehe kesâ ™he ceW ceeveer meceeveevlej nesleer nw– YetceOÙe jsKee hej
peeleer nw– efmechemeve efveÙece ■ ÛegcyekeâerÙe keâcheeme keâer megF& Deeceleewj hej efškeâer nesleer nw–
■ vekeäMes keâe #es$eheâue Fme GhekeâjCe Éeje MeerIeÇlee leLee heefjMegælee mes pesJeue efyeÙeefjbie
efvekeâeuee peelee nw– hueeveerceeršj ■ ceeuee jsKee meJex#eCe ceW ceeuee jsKee yeveeves kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlej Fme
■ megieef"le ef$eYegpe nesiee– meceyeeng ef$eYegpe GhekeâjCe keâes ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– efokeâdmetÛekeâ
■ Fme GhekeâjCe mes efoÙes ngS vekeäMes keâe Jener ™he yeÌ[e Ùee Úesše ■ Skeâ meceeve efJeÛeueve efyevogDeeW mes neskeâj KeeRÛeer ieF& jsKeeSb keânueeleer
keâjkesâ vekeâue efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–+- hesvše«eeheâ nQ– meceefokeäheeleer jsKee (Isogonic Line)
■ cegKÙe meJex#eCe jsKeeDeeW hej efmLele kegâÚ efveOee&efjle efyevogDeeW keâes ■ Jen keâesCe pees #eweflepe meceleue leLee keâcheeme keâer ÛegcyekeâerÙe megF& kesâ
efceueeves Jeeueer jsKee keânueeleer nw– mebÙeesie jsKee DevegowOÙe& De#e kesâ yeerÛe neslee nw– veceve keâesCe
■ Skeâ pejerye meJex#eCe ceW ieuele metpee ueieeves mes GlheVe $egefš nesleer ■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer mLeeve kesâ ÙeecÙeesòej ceW meceÙe kesâ meeLe heefjJele&ve nes jne
nw– keâYeer Oeveelcekeâ Deewj keâYeer $e+Ceelcekeâ nes, lees Ùen ÙeecÙeesòej–
■ efkeâmeer #es$e keâe #es$eheâue efvekeâeueves keâer Ùen efJeefOe meyemes heefjMegæ ÛegcyekeâerÙe ÙeecÙeesòej nesiee (True Meridian)
nw– efmechemeve efveÙece ■ #eweflepe keâesCe pees efkeâmeer jsKee Je Gmekesâ Skeâ efmejs mes iegpejves Jeeues
Peesue kesâ efueÙes megOeej efkeâmekesâ Éeje efoÙee peelee nw– ÛegcyekeâerÙe ÙeecÙeesòej kesâ ceOÙe yevelee nw, Gme jsKee keâer nesleer nw–
CS = w 2 L3 / 24P 2 ÛegcyekeâerÙe efokeâdceeve
■ OeÇgJeeW hej ÛegcyekeâerÙe megF& keâe veceve keâesCe neslee nw– 90o
Skeâ šshe keâer meneÙelee mes ØeÛeeueve keâer otjer ceeheves keâes keäÙee keâne ■ #eweflepe keâesCe pees efkeâmeer jsKee Je Gmekesâ efkeâmeer Skeâ efmejs mes iegpejves
peelee nw– ëe==bKeueve (Chaining) Jeeues mJesÛÚ ÙeecÙeesòej kesâ ceOÙe yevelee nw lees Gme jsKee keâe keânueelee
meJex#eCe jsKee mes Jemleg keâer efleÙe&keâ Ùee uebyeJele otjer keâes keäÙee keâne nw– mJesÛÚ efokeâdceeve (Arbitrary Bearing)
peelee nw– mecebpeve (Offset)
W.C.B Je R.B Ùee Q.B ceW leguevee
mšsMeve kesâ mLeeve keâes efÛeefÖle keâjves kesâ efueÙes GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
nw– Ketbšs (Pegs) ( Comparison of W.C.B and Q.B. System)
meJex#eCe keâeÙe& keâe cetue efmeæeble neslee nw–hetCe& mes DebMe keâer Deesj (Whole to part) ØeCeeueer
W.C.B Q.B ØeCeeueer /R.B. ØeCeeueer
meJex#eCe ceW hetCe& mes DebMe lekeâ keâeÙe&keâjCe efkeâÙee peelee nw leeefkeâ efokeâdceeve 00–3600 lekeâ nesles efokeâdceeve 00–900 lekeâ nesles nQ~
Ùen megefveef§ele nes mekesâ efkeâ– $egefšÙeeW keâer mebKÙee vÙetvelece nes nQ~
3. keâcheeme meJex#eCe efokeâdceeve ncesMee Gòej mes efokeâdceeve Gòej Deewj oef#eCe ceW hetJe&
oef#eCeeJele& efoMee ceW yeÌ{les nQ~ Je heef§ece efoMee keâer Deesj yeÌ{les nQ~
(Compass Surveying)
Ùen ØeCeeueer mejue nw~ Ùen ØeCeeueer keâef"ve nw~
■ Yetefce keâer melen hej MetvÙe efokeâdheele Jeeues efyevogDeeW keâes efceueeves Jeeueer Fme ØeCeeueer kesâ DeeOeej hej Fme ØeCeeueer kesâ DeeOeej hej
keâeuheefvekeâ jsKee peeveer peeleer nw– efØepceer efokeâdmetÛekeâ yeveeÙee ieÙee meJex#eCe efokeâdmetÛekeâ yeveeÙee ieÙee
MetvÙe efokeâdheeleer jsKee (Agonic Line)
nw~ nw~
■ Ùeefo Skeâ jsKee keâe ÛelegLeeËme efokeâdceeve S 350 W nes lees jsKee keâe
hetCe&Je=òe efokeâdceeve nesiee– N 2150 900 mes DeefOekeâ keâesCeeW kesâ meYeer keâesCeerÙe ceeve 900 lekeâ nesles
■ efØepcesefškeâ keâcheeme ceW–ÛegcyekeâerÙe megF& leLee DeMebeefkeâle Ûe›eâer ceeve %eele keâjves ceW efokeäkeâle nQ~ Dele: keâesF& efokeäkeâle veneR nesleer
Deeheme ceW pegÌ[er nesleer nQ heÌ[leer nw~ nw~
117
 he=LJeer kesâ ÛegbyekeâerÙe #es$e keâer jsKeeSb Ûeueleer nQ – Gòej mes oef#eCe ■ ÛegcyekeâerÙe megF& ceW nesvee ÛeeefnS–$e+peglee Deewj meceefcelelee
(Straightness and Symetrical
peye Skeâ DevegØemLe jsKee keâer hetCe& Ûe›eâ efokeâd efmLeefle 900 Deewj ■ peye efkeâmeer keâcheeme keâer ÛegcyekeâerÙe megF& Gòej-oef#eCe efoMee ceW veneR
1800 kesâ ceOÙe nes, leye– osMeeblej Oeveelcekeâ nesiee Deewj De#eebMe nesleer nw lees Ùen ØeYeeefJele nesleer nw– mLeeveerÙe Deekeâ<e&Ce mes
$e+Ceelcekeâ (Longitude Positive and lattitude Negetive) ■ Skeâ keâcheeme meJex#eCe ceW Âeq<š jsKee keâcheeme kesâ kesâvõ mes veneR
hetCe& efokeâdceeve efmLeefle ceW efokeâd efmLeefle S 250 W keâe leelheÙe& nw– iegpejleer nw, lees Ùen $egefš– Ùeebef$ekeâ
0 ■ Skeâ ÛegcyekeâerÙe megF& kesâ Gòej leLee oef#eCe efmejes hej heÌ{s ieS
205
hee"Ÿeebkeâ keâe Devlej 1800 Deelee nw, Fmekeâe DeLe&– megF& meerOeer nw
Ùeefo Skeâ jsKee AB keâe JeemleefJekeâ efyeÙeefjbie 269 30', nw lees jsKee ■ Skeâ efØepcesefškeâ efokeâdmetÛekeâ yevee neslee nw–
0
heerleue keâe
AB keâe efoiebMe nesiee– 90030'
■ MetvÙe efJeÛeueve Jeeues efyevogDeeW mes yeveer jsKeeSb keânueeleer nQ–
efØepcewefškeâ keâcheeme keâe Deuheleceebkeâ neslee nw– 15' (efceveš) MetvÙe efokeâdheeleer jsKeeSb (Igonic Line)
meJex#ekeâ keâcheeme ceW DeJeueesefkeâle efyeÙeefjib e nesles nQ– ■ meg e f JeOeeveg m eej ceeveer ieF& ef keâmeer Yeer efoMee keâes keânles nQ–
meceeveerle efyeÙeefjbie (Reduced Bearing) ceW mJewÛÚ ÙeecÙeesòej
■ efkeâmeer jsKee leLee ceeves ieÙes ÙeecÙeesòej kesâ yeerÛe kesâ keâesCe keâes keânles ■ jsKee kesâ ØeejeqcYekeâ efmejs hej Gòej mes oef#eCeeJele& efoMee ceW Gme jsKee
nQ– mJewefÛÚkeâ efokeâdceeve lekeâ kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe– De«e efokeâdceeve
■ Øes#eCe kesâ meceÙe melÙe ÙeecÙeesòej jsKee Deewj ÛegcyekeâerÙe ÙeecÙeesòej jsKee ■ js K ee ef k eâmeer js K ee kes â Deb e f lece ef mejs hej Gòej mes oef # eCeeJele& efoMee ceW
kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe keânueelee nw– ÛegcyekeâerÙe efokeâdheele Gme js K ee kes â yeer Û e keâe keâes C e– heMÛe ef o keâdceeve
■ Ùen ÙeecÙeesòej meoe DeheefjJele&veMeerue leLee efmLej jnlee nw– ■ vekeä M es hej peye leg uÙe keâes C e js K ee leLee Met v Ùe ef o keäh eeleer js K ee KeeRÛeer
melÙe ÙeecÙeesòej peeleer nw lees vekeäM ee keânueelee nw – leg u Ùe keâes C e vekeä Mee
■ Skeâ efØepcesefškeâ keâcheeme meJex#eCe keâcheeme mes DeefOekeâ heefjMegæ
■ meJex#eCe keâcheeme hej DebMeebefkeâle MetvÙeeW keâer kegâue mebKÙee nesleer nw– 2
■ mJesÛÚ efoMee efveÙele keâjves kesâ efueS Fme mebjÛevee keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee heefjCeece oslee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ FmeceW– hee"dÙeebkeâ heÌ{ves kesâ efueS
Skeâ efØepce ueiee jnlee nw~
peelee nw– Skeâ ceerveej
■ Ùeefo efokeâdheele Oeveelcekeâ (+) neslee nw lees ÛegcyekeâerÙe ÙeecÙeesòej ÙeLeeLe&
■ Jemleg keâe JeemleefJekeâ Øeefleefyecye DeJeMÙe yevevee ÛeeefnS– ÙeecÙeesòej kesâ nesiee– hetJe& keâer Deesj
›eâe@me leblegDeeW kesâ leue ceW (In Plane of Cross Haik) ■ meJex#eCe keâcheeme, %eele keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
■ efokeâdmLeeheve keâer Jen efJeefOe yeenjer ØeYeeJeeW mes cegkeäle nw– ÛelegLeeËMe efokeâdceeve
heMÛeeJeueeskeâve efJeefOe ■ efØepcesefškeâ keâcheeme, %eele keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
■ Skeâ meJex#eCe keâcheeme keâe DebMeebefkeâle eEjie ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw– hetCe&Je=òe efokeâdceeve
ÛelegLeeËMe efokeâdceeve ØeCeeueer (R.B.) ■ ÛegcyekeâerÙe efJe<egJeled DeLeJee YetceOÙe jsKee Skeâ keâeuheefvekeâ jsKee nw,
■ Skeâ efØepcesefškeâ keâcheeme keâe DebMeebefkeâle eEjie ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw– JeneB PegkeâeJe veefle (Angle of dip) nesiee– MetvÙe
hetCe&Je=òe efokeâdceeve ØeCeeueer (W.C.B.) ■ peceerve kesâ ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e kesâ keâejCe yeue jsKee he=LJeer keâer melen kesâ
■ efØepcesefškeâ keâcheeme kesâ DebMeebefkeâle eEjie hej MetvÙe neslee nw– meceeveevlej nesleer nw– YetceOÙe jsKee kesâ heeme
oef#eCe hej ■ ÛegcyekeâerÙe ÙeecÙeesòej leLee ÙeLeeLe& ÙeecÙeesòej meceeveevlej nesles nQ–
■ peye megF& Gòej efoMee keâes Fbefiele keâjs, lees efØepce kesâ Devleie&le he"ve YetceOÙe jsKee hej
nesvee ÛeeefnS– MetvÙe ■ keâcheeme meJex#eCe ceW Ùen Øeeke=âeflekeâ $egefš ceW veneR Deelee–
SefpeceLe nesleer nw– ÙeLeeLe& efokeâdceeve (True bearing) Skeâ megmle Ùee cebo ÛegcyekeâerÙe megF&
■ ÛegcyekeâerÙe OeÇgJe hej ÛegcyekeâerÙe megF& keâer PegkeâeJe veefle (veceve) nesleer
efoMeeDeeW ceW ØelÙe#e ceeheve nsleg GhekeâjCe keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee pee nw– 90o
mekeâlee nw– meJex#ekeâ kebâheeme, efØepceer kebâheeme ■ vekeäMes hej KeeRÛeer ieF& Jes jsKeeÙeW pees meceeve veceve keâesCeeW Jeeues mLeeveeW
peye Ûeb›eâceCe ceW keâesCeerÙe Deewj jwefKekeâ ceehe heefjMegæ nQ, Ûeb›eâceCe mes iegpejleer nQ, keânueeleer nw– mecevele jsKeeSB
keâe meblegueve Éeje efkeâÙee peelee nw– ■ efJeÛeueve keâes Ùen Yeer keânles nQ– efJeÛejCe
yeeTef[Ûe efveÙece (Bowditch Rule) ■ metÙe& keâe PegkeâeJe 32o27' N nes peelee nw– 21 efmelecyej
meJex#eCe ceW Ûeb›eâceCe keâer heæefle nw– ■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer mLeeve hej efokeâdheele $e+Ceelcekeâ nes, lees Gme efyevog hej
keâesCeeW kesâ meeLe-meeLe otjer keâe ceeheve ÛegcyekeâerÙe ÙeecÙeesòej Ùee ceOÙeevn jsKee nesieer–
■ oeSB efJeÛeueve keâesCe meerOes ÛeÌ{e pee mekeâlee nw, GhekeâjCe keâes mesš ÙeLeeLe& ÙeecÙeesòej kesâ heeqMÛece ceW
■ efJeefYeVe mšsMeveeW mes efvekeâueves Jeeueer Megælee DeLeJee Yeewieesefuekeâ
keâjkesâ– efheÚues mšsMeve Ùee MetvÙe hej
ÙeecÙeesòej– OegÇJeeW keâer Deesj DeefYeme=le nesleer nw
■ peye Ûe›eâce keâe meJex#eCe oef#eCeeJele& efoMee ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw, leye ■ efkeâmeer efyevog hej ÛegcyekeâerÙe megF& (DevÙe meYeer Deekeâ<e&Ce yeueeW mes
meYeer Devle:keâesCe veehes peeles nQ– JeeceeJele& efoMee ceW cegkeäle) keâer #eweflepe De#e Deewj #eweflepe jsKee kesâ yeerÛe keâe TOJee&Oej
■ ÙeLeeLe& ÙeecÙeesòej leLee ÛegcyekeâerÙe ÙeecÙeesòej kesâ yeerÛe #eweflepe keâesCe keâesCe keânueelee nw– veefle (Dip)
keânueelee nw– ÛegcyekeâerÙe efokeäheele ■ efkeâmeer mLeeve kesâ efJeÛeueve keâe ceeve– meowJe yeouelee jnlee nw
■ efØepcesefškeâ keâcheeme ceW oMe& JesefOekeâe leLee ÂMÙe JesefOekeâe ueies nesles ■ ÙeLeeLe& ÙeecÙeesòej meowJe– Skeâ mLeeve kesâ efueS meowJe Skeâ-mee
nQ– 180o hej jnlee nw
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■ keâcheeme meJex#eCe ceW mLeeveerÙe Deekeâ<e&Ce efkeâme keâejCe mes nes mekeâlee ■ leues#eCe keâeÙe& ceW Ùeefo Σ fall (heele) · MetvÙe leye Yetefce nw–
nw– Ùeb$e kesâ meceerhe ÛegcyekeâerÙe JemlegDeeW kesâ nesves kesâ keâejCe ueieeleej G"leer ngÙeer
■ efkeâmeer efØepce keâcheeme keâe DemLeeF& mecebpeve nw– kesâvõCe ■ Skeâ meeOeejCe leues#eCe iepe keâe Deuheleceebkeâ neslee nw–
■ meJex#eCe keâcheeme kesâ DemLeeF& mecebpeve ceW veneR Deelee nw– 0.005 ceeršj
efØepce keâe heâeskeâmeve ■ mšsMeve pees ÂMÙe yeeOee keâes otj keâjves kesâ efueS cegKÙe ef$ekeâesCeerÙe
Ùeefo oes mšsMeve mLeeveerÙe Deekeâ<e&Ce mes cegòeâ nQ, leye Fve mšsMeveeW mšsMeve kesâ vepeoerkeâ Ûegvee peelee nw, peevee peelee nw–
keâes efceueeves Jeeueer jsKee kesâ De«e-efokeâdceeve leLee he§e-efokeâdceeve ceW keâerueefkeâle mšsMeve
Devlej nesiee– 180° ■ Skeâ mšsef[Ùee [eÙeeøeâece ceW #eweflepe ›eâeme nsÙej keâer mebKÙee nesleer
nw– 3
Dee@efhškeâue Jeie& keâe efmeæevle Fme hej DeeOeeefjle nw– ■ heeCemeue veueer keâer mebJesoveMeeruelee Iešleer nw, Ùeefo– MÙeevelee
oesnje hejeJele&ve Deewj melen leveeJe oesveeW yeÌ{ peeles nw~
ÛegcyekeâerÙe efokeâdheele yeerÛe keâe Devlej nw– ■ Je›eâlee Deewj DeheJele&ve ØeYeeJe keâes otj keâjves kesâ efueS oes efyevogDeeW
ÙeLeeLe& ÙeecÙeesòej Deewj ÛegcyekeâerÙe ÙeecÙeesòej keâer TBÛeeF& keâe Devlej %eele keâjves keâer efJeefOe nw– DevÙeesvÙe
meJex#eCe kesâ oewjeve JeemleefJekeâ ÙeecÙeesòej SJeb ÛegcyekeâerÙe ÙeecÙeesòej meceleueve (Reciprocal Levelling)
kesâ yeerÛe keâesCe keâes Fme Øekeâej Pegkeâ peevee peelee nw– ÛegcyekeâerÙe ■ meJex šsefuemkeâeshe ceW ›eâe@me nsÙej ÙeneB jKes peeles nQ– DeeypesefkeäšJe
efokeâdheele ueWme kesâ cegkeâeyeues DeeF& heerme kesâ DeefOekeâ vepeoerkeâ
■ DeheJele&ve kesâ keâejCe meceleueve ceW $egefš nesleer nw– mecekeâejer $egefš
efkeâmeer Ûeb›eâce keâer efheÚueer jsKee leLee Deieueer jsKee kesâ ØeJeæ&ve kesâ ■ leues#eCe keâer Gleej-ÛeÌ{eJe efJeefOe nw– ceOÙeJeleea efyebogDeeW kesâ
yeerÛe kesâ keâesCe keâes keânles nQ– efJe#eshe keâesCe
leueeW ceW keâceer hej jeskeâ Øeoeve keâjlee nw
4. meceleueve (Levelling) ■ Skeâ heeCemeue keâer meg«eeefnlee yeÌ{ peeleer nw, Ùeefo–
heeCemeue keâer veueer keâe JÙeeme yeÌ{e efoÙee peelee nw
■ peye Skeâ uesJeue ceW efmLele heeCemeue keâe yegueyeguee "erkeâ kesâvõ ceW nw
šwkeâesceeršj kesâ efueS ÙeespÙe Deewj iegCekeâ efmLejebkeâ nesles nQ– lees heeCemeue keâe De#e meceeveeblej neslee nw– De#e jsKee kesâ
0 Deewj 100
■ peye leues#eCe keâjles meceÙe keâesF& Ieešer Ùee keâesF& veeuee yeerÛe ceW Dee
meceleueve mebef›eâÙeeDeeW ceW– peelee nw lees leues#eCe efJeefOe ØeÙeesie ceW ueeF& peeleer nw–
efkeâmeer heefjJele&ve efyebog hej henuee DeJeueeskeâve heMÛe DevÙeesvÙe leues#eCe
DeJeueeskeâve neslee nw ■ Jen meceleue, pees huecye jsKee mes uecyeJeled neslee nw leLee meceleue
meJex#eCe otjyeerve ceW, ›eâe@me nsÙej ueies nesles nQ– melen mes mheMe&pÙee neslee nw, keânueelee nw– Skeâ uesefJeue huesve
vesef$ekeâe kesâ meccegKe ■ efkeâmeer mšsMeve mes efkeâmeer efyevog hej efpemekeâe G"eve %eele nw, jKes
DeeOeej mes %eele TbÛeeF& hej efmLele Skeâ efveÙele efmLej efyebog keânueelee leues#eCe iepe hej efueÙee peeves Jeeuee henuee hee"dÙeebkeâ keânueelee nw–
nw– leue efÛevn heMÛeeJeueeskeâve (Back sight)
■ efkeâmeer leues#eCe mšsMeve mes leues#eCe iepe hej efueÙee peeves Jeeuee
leues#eCe ceW, Je›eâlee kesâ keâejCe nesves Jeeues DeheJele&ve kesâ ØeYeeJe keâes DeeefKejer hee"dÙeebkeâ efpemekeâe G"eve De%eele nw, keânueelee nw–
efueÙee pee mekeâlee nw – Skeâ keâe meeleJeeB De«eeJeueeskeâve (Fore sight)
DevÙeesvÙe leues#eCe ceW hetjer lejn mes meceehle veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee– DeheJele&ve kesâ efueS megOeej ueieYeie neslee nw–
DeheJele&ve kesâ keâejCe $egefš 1/7JeW Je›eâlee megOeej
■ Jen mevoYe& efyevog efpeme hej Skeâ efove keâe keâece yevo efkeâÙee peelee
nw Deewj peneB mes Deieues efove hegve: ØeejcYe efkeâÙee peelee nw, keânueeles Skeâ heMÛe Je›eâ ceW, heMÛe Je›eâlee efyebog hej oer ieF& DelÙeefOekeâ
nQ– DemLeeF& leue efÛeÖ TBÛeeF& nesleer nw– MetvÙe
■ Ssmee efyevog efpememes De«eueeskeâve Deewj heMÛeueeskeâve oesveeW leues#eCe kesâ Deebleefjkeâ Heâeskeâme ØeCeeueer kesâ šsueermkeâeshe ceW, GheueyOe keâjeÙee ieÙee
oewjeve efueS peeÙeW keânueeles nQ– heefjJele&ve efyevog ueWme nw– DeJeleue
■ Ùeefo Skeâ ef$eheeo heMÛe Âef° hee"Ÿeebkeâ leLee mecyeefvOele De«e Âef°
hee"Ÿeebkeâ uesves kesâ yeerÛe OeBme peelee nw lees heefjJele&ve efyevog keâer uesJeue šŸetye keâer mebJesoveelcekeâlee DeefYekeâefuhele keâer peeleer nw–
GÛÛelee– yeÌ{sieer uesJeue šŸetye kesâ DeOe&JÙeeme Éeje
■ [cheer uesJeue meJee&efOekeâ GheÙegòeâ neslee nw, peye– GhekeâjCe kesâ efLeÙees[esueeFš keâe iegCeve efmLejebkeâ nw– f/i
Skeâue mLeeheve mes keâF& hee"Ÿeebkeâ efueÙes peeÙes
■ Øesef#ele hee"ŸeebkeâeW hej ueieeÙes peeves Jeeues Je›eâlee leLee DeheJele&ve ■ GhekeâjCe TBÛeeF& ØeCeeueer ceW ieefCeleerÙe peeBÛe veneR nesleer–
mebMeesOeve nesles nwb– ›eâceMe: $e+Ceelcekeâ leLee Oeveelcekeâ ceOÙeeJeueeskeâve ceW
■ leues#eCe ceW Je›eâlee mebMeesOeve meowJe neslee nw– $e+Ceelcekeâ ■ Skeâ leues#eCe ceW, Skeâ efveÙele efyevog, efpemekeâe G"eve %eele nes,
■ [eÙeeøeâece kesâ kesâvõ Deewj otjyeerve kesâ DeefYeÂMÙekeâ kesâ ØekeâeMeerÙe keânueelee nw– leue efÛevn
kesâvõ keâes efceueeves Jeeueer keâeuheefvekeâ jsKee, keânueeleer nw– ■ leues#eCe keâer Jen efJeefOe efpemeceW peue kesâ keäJeLeveebkeâ keâe Øes#eCe keâjkesâ
mebOeeve jsKee heneÌ[eW keâer TBÛeeFÙeeb %eele keâer peeleer nw– peue keäJeeLeveebkeâ ceeheerÙe
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■ Jen leue, pees efkeâmeer Jemleg keâer TBÛeeF& Ùee G"eve keâes oMee&lee nw– ■ otjyeerve keâe leer#Ce efyecye yeveeves keâer #ecelee keâes keânles nQ– efmLejlee
ie=nerle leue ■ Skeâ meJex#eCe otjyeerve keâe [eÙeøeâece ueiee neslee nw otjyeerve kesâ–
■ DevÙeesvÙe leues#eCe (Reciprocal Levelling) ceW pees $egefš hetCe&le: vesef$ekeâe kesâ heeme
otj veneR keâer peeleer nw– ■ meJex#eCe otjyeerve ceW ke=âme levleg ueieeÙes peeles nQ–
DeheJele&ve kesâ keâejCe $egefš vesef$ekeâe kesâ meeceves
■ [sšce melen mes Thej meceeve TBÛeeF& hej efmLele efyevogDeeW keâes efceueeves ■ otjyeerve keâe Deekeâej efkeâmemes efveefo&<š efkeâÙee peelee nw–
Jeeueer jsKee keânueeleer nw– meceesÛÛe jsKee efveÛeueer huesš kesâ JÙeeme
■ leues#eCe keâe mecyevOe neslee nw– TBÛeeFÙeeW mes ■ peye uesefJeue kesâ otjyeerve kesâ heeCemeue ceW yegueyeguee "erkeâ yeerÛe ceW neslee
nw lees– Âef<š jsKee #eweflepe nesleer nw
■ Jen meceleueve GhekeâjCe, efpemekeâer otjyeerve mJeleb$eleehetJe&keâ efKemekeâeF& šwefkeâÙeesceeršj kesâ efueS meeceevÙele: iegCeve efmLejebkeâ jKee peelee nw–
veneR pee mekeâleer nw– [cheer uesJeue 100
■ [cheer uesJeue Ùeb$e ceW meceleueve m›etâ keâer mebKÙee nesleer nw–
#eweflepe Deewj GâOJee&Oej keâesCeesb keâs ceeheve keâs efueS meJee&efOekeâ ÙeLeeLe&
3 Ùee 4
ceeheve Ùeb$e nw– efLeÙees[esueeFš
■ DeeOegefvekeâ uesJeueeW ceW pees otjyeerve DeefOekeâlece ueieer jnleer nw GveceW
mecebpeve neslee nw– Deebleefjkeâ mecebpeve Skeâ leue jsKee Ùen nesleer nw–
■ uesJeue Ùeb$e ceW mšeheâ he"veebkeâ heÌ{vee ÛeeefnS– Oejleer kesâ ceeOÙe ieesueeYeerÙe melen kesâ meceeveeblej jsKee
Thej mes veerÛes keâer Deesj efmLej efyebog efpemekeâer GBâÛeeF& %eele nes, keânueelee nw–
■ efkeâmeer efyevog keâe meceeveerle leue efvekeâeuee peelee nw– efveoxMe efÛevn (Bench Mark)
Deewmele keâe ceeOÙe mecegõer leue Skeâ MetvÙekeâ uesvme keâer JÙeJemLee keâer peeleer nw– efLeÙees[esueeFš ceW
■ Skeâ GhekeâjCe keâe meceleueve efkeâÙee peelee nw, Ùen megefveeqMÛele keâjves
kesâ efueS efkeâ– TOJee&Oej De#e ÙeLeeLe& ceW TOJee&Oej nw 5. meceesÛÛe jsKeCe (Contouring)
■ Jen meerOeer jsKee pees ieg™lJe keâer efoMee mes meye efyevogDeeW hej uecyeJeled
nesleer nw– meceleue jsKee (Level Line) ■ meceeve GÛÛelee Jeeues efyevogDeeW keâes pees[Ì ves Jeeueer jsKee keânueeleer nw–
■ he=LJeer keâer Je›eâlee hee"dÙeebkeâ kesâ keâejCe meceleueve ceW $egefš nesleer nw– meceesÛÛe jsKee (Contour Line)
hee"dÙeebkeâ ceW yeÌ{esòejer DeLee&le Oeveelcekeâ ■ Skeâ meceesÛÛe vekeäMee hej efkeâmeer oes efyevogDeeW kesâ yeerÛe {ueeve efveYe&j
■ leehe ceW heefjJele&ve kesâ keâejCe meceleueve ceW $egefš nesleer nw– keâjlee nw– kesâJeue #eweflepe meceleguÙelee
Øeeke=âeflekeâ $egefš ■ Yetefce hej Skeâ keâeuheefvekeâ jsKee pees efmLej {eue yeveeÙes jKeles nQ,
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer otjyeerve keâer vesef$ekeâe Je ue#Ùe oesveeW efmLej nes leLee keâes peevee peelee nw– #eweflepe meceleguÙelee
heâeskeâmeve efkeâmeer Deefleefjkeäle ueWme keâes ue#Ùe Jeeues šdÙetye kesâ Deboj
■ efYeVe-efYeVe GÛÛeleeDeeW keâer meceesÛÛe jsKeeÙeW kesâJeue keâer efmLeefle Skeâ
Deeies-heerÚs keâjkesâ efkeâÙee ieÙee nes lees Fme Øekeâej keâer otjyeerve
keânueeleer nw– Deebleefjkeâ heâeskeâmeve otjyeerve jsKee kesâ ™he ceW efceue mekeâleer nw–
■ meceleueve ceW otjyeerve kesâ heeCemeue kesâ yegueyegues kesâ keâejCe $egefš nesleer Skeâ meerOeer TOJee&Oej heneÌ[er (A Vertical Cliff)
nw– GhekeâjCe leLee mecekeâejer $egefš ■ peye meceeve meceesÛÛe jsKeevlej Jeeueer meceesÛÛe jsKeeÙeW Skeâ otmejs mes
■ DeeOegefvekeâ otjyeerveeW ceW ØeeÙe: Ssmeer otjyeerve ueieer nesleer nw, efpevekeâe otj-otj nesleer peeleer nw leye Ùen ØeoefMe&le keâjleer nw– ce=og {eue
mecebpeve neslee nw– Deebleefjkeâ ■ yevo meceesÛÛe jsKeeÙeW, GÛÛe ceeve Devoj keâer Deesj ØeoefMe&le nw–
■ meceleueve ceW DehetCe& mecebpeve kesâ keâejCe $egefš nesleer nw–mebÛeÙeer $egefš heneÌ[er
■ leues#eCe iepe keâer uecyeeF& ceW $egefš kesâ keâejCe $egefš nesleer nw– ■ heneÌ[er #es$eeW cebs meceesÛÛeve keâer DeeoMe& efJeefOe nw–
Oeveelcekeâ leLee $e+Ceelcekeâ ef$epÙe jsKee efJeefOe
■ efkeâmeer efyevog keâe meceeveerle leue efkeâmekesâ meboYe& ceW ceehee peelee nw– ■ Skeâ vekeäMes hej jsKeeSB, pees yejeyej TOJee&Oej otjer hej nesleer nw,
[sšce melen (Dautum Surface) keânueeleer nw– meceesÛÛe jsKee
■ mener Øekeâej heâeskeâmeve keâjves Je uecyeve DeLeJee efJemLeeheveeYeeme hetCe&le: ■ otjyeerveeW ceW Deeceleewj hej DeeOegefvekeâ leueceeheer ueiee neslee nw efpemekeâe
otj keâj osves hej– ue#Ùe keâe Øeefleefyecye ke=âme levleg kesâ mecebpeve neslee nw– Deebleefjkeâ
meceleue yevesiee ■ DeØelÙe#e meceesÛÛeve kesâ efueÙes Jeiee&keâej efJeefOe meeceevÙele: DeheveeF&
■ efJeheLeve neslee nw– GhekeâjCe $egefš peeleer nw– ueieYeie meceleue #es$eeW ceW
■ heeCemeue keâer meg«eeefnlee (Sensitivity) nesleer nw– ■ peye meceesÛÛe jsKeeSB efceefßele nes peeleer nw lees Jen peien keânueeleer
heeCemeue hej Debefkeâle Skeâ nw– ueškeâer ngÙeer heneÌ[er (Over Hanging Cliff)
DebMe keâe keâesCeerÙe ceeve
■ Jes meceesÛÛe jsKeeSB peye mecekeâesCe hej efceueleer nw lees Jen mLeeve neslee
■ peye Skeâ Ùeewefiekeâ ueWme Je=òeekeâej efJeheLeve mes mJeleb$e neslee nw, lees
keânueelee nw– S›eâescesefškeâ mebÙeesie nw– Ieešer Ùee efjpe oesveeW
■ Skeâ otjyeerve ceW efveÙele heeCemeue DeefOekeâ met#ce«eener nesleer nw, Ùeefo– ■ peye Deveskeâ meceesÛÛe jsKeeSb Skeâ-otmejs kesâ Deveg™he neW lees Ùen
heeCemeue keâe Je›eâlee DeOe&JÙeeme DeefOekeâ neslee nw heefjÛeeÙekeâ nw– Skeâ TOJee&Oej KeÌ[er Ûeóeve
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 efJeefYeVe vekeäMeeW kesâ efueS meceesÛÛe jsKeevlej ■ Skeâ yebo Iesjs Jeeueer meceesÛÛe jsKeeDeeW keâer ëe=bKeuee ceW Ùeefo Fvekeâe
G"eve Deboj keâer Deesj Ieš jne nes lees Jen mLeeve keânueelee nw–
(Contours Interval For Different Maps) Skeâ leeueeye Ùee ie[d{e
■ meceesÛÛe jsKee ceW #eweflepe Devlejeue efveYe&j keâjlee nw, melen keâer–
keâeÙe& keâe Øekeâej meceesÛÛe jsKeevlej vekeäMes keâe hewceevee {eue
mLeueeke=âeflekeâ vekeäMes 2–3ceeršj 1cm = 50m to ■ Skeâ nJeeF& De[d[e yeveeves kesâ efueS meceesÛÛelee keâer Fme efJeefOe keâe
200m ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– DeØelÙe#e efJeefOe
YeJeve efvecee&Ce #es$e 0.2–0.5ceeršj 1cm = 10m or ■ Skeâ meceesÛÛe vekeäMes mes Øeehle efyevogDeeW kesâ G"eve keâer heefjMegælee
less 1
nesleer nw– × meceesÛÛe jsKeeblej
veiej Ùeespevee, 0.5–2.0 1cm = 50m to 2
■ meceesÛÛe vekeäMee veneR ØeÙeesie neslee nw– ce=oe kesâ iegCeeW keâes peeveves
peuemesleg 100m
kesâ efueS
■ Demeceeve TBÛeeFÙeeW keâer meceesÛÛe jsKeeÙeW peye Skeâ-otmejs keâes keâešleer
■ heJe&leerÙe #es$eeW kesâ efueS GheÙegkeäle leLee meceÙe efJeefOe nesleer nw–
nQ lees Jen mLeeve neslee nw– šskeäÙeesceerefš^keâ efJeefOe
Øeuecyeer efkeäueheâ (Ûešdševe)
■ 50 ceW 1 Jeeues {eue keâes keânles nQ– 20³ «es[ Jeeuee
■ efkeâmeer Deebleefjkeâ heâeskeâmeve otjyeerve ceW otjyeerve kesâ Yeerlej ueies ngS
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer #es$e meceesÛÛe meceeve otjer hej Skeâ otmejs kesâ meceeveevlej
Skeâ ueWme kesâ mebÛeeueve mes heâeskeâmeve efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fme ueWme keâe
nes lees #es$e nesiee– Ûeheše
mJe™he neslee nw– DeJeleue
■ efkeâmeer efyevog keâe meceeqvJele leue kesâ meboYe& ceW Gmekeâer TBÛeeF& keâes
efkeâmeer Yeer ueieeleej oes meceesÛÛe jsKeeDeeW kesâ yeerÛe TOJee&Oej otjer keâes keânles nQ– [sšce melen
keäÙee keâne peelee nw–
meceesÛÛe Deblejeue (Contour Interval) Skeâ ceeveefÛe$e keâer meerceeDeeW ceW meceesÛÛe Deblejeue keâes–
DeJeMÙe ner efveÙele jKevee ÛeeefnS
meceesÛÛe Deblejeue nesvee ÛeeefnS–
cewhe keâer mkesâue kesâ JÙegl›eâceevegheeleer yebo meceesÛÛe keâe mecetn efpemeceW yeenj keâer Deesj yeÌ{leer TBÛeeF& kesâ
meceesÛÛe neW, oMee&lee nw – leeueeye
meceesÛÛe jsKeeDeeW kesâ DebleJexMeve keâer meJeexllece efJeefOe nw–
DeefYekeâueve Éeje ceeveefÛe$e he$ekeâ hej meceesÛÛe jsKeeDeeW keâe Deblejeue oMee&lee nw–
ueieeleej oes meceesÛÛe jsKeeDeeW kesâ yeerÛe TOJee&Oej otjer
meceeve GYeej Jeeueer oes heefjjsKee ueeFve –
Skeâ meeLe pegÌ[ mekeâleer nQ Deboj GÛÛe ceeve kesâ meeLe yebo meceesÛÛe jsKeeDeeW efkeâmekeâe
ØeefleefveefOelJe keâjleer nw – heneÌ[er
JeemleefJekeâ Yeej heefjjsKee ØemleeefJele heefjjsKee PegkeâeJe mes TBÛeeF& keâer
Deesj efJeÛeueve ceW Meeefceue nw– kesâvõ jsKee hej KegoeF& ceeveefÛe$e hej mebkeâerCe& Deblejeue meceesÛÛe jsKeeSB #es$e kesâ mebyebOe ceW
keäÙee oMee&leer nQ– KeÌ[er {eue
Skeâ vekeäMes keâer meercee kesâ Yeerlej, meceesÛÛe Deblejeue –
keâes efmLej jKee pee mekeâlee nw #es$e keâer meceesÛÛe jsKee kesâ DeefYeuecye yeveeF& ieÙeer venj ...........
keânueeleer nw – heeMJe& {eue venj
meceesÛÛe jsKee– efJeefJeòeâ veneR jn mekeâleer Deewj
efJeefYeVe efoMeeDeeW ceW peejer veneR jn mekeâleer he=LJeerleue kesâ meceeve GÛÛelee Jeeues efyevogDeeW keâes efceueeves Jeeueer jsKee
■ JeueÙeekeâej meceesÛÛe jsKeeSb efpevekesâ Yeerlejer Yeeie keâe ceeve DeefOekeâ
keânueeleer nw– keâvštj ueeFve
nes, keäÙee efve™efhele keâjleer nw– heneÌ[er Yetefce keâvštj ueeFve keâer keâeheâer heeme-heeme jsKeeÙeW ØeoefMe&le keâjleer nw–
■ Skeâ ner G"eve Jeeueer oes meceesÛÛe jsKeeSb– DeefOekeâ {eue
Skeâ-otmejs mes efceue mekeâleer nQ
■ meceesÛÛe jsKeeblej neslee nw, oes ›eâceeiele meceesÛÛe jsKeeDeeW kesâ yeerÛe– 6. meceleue hešue meJex#eCe
TOJee&Oej otjer (Plane Table Surveying)
■ Ùeefo meceesÛÛe jsKeeÙeW Skeâ-otmejs kesâ DeefOekeâ efvekeâš neW lees Ùes
ØeoefMe&le keâjleer nQ– DeefOekeâ {eue ■ Skeâ hešue meJex#eCe ceW Jen Ùev$e pees #eweflepe Deewj TOJee&Oej otefjÙeeW
■ meceesÛÛe jsKeeSb Ieešer jsKeeDeeW (Velly Line) keâes ......keâesCe hej keâes meerOes ceeheves kesâ efueS Fmlesceeue efkeâÙee peelee nw–
ØeefleÛÚso keâjleer nQ– 90o otjyeerve Sefue[s[
■ meceesÛÛe jsKee hej meYeer efyevogDeeW keâe meceeveerle leue– ■ DeiecÙe efyevogDeeW (Invisible Points) keâes oMee&ves kesâ efueS keâewve-
meceeve neslee nw meer efJeefOe ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw– ØeefleÛÚsove keâer efJeefOe
■ heneÌ[er #es$e ceW DevegØemLe heefjÛÚso keâe Deblejeue Deeceleewj hej neslee ■ hešue meJex#eCe ceW efkeâmeer efyevog hej efmLeefle efveOee&jCe keâer DemeHeâuelee
nw– 20 ceeršj leye nesleer nw, peye–
■ Skeâ yebo Iesjs Jeeueer meceesÛÛe jsKeeDeeW keâer ëe=bKeuee ceW Ùeefo G"eve meceleue hešue ye=nle Je=òe keâer heefjefOe hej nes
Deboj keâer Deesj yeÌ{ jne nes lees Jen mLeeve nesiee– Skeâ heneÌ[er ■ meceleue hešue meJex#eCe ceW GhekeâjCe mšsMeve efpeme Megælee kesâ meeLe
■ he=LJeerleue kesâ meceeve GÛÛelee Jeeues efyevogDeeW keâes efceueeves Jeeueer jsKee mLeeefhele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, Gmes peevee peelee nw–
keânueeleer nw– keâvštj jsKee (ueeFve) efveOee&jCe keâer meeceLÙe&
121
■ meceleue hešue meJex#eCe ceW GhekeâjCe mšsMeve mLeehevee kesâ efueS hešue meJex#eCe ceW $egefšÙeeB
meeOeejCeleÙee ØeÙeesie keâjves keâer efJeefOe nw– DeblejÚsove efJeefOe
■ huesve šsyeue meJex#eCe ceW, mebef›eâÙee pees efkeâ efveefMÛele ™he mes keâer (Errors in plane table survey)
peeleer nw– efJeefkeâjCe efJeefOe ›eâ. $egefšÙeeB keâejCe
■ huesve šsyeue keâe efmeæeble nw– meceeblejlee 1. GhekeâjCeerÙe $eegefšÙeeBhešue keâes keâmeves kesâ yeeo Yeer Fmekeâe
■ efÛe$eCe hešue keâer ‘yeælee’ leerve %eele efyebogDeeW mes DeÛÚer nesleer nw (Instrumental Ietce peevee, ef$eheeo keâe Øes#eCe keâjles
Ùeefo GhekeâjCe mšsMeve neslee nw– Je=nled ef$eYegpe kesâ Devoj Errors) meceÙe peceerve ceW OeBme peevee, ef$eheeo
■ Fme meJex#eCe ceW #es$e keâeÙe& leLee DeeuesKeve keâeÙe& meeLe-meeLe efkeâÙes keâer efHeâefšbie {erueer Je keâcepeesj nesvee,
peeles nQ– hešue meJex#eCe Sueer[s[ keâer efHeâ[gefmeÙeue efkeâveejer
■ efkeâme meJex#eCe hešue ceW meceleueve kesâ efueS yeeue leLee meekesâš peesÌ[ keâe hetCe&le: meerOee ve nesvee~
neslee nw– pee@vemeve hešue 2. Øes#eCe ceW $egefšÙeeB hešue keâe mener efokeâdmLeeheve ceW ve
■ meeOeejCe Sueer[s[ kesâ mecebpeve ceW Ùen mecebpeve veneR neslee– (Sighting nesvee, keâeÙe& keâe kesâvõCe ceW ve ueevee
otjyeerve kesâ ØekeâeMeerÙe De#e keâe mecebpeve Errors) leLee he§eeJeueeskeâve kesâ yeeo hešue
■ oes-efyevog mecemÙee mes efokeâdmLeeheve keâjkesâ Øeehle efveOee&efjle efmLeefle keâer keâes keâmevee Yetue peevee~
Megælee nesleer nw– DeefJeMJemeveerÙe 3. Debkeâve ceW $egefšÙeeB Kejeye [^eFbie GhekeâjCe oes<ehetCe&
leerve %eele efyevogDeeW ceW mes Skeâ huesve šsyeue keâe ‘efheâkeäme’ DeÛÚe (Plotting Errors) hewceevee leLee kegâvo hesefvmeue ceW jsKeeÙeW
neslee nw, Ùeefo – ceOÙe mšsMeve efvekeâšlece nes [eueves kesâ keâejCe $egefš Deeleer nw~
efÉefyebog Deewj ef$eefyebog mecemÙee efJeefOeÙeeB nw – DevlejÚsove keâer ef$e-efyevog mecemÙee keâe meceeOeeve efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
š^sefmebie heshej, yesmeue leLee uesnceeve efJeefOe Éeje
meÌ[keâ meJex#eCe kesâ keâCštj hueeve ceW efJeefOe DeheveeÙeer peeleer nw– efJeefkeâjCe, ØeefleÛÚsove Je efmLeefle efveOee&jCe nw–
›eâeme ØeesheâeFue efJeefOe
huesve šsyeue meJex#eCe lekeâveerkeWâ nQ
efkeâmeer mšsMeve hej huesve šsyeue keâes ueieeves kesâ efueS – meJex#eCe ceW vÙetvelece keâeÙee&ueÙeer keâeÙe& Dehesef#ele neslee nw –
henues kesâvõCe efkeâÙee peelee nw
Huesve-šsyeue meJex#eCe
huesve šsyeefuebie Éeje peceerve kesâ huee@š keâe meJex#eCe keâjles meceÙe #es$e
Huesve šsyeue meJex#eCe ceW ØeefleÛÚsove heæefle meJee&efOekeâ GheÙegòeâ nw–
heÌ[leeue– Deewj huee@efšbie Skeâ meeLe Ûeueleer nw heJe&leerÙe #es$eesb
■ efkeâmeer mšsMeve hej hešue keâes efmLele keâjves kesâ yeeo pees henuee
DemLeeF& mecebpeve keâjles nQ, Gmes keânles nQ– kesâvõCe Skeâ meceleue šsyeue keâes oes DeiecÙe efyevogDeeW kesâ meeLe Skeâ efyevog hej
■ efkeâmeer mšsMeve hej hešue keâes efmLele keâjves kesâ yeeo otmeje DemLeeF& DevegmLeeheve keâjves kesâ efueS meeceevÙele: DeheveeÙes peeves Jeeueer heæefle
mecebpeve keânueelee nw– meceleueve nw– oes-efyevog mecemÙee
■ efÛe$eCe hešue keâe heefjMegæ kesâvõCe efkeâÙee peelee nw– meengue Éeje huesve-šsyeue meJex#eCe ceW efJeJejCeelcekeâ Debkeâve meeceevÙele: efkeâÙee peelee
■ hešue meJex#eCe ceW meerOeer jsKeeDeeW, keâesCe Deewj ef$eYegpe keâe DeeuesKeve nw– efJeefkeâjCe
efkeâÙee peelee nw– «eeheâ keâer meneÙelee mes Ssueer[s[ keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw-
■ Jen ef›eâÙee efpemeceW hešue-efÛe$e keâer jsKeeÙeW peceerve hej efmLele mebyebefOele huesve šsyeue (efÛe$eCe hešue) meJex#eCe cebs
jsKeeDeeW kesâ ›eâceMe: meceeveeblej nes peeleer nw, keânueeleer nw– ■ huesve šsyeue meJex#eCe keâer Skeâ efJeefOe mes ue#Ùe efyevog keâer efmLeefle huesve
efokeâdmLeeheve šsyeue kesâ oes mšsMeveeW mes ue#Ùe keâes osKekeâj mLeeefhele keâer ieF& Fme
■ hešue meJex#eCe keâes meJee&efOekeâ ØeYeeefJele keâjlee nw, huesve šsyeue keâe– efmLeefle ceW oesveeW efkeâjCeeW keâe keâšeJe efyevog ue#Ùe efyevog keâer efmLeefle
efokeâdmLeeheve oMee&lee nw– ØeefleÛÚsove efJeefOe
■ hešue meJex#eCe ceW peye efkeâmeer Demeueer efyevog keâe DeejsKeve Skeâ ■ hetJe& %eele Je efoKeeF& osves Jeeues efyevogDeeW, efpevekeâer efmLeefle henues mes
mšsMeve mes ve neskeâj oes mšsMeve mes efkeâÙee peelee nw lees Ùen efJeefOe ner Debefkeâle keâer pee Ûegkeâer nw, keâer Deesj efveMeevee yeeBOe keâj huesve
keânueeleer nw– ØeefleÛÚsove šsyeue mLeeefhele efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues mLeeve keâer efmLeefle %eele keâjves keâer
■ peye hešue efÛe$e "erkeâ Øekeâej mes efokeâdmLeeefhele nes peelee nw lees Øeef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw– efmLeefle efveOee&jCe
DebleÚxove efkeâjCeW– Skeâ ner efyevog hej efceueWieer ■ efÛe$eCe hešue keâes efkeâmeer Ssmeer efmLej DeJemLee ceW keâmeves keâer Øeef›eâÙee
■ Ùeefo hešue efÛe$e "erkeâ Øekeâej mes efokeâdmLeeefhele veneR nw lees DebleÚxove efkeâ meceleue hej efkeâmeer efoMee keâes efve™efhele keâjves Jeeueer keâesF& jsKee
efkeâjCeW– Skeâ $egefšhetCe& ef$eYegpe yeveeÙeWieer #es$e ceW Gme efoMee kesâ meceevlej nes, keânueeleer nw– efokeâdmLeeheve
■ hešue meJex#eCe ceW, GhekeâjCe mebyebOeer $egefš nw– ■ kesâJeue GhekeâjCe kesâvõeW keâer ner efmLeefle %eele keâjves kesâ efueS Deeceleewj
hešue keâe #eweflepe ve nesvee hej ØeÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer hešue meJex#eCe efJeefOe keânueeleer nw–
■ Ssueer[s[ keâe keâeÙe&keâejer efmeje keânueelee nw– efHeâ[gefmeÙeue efkeâveeje efmLeefle efveOee&jCe efJeefOe
■ DeJemLeeefhele mšsMeve (peneB huesve šsyeue jKeer ngF& nes) mes %eele efyevog ■ huesve šsyeue meJex#eCe ceW meerOeer mejue jsKeeÙeW, keâesCe Je ef$eYegpe
keâer Deesj KeeRÛeer ieF& jsKeeSB keânueeleer nQ– efmLeefle efveOee&jkeâ efkeâmekeâer meneÙelee mes yeveeÙes peeles nQ– jsKee efÛe$eerÙe efJeefOe
■ Fmekeâes nue keâjves ceW uesnceeve efJeefOe ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw– ■ efkeâmeer jsKee keâe De#eeblej Gme jsKee keâer uecyeeF& keâes Gmekesâ meceeveerle
ef$eefyebog mecemÙee efokeâdceeve kesâ efkeâmemes iegCee keâjkesâ %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw– keâespÙee
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■ ceeuee jsKee meJex#eCe keâjles meceÙe #es$e ceW ueer ieF& ØelÙe#e Je DeØelÙe#e ■ nJeeF& Heâesšes«eecesš^jer ceW (Photogrammetry) pees oes Gòejesòej
ceehe nesveer ÛeeefnS– jsKeerÙe Je keâesCeerÙe Heâesšes«eeHeâes kesâ yeerÛe ÛeÌ{eJe (Overlap) jKee peelee nw–
■ Skeâ yebo ceeuee jsKee kesâ meye mšsMeveeW kesâ kegâue YegpeebkeâeW leLee 40% Deewj 60%
De#eebMeeW keâe yeerpeerÙe Ùeesie nesvee ÛeeefnS– MetvÙe ■ Skeâ šwkeâesceeršj keâer Ùeesieelcekeâ Deewj iegCepe efmLejebkeâ ›eâceMe: nesles
■ peye efkeâmeer ceeuee jsKee meJex#eCe ceW keâesCeerÙe ceeheve leLee jwefKekeâ f
ceeheve keâer heefjMegælee Skeâ meceeve nes lees ceeuee jsKee kesâ mecebpeve Ùee nQ– (f + d) Deewj
i
meblegueve kesâ efueS Ùen efJeefOe ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw– yeesef[Ûe efJeefOe ■ Skeâ šwkeâesceeršj keâe iegCepe efmLejebkeâ ueieYeie jKee peelee nw– 100
■ peye jwefKekeâ ceeheve keâer Dehes#ee keâesCeerÙe ceeheve keâer heefjMegælee ■ OeÇgJeerÙe leeje Jes leejs nesles nw–pees ncesMee #eweflepe kesâ Thej nes
DeefOekeâ nesleer nw lees ceeuee jsKee meblegueve ceW efJeefOe ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer Deewj Demle ve nes
nw– š^ebefpeš efJeefOe ■ Skeâ efLeÙees[esueeFš ceW oeÙeeB Heâuekeâ Deewj yeeÙeeB Heâuekeâ Øes#eCe Éeje
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer TOJee&Oej Je=òe keâe heeMJe& (otjyeerve keâer vesef$ekeâe mes neskeâj efvemeefjle $egefš nesleer nw– metÛekeâ $egefš
osKeles meceÙe) yeeÙeeR Deesj nes Deewj otjyeerve mes peg[Ì e uesJeue šdÙetye ■ Skeâ mšsMeve keâe hetJe& mšsMeve kesâ meehes#e De#eebMe Deewj osMeevlej
Thej keâer Deesj nes, lees otjyeerve keâes keâne peeSiee– keânueelee nw– ›eâceeiele efveoxMeebkeâ Deewj efveYe&j efveoxMeebkeâ
meeceevÙe otjyeerve (Normal Telescope) ■ cegKÙe hewceeves hej ef[«eer kesâ Ú"JeW Yeeie lekeâ keâes heÌ{ves Jeeues keâesCeceeheer
■ efkeâmeer jsKee keâe Yegpeebkeâ Fmekeâer uecyeeF& keâer Fmemes iegCee keâjkesâ Øeehle GhekeâjCe keâes Skeâ Jeefve&Ùej mes megmeefppele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw, pees cegKÙe
efkeâÙee peelee nw– Fmekeâer meceeveerle efokeâdceeve keâer Sin pÙee mes hewceeves kesâ 19 Yeeie keâes 20 YeeieeW ceW efJeYeeefpele keâjlee nw, GhekeâjCe
■ efJeJele&veer De#e kesâ heefjle: otjyeerve keâes TOJee&Oej meceleue ceW 1800 hej keâe Deuheleceebkeâ– 30 meskeâC[
Iegceeves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw– š^ebefmeefšbie (Transiting) ■ Skeâ efLeÙees[esueeFš keâer cegKÙe huesš keâes 1080 meceeve YeeieeW ceW
yeeBše ieÙee nw~ Jeefve&Ùej kesâ 60 Yeeie cegKÙe huesš kesâ 59 YeeieeW mes
7. efLeÙees[esueeFš meJex#eCe mecheeleer nesles nQ~ efLeÙees[esueeFš keâe Deuheleceebkeâ nw–
(Theodolite Survey) 20 meskeâC[
■ ef$ekeâesCeerÙe meJex#eCe ceW ef$eYegpe keâe meyemes Gòece DeeOeej keâesCe Jeeuee
■ 1 km kegâue uecyeeF& kesâ Skeâ yevo uethe Ûeb›eâce cesW Yegpeebkeâ leLee meceefæyeeng ef$eYegpe neslee nw– 56014'
De#eebMe ceW meceeheve $egefš ›eâceMe: 0.3m leLee 0.4m nw~ Fme ■ DeeJe=efòe efJeefOe mes efvemeefjle nesves Jeeueer Øes#eefCekeâ $egefšÙeeB nQ–
Ûeb›eâce keâer meehes#e heefjMegælee nesieer– 1 : 2000 DebMeekeâve $egefš
■ šwkeâesceeršj ceW Øeoeve efkeâÙee ieÙee Sveeuesefškeâ uesvme neslee nw– ■ Skeâ ef$ekeâesCeerÙe meJex#eCe ceW vesšJeke&â efÛe$e Ûeleg<keâesCe mes yebOee nw~
Gòeue uesvme Ùeefo meYeer mšsMeve DeefOeke=âle ngÙes nQ Deewj meYeer jsKeeÙeW oesveeW
■ šwkeâesceeršjer keâer mheMeeaÙe efJeefOe nesleer nw– efoMeeDeeW ceW Øesef#ele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw, leye efveOee&jCe kesâ meeceLÙe& kesâ
mšsef[Ùee levleg efJeefOe mes lespe efueS iegCeebkeâ nesiee– 0.75
■ Jen De#e efpemekesâ heefjle: GhekeâjCe #eweflepe leue ceW Ietce mekeâlee nw– ■ šsefuemkeâeshe keâes Gmekesâ GOJee&Oej De#e kesâ heefjle: #eweflepe meceleue ceW
TOJee&Oej De#e Iegceeves keâer Øeef›eâÙee peevee peelee nw– Petuevee (Swinning)
■ šesšue mšsMeve keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles meceÙe Jen TOJee&Oej keâesCe pees ■ Jen Ùeb$e efpemeceW #eweflepe leLee TOJee&Oej keâesCe yengle heefjMegælee mes
Meer<e& keâesCe kesâ ™he ceW ceehee peelee nw– 00 TOJee&Oej Thej, veehee pee mekeâlee nw– efLeÙees[esueeFš
90 #eweflepe leLee 1800 TOJee&Oej veerÛes
0 ■ efLeÙees[esueeFš ceW Jen efmLeefle peye efkeâ DeefYeÂMÙekeâ Éeje yeveeÙee ieÙee
■ G.P.S. DeefYe«eeefnÙeeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesleer nQ– keäJee&šdpe IeefÌ[ÙeeB Øeefleefyecye ›eâe@me levlegDeeW kesâ meceleue ceW ve nes– uebyeve (Parallex)
■ efLeÙees[esueeFš kesâ mLeeÙeer meceeÙesepeve kesâ efueS mheeÙej hejer#eCe ■ peye efLeÙees[esueeFš mes veehes ieÙes meye keâesCe Mele-ØeefleMele Megæ nesles
(Spire Test) kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw– nQ Deewj pees Yeer meceeheve $egefš ceeuee jsKee ceW nesleer nw Jen jwefKekeâ
#eweflepe De#e keâe meceeÙeespeve ceehe ceW nesleer nw lees ceeuee jsKee meblegueve keâer Ùen efJeefOe ØeÙeesie keâer
■ Skeâ efLeÙees[esueeFš keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ otjer %eele keâjves kesâ efueS otjer peeleer nw– De#e efJeefOe
met$e, #eweflepe mebOeeve jsKee kesâ efueS nw; (K iegCepe efmLejebkeâ, S ■ Jen Ùeb$e efpemekeâer otjyeerve TOJee&Oej meceleue ceW 1800 kesâ keâesCe hej
Devle:jesOe leLee C ÙeespÙe efmLejebkeâ nw~)– (KS+C) Ietce mekeâleer nw, keânueelee nw–
■ 500ceer. R.L. kesâ ef$ekeâesCeerÙe mšsMeve keâe Øeefleefyecye TOJee&Oej Heâesšes ØeefleJeleea efLeÙees[esueeFš (Transiti theodolite)
kesâ cegKÙe efyebog mes 4mesceer. keâer otjer hej pees efveoxMe leue mes 2000 ■ efLeÙees[esueeFš kesâ A øesâce kesâ oesveeW efmejeW keâes efceueeves Jeeueer jsKee
ceer. keâer TBÛeeF& mes efueÙee ieÙee nw, efJemLeeheve keâer TBÛeeF& nesieer– keânueeleer nw– šÍefveÙeve De#e
10mm ■ Jen De#e, efpeme hej otjyeerve Ùee efLeÙees[esueeFš #eweflepe
■ #eweflepe otjer efvekeâeueves kesâ efueS, peyeefkeâ ÂMÙe jsKee θ keâesCe mes meceleue hej IegceeÙee pee mekeâlee nw– TOJee&Oej De#e
Pegkeâer nes, keâe šwkeâesceeršjer met$e, Fmemes iegCee keâjkesâ Øeehle efkeâÙee
peelee nw–iegCepe efmLejebkeâ keâes cos2θ mes leLee ÙeespÙe efLeÙees[esueeFš kesâ šsueermkeâeshe keâer meceeblej yegoyego veefuekeâe keâes
efmLejebkeâ keâes cosθ mes DeefOekeâ mebJesoer nesvee ÛeeefnS keäÙeeWefkeâ Jen efveÙebef$ele keâjleer nw–
■ Skeâ efLeÙees[esueeFš keâer cegKÙe huesš keâes 1440 meceeve YeeieeW ceW #eweflepe De#e keâes
yeeBše ieÙee nw~ Jeefve&Ùej kesâ 60 Yeeie cegKÙe huesš kesâ 59 YeeieeW kesâ Skeâ mhe<š ÚefJe (heâesšes) kesâ Glheeove kesâ efueS otjyeerve keâer #ecelee
"erkeâ yejeyej nw~ efLeÙees[esueeFš keâe Deuheleceebkeâ nw– 15" keâes FveceW mes keäÙee keâne peelee nw– [sefheâvesMeve
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 efLeÙees[esueeFš keâer yeenjer De#e nesleer nw– ■ efLeÙees[esueeFš ceW efkeâmeer jsKee keâe heMÛeeJeueeskeâve uesves mes henues–
efLeÙees[esueeFš keâe mebOeeve jsKee efveÛeuee keäueWhe heWÛe keâmeles nQ
š^ebefpeš mšsMeve mes otj efmLele efyevog keâer mener efmLeefle keâe helee ueieeves efLeÙees[esueeFš kesâ Deekeâej keâes oMee&Ùee peelee nw–
kesâ efueS keâewve mee efLeÙees[esueeFš Ûe›eâce efJeefOe "erkeâ neslee nw– keâce efveÛeueer huesš kesâ JÙeeme Éeje
mes keâce oes mšsMeve efyevog mes keâesCe ceehekeâj Ùeb$e keâer TBÛeeF& efkeâmekesâ yejeyej nesleer nw–
efLeÙees[esueeFš keâer mkesâue huesš nesleer nw– veerÛes keâer huesš leue efÛevn kesâ meceeveerle leue + he§e Âef°
■ efLeÙees[esueeFš ceW heeCemeue kesâ kesâvõ hej DevegowOÙe& Je›eâ keâes mheMe& efLeÙees[esueeFš Ùeb$e keâe GheÙeesie keäÙee ceeheves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee
keâjleer ngF& jsKee keânueeleer nw– yegoyego jsKee (Bubble Line) nw– #eweflepe leLee TOJee&Oej keâesCe oesveeW
■ peye otjyeerve hej ueiee heeCemeue otjyeerve kesâ Thej nes leLee TOJee&Oej yeWÛeceeke&â efkeâmemes mLeeefhele efkeâÙee peelee nw– efmheefjš uesJeefuebie
Je=òe Øes#ekeâ kesâ yeeÙeW neslee nw lees Fme DeJemLee ceW efLeÙees[esueeFš ■ meJex#eCe keâer Jen efJeefOe efpemeceW efyevogDeeW keâer #eweflepe Deewj TOJee&Oej
keânueeleer nw– meeceevÙe otjyeerve (Normal Telescope) otefjÙeeb GhekeâjCe Øes#eCeeW Éeje %eele keâer peeleer nw, keânueeleer nw–
■ efLeÙees[esueeFš kesâ kesâvõCe kesâ Éeje mecYeJe neslee nw– efMeeqheäšbie yesme šwkeâesceeršjer meJex#eCe
■ Ùeefo efLeÙees[esueeFš keâe otjyeerve TOJee&Oej leue ceW Deheves #eweflepe De#e ■ meJex#eCe keâer Jen MeeKee, efpemeceW ÂMÙeeW keâer ceehe mebieCevee mes keâer
kesâ heefjle: Skeâ hetCe& Ûekeäkeâj ueiee mekeâlee nes, lees Ùen keânueelee nw– peeleer nw– šwkeâesceeršjer meJex#eCe
š^ebefpeš efLeÙees[esueeFš (Transit Theodolite) ■ šwkeâesceeršj kesâ heâeskeâmeve otjyeerve ceW efJeMuesef<ekeâ ueWme kesâ ØeÙeesie mes–
■ heeCemeue (level tube) kesâ kesâvõ hej DevegowOÙe& Je›eâ hej mheMe&pÙee iegCeve efmLejebkeâ 100 Deewj ÙeespÙe efmLejebkeâ
mejue jsKee keânueeleer nw– heeCemeue De#e MetvÙe nes peelee nw
■ efLeÙees[esueeFš ceW Ùeefo efveÛeuee efMekebâpee "erkeâ Øekeâej mes keâmee veneR ■ šwkeâesceeršj keâer YeeBefle GheÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeuee mecemle GhekeâjCeeW ceW
ieÙee nes Ùee mLeeveeblejer Meer<e& {eruee nes Ùee GhekeâjCe keâes ef$eheeo kesâ iegCekeâ efmLejebkeâ keâe ceeve nesiee– 100
Meer<e& hej cepeyetleer mes ve keâmee ieÙee nes, lees Ùen $egefš keânueeleer nw– ■ Devegketâue heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW šwkeâesceeršjer meJex#eCe ceW $egefš keâce nesieer–
efheâmeueve 1000 ceW 1
■ Skeâ efLeÙees[esueeFš ceW otjyeerve keâmeer nesleer nw– šÍefveÙeve De#e kesâ ■ Demeceleue Yetefce ceW ØelÙe#e pejerye-ceeheve efJeefOe keâer leguevee ceW
mecekeâesCe hej šwefkeâefceleerÙe ceeheve keâer Megælee nesieer– Skeâmeceeve
■ efLeÙees[esueeFš kesâ ..........kesâ efueÙes efMeKej hejer#eCe (spire test) ■ šwkeâesceeršj ceW ÙeespÙe efmLejebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw–
keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– #eweflepe De#e keâs mecebpeve
30 mes 45 mesceer. lekeâ
■ efpeme De#e hej efkeâmeer efLeÙees[esueeFš keâer otjyeerve Je TOJee&Oej Je=òe
■ Kejeye Je Demeceleue DeLeJee TBÛes veerÛes #es$e ceW peneB leues#eCe
TOJee&Oej meceleue ceW Ietceles nw, keânueeleer nw– šÍefveÙeve De#e meJex#eCe Deeflekeâef"ve leLee pejerye meJex#eCe keâef"ve, Oeerceer ieefle leLee
■ peye efLeÙees[esueeFš keâe TOJee&Oej Je=òe Øes#ekeâ kesâ oeÙeW lejheâ neslee nw DeMegæ nes Ssmes #es$eeW ceW meceesÛÛe DeejsKe yeveeves keâer Âeq<š mes
leLee heeCemeue otjyeerve kesâ veerÛes, lees Fme DeJemLee keâes keânles nQ– meJex#eCe keâer meJeexòece Je JÙeJeneefjkeâ efJeefOe nesieer–
Gušer otjyeerve šwkeâesceeršjer meJex#eCe
■ Jen otjer pees ÙeecÙeesòej kesâ uecye efoMee ceW nes, keânueeleer nw–
De#eebMe 8. šskeâescesš^erkeâ meJex#eCe SJeb Je›eâ
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer efLeÙees[esueeFš keâer otjyeerve TOJee&Oej meceleue ceW Deheveer
(Techeometric Surveying & Curves)
#eweflepe De#e kesâ ÛeejeW Deesj hetCe& Ûekeäkeâj ueiee mekesâ lees Ùen
efLeÙees[esueeFš keânueelee nw– š^eeqvpeš efLeÙees[esueeFš ■ Skeâ mebÙegòeâ Je›eâ kesâ oes MeeKeeDeeW kesâ yeerÛe yeveves Jeeues yeoueleer
■ Skeâ efLeÙees[esueeFš keâer ceehe Ùen veehekeâj efveÙele keâer peeleer nw– ef$epÙee kesâ Je›eâ keâes peevee peelee nw– meb›eâceCe Je›eâ
efveÛeueer huesš DebMeebefkeâle Je=òe kesâ JÙeeme keâes ■ Je›eâ keâer ef$epÙee R keâer ØeejefcYekeâ mes otjer 'x' hej ef$epÙeerÙe Kemekeâe
■ Skeâ efLeÙees[esueeFš keâer otjyeerve keâer vesef$ekeâe Deewj DeefYeÂMÙekeâ ueWme
efoÙee ieÙee nw– R 2 + x2 - R
kesâ ØekeâeMeerÙe kesâvõ mes iegpejves Jeeueer jsKee keâes keânles nQ–
otjyeerve keâe De#e ■ Skeâ meb›eâceCe Je›eâ keâe kegâue efJeÛeueve keâesCe neslee nw– α/3
■ efLeÙees[esueeFš ceW Ùen GhekeâjCeerÙe $egefš veneR nesleer nw– Øesef#ele ■ Ùeefo Skeâ Je›eâ keâer keâesefš (efveefo&° uecyeeF& 30 ceeršj) 30 nw lees
efyevogDeeW keâe ieuele meceefÉYeepeve kesâ keâejCe $egefš Je›eâ keâer Devegceeefvele ef$epÙee nw– 573ceeršj
■ efkeâmeer efLeÙees[esueeFš kesâ #eweflepe Je=òe hej oes<e hetCe& DebMeebkeâve keâer ■ Skeâ meeOeejCe Je=òeerÙe Je›eâ efyeÚeves keâer jsKeerÙe efJeefOe nw–
$egefš otj keâer pee mekeâleer nw–DebMeebefkeâle Je=òe kesâ efJeefYeVe YeeieeW oes efLeÙees[esueeFš efJeefOe
hej keâF& hee"dÙeebkeâ Debefkeâle keâj Gvekeâe Deewmele ceeve ueskeâj ■ Skeâ Gl›eâce Je›eâ ceW Gl›eâce Je›eâlee kesâ efyevog hej efoÙee ieÙee
■ Skeâ eqmØeš leue veueer ceW Fmekesâ DevegowOÙe& Je›eâ kesâ mheMe&pÙee meerOeer yeeneslLeeve neslee nw– MetvÙe
jsKee (Fmekesâ kesâvõ hej) keânueeleer nw– heeCemeue keâe De#e ■ 40 kesâ Je=òeerÙe Je›eâ kesâ efmejs keâes 150 ceeršj uecyeeF& kesâ meb›eâceCe
■ efLeÙees[esueeFš kesâ mebÛeeueve ceW keâewve-meer $egefš mJeeYeeefJekeâ $egefš veneR Je›eâ Éeje meerOekeâeW mes peesÌ[e peevee nw, Je›eâ keâer Je›eâlee ef$epÙee
ceeveer pee mekeâleer nw– efheâmeueve (Slip) ueieYeie nesieer– 430 m/430 ceer0
■ efkeâmeer Je›eâ keâer efveMeeveyeboer kesâ efueS oes efLeÙees[esueeFš efJeefOe ceW ■ oes efLeÙees[esueeFš efJeefOe Éeje Skeâ Je=òeerÙe Je›eâ keâer mLeehevee kesâ
efveefnle nw– kesâJeue keâesefCekeâ ceehe efueS meefcceefuele nesles nQ– kesâJeue keâesCeerÙe ceehe
124
■ Skeâ Je›eâ keâer versed pÙee nesleer nw–Skeâ Je›eâ keâer Ûeesšer Jen Je›eâ efpevekeâer ef$epÙeeÙeW efYeVe-efYeVe nesleer nw keânueeleer nw–
Deewj Skeâ oerIe& peerJee kesâ ceOÙe–efyevog kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer mebÙegòeâ Je›eâ
■ meeOeejCe Je›eâ ceW Ùeefo efJe#eshe keâesCe ∆ ef[«eer nes leye Je›eâ kesâ kesâvõ
hej uecyeer peerJee Éeje efveefce&le keâesCe nw– ∆ oes {eueeW keâes peesÌ[ves kesâ efueS Skeâ DeeoMe& TOJee&Oej Je›eâ neslee nw–
■ mheMeeaÙe mes ef$epÙeerÙe DeLeJee uecyeJele Kemekeâes kesâ efueS Devegceeefvele hejJeueÙeer
x2 Ieešer Je›eâ ceW keâewve mes Deekeâej keâes ØeeLeefcekeâlee oer peeleer nw-
met$e neslee nw– Ieveekeâej hejJeueÙe
2R
■ meb›eâceCe Je›eâeW ceW DeeoMe& Je›eâ nw– mejue Je=òeerÙe Je›eâ kesâ cetue lelJe
keäueesLee@Ùe[ Je›eâ /Ieve meefhe&ue Je›eâ
■ Skeâ Je›eâ efpemekesâ DeOe&JÙeeme Deueie-Deueie nw leLee Skeâ meerOes jsKee (Elements of a simple circular curve)
Deewj Skeâ ieesue Je›eâ kesâ yeerÛe ceW ueieeÙee peelee nw lees keânueelee nw– kesâvõ keâesCe T1 OT2 = ∠φ
meb›eâceCe Je›eâ mes
(Central Angle)
■ meb›eâceCe Je›eâ ......ceW ›eâefcekeâ ™he mes heefjJele&ve ueeves kesâ efueS
ueieeÙee peelee nw– efoMee mheMe& jsKee keâer uecyeeF& φ
T = R tan
■ Je›eâ hej Jeenve keâe Guešves keâe GheÙeesie keâj yeÛeeÙee pee mekeâlee nw– (Tangent Length) 2
meb›eâceCe Je›eâ Je›eâ keâer uecyeeF& πR
■ Jen mheMe&pÙee pees Skeâ Je›eâ kesâ ØeejefcYekeâ efyevog hej KeeRÛeer peeleer nw, ℓ= ×φ
(Length of curve) 1800
keânueeleer nw– heMÛe mheMe&pÙee
■ leerve $e+peglešeW hej mheMeeaÙe Skeâ efceße Je›eâ pees efJeefYeVe ef$epÙeeDeeW Je›eâ keâer efMeKej otjer  φ 
BD = R  sec − 1
Jeeues ÛeeheeW mes yevee nes, keânueelee nw– efÉkesâvõerÙe efceße Je›eâ (Apex)  2 
■ Skeâ Je›eâ kesâ Deble ceW KeerÛeer peeves Jeeueer mheMe&pÙee keânueeleer nw–
De«e mheMe&pÙee oerIe& peerJee keâer uecyeeF& φ
L = 2R sin
■ oes efLeÙees[esueeFš efJeefOe kesâ Éeje efveMeeveyeboer efkeâÙes ieÙes meeOeejCe (Length of long chord) 2
Je›eâ ceW Ùen uesves keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR nesleer nw– jwKeerÙe ceeheW ceOÙe keâesefš  φ
■ Skeâ Je›eâ keâes ØeoefMe&le efkeâÙee peelee nw– Gmekeâer ef$epÙee Ùee R 1 − cos 
(Mid ordinate)  2
Je›eâlee DebMe Éeje
■ Skeâ TOJee&Oej Je›eâ hej efyevog leLee mheMe&pÙee hej Skeâ efyevog kesâ yeerÛe efJeefYeVe ef$epÙee Jeeuee Je›eâ pees efkeâmeer Je=òeekeâej Je=òe Deewj mejue jsKee
G"eve ceW Deblej keânueelee nw– mheMe&pÙee mebMeesOeve kesâ yeerÛe ceW ueiee nes keânueelee nw– meb›eâceCe Je›eâ
■ TOJee&Oej Je›eâ hej efmLele efkeâmeer efyevog Deewj mheMe&jsKee hej efmLele ■ Je›eâ keâer uecyeeF& ceW efoÙes peeves Jeeues meghej G"eve keâer cee$ee efveYe&j
efkeâmeer efyevog (Gmeer GOJee&Oej jsKee hej) kesâ yeerÛe GÛÛelee keâe Deblej keâjleer nw– Je›eâ kesâ DeOe&JÙeeme hej
keânueelee nw– mheMe&jsKeerÙe mebMeesOeve
■ heefjJele&veMeerue ef$epÙee Jeeuee Je›eâ keânueelee nw– š^eeqvpeMeve Je›eâ
■ TOJee&Oej Je›eâ hej efmLele efkeâmeer efyevog hej mheMe&jsKeerÙe mebMeesOeve ceW ■ Skeâ mejue Je›eâ efveefo&<š efkeâÙee peelee nw–
heefjJele&ve neslee nw– mheMe& efyevog mes Gmekeâer #eweflepe Je›eâ kesâ DeOe&JÙeeme Ùee Je›eâ keâer ef[«eer Éeje
otjer kesâ Jeie&heâue
■ ØeejeqcYekeâ Je mheMe&pÙee efyebogDeeW keâes efceueeves Jeeueer peerJee jsKee
■ ØeeÙe: meÌ[keâeW kesâ Je›eâeW ceW Je›eâ keâer ef[«eer keâe DeLe& Je›eâ kesâ kesâvõerÙe
keânueeleer nw– uecyeer peerJee
keâesCe mes nw pees........Éeje yeveeÙee peelee nw– ■ efJeefYeVe DeOe&JÙeeme Jeeues ÛeeheeW mes yevee efceße Je›eâ pees leerve meerOes
Skeâ 30 ceeršj uecyeer peerJee jsKee mes YeeieeW hej mheMeeaÙe nes keânueelee nw–
■ jsueJes FvpeerefveÙejer ceW ØeeÙe: Je›eâ keâer ef[«eer keâe DeLe& Je›eâ kesâ kesâvõerÙe
efÉ kesâvõerÙe efceße Je›eâ (Two Centroid Compound Curve)
keâesCe mes nw pees efkeâmekesâ Éeje yeveeÙee peelee nw– ■ meÌ[keâ ceneceeieeX hej ØeefleJeleea Je›eâeW keâe Ûeueve ÚesÌ[ efoÙee ieÙee nw
Skeâ 30 ceeršj uecyes Ûeehe mes keäÙeeWefkeâ Je›eâ kesâ .........yee¢e G"eve ceW heefjJele&ve keâer DeÛeevekeâ
peye ceeie& efkeâmeer TBÛes šerues kesâ heeMJe& mes neskeâj efvekeâuelee nw, lees DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw– ØeefleJeleea Je›eâlee
JeneB hej Je›eâ efoÙee peelee nw– #eweflepe Je›eâ
efÉheeMeer meb›eâceCe Je›eâ keâe ÂÌ{erkeâjCe efkeâmekesâ meeLe neslee nw–
peye ceeie& efkeâmeer šerues hej ÛeÌ{keâj heej efvekeâuelee nw, leye Fme hej OeÇgJeerÙe efJe#eshe keâesCe
kewâmee Je›eâ efoÙee peelee nw– TOJee&Oej Je›eâ meb›eâceCe Je›eâeW keâer cegKÙe efkeâmce nw–
Jen Je›eâ efpevekeâer ef$epÙee meceeve jnleer nw keânueelee nw– ef$eIeele meefhe&ue Je ef$eIeele hejJeueÙe
mejue Je›eâ Ùeefo W Yeej keâe keâesF& Jeenve V ieefle mes efkeâmeer R DeOe&JÙeeme Jeeues
efkeâme Je›eâ keâe ØeÙeesie hegueeW kesâ Gheieceve (Approaches) hej Je=òeekeâej Ûeehe hej Ûeue jne nes lees Jeenve hej ueieves Jeeues Dehekesâvõer
DeefOekeâ neslee nw– ØelÙeeJeleea Je›eâ Wv 2
yeue keâe ceeve nesiee–
Jen Je›eâ pees meÌ[keâ Je jsue-hešjer keâer cejccele kesâ meceÙe ÙeeleeÙeele g.R
keâes DemLeeÙeer leewj hej ceesÌ[ves (Diversion) kesâ efueS ceeie& hej efoÙee yeue Je Yeej keâe Devegheele keäÙee ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw–
peelee nw– efJeÛeueve Je›eâ Dehekesâvõer Devegheele (Centrifugal Ratio)
125
 efkeâmeer meb›eâceCe Je›eâ kesâ meefhe&ue keâesCe efkeâme meceerkeâjCe Éeje oMee&Ùee 9. efJeMes<e GösMÙe meJex#eCe
L
peelee nw– (Special Survey)
2R
meÌ[keâeW kesâ efueS DehekesâvõerÙe Devegheele keâe ceeve neslee nw– ■ G.P.S. cetue™he ceW efkeâme #es$e mes GlheVe Skeâ meeJe&Yeewefcekeâ efmLeeflekeâ
0.25 Ùee 1:4 Ùee 1/4 meJex#eCe ØeCeeueer nw~
– veew mebÛeueve #es$e
efkeâmeer meb›eâceCe Je›eâ kesâ meefhe&ue keâesCe keâer leguevee ceW efJe#eshe keâesCe
■ G.P.S. keâe hetCe& ™he neslee nw
keâe ceeve neslee nw– 0.33
– meeJe&Yeeweflekeâ efmLeeflekeâ meJex#eCe ØeCeeueer
■ Ùeefo keâesF& Je›eâ oes Ùee Fmemes DeefOekeâ mejue Je›eâekeâej ÛeeheeW keâe yevee
■ G.P.S. kesâ mhesme KeC[ ceW efkeâleves Ghe«en keâe mecetn nw –24
nes efpevekeâer Je›eâlee Skeâ ner efoMee Ùee meceeve efoMee ceW nes leLee Skeâ
GYeÙeefve<" DevegmheMeea efyebog hej efceueleer neW, lees Ssmee Je›eâ keânueelee ■ megotj efmLele efkeâmeer Jemleg kesâ yeejs ceW peneB ØelÙe#e ™he mes mecheke&â ve
yeve heeÙes, Gvemes mecyeefvOele metÛeveeSB leLee DeeBkeâÌ[eW keâer peevekeâejer
nw– efceße Je›eâ
Øeehle keâjves keâer keâuee keâes keânles nQ –megotj mebJesove ØeCeeueer
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer mejue Je›eâ keâer uecyeeF& 400 ceeršj nes, lees Debleue&cyeeW ■ Skeâ DeeoMe& megotj mebJesove ØeCeeueer keâe ØeLece ÛejCe nw
keâe heefjkeâueve keâjves kesâ efueS GheÙeesie ceW ueeF& ieF& peerJee keâer – efJeÅegle ÛegcyekeâerÙe Tpee& œeesle
DeefOekeâlece uecyeeF& nesleer nw– 20 ceeršj
■ ceewmece efJeYeeie Éeje DeekeâeMe ceW yeeoueeW keâer TBÛeeF&/ieefle/Øeke=âefle kesâ
■ ØeeÙe: TOJee&Oej hejJeueÙe Je›eâ (parabolic curve) ueieeÙes peeles nQ DeOÙeÙeve kesâ efueS GheÙeesieer nw –efveef<›eâÙe megotj mebJesove
keäÙeeWefkeâ TOJee&Oej De#e Jeeues hejJeueÙe Je›eâ ceW {eue heefjJele&ve keâer ■ meef›eâÙe megotj mebJesove ceW keâewve meer lejbies ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw
oj nesieer– {eue heefjJele&ve oj meceeve jnsieer –ke=âef$ece efJeÅegle ÛegcyekeâerÙe lejbie
■ efkeâmeer meskeämešwvš keâer meneÙelee mes efkeâleveer ef[«eer lekeâ kesâ keâesCe keâer ■ ef[-efuemeue keäueerveesceeršj keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
ceehe keâer pee mekeâleer nw– 110o {eue veeheves kesâ efueS
meeOeejCe Je=òeerÙe Je›eâ, efpemekeâe kesâvõerÙe keâesCe nw Gmekesâ efueS uecyeer ■ heneÌ[er meÌ[keâ kesâ DeejeqcYekeâ meJex#eCe ceW efkeâmeer efoÙes ngS {eue hej
θ DemebKÙe efyebog mLeeefhele keâjves kesâ efueS meJeexòece Ùeb$e nw–
peerJee keâe uecyeeF& nesleer nw– 2R sin
2 meerueesve Ieeš š^smej
oes efLeÙees[esueeFšeW keâer meneÙelee mes ueieeÙee ieÙee mejue Je›eâ keäÙee ■ #eweflepe Deewj TOJee&Oej keâesCeeW keâer ceehe keâjves kesâ efueÙes ØeÙegkeäle nesves
ueghle keâjlee nw– mejue jsKeerÙe ceehe Jeeuee GYeÙeefve<" DebMeebefkeâle ef[mkeâ Ùegkeäle GhekeâjCe keânueelee nw–
meskeämešwvš
Skeâ meeOeejCe Je›eâ veeceesefo° efkeâÙee peelee nw– Je›eâ DebMe, Je›eâlee ■ vekeäMeeW keâes DeeJeefOe&le keâjves, Ieševes Ùee Gvekeâer Øeefleefueefhe yeveeves kesâ
DebMe leLee Je›eâ keâe DeOe&JÙeeme Éeje efueS ØeÙegkeäle GhekeâjCe keânueelee nw– heQše«eeheâ
Jen mheMe&pÙee pees Skeâ Je›eâ kesâ ØeejefcYekeâ efyevog hej KeeRÛeer peeleer nw, ■ Deeceleewj hej heâesšes«eeheâer cewhe ceW DevegowOÙe& DeeÛÚeove keâes jKee peelee
keânueeleer nw– heMÛe mheMe&pÙee nw– 60%
■ efÉleerÙe ßesCeer keâer jsueJes š^wkeâ kesâ DeJeleueve (sag) hej 20 m kesâ ■ TOJe& heâes šes «eeheâer Ù e cew
h e kes â ef k eâmeer Yeer ceg K Ùe ef
y evog mes Øeuecye efyevog
Devlejeue hej «es[ heefjJele&ve keâer Deveg%esÙe oj nw– 0.06% Deew j DeeFmees m es v šj keâer ot e f j ÙeeW keâe Deveg h eele nes l ee nw – 2
■ 5 keâesCe hej efkeâmeer mejue Je=òeekeâej Je›eâ keâer ef$epÙee nesieer–
o ■ neF& D eew Jeueer k eâ heâes š es «eeheâ ceW Skeâ Dees j Peg k eâeJe nes mekeâlee nw –
343.9 ceeršj 300 lekeâ
■ efpeme peerJee keâer uecyeeF& keâeruekeâ Deblejeue mes keâce nesleer nw, Gmes ■ YeejleerÙe šwvpesvš keäueeFveesceeršj ceeheer kesâ efueS DelÙevle GheÙeesieer
keânles nQ– Ghe-peerJee nw–meeLe ner meeLe meceesÛÛeve keâjles ngS efÛe$eCe hešue meJex#eCe
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer jsueJes kesâ Je›eâekeâej š^wkeâ keâes heej keâjles meceÙe DeefOekeâebMe ■ nQ [ uesJeue Skeâ mejue Deewj nukeâe Úesše GhekeâjCe nw, efpemekeâe
Yeej ieeÌ[er kesâ yee¢e heefnÙes Jenve keâjles nes lees JeemleefJekeâ efoÙee ieÙee GheÙees ie leues#eCe ceW neslee nw~ omleer mebÛeeueve kesâ efueS Fmekesâ šdÙetye
yee¢e G"eve nesiee– ceW ........ ueieeÙee peelee nw– 450 kesâ keâesCe hej
meblegefuele yee¢eeslLeeve mes keâce hejeJele&keâ ohe&Ce
■ peye meskeämešwvš keâe hee"ve MetvÙe nes, lees oesveeW meceleue keâeBÛeeW keâes
■ 1 kesâ keâesCe kesâ efkeâmeer mejue Je=òeekeâej Je›eâ keâer ef$epÙee nesieer–
o

1719 ceeršj
nesvee ÛeeefnS– meceevlej
■ DeejsefKele hueeveeW keâe #es$eheâue %eele keâjles meceÙe DevÙe efJeefOeÙeeW keâer
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer meÌ[keâ kesâ Je=òeekeâej Yeeie hej meheâj keâjles meceÙe yeme kesâ
Dehes#ee hueeveerceeršj mes Øeehle neslee nw– DeefOekeâ Megæ
Ùee$eer yeenj keâer Deesj Pegkeâles nQ lees meÌ[keâ hej JeemleefJekeâ yeenjer
■ efkeâmeer nmle uesJeue ceW ke=âme levleg (cross wire) ueies nesles nQ–
G"eve nesiee– meblegefuele yeeåÙeeslLeeve mes keâce
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer Je=òeekeâej Ûeehe hej ieefle keâjles meceÙe oesveeW heefnÙeeW hej DeefYeÂMÙekeâ keâer Deesj
meceeve Yeej ueiee nes, eqmØebie meceeve ™he mes oyes ngS nes leLee Ùee$eer ■ nmle ues Jeue Skeâ mejue Je meb n le Ùeb $e nw leLee uesJeue ceeheves kesâ efueÙes
efkeâmeer Yeer Deesj ve PegkeWâ nes lees Ssmeer DeJemLee ceW š^wkeâ hej ueieevee GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ mejue keâejJeeF& kesâ efueÙes Fmekeâe šdÙetye ueiee
DeefveJeeÙe& nesiee– meblegefuele yeeåÙeeslLeeve neslee nw– 450 kesâ keâesCe hej Skeâ hejeJeleea keâeBÛe mes
■ Dehekesâvõer yeue Je Yeej w keâe Devegheele ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw– ■ meskeämešwvš ceW oes meceleue keâeBÛe nesles nQ pees Deeheme ceW mLeeefhele efkeâS
Dehekesâvõer Devegheele pee mekeâles nQ– 600 hej
126
■ meskeämešwvš ceW efkeâleves mes yeÌ[e keâesCe Skeâ ner yeej ceW veneR veehevee Ùeefo Skeâ jsKee keâe hetCe&Je=òe efokeâdceeve 120º nw, leye Gmekeâe
ÛeeefnS– 1100 meceeveerle efokeâdceeve nesiee~
■ SyveeruesJeue ceW hee@efueMe efkeâÙee ngDee meceleue MeerMee šdÙetye ceW veš (a) S 200E (b) S 600E
ueiee neslee nw– 450 hej (c) N 1200E (d) N 600E
RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
■ šQpeWš keäueerveesceeršj mes veeheles nQ– TOJee&Oej keâesCe
Ans : (b) Given–
■ nQ[ uesJeue ceW ›eâe@me levleg efkeâmekesâ mLeeve hej ueieeS peeles nQ– Whole circle Bearing of a line θ = 120o
DeefYeÂMÙekeâ heeMJe&
■ hewjsuewkeäme yeej keâes ceehee peelee nw–
uecyeve Devlej ceW (Difference in Parallex)
Jes ueIeg Ùev$e pees ØekeâeefMekeâ efmeæeble keâe GheÙeesie keâjkesâ Skeâ keâesCe
keâes Skeâ Skeâue DeJeueeskeâve ceW ceehe uesles nQ, keânueeles nQ-
meskeämešWš (Sextant)
efkeâmeer DeejsefKele ceeveefÛe$e kesâ DeefveÙeefcele Deeke=âefle #es$e keâes ____ Dele: jsKee efÉleerÙe ÛelegLeeËMe ceW nw~
mes ceehee peelee nw– hueeveerceeršj Reduced Bearing = S(180 – θ) E = S (180o – 120o) E
hesvše«eeHeâ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– hueeve keâes yeÌ[e keâjves ceW = S60o E
4. The length of a line measured with 20 m chain is
hueeveerceeršj mes veeheles nw – #es$eHeâue found to be 400 m. If the actual length of the chain
efkeâmeer efoS ieS vekeäMes Ùee KeekeWâ keâe #es$eheâue %eele keâjves kesâ efueS is 20.05 m, then the true length of the line is:
pees Ùeb$e GheÙeesieer neslee nw, Jen nw– hueeveerceeršj 20 ceeršj Ûesve mes veeheer ieF& Skeâ jsKee keâer uecyeeF&, 400
■ hueeveerceeršj Fmekesâ Ùeebef$ekeâ ceeheve kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw– ceeršj heeF& ieF&~ Ùeefo Fme Ûesve keâer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF&
meceleue vekeäMes keâe #es$eHeâue 20.05 ceeršj nw, leye jsKee keâer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& keäÙee nw?
■ ÂÌ{ ÚÌ[es keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ DeeOeej jsKee uecyeeF& ceeheves Jeeuee (a) 400.50 m/400.50 ceeršj
GhekeâjCe nw– keâesuyeer Deewj Jneruej (b) 401.50 m/401.50 ceeršj
■ šesšue mšsMeve ceehe mekeâlee nw– (c) 502.50 m/502.50 ceeršj
#eweflepe leLee TOJee&Oej keâesCe & otjer (d) 401.0 m/401.0 ceeršj
1. A map mentions the scale 1 cm = 1 km The scale RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
is in the ratio: Ans : (d) Ûesve keâer uecyeeF& = 20 ceeršj
efkeâmeer vekeäMes ceW ceeheveer = 1 cm = 1 km efoKeeÙee ieÙee nw~ jsKee keâer uecyeeF& = 400 ceeršj
ceeheveer Devegheele nesiee– ∴Ùeefo Ûesve keâer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& = 20.05 ceeršj nw, lees
(a) 1 : 403 (b) 1 : 104
5 6 400
(c) 1 : 10 (d) 1 : 10 jsKee keâer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& = × 20.05 = 20 × 20.05
RRB SSE Secunderabad : 21-12-2014 20
Ans : (c) nue– = 401 ceeršj
Scale = 1cm = 1km 5. Chain surveying is well adopted for:
lees Scale Ratio =
1cm
=
1 cm
= 5
1 pejerye meJex#eCe keâes meyemes yesnlej ™he mes ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ?
1km 1000 × 100 cm 10 (a) Small areas in open ground/Kegues cewoeve ceW Úesšs
Scale Ratio = 1:105 #es$eheâue nsleg
(b) Large areas with simple details/mejue efJeJejCe Jeeues
2. Metallic tapes are made of–
Oeeleg kesâ šshe efveefce&le nesles nQ? yeÌ[s #es$eheâue kesâ efueS
(c) Small areas with crowded details/JÙemle efJeJejCe
(a) Steel/mšerue mes
(b) Invar/FveJeej mes
Jeeues Úesšs #es$eheâue nsleg
(d) Large areas with difficult details/keâef"ve efJeJejCe
(c) Cloth and wires/keâheÌ[s leLee leej mes
(d) Nickel/jebies (efvekeâue) mes
Jeeues yeÌ[s #es$eheâue nsleg
RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015 RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
Ans : (c) cesšsefuekeâ Ùee leej yegvee heâerlee GÛÛe meeceLÙe& kesâ efueveve Ans : (a) Kegues cewoeve ceW Úesšs #es$eheâue nsleg peye efkeâmeer #es$e keâer
OeeieeW kesâ meeLe-meeLe Oeeleg keâer cenerve leejW yegvekeâj 10–15N ÛeewÌ[er heóer hewceeFMe pejerye keâer meneÙelee mes keâer peeleer nw, lees Ssmes meJex#eCe keâes
ceW yeveeÙee peelee nw Deewj veceer mes yeÛeves kesâ efueSs Fme hej Jeeefve&Me keâj pejerye meJex#eCe keânles nQ~ pejerye meJex#eCe Ssmes #es$eeW ceW efkeâÙee peelee
oer peeleer nw~ nw, peneB hej mšsMeve Deeheme ceW efoKeeF& osles neW leLee Gve mšsMeveeW
3. If whole Circle Bearing of a line is 1200, then its
lekeâ hengBÛee pee mekesâ~ pejerye meJex#eCe ØeeÙe: Kegues SJeb meceleue #es$eeW
Reduced Bearing is: ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
127
6. In surveying the horizontal angle which a line (a) five equal parts,/heebÛe yejeyej YeeieeW ceW
makes with the magnetic meridian is called as : (b) ten equal parts,/ome yejeyej YeeieeW ceW
meJex#eCe ceW #eweflepe keâesCe pees ÛegcyekeâerÙe Ùeeceesòej kesâ (c) twenty five equal parts,/heÛÛeerme yejeyej YeeieeW ceW
meeLe yevelee nw, keânles nw– (d) hundred equal parts,/meew yejeyej YeeieeW ceW
(a) Magnetic bearing/ÛegcyekeâerÙe efokeâdceeve RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015
(b) Grid meridian/ef«e[ Ùeeceesòej Ans : (b) meeOeejCe ceeheveer ceW cegKÙele: oes FkeâeFÙeeW (units) keâes
(c) Arbitrary meridian/mJewefÛÚkeâ Ùeeceesòej ØeoefMe&le efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes–efkeâueesceeršj leLee nwkeäšesceeršj, ceeršj
(d) Grid bearing/ef«e[ efokeâdceeve leLee [smeerceeršj, [smeerceeršj leLee mesvšerceeršj Deeefo~
RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015 → mejue ceeheveer kesâ ØeLece ef[Jeerpeve keâes ome YeeieeW ceW efJeYeeefpele keâjles
Ans : (a) pees efokeâdceeve ÛegcyekeâerÙe Ùeeceesòej mes heÌ{e peelee nw lees Fmes nQ~
ÛegcyekeâerÙe efokeâdceeve keânles nw~ peye jsKee keâe efokeâdceeve melÙe Ùeeceesòej mes
heÌ{e peelee nw lees Fmes melÙe efokeâdceeve keânles nw~ peye nce keâesF& Ùeeceesòej
mJewÛÚe mes ceeve uesles nw, Gmekesâ meehes#e keâesF& efokeâdceeve heÌ{e peelee nw lees
Fmes mJewefÛÚkeâ efokeâdceeve keânles nw~
7. An angle measured clock wise form the 10. In order to determine the natural features such
proceeding survey line to the next survey line, is as valleys, rivers, lakes etc. the surveying
called preferred is–
Skeâ yeÌ{les meJex#eCe jsKee mes Deieueer meJex#eCe jsKee lekeâ Øeeke=âeflekeâ Deeke=âefleÙeeW pewmes Ieešer, veefoÙeeW, PeerueeW FlÙeeefo
oef#eCeeJele& ™he mes ceeefhele keâesCe keâes keânles nQ keâe helee ueieeves nsleg keâewve meer meJex#eCe lekeâveerkeâ keâes
(a) direct angle/efveosMekeâ keâesCe ØeeLeefcekeâlee oer peeleer nw?
(b) vertical angle/GOJee&Oej keâesCe (a) City surveying/Menj meJex#eCe
(c) horizontal angle/#eweflepe keâesCe (b) Location surveying/mLeeve meJex#eCe
(d) deflection angle/efJe#eshe keâesCe (c) Cadastral surveying/Yetkeâj meJex#eCe
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015 (d) Topographical surveying/mLeueeke=âefle meJex#eCe
Ans : (d) keâeÙe& keâer efoMee ceW De«eJeleea jsKee leLee heMÛeJeleea jsKeeDeeW RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015
keâer efoMeeDeeW kesâ yeerÛe yeveves Jeeuee keâesCe efJe#eshe keâesCe keânueelee nw~ Ans : (d) mLeueeke=âeflekeâ meJex#eCe Yet-#es$e keâer Øeeke=âeflekeâ Deeke=âefleÙeeW,
ØeMveevegmeej, pewmes-heJe&le, veoer-veeues, šerues, Peerue, pebieue leLee ceeveJe jefÛele
mebjÛeveeÙeW pewmes yee@Oe, hegue YeJeve, jsueceeie& Deeefo keâer efmLeefle leLee
Deekeâej %eele keâjves kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee peelee nw– mLeueeke=âeflekeâ vekeäMeeW hej
meceesÛÛe jsKeeÙeW Yeer KeeRÛeer peeleer nQ~
11. In an optical square, the angle between the first
incident ray and the last reflected ray is–
Skeâ ØekeâeMeerÙe iegefveÙee ceW, ØeLece Deeheeflele efkeâjCe leLee
Deefvlece hejeJeefle&le efkeâjCe kesâ ceOÙe yeveves Jeeues keâesCe
8. An optical communication system uses...........as nesiee?
the transmission medium. (a) 600 (b) 900
Skeâ ØekeâeMeerÙe mebÛeej heæefle ceW mebÛejCe ceeOÙece neslee nw~ (c) 1200 (d) 1500
(a) Power wires/Meefòeâ leej RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015
(b) Satellite/mewšsueeFš Ans : (b) ØekeâeMeerÙe iegefveÙee ceW ØeLece Deeheeflele efkeâjCe leLee Deefvlece
(c) Light/ØekeâeMe hejeJeefle&le efkeâjCe kesâ yeerÛe 900 keâe keâesCe yevelee nw~
(d) Free space/cegkeääle mhesme
RRB JE : 04.09. 2015 Shift-II
Ans : (c) Skeâ ØekeâeMeerÙe mebÛeej heæefle ceW mebÛejCe ceeOÙece ØekeâeMe
neslee nw~ Ùen hetCe& Deevleefjkeâ hejeJele&ve kesâ efmeæevle hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
9. A scale is to read in "metre" and "decimetre".
The first "major division" of the scale shall be
divided into–
Skeâ hewceeves keâes ceeršj leLee [smeerceeršj ceW heÌ{e peelee nw~
Fme hewceeves (Scale) keâer ØeLece cegKÙe ef[Jeerpeve keâes
efkeâleves YeeieeW ceW efJeYeeefpele efkeâÙee peeSiee?
128
12. A map showing "network of roads" has to 15. Which of the following is not a method used for
display distances in units of "miles" and plane table surveying
"kilomtres" both. Which type of the following efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve meer huesve-šsyeue meJex#eCe keâer
types of scale is suitable for this purpose? efJeefOe kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw–
meÌ[keâeW keâe vesšJeke&â ØeoefMe&le keâjves Jeeues Skeâ ceeveefÛe$e (a) Radiation method /efJeefkeâjCe efJeefOe
keâes ceerue FkeâeF& ceW otjer leLee efkeâueesceeršj FkeâeF& oesveeW ceW (b) Traversing method /ceeueejsKeve efJeefOe
efoKeevee nw~ FveceW mes efkeâme Øekeâej keâe hewceevee Fme GösMÙe (c) Intersection method /ØeefleÛÚsove efJeefOe
kesâ efueS GheÙegkeäle nesiee? (d) Backscattering method /yewkeâmkewâšefjbie efJeefOe
(a) Plain scale/huesve (meceleue) mkesâue RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015
(b) diagonal scale/efJekeâCe& mkesâue Ans : (d) efJeefkeâjCe, ceeueejsKeve leLee ØeefleÛÚsove huesve-šsyeue
(c) Comparative scale/legueveelcekeâ mkesâue meJex#eCe keâer efJeefOe nw peyeefkeâ yewkeâmkewâšefjbie efJeefOe Yeeweflekeâer ceW uenjeW,
(d) Vernier scale/Jeefve&Ùej mkesâue keâCe Ùee mebkesâleeW keâe Øeefleefyecye nw~
RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015 16. A map of 10 cm × 10 cm represents an area of
Ans : (c) Skeâ ner jeefMe keâer oes efJeefYeVe ØeCeeefueÙeeW kesâ cee$ekeâeW keâes 40000 square Metre of a field. The R.F. of the
Skeâ hewceeves hej ØeoefMe&le keâjves kesâ efueÙes legueveelcekeâ hewceeves keâe ØeÙeesie scale is
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 10 cm × 10 cm keâe Skeâ vekeäMee 40000 Jeie& ceeršj kesâ
* Skeâ ner jeefMe keâer oes cee$ekeâeW (Ùeefo 10 iegvee keâe Devlej pewmes–ceer. Skeâ cewoeve kesâ #es$eheâue keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw~ ceeheveer keâe
Je [smeer ceer. nes, lees) keâes Skeâ meeLe efoKeeves kesâ efueS mejue ceeheveer R.F. nw–
leLee leerve cee$ekeâ keâes efoKeeves kesâ efueS (pewmes– ceer., [smeer ceer., mesvšer 1 1
(a) (b)
ceer.) efJekeâCe& ceeheveer keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 400 4000000
13. A contour line joins all the points having : 1 1
Skeâ meceesÛÛe jsKee Gve meYeer efyevogDeeW keâes peesÌ[leer nw, (c) (d)
2000 200
efpemekeâer– RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015
(a) Equal elevation
Ans : (c) 10cm × 10cm = 40000m 2
Skeâ meceeve GVeÙeve (TBÛeeF&) neslee nw~
100cm 2 = 40000m 2
(b) Zero elevation/MetvÙe GVeÙeve neslee nw~
40000 2
(c) Similar reference points 1cm 2 = m , 1cm = 20m
Skeâ meceeve mevoYe& efyevog nesles nQ~ 100
(d) Equal vertical angles 1cm 1cm 1
R.F. = = =
meceeve TOJee&Oej (Deveguecye) keâesCe nesles nQ~ 20m 20 × 100cm 2000
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015 1
R.F. =
Ans. (a) meceeve GÛÛelee Jeeues efyevogDeeW keâes efceueeves Jeeueer jsKee keâes 2000
keâvštj jsKee keânles nQ~ Ùes Skeâ-otmejs keâes keâYeer keâešleer veneR nw~ 17. Which of the following is not used in calculating
DeheJeeo–Øeuecyeer Ûeóeve ceW keâešleer nw~ the area between the base line and the boundary
14. A room of 2744 m3 volume is shown by a cube of line
7 cm side. The R.F. of the scale is : DeeOeej jsKee leLee meercee jsKee kesâ ceOÙe kesâ #es$eheâue keâes
2744 m3 DeeÙeleve Jeeues keâcejs keâes 7 mesceer. uecyeer Yegpee %eele keâjves nsleg FveceW mes keâewve meer efJeefOe/efveÙece keâe ØeÙeesie
Jeeues Ieve mes Øeoe|Mele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ ceeheveer keâer efve.efYe. nw– veneR keâjles?
(a) 1/392 (b) 1/3920 (a) Mid-ordinate rules/ceOÙe-Deeef[&vesš efveÙece
(c) 1/20 (d) 1/200 (b) Simpson's rule/efmechemeve efveÙece
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015 (c) Trapezoidal ule/š^sheerpeeÙe[ue efveÙece
DeejsKeve hej ceeheer ieÙeer otjer (d) Prismoidal formula/efØemceesÙe[ue met$e
Ans. (d) efve™hekeâ efYeVe ·
JeemleefJekeâ otjer RRB SSE Shift-II : 02.09.2015
Jeiee&keâej keâcejs keâe DeeÙeleve = 2744 Ans : (d) DeeOeej js K ee leLee meercee jsKee kesâ ceOÙe kesâ #es$eheâue keâes
a3 = 2744 %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efØemceesÙe[ue met$e keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw
a3 = 2744 leLee GheÙeg&òeâ leerveeW efJeefOeÙeeW ceW efmechemeve efveÙece Éeje meyemes heefjMegælee
a = 14 ceeršj mes #es$eheâue efvekeâeuee peelee nw~
keâcejs keâer Yegpee = 14 ceeršj = 1400 mesceer. 18. The bearing of line in the direction of the
7 1 progress of the survey is called as
R.F. = = meJex#eCe keâer Øeieefle keâer efoMee ceW De«emej jsKee keâer
1400 200
efokeâdceeve keâes keânles nw?
1
R.F. = (a) Forward bearing/De«emeejer efokeâdceeve
200
(b) Reverse bearing/Øeefleieeceer efokeâdceeve
129
 (c) Backward bearing/he§eieeceer efokeâdceeve (b) Indirect method is less accurate but is faster
(d) Quadrilaterial bearing/ÛelegYe&gpe efokeâdceeve DeØelÙe#e efJeefOe keâce heefjMegæ uesefkeâve peuoer nesleer nw~
RRB SSE Shift-II : 02.09.2015 (c) Direct method is expensive
Ans : (a) ØelÙeskeâ meJex#eCe jsKee kesâ oes efokeâdceeve nesles nw pees efokeâdceeve ØelÙe#e efJeefOe ceW JÙeÙe pÙeeoe Deelee nw~
jsKee kesâ ØeejefcYekeâ efyevog hej efueÙee peelee nw~ Gmes De«e efokeâdceeve Deewj (d) Indirect method is relatively more expensive
pees efokeâdceeve keâeÙe& keâer efoMee kesâ efJehejerle efueÙee peelee nw Gmes heMÛe DeØelÙe#e efJeefOe pÙeeoe JÙeÙe mes mecyeefvOele nw~
efokeâdceeve keânles nw~ RRB SSE Shift-I : 03.09.2015
19. Which of the following is not a permanent
Ans : (d) meceesÛÛe jsKeCe keâer ØelÙe#e efJeefOe DeefOekeâ heefjMegæ hejvleg
adjustment in theodolite : Oeerc eer nes leer nw ~ ØelÙe#e meceesÛÛe jsKeCe efJeefOe ceW JÙeÙe pÙeeoe Deelee nw~
efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee efLeÙees[esueeFš keâe mLeeF& DeØelÙe#e meceesÛÛe efJeefOe keâce heefjMegæ hejvleg FmeceW leues#eCe keâeÙe& MeerIeÇ
meceeÙeespeve veneR nw– hetje nes peelee nw~
(a) Adjustment of the horizontal plate level/ 23. The line joining the intersection of the cross
#eweflepe huesš uesJeue keâe meceeÙeespeve hairs to the optical centre of the objectglass and
its continuation is called as :
(b) Adjustment of the telescope/
jsKee, pees ke=âMe levleg (Cross hair) kesâ ØeefleÛÚso efyevog
otjyeerve keâe meceeÙeespeve leLee DeefYeÂMÙekeâ ueWme kesâ ØekeâeefMekeâ kesâvõ mes neskeâj peeleer
(c) Adjustment of the vertical circle index/
GOJe& Ûe›eâer metÛekeâebkeâ keâe meceeÙeespeve nw, keânueeleer nw–
(d) Elimination of parallax/uecyeve keâe efvejeme (a) Line of collimation/mebOeeve jsKee
RRB SSE Shift-III : 02.09.2015 (b) Telescopic axis/otjyeerve keâer De#e
Ans : (d) uecyeve keâe efvejeme keâjvee DemLeeÙeer meceeÙeespeve keânueelee (c) Vertical axis/TOJee&Oej De#e
nw~ FmeceW meJex#ekeâ Deheveer DeeBKe keâer #ecelee kesâ Devegmeej vesef$ekeâe ueWme (d) Horizontal axis/#eweflepe De#e
mes ›eâme levleg keâes heâeskeâme keâjlee nw~ RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015
Ans (a) : otjyeerve kesâ efJecyeheš (Diaphragm) kesâ #eweflepe Je
20. The reference points on which a day's work is
closed and from where levelling is continued TOJee&Oej ke=âMe-levlegDeeW kesâ keâševe-efyevog Je DeefYeÂMÙekeâ ueWme kesâ
the next day are called as : ØekeâeMeerÙe kesâvõ mes heeefjle neskeâj ue#Ùe keâer Deesj peeves Jeeueer keâeuheefvekeâ
Jen mevoYe& efyevog efpeme hej Skeâ efove keâe keâece yevo jsKee keâes mebOeeve jsKee keânles nQ~
efkeâÙee peelee nw Deewj peneB mes Deieues efove hegve: ØeejcYe 24. In surveying, the triangles having angles
efkeâÙee peelee nw, keânueeles nQ– smaller than 30 degree are called as
(a) Temporary benchmarks/DemLeeF& leue efÛeÖ meJex#eCe ceW, Jes ef$eYegpe efpevekesâ keâesCe 300 mes keâce nesles nw
(b) Arbitrary benchmarks/mJewefÛÚkeâ leue efÛeÖ keânueeles nw–
(c) Permanent benchmarks/mLeeF& leue efÛeÖ (a) ideal triangles/DeeoMe& ef$eYegpe
(d) GTS benchmarks/GTS leue efÛeÖ (b) Well-conditioned triangles/megDeekeâejerÙe ef$eYegpe
RRB SSE Shift-III : 02.09.2015 (c) Ill-conditioned triangles/kegâ-DeekeâejerÙe ef$eYegpe
Ans : (a) Ssmes mevoe|Yele mLeeF& efyevog pees meeOeejCe efvecee&Ce keâeÙeeX kesâ (d) Acute triangles/leer#Ce ef$eYegpe
efueÙes Bench Mark ceeve efueÙes peeles nQ, DemLeeÙeer Bench Mark RRB SSE Shift-III : 03.09.2015
keânueeles nQ~ Ans : (c) Jes ef$eYegpe efpeveceW keâesF& Skeâ keâes 300 mes keâce Ùee 1200 mes
21. The point at which both foresight and back DeefOekeâ neslee nw meg-DeekeâejerÙe ef$eYegpe keânueelee nw~ Fmekeâe Debkeâve
sight are taken during the course of levelling is heefjMegælee mes veneR nes heelee nw~
called as :
Ssmee efyevog efpememes De«eueeskeâve Deewj heMÛeueeskeâve oesveeW 25. Which of the following instruments is generally
used for base line measurements?
leues#eCe kesâ oewjeve efueS peeÙeW keânueeles nQ– efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee Ùev$e meeceevÙeleÙee DeeOeej jsKee kesâ
(a) Intermediate sight/ceOÙeueeskeâve
ceeheve ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
(b) Benchmark/leue efÛeÖ
(a) Chain/pejerye
(c) Station/mšsMeve
(b) Metallic tape/OeeeqlJekeâ heâerlee
(d) Change point/heefjJele&ve efyevog
RRB SSE Shift-I : 03.09.2015 (c) Steel tape/Fmheele heâerlee
Ans : (d) leues#eCe kesâ oewjeve De«eueeskeâve Deewj heMÛeueeskeâve keâes efpeme (d) Invar tape/FvJeej šshe
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015
efyevog mes efueÙee peelee nw, heefjJele&ve efyevog keânueelee nw~ leue efÛeÖ Ssmeer
mLeeÙeer efyevog keâes keânles nQ, efpemekeâer GÛÛelee efkeâmeer mevoe|Yele ie=nerle leue Ans : (d) pejerye meJex#eCe ceW #es$e kesâ ceOÙe [eueer ieF& jsKee efpememes
mes %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Kemekesâ [euekeâj #es$e ceW efmLele efyevogDeeW keâer efmLeefle %eele keâjles nQ
22. Which of the following is not true for the direct
DeeOeej jsKee keânueeleer nw~ Fmekesâ ceeheve keâer Megælee meJex#eCe keâeÙe& keâes
and indirect methods of contouring? ØeYeeef Jele keâjleer nw Dele: Fmes FvJeej šshe mes ceeheles nQ~ FvJeej šshe
efvecve ceW mes ØelÙe#e Deewj DeØelÙe#e meceesÛÛe jsKeCe efJeefOe Fmheele leLee efveefkeâue (efceße Oeeleg) keâe yevee neslee nw Fmekeâe T<ceerÙe
kesâ efueS mener veneR nw– 1
Øemeej iegCeebkeâ yengle keâce (Fmheele keâe Yeeie ueieYeie) neslee nw
(a) Direct method is most accurate but is slow 30
ØelÙe#e efJeefOe DeefOekeâ heefjMegæ hejvleg Oeerceer nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie GÛÛe heefjMegæ veeheeW kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee peelee nw~
130
26. In an internal focussing type of telescope, the 29. A theodolite is used for measuring
lens provided is– Skeâ efLeÙees[esueeFš keâe GheÙeesie ............. kesâ ceeheve ceW
Skeâ Deevleefjkeâ heâeskeâmeve Øekeâej keâer otjyeerve ceW uesvme neslee nw~
neslee nw– (a) distances /otefjÙeeB
(a) Concave/DeJeleue (b) strength of materials/JemlegDeeW keâer meeceLÙe&
(b) Convex/Gòeue (c) surface hardness/melener keâ"esjlee
(c) Plano-convex/meceleue-Gòeue (d) angles/keâesCe
(d) Plano-concave/meceleue-DeJeleue RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015 Ans. (d) : efLeÙees[esueeFš Skeâ Ssmee GhekeâjCe nw, efpemekesâ Éeje
Ans : (a) Deevleefjkeâ heâeskeâmeve otjyeerve ceW ue#Ùe keâeBÛe Je vesef$ekeâe #eweflepe leLee GOJee&Oej leueeW (planes) ceW keâesCeeW keâes mešerkeâ
keâebÛe efmLej jKes peeles nQ kesâJeue veefuekeâe kesâ Yeerlej ueiee Deefleefjkeäle ueWme (precision) ™he mes ceehee peelee nw~
ner njkeâle keâjlee nw~ FmeceW oesnje DeJeleue ueWme ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 30. Contour lines drawn on a map, are the lines
which pass through
vekeäMes efÛe$e hej KeeRÛeer ieF& meceesÛÛe jsKeeSB, Jes jsKeeÙeW nQ
pees .............. mes neskeâj peeleer nQw~
(a) hills and depressions/heneÌ[ Deewj ieÑeW
(b) same elevation/meceeve GÛÛelee
(c) same latitude/meceeve De#eebMe
(d) none of the above/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR
Internal Focussing Telescope RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014
17. The R.F. of a scale is– Ans. (b) : meJex #es$e ceW meceeve GÛÛelee Jeeues efyevogDeeW keâes efceueekeâj
Skeâ mkesâue (hewceeves) keâe R.F. neslee nw– KeeRÛeer ieF& keâeuheefvekeâ jsKeeÙeW meceesÛÛe jsKeeÙeW (Contour lines)
(a) <1 keânueeleer nw~
(b) =1
(c) >1 31 . In an engineering drawing it is written scale 1
(d) any of these/FveceW keâesF& Yeer cm = 100 m. Which ratio dose it correspond to?
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015 Skeâ FvpeerefveÙeefjbie DeeuesKeve ceW, mkesâue 1 cm = 100 m
Ans : (d) ceeheveer kesâ efve™hekeâ efYeVe keâe ceeve 1 mes keâce, pÙeeoe leLee efueKee peelee nw~ Ùen efkeâme Devegheele mes cesue Keelee nw?
1 kesâ yejeyej Yeer nes mekeâlee nw~ (a) 1 : 100 (b) 1 : 1000
(c) 1 : 10,000 (d) 1 : 1,00,000
vekeäMes hej otjer
efve™hekeâ efYeVe ( RF ) = RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014
JeemleefJekeâ otjer Ans. (c) : mkesâue 1 cm = 100 m
yeÌ[er otjer kesâ efueS (pewmes–meÌ[keâ, venj Ùee keâesF& uecyeer otjer) vekeäMes hej uecyeeF& 1cm
R.F. < 1 efve™hekeâ efYevve (R.F.) = =
JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& 100m
Úesšer otjer Ùee met#ce Jemleg DeejsKeve kesâ efueS (pewmes–peerJeeCegDeeW 1cm
Deeefo) = , R.F. = 1:10,000
100 × 100cm
R.F. > 1
32. In a well conditions triangle, one angle should
Ssmeer otjer pees Deemeeveer mes DeejsKeve hej yeveeÙee pee mekesâ (pewmes– not be less than :
4 cm, 6 cm, 5 cm Deeefo) meg–DeeOeeefjle efmLeefle ceW efkeâmeer ef$eYegpe keâe keâesF& Yeer
R.F. = 1 keâesCe................mes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS ~
28. The branch of surveying in which only linear (a) 600 (b) 500
measurements are directly made in the field is (c) 30 0
(d) 450
meJex#eCe keâer Jen MeeKee, efpemeceW kesâJeue jsKeerÙe ceeheve RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014
ØelÙe#e ™he mes mLeue hej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ans. (c) : pejerye meJex#eCe ceW meJex#eCe keâjles meceÙe megDeekeâejerÙe
(a) land surveying/Yet meJex#eCe ef$eYegpe keâe keâesF& keâesCe 30° mes keâce leLee 120° mes pÙeeoe veneR nesvee
(b) chain surveying/ëe=bKeuee meJex#eCe ÛeeefnS~ Fmemes ceehe uesves ceW Deemeeveer jnleer nw leLee vekeäMee yeveeves ceW
(c) engineering survey/FefvpeveerjeRie meJex#eCe heefjMegælee Deeleer nw~
(d) topographical survey/mLeeueeke=âeflekeâ meJex#eCe 33. The reduced bearing of a line is N 870 W. Its
RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014 whole circle bearing is:
Ans. (b) : meceleue #es$e ceW #es$e kesâ efJeefYeVe efyevogDeeW keâer efmLeefle efkeâmeer jsKee keâe meceeveerle efÉkeâdceeve N 870 W nw, lees Fme
chain Éeje ØelÙe#e ™he mes ceeheW ueskeâj %eele keâer peeleer nw~ Gmes
jsKee keâer hetCe& Je=òe efÉkeâdceeve nesiee:
chain surveying keânles nQ~ #es$e keâer mLeueeke=âefle pewmes– leeueeye,
(a) 2730 (b) 30
šeruee Deeefo keâer efmLeefle oMee&ves kesâ efueS Topographic Survey (c) 93 0
(d) 870
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014
131
Ans. (a) : efkeâmeer jsKee keâe meceeveerle efÉkeâdceeve = N 87° W (b) 180o Greenwich/1800 «eerveefJeÛe
(c) 90o Greenwich/900 «eerveefJeÛe
(d) 270o Greenwich/2700 «eerveefJeÛe
RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
Ans. (b) : Devleje&<š^erÙe efleLeer jsKee ØeMeevle cenemeeiej kesâ yeerÛeeW yeerÛe
180 ef[«eer osMeevlej hej Gòej mes oef#eCe keâer Deesj KeerÛeer ieÙeer
keâeuheefvekeâ jsKee nw~ Fme jsKee keâe efveOee&jCe 1884 ceW JeeefMebiešve ceW
mechevve Skeâ meccesueve ceW efkeâÙee ieÙee
37. A Tachometer measures the:
hetCe&Je=òe efokeâdceeve ceW jsKee keâe efokedâceeve = 360° – 87° šwkeâeceeršj, ............... keâe ceeheve keâjlee nw~
= 273° (a) composition of an alloy/efceßeOeeleg kesâ mebIešve
34. Size of a theodolite is specified by: (b) flow rate of a liquid/õJe kesâ ØeJeen oj
efkeâmeer efLeÙees[esueeFš keâe Deekeâej efkeâmemes efveOee&efjle efkeâÙee (c) temperature/leeheceeve
peelee nw? (d) rotational speed of a flywheel
ieefleheeuekeâ Ûe›eâ (flywheel) keâer IetCee&lcekeâ Ûeeue
(a) the length of the telescope/otjyeerve keâer uecyeeF& mes
RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
(b) the diameter of the vertical circle
Ans. (d) : šwkeâeceeršj kesâ Éeje ceMeerve Ùee ceeršj kesâ ieefleÛeeuekeâ
TOJee&Oej (vertical) Je=òe kesâ JÙeeme mes
(c) the diameter of lower plate/efveÛeueer huesš kesâ JÙeeme mes
(Ietceves Jeeues) Ûe›eâ keâer IetCeee&lcekeâ Ûeeue %eele keâjles nw~ Fme ceeršj kesâ
(d) the diameter of upper plate/Thejer huesš kesâ JÙeeme mes
ØeÙees ie mes ieefleÛeeuekeâ Ûe›eâ keâer Øeefle ceeršj Ietceves keâer ieefle keâes ceehee
RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014 peelee nw~
Ans : (c) 38. Measurements from the scale to the drawing on
⇒ efkeâmeer efLeÙees[esueeF[ keâe Deekeâej efveÛeueer huesš kesâ JÙeeme mes the graph with the help of:
efveOee&efjle efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekeâe meeceevÙe meeFpe 8 mesceer. mes 12 ceeheveer keâer ceehe keâes DeejsKe hej ......... keâer meneÙelee mes
mesceer. neslee nw, peyeefkeâ 14 mesceer. mes 25 mesceer. lekeâ kesâ Deekeâej Debleefjle efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keâe Je=nled keâeÙe& ceW ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ (a) Scale/ceeheveer
(b) Compass/hejkeâej
1
35. The representative fraction of signifies (c) Divider/efJeYeepekeâ
1,00,000
(d) Bow compass/keâceeve–hejkeâej
a scale of:
RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
1
efve™hekeâ efYevve (representative fraction) Ans. (c) : ceeheveer keâer ceehe keâes DeejsKe hej efJeYeepekeâ keâer meneÙelee mes
1,00,000
Debleefjle efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efkeâme mkesâue keâe metÛekeâ nw?
39. In surveying Offsets are
(a) 1 cm = 1,00,000 m/1 mesceer. = 1,00,000 ceer.
Offsets kesâ meJex#eCe ceW–
(b) 1 cm = 10 km/1 mesceer. = 10 efkeâceer.
(a) Iateral measurements made with respect to
(c) 1 cm = 1 km/1 mesceer. = 1 efkeâceer.
main survey line/cegKÙe meJex#eCe ueeFve kesâ mevoYe& ceW
(d) None of these/FveceW mes efkeâmeer keâe veneR
DevegØemLe ceehe efueS peeles nQ~
RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014 (b) Perpendiculars are elected from chain lines
vekeämes hej ceeheer ieF& otjer Deveguecye "esLeer ("gñer) keâer jsKee mes Deveguecye KeeRÛes peeles nQ~
Ans : (c) efve™hekeâ efYevve (R.F) =
JeemleefJekeâ otjer (c) Taken to avoid unnecessary walking between
1 chain line/pejerJe jsKee kesâ ceOÙe DeveeJeMÙekeâ efjòeâlee mes
Ùeefo efve™hekeâ efYeVe = nes, lees
100,000 yeveves kesâ efueÙes
vekeämes hej ceeheer ieF& otjer · 1 mesceer. (d) measurements which are not made at right
angles to the chain line
JeemleefJekeâ otjer · 100000 mesceer.
šes{er jsKee kesâ mecekeâesCe hej ve efkeâS peeves Jeeues ceehe
RF = 1cm./1km
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014
∴ 1
= Ans : (a) pejerJe meJex#eCe ceW efJeefYeVe efyevogDeeW keâer efmLeefle oMee&ves kesâ
100000 efueÙes cegKÙe meJex jsKee kesâ DeefYeuecye Kemekesâ [eues peeles nQ–
36. International Date Line Passes through: Fmekesâ oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ–
Debleje&<š^erÙe efleefLe jsKee ............... mes neskeâj iegpejleer nw~ (i) uecye Kemekesâ–Jes Kemekesâ pees meJex#eCe ueeFve kesâ uecyeJele efueÙes
(a) 0o Greenwich/00 «eerveefJeÛe peeles nw, uecye Kemekesâ keânueeles nw~ Fvekeâer heefjMegælee DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~
132
(ii) eflejÚs Kemekesâ–Ùes Kemekesâ meJex#eCe ueeFve mes eflejÚs [eues peeles nw~ 42. If RF is 1/60000 and distance, to be shown on
DeefOekeâebMele: meJex keâeÙeeX ceW uecye Kemekesâ ner efueÙes peeles nQ Offset drawing is 7.5 km. What is the length of line of
Rod keâer uecyeeF& 2 m nesleer nw~ Fmekesâ Thejer efmejs hej ngkeâ neslee nw, drawing?
efpemeceW pejerJe keâe efmeje hebâmeekeâj PeeÌ[er Ùee veeueer Deeefo kesâ heej KeeRÛee Ùeefo R.F keâe ceeve 1/60000 nw leLee [^eFbie hej efoKeeÙeer
pee mekeâlee nw~ ieÙeer otjer 7.5 km nw~ [^eFbie hej jsKee keâer uecyeeF& keäÙee
40. The true length of a line is known to be 200m. nesieer?
When this is measured with a 20m tape, the (a) 12.5 cm (b) 8 cm
length is 200.8 m. The correct length of the 20 m (c) 45 cm (d) 10 cm
tape is
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014
Skeâ jsKee keâer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& 200 ceeršj nw peye Fmes
1
20 ceeršj šshe mes ceehee peelee nw lees Fmekeâer uecyeeF& 200.8 Ans : (a) R.F = , jsKee keâer JeemleefJekeâ ueb. (L)= 7.5
60000
ceeršj Øeehle nesleer nw lees 20 ceeršj šshe keâer mener uecyeeF&
km
nesieer~ = 7.5 × 105 cm
(a) 19.92 m (b) 19.98 m [^eFbie hej hewceevee keâer ceehe Ùee ceevee ieÙee hewceevee = ?
(c) 20.04 m (d) 20.08 m
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014 ceeveer ieÙeer hewceevee ( X )
R.F. =
Ans : (a) Megæ pejerye × Megæ otjer · DeMegæ pejerye × DeMegæ JeemleefJekeâ ceehe ( L )
ceeheer ieÙeer otjer 1 X 7.5 × 100000
L × D = L1 × D1 = = =X
60000 7.5 × 10 5
60000
L = ceevekeâ uecyeeF& X = 12.5cm
D = jsKee keâer Megæ otjer
L1 = DeMegæ uecyeeF& 43. A 30m metric chain is found to be 0.1m too short
D1 = DeMegæ otjer throughout the measurement. If the distance
200 × 20 = 200.8 × D1 measured is recorded as 300m, then the actural
distance measured will be
D1 = 19.92 meter
efkeâmeer 30 ceeršj Ûesve keâes ceeheves hej Ùen 0.1 ceeršj Úesše
41. Match Col. X (Category) and Col. Y heeÙee ieÙee~ Ùeefo ceeheer ieF& otjer 300 ceeršj nw, lees otjer keâer
Recommended Scale) in reference to an
Engineering drawing. JeemleefJekeâ ceehe nesieer:
FbpeerefveÙeefjbie [^eFbie kesâ mevoYe& ceW keâe@uece X (ßesCeer) leLee (a) 300. 1m/300 ceeršj (b) 301.0 m/301 ceeršj
keâe@uece Y (Øeehle ceehekeâ) keâe efceueeve keâerefpeS- (c) 299 m/299 ceeršj (d) 310 m/310 ceeršj
Col. X Col. Y RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
P Enlarging Scale/efJemle=le hewceevee 1. 1: 500 Ans : (c) Chain keâer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& (L) = 30 m
Q Full Scale/hetCe& hewceevee 2. 10 : 1 $e=efšhetCe& uecyeeF& (l) = 30 – 0.1
R Reducing Scale/Úesše hewceevee 3. 1 : 1 = 29.9 m
4. 1 : 2 ceeheer ieÙeer otjer (d) = 300 m
(a) P – 4, Q – 1, R – 2
(b) P – 2, Q – 3, R – 4 JeemleefJekeâ otjer (D) = ?
(c) P – 1, Q – 3, R – 2 mener Ûesve × mener otjer · ieuele Ûesve × ieuele ceeheer ieÙeer otjer
(d) P – 2, Q – 1, R – 4
D×L=d×l
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014
D × 30 = 300 × 29.9
Ans : (b) peye keâYeer efkeâmeer yeÌ[er Deekeâej keâer Jemleg keâes efÛe$e kesâ
ceeOÙece mes efoKeevee nes lees Fmes, JeemleefJekeâ ceehe mes Úesše yeveeÙee peelee 300 × 29.9
D=
nw, Fmekesâ efueS R.F. keâe ceeve 1 mes keâce neslee nw~ 30
pewmes: R.F. = 1 : 500, 1 : 20 D = 299m
• efkeâmeer met#ce Deekeâej keâer Jemleg keâes DeeJeefOe&le keâjvee nes, Ùee mhe<š 44. Which one of the following methods of levelling
efoKeeÙeer osves kesâ efueS ceeheveer hej Jemleg keâe «eeHeâ Gmekeâer JeemleefJekeâ eliminates the error due to curvature and
ceehe mes yeÌ[e neslee nw~ Fmes efJemle=le hewceevee keânles nw~ Fmekesâ efueS refraction?
R.F. keâe ceeve 1 mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ leueceeheve keâer keâewve-meer Skeâ heæefle Je›eâlee Deewj DeheJele&ve
pewmes: R.F. = 10 : 1 kesâ keâejCe nesves Jeeueer $egefš keâes otj keâjlee nw?
• Ùeefo Jemleg keâer meeFpe Fme Øekeâej nes efkeâ Gmes heshej hej efoKeevee (a) Fly leveling/GÌ[eve leueceeheve
Deemeeve nes, Fmemes Úesšs meeFpe Ùee yeÌ[s meeFpe keâer pe™jle ve heÌ[s (b) Leveling by equalizing the distances of
Fmekesâ efueS hetCe& hewceevee ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efpemekeâe R.F. ncesMee backsight and foresight/he§eÂef° Deewj De«eÂef° keâer
1 neslee nw~ otjer kesâ mecekeâjCe Éeje leueceeheve
133
 (c) Check leveling/peeBÛe leueceeheve Ans : (b) vekeäMes hej ØeoefMe&le #es$eheâue = 256 Jeie& mesceer.
(d) Precise leveling/ÙeLeeLe& (efØemeeFpe) leueceeheve JeemleefJekeâ #es$eheâue = 64 Jeie& efkeâceer.
RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
∵ 256 Jeie& mesceer. oMee&lee nw = 64 Jeie& efkeâceer.
Ans : (b) leueceeheve ceW Ùeefo heMÛeÂef° leLee De«eÂef° keâer otefjÙeeW keâes
meceeve jKee peelee nw, lees YetJe›eâlee leLee DeheJele&ve kesâ keâejCe nesves Jeeueer 1 Jeie& mesceer oMee&lee nw = 64 Jeie& efkeâceer.
$egefš ØeYeeJenerve nes peeleer nw~ Fme efJeefOe keâe GheÙeesie DeefOekeâ cenlJe kesâ 256
8
leye ceeheve keâeÙeeX ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 1 mesceer. oMee&lee nw = Jeie& ceer.
16
1
= Jeie& efkeâceer.
2
vekeäMes hej ØeoefMe&le otjer
efve.efYe. ( R.F.) =
JeemleefJekeâ otjer
1 × ceer.
=
0.5 × efkeâceer.
1
45. The invar tape is made of an alloy of– =
0.5 × 100000
FvJeej šshe efkeâme efceßeOeeleg keâe yevee neslee nw– 1
(a) Copper and steel/leebyee SJeb Fmheele ∴ R.F. =
50000
(b) Brass and nickel/heerleue SJeb efvekesâue 48. The method of orienting a plane table with two
(c) Brass and steel/heerleue SJeb Fmheele inaccessible points is known as–
(d) Nickle and steel/efvekesâue SJeb Fmheele Skeâ huesve šsyeue efpemeceW oes ogie&ce efyevogSB nQ, keâes
RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015 efokeâdmLeeefhele keâjves keâer efJeefOe keâes keânles nQ?
Ans : (d) Fmheele leLee efveefkeâue kesâ efceßeOeeleg keâes FvJeej keânles nw~ (a) Intersection/FbšjmeskeäMeve
Fmekeâe leeheerÙe Øemeej iegCeebkeâ α ueieYeie veieCÙe neslee nw Dele: Fmekeâe (b) Resection/jer-meskeäMeve
ØeÙeesie ceevekeâ heâerlee yeveeves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ FvJeej ceW 64% Steel (c) Back sighting/yewkeâ MeeFeEšie
leLee 36% Nickel neslee nw~ heefjMegæ ceeheve ceW FvJeej šshe keâe ØeÙeesie (d) Two-point problem/efÉ efyevog mecemÙee
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
46. Which of the following is not used in measuring Ans : (d) efkeâmeer #es$e ceW oes %eele efyevogDeeW kesâ meehes#e mšsMeve efyevog
perpendicular offsets? keâer efmLeefle %eele keâjvee oes efyevog mecemÙee keânueelee nw~ Ùen efJeefOe
efvecve ceW mes keâewve uecyeJele Dee@heâmesš ceeheves ceW GheÙeesie ef$eefyevog mes keâce heefjMegæ neslee nw~
veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw– 49. Direct method of contouring is–
(a) Line ranger/ueeFve jWpej Contouring keâer ØelÙe#e efJeefOe nesleer nw?
(b) Steel tape/mšerue šshe (a) A quick method/Skeâ lJeefjle efJeefOe
(c) Optical square/ØekeâeMeerÙe iegefveÙee (b) Adopted for large surveys only
(d) Cross staff/›eâe@me mšeheâ kesâJeue yeÌ[s meJex#eCeeW kesâ efueS
RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015 (c) Most accurate method/meyemes mešerkeâ efJeefOe
Ans : (a) ueeFve jWpej keâe ØeÙeesie ØelÙe#e DeejsKeCe ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw (d) Suitable for hilly terrains
peyeefkeâ ØekeâeMeerÙe iegefveÙee leLee ›eâeme iegefveÙee leLee Fmheeleer heâerles keâer heJe& leerÙe YetmLeueeW nsleg GheÙegkeäle nw
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
meneÙelee mes Kemekeâe efveOee&efjle efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ueeFve jWpej keâe ØeÙeesie
Ans : (c) meceesÛÛe jsKeCe keâer ØelÙe#e efJeefOe meyemes Megæ efJeefOe nw~
oes DeejsKeve oC[ kesâ yeerÛe DeefOekeâ otjer kesâ DeejsKeve kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
meceesÛÛe jsKeCe keâer Fme efJeefOe ceW JeebefÚle ceeve keâer meceesÛÛe jsKee hej
peelee nw~
heÌ[ves Jeeues Deveskeâ efyevogDeeW keâes #es$e ceW peien-peien leues#eCe iepe jKe
47. An area of 64 square kilometer is represented
by 256 square centimeter on a map. The R.F. fo
keâj {tB{e peelee nw~ Deye Fve efyevogDeeW keâe meJex#eCe keâjkesâ Skeâ Meerš
the scale is– hej Debefkeâle keâj efueÙee peelee nw Deewj Fmekeâes efceueeles ngÙes meceesÛÛe jsKee
64 Jeie& efkeâceer kesâ #es$e keâes Skeâ vekeäMes hej 256 Jeie& KeeRÛeer peeleer nw~
meWšerceeršj Éeje oMee&Ùee ieÙee nw~ lees hewceeves keâe Deej.Sheâ 50. The diagonal scale is used to represent–
nw– efJekeâCe& mkesâue keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmekeâes JÙekeäle keâjves nsleg
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/50000 keâjles nQ?
(c) 1/2 (d) 1/5000 (a) three consecutive units
RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015 ueieeleej (DeveJejle) leerve FkeâeFÙeeW keâes oMee&ves nsleg
134
 (b) two consecutive units Ans : (b) Deej.Sheâ. keâe DeLe& efjØepesefvšJe øewâkeäMeve (efve™hekeâ efYeVe) nw~
efvejblej (DeveJejle) oes FkeâeFÙeeW keâes JÙekeäle keâjves nsleg DeejsKeve cesW ØeoefMe&le Jemleg keâer ceehe
(c) diagonal of square/Jeie& kesâ efJekeâCe& keâes oMee&ves nsleg efve™hekeâ efYeVe ( R.F.) =
Jemleg keâer JeemleefJekeâ ceehe
(d) diagonal of rectangle
(i) hetCe& (Full size scales) ceeheveer kesâ efueS, R.F. = 1
DeeÙele kesâ efJekeâCe& keâes JÙekeäle keâjves kesâ Jeemles
(ii) ueIegkeâejkeâ ceeheveer kesâ efueS, R.F. < 1
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
(iii) Je=efækeâejkeâ ceeheveer kesâ efueS, R.F. > 1
Ans : (a) efJekeâCe& mkesâue keâe ØeÙeesie ueieeleej (DeveJejle) leerve
54. Intersection method of detailed plotting is most
FkeâeFÙeeW keâes oMee&ves nsleg keâjles nQ~ pewmes–ceeršj, [smeerceeršj, meWšerceeršj suitable for :
• meeOeejCe mkesâue ceW oes FkeâeFÙeeW keâes oMee&Ùee peelee nw~ pewmes– Øeef leÛÚsove efJeefOe efvecve ceW mes #es$e DeeuesefKele kesâ efueS mener
meWšerceeršj, efceueerceeršj nw–
51. The making of 'maps' is called– (a) Forests/pebieue (b) Urban areas/Menjer #es$e
vekeäMes kesâ efvecee&Ce keâes keâne peelee nw– (c) Hilly areas/heneÌ[er #es$e (d) Plains/meceleue
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015
(a) Calligraphy/kewâefue«eeheâer
Ans : (c) hešue meJex#eCe keâer cegKÙe efJeefOe ØeefleÛÚsove efJeefOe nw~ Fme
(b) Numismatics/vÙetefcepeceeefškeäme
efJeefOe ceW kesâJeue DeeOeej jsKee hej ner Skeâ jwefKekeâ ceehe uesves keâer
(c) Cartography/keâešex«eeheâer
DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw efpemekesâ keâejCe jwefKekeâ ceehe mecyevOeer DeMegefæÙeeB
(d) Philately/efheâuesšueer meJex#eCe keâeÙe& ceW veneR Deeleer nw~ Fme efJeefOe Éeje DeiecÙe DeLee&le efpeve
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015 efyevogDeeW hej hengBÛevee mecYeJe veneR nw GvnW Yeer megefJeOeehetJe&keâ DeeuesefKele
Ans : (c) ceeveefÛe$e leLee Gmemes mecyebefOele efJeefYeVe GhekeâjCeeW keâer efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
jÛevee, Gvekesâ efmeæevleeW Deewj efJeefOeÙeeW keâe %eeve SJeb DeOÙeÙeve 55. The instrument used for accurate centering in
keâešex«eeheâer (Cartography) keânueelee nw~ ceeveefÛe$e kesâ Deefleefjkeäle plane table survey is–
leLÙe ØeoMe&ve kesâ efueS efJeefJeOe Øekeâej kesâ DevÙe GhekeâjCe pewmes GÛÛeeJeÛe huesve šsyeue meJex#eCe ceW heefjMegæ kesâvõCe kesâ efueS
cee@[ue, ieesuekeâ, keâešex«eeheâ (cartograms) Deeefo Yeer yeveeS peeles nQ~ GhekeâjCe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
52. The type of surveying which requires least (a) Spirit level/efmØeš uesJeue
office work is (b) Alidade/Sueer[s[
meJex#eCe kesâ efkeâme Øekeâej ceW vÙetvelece keâeÙee&ueÙeer keâeÙe& keâer (c) Plumbing fork/hueefcyebie heâeke&â
DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw– (d) Through compass/õesCeer keâcheeme
RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
(a) Tacheometry/šwkeâesceeršjer
Ans : (c) GhekeâjCe
(b) Trigonometrical levelling/ef$ekeâesCeerÙeve leues#eCe
GheÙeesie
(c) Plane table surveying/hešue meJex#eCe
efmØeš uesJeue meceleueve ceW
(d) Theodolite surveying/efLeÙees[esueeFš meJex#eCe Sueer[s[ ue#Ùe yesOeve ceW
RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015 U-heâeske&â kesâvõCe ceW
Ans : (c) huesve šsyeue meJex#eCe ceW vÙetvelece keâeÙee&ueÙeer keâeÙe& keâer õesCeer keâcheeme Gòej-efoMee oMee&ves kesâ efueS
DeeJeMÙekeâlee heÌ[leer nw~ huesve šsyeue meJex#eCe ceW DeefOekeâlej keâeÙe& #es$e 56. A series of closely spaced contour lines
ceW ner mecheVe nes peelee nw~ represents a–
huesve šsyeue meJex#eCe keâes keâjves keâer efvecve efJeefOeÙeeB nw– heeme-heeme efmLele meceesÛÛe jsKeeDeeW keâer ëe=Kb euee oMee&leer
1. efJeefkeâjCe efJeefOe nw–
(a) Steep slope/KeÌ[er Ì{eue
2. ØeefleÛÚsove efJeefOe
(b) Gentle slope/GheÙegòeâ Ì{eue
3. Ûe›eâce efJeefOe
(c) Uniform slope/Skeâmeceeve Ì{eue
4. DevlejÚsove efJeefOe
(d) Plane surface/meceleue melen
53. The meaning of R.F. is RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
Deej.Sheâ. keâe DeLe& nw– {euet Yetefce–peye keâvštj jsKee heeme-heeme neslee nw lees
Ans : (a) (i)
(a) Reducing fraction/efj[dÙetefmebie øewâkeäMeve Jen Skeâ leer›e {eue keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw~
(b) Representative fraction/efjØepesefvšJe øewâkeäMeve (ii) meceeve {eue–meceeve Devlejeue hej efmLele meceesÛÛe jsKeeÙeW peceerve
(c) Reduction factor/efj[keämeve hewâkeäšj kesâ meceeve ™he mes {euet nesves keâe ØeceeCe nw~
(d) Representative factor/efjØepesefvšJe hewâkeäšj (iii) Ûehešer Yetefce–peye meceesÛÛe jsKeeDeeW keâer #eweflepe otjer DeefOekeâ nes
RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015 lees Ùes Ûehešer Yetefce ØeoefMe&le keâjleer nw~
135
57. The two point problem and three point 60. The representative fraction 1/2500 means that
problem are methods of– the scale 1 cm is equal to :
oes efyebog mecemÙee Deewj leerve efyevog mecemÙee efvecve keâer efve™hekeâ efYeVe 1/2500 keâe DeLe& nw keâer 1 mesceer hewceevee
efJeefOe nw– yejeyej nw–
(a) Resection/efjmeskeäMeve (a) 0.25m/0.25 ceer (b) 2.5m/2.5 ceer
(b) Orientation/DeesefjSbšsMeve (c) 25m/25 ceer (d) 2.5 km/2.5 efkeâceer
(c) Traversing/š^sJejefmebie RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015
(d) Resection and Orientation ceeheveer keâer uecyeeF&
Ans : (c) efve™hekeâ efYevve (R.F.) =
efjmeskeäMeve SJeb DeesefjSbšsMeve JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF&
RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015 1
Ans : (d) oes efyevog mecemÙee SJeb leerve efyevog mecemÙee DevlejÚsove Ùeefo R.F. =
2500
efJeefOe kesâ Devleie&le Deeleer nw~ Fve oesveeW efJeefOeÙeeW Éeje henues huesve šsyeue ceeheveer keâer uecyeeF& = 1 cm
keâe efokeâdmLeeheve efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ceeheveer keâer ueb.
lees JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& ·
58. Subtense bar is an instrument used for– R.F.
meymešWme yeej Skeâ Ùeb$e nw pees GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& =
1cm
= 1× 2500cm
(a) Levelling/uesJeefuebie kesâ efueS 1
(b) Measurement of horizontal distances in plane 2500
areas 2500
= ceer.
meceleue #es$e ceW #eweflepe otjer keâe ceeheve keâjves kesâ efueS 100
(c) Measurement of horizontal distances in ∴ JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& = 25
undulated area
uenjoej #es$e ceW #eweflepe otjer kesâ ceeheve kesâ efueS Dele: 1mesceer hewceevee = 25ceer.
(d) Measurement of angles/keâesCeeW kesâ ceeheve kesâ efueS 61. The needle of a magnetic compass is generally
RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015 supported on a :
Skeâ ÛegcyekeâerÙe keâcheeme keâer megF& Deece leewj hej Deeueefcyele
Ans : (c) Subtense bar Jen GhekeâjCe nw pees GhekeâjCe mšsMeve
leLee Jen mšsMeve peneB Subtense bar keâes mLeeefhele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw kesâ nesleer nw–
ceOÙe keâer #eweflepe otjer ceeheves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùen otjer (a) Bush bearing/yegMe yesDejeEie
ceeheves keâer DeØelÙe#e efJeefOe nw~ (b) Ball bearing/yeeue yesDeefjbie
(c) Needle bearing/veer[ue yesDeefjbie
59. The distance between two stations is 20
(d) Jewel bearing/pJesue yesDeefjbie
kilometres. If the R.F. of the scale is 1/400000.
Then the distance between the two stations on RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015
the map will be– Ans : (d) ÛegcyekeâerÙe keâcheeme keâer megF& pJesue efJeÙeefjbie hej Deeueefcyele
oes mšsMeveeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer 20 efkeâueesceeršj nw~ Ùeefo nesleer nw Fme efJeÙeefjbie ceW Skeâ veeskeâoej KeÌ[er keâerue nesleer nw efpemekesâ
hewceeves keâe Deej.Sheâ. 1/400000 nw~ lees vekeäMes hej oesveeW Thej keâcheeme keâer megF& Siesš šesheer Éeje efškeâer jnleer nw Deewj cegòeâ ™he
mšsMeveeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer nesieer– mes Ietceleer nw~ Siesš šesheer kesâ Devoj GÛÛe DeheIe<e&Ce Jeeuee helLej ueiee
(a) 50 cm/50 mesceer (b) 5 cm/5 mesceer neslee nw~
(c) 5 mm/5 efceceer (d) 1 cm/1 mesceer 62. Ranging is the process of-
RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015 jWefpebie Øeef›eâÙee nw–
Ans : (b) JeemleefJekeâ otjer = 20 km (a) Fixing ranging rods on the extremities of the
1 area/#es$eeW kesâ efmejeW hej jsefpebie ÚÌ[es keâes efmLej keâjvee
R.F. =
400000 (b) Aligning the chain in a straight line between
vekeäMes hej oesveesW mšsMeveesW keâs yeerÛe otjer (ℓ) two extremities/oes efmejeW kesâ yeerÛe Skeâ meerOeer jsKee ceW
∵ R.F. = ßeb=Keuee keâes mebjsefKele keâjvee
JeemleefJekeâ otjer
(c) Taking offset from a chain line
ℓ = R.F.× JeemleefJekeâ otjer
ßeb=Keuee jsKee mes Dee@heâmesš uesvee
1
= × 20 ×1000 ×100 mesceer. (d) Chaining over a range of mountains
400000 heneÌ[eW keâer Skeâ meercee hej ßeb=Keueve
∴ ℓ = 5 mesceer.
RRB JE Shift-III : 28.08.2015

136
Ans : (b) jWeEpeie Øeef›eâÙee oes efmejeW kesâ yeerÛe Skeâ meerOeer jsKee ceW 66. What is the magnetic declination at a place if the
ëe=bKeuee keâes mebjsefKele keâjvee~ heefjMegæ jWeEpeie kesâ efueS DeejsKeve oC[eW magnetic bearing of the sun at noon is 1840?
efkeâmeer mLeeve hej ÛegcyekeâerÙe efokeâdheele keäÙee nw? Ùeefo
keâer mebKÙee Ûeej nesleer nw~
oeshenj kesâ meceÙe metÙe& keâe ÛegcyekeâerÙe efokeâceeved 1840 nes?
63. Theodolite is an instrument used for-
(a) 40W (b) 40E
efLeDees[esueeF&š Skeâ GhekeâjCe nw pees GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
(c) 1760W (d) 1760E
nw– RRB JE Shift-II : 29.08.2015
(a) Tightening the capstan-headed nuts of level Ans : (a) efoÙee nw,
tube/ kesâhmevens[s[ veš kesâ uesJeue šdÙetye keâes keâmeves kesâ efueS
(b) Measurement of horizontal angles only/
kesâJeue #eweflepe keâesCe kesâ ceeheve kesâ efueS
(c) Measurement of vertical angles only/
kesâJeue TOJee&Oej keâesCe kesâ ceeheve kesâ efueS
(d) Measurement of both horizontal and vertical
angles/#eweflepe Deewj TOJee&Oej keâesCe oesveeW kesâ ceeheves kesâ
efueS
RRB JE Shift-III : 28.08.2015
Ans : (d) efLeÙees[esueeFš keâe GheÙeesie #eweflepe leLee TOJee&Oej keâesCe metÙe& keâe ÛegcyekeâerÙe efokeâceeved = 1840
ceeheves kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee peelee nw~ š^ebefpeš efLeÙees[esueeFš keâe Deuheleceebkeâ oeshenj kesâ meceÙe metÙe& keâe melÙe efokeâceeved = 1800
20" neslee nw~ Ùen keâesCeeW keâes DeefOekeâ heefjMegælee mes ceehelee nw~
∵ÛegcyekeâerÙe efokeâheeled = 1800 – 1840
efLeÙees[esueeFš keâe GheÙeesie mšsef[Ùee leej kesâ Éeje otjer ceeheves kesâ efueS
= –40
Yeer efkeâÙee peelee nw, hejvleg Ùen heefjMegæ heefjCeece veneR oslee nw~ =4 W 0

64. Which of the following tape is least affected by Dele: ÛegcyekeâerÙe efokeâheeled 40 W nesiee~
temperature changes and is highly precise–
67. The error in measured length due to sag of
efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee heâerlee leeheceeve heefjJele&ve mes keâce chain or tape is known as–
ØeYeeefJele neslee nw Deewj GÛÛe ™he ceW heefjMegæ nw– Ûesve Ùee šshe kesâ Peesue kesâ keâejCe ceeheer ieF& uecyeeF& ceW
(a) Linen tape/Oeeiee heâerlee $egefš keâes peevee peelee nw–
(b) Metallic tape/OeeeflJekeâ heâerlee (a) Positive error/Oeveelcekeâ $egefš
(c) Steel tape/Fmheele heâerlee (b) Negative error/$e+Ceelcekeâ $egefš
(d) Invar tape/FvJeej heâerlee (c) Compensating error/Øeeflekeâejer $egefš
RRB JE Shift-I : 29.08.2015 (d) Instrumental error/GhekeâjCe mebyebOeer $egefš
Ans : (d) FvJeej heâerlee Fmheele (64%) Deewj efveefkeâue (36%) mes RRB JE Shift-III : 29.08.2015
efceuekeâj yevee neslee nw~ ÛetBefkeâ efveefkeâue keâe T<ceerÙe Øemeej iegCeebkeâ yengle Ans : (a) Oeveelcekeâ $egefš–
keâce neslee nw, FmeefueS Ùen heâerlee leeheceeve heefjJele&ve mes keâce ØeYeeefJele Peesue mebMeesOeve Csg–peye heâerles keâes peceerve hej ve hewâueekeâj,
neslee nw~ DeeuecyeeW hej jKekeâj hewâueeÙee peelee nw, leye heâerlee mJeÙeb kesâ Yeej kesâ
65. For a well conditional triangle, no angle should keâejCe meerOee ve jnkeâj Peesue keâer Mekeäue ues ueslee nw pees Skeâ hejJeueÙe
be less than– ceeve efueÙee peelee nw~ Fme efmLeefle ceW ceeheer ieÙeer otjer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF&
megDeekeâejerÙe ef$eYegpe kesâ efueS, keâesF& Yeer keâesCe efvecve mes
mes DeefOekeâ nesieer~ Ùen $egefš Oeveelcekeâ nesleer nw efpemekeâe mebMeesOeve
keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– $e+Ceelcekeâ neslee nw–
0 0
(a) 20 (b) 30
(c) 450 (d) 600 w 2 L3
Csg =
RRB JE Shift-II : 29.08.2015 24 P 2
Ans : (b) DeÛÚs meJex#eCe keâeÙe& kesâ efueS ØemleeefJele Yet#es$e keâes Deeheme peneBCsg = Peesue mebMeesOeve (m ceW)
ceW mešer ngF& Deveskeâ ef$eYegpeeW ceW yeeBš efueÙee peelee nw uesefkeâve ef$eYegpe w = Øeefle heeš ceW heâerles keâe mJeÙeb keâe Yeej
megDeekeâejerÙe nesvee ÛeeefnS DeLee&led Fmekeâe keâesF& Yeer keâesCe 300 mes keâce L = ceeheer ieÙeer uecyeeF& (m)
DeLeJee 1200 mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~ P = ceeheve kesâ meceÙe efKebÛeeJe yeue

137
 DeefYeÙeebef$ekeâer
(MECHANICS)
efkeâmeer melen kesâ Devleie&Leve Je otmejer melen kesâ Devleie&Leve kesâ mecheke&â
1. yeue (Force) ceW Deeves hej GlheVe yeue keânueelee nw- Ie<e&Ce
ketâuecye kesâ Ie<e&Ce kesâ efveÙece "esme Ie<e&Ce keâer oMeeDeeW ceW kewâmeer meleneW
keâeÙe& keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw- petue kesâ efueS ueeiet nesles nQ- meeHeâ SJeb metKeer melen
yeue kewâmeer jeefMe nw- meefoMe jeefMe oes efheC[eW kesâ mecheke&â leue hej Jen DeefOekeâlece Ie<e&Ce peye Gve
Meefòeâ keâer efJecee nesleer nw- M1L2T-3 efheC[eW ceWs meehes#e ieefle nesves Jeeueer nesleer nw keânueelee nw-
Ûejce Ie<e&Ce
LT-1 efkeâmekeâer efJecee nw- Jesie
Skeâ efheC[ keâes otmejs efheC[ hej efHeâmeueves mes jeskeâves Jeeues Ie<e&Ce yeue
keâesCeerÙe Jesie keâer efJecee nw- T-1 keâes keânles nQ- efmLej Ie<e&Ce
DeeJesie keâer ØeCeeueer ceW FkeâeF& nesleer nw- [eFve-meskeâC[ meceleue keâe Jen keâesCe efpeme hej efheC[ meceleue kesâ veerÛes Ûeuevee
yeue kesâ ue#eCe (Characteristics)
1 efk Meg™ keâj oslee nw, keânueelee nw- efJeßeece keâesCe
1. yeue keâer efoMee Fmekeâe leelheÙe& Gme efoMee mes nw eqpeme meÌ[keâ keâer melen keâe Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ Iešlee nw peye-
efoMee ceW yeue ef›eâÙee keâjlee nw~ leeheceeve yeÌ{lee nw
2. yeue keâe heefjceeCe Fmes šve, efkeâ«ee, vÙetšve ceW mebKÙee kesâ hetCe& efÛekeâves leueeW kesâ efueS Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw- MetvÙe
™he ceW JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
3. yeue keâe ef›eâÙee efyevog yeue keâe ef›eâÙee efyevog Jemleg keâe Jen Ùeefo R DeefYeuecye Øeefleef›eâÙee leLee F meerceevle Ie<e&Ce nes, lees Ie<e&Ce
mLeeve nw peneB hej yeue ueielee nw~ iegCeebkeâ µ keâe ceeve nesiee– µ · F/R
4. yeue keâe ef›eâÙee jsKee Ùen yeue keâer efoMee ceW Skeâ mejue Skeâ meerÌ{er efÛekeâveer Yetefce hej KeÌ[er nw leLee Skeâ TOJee&Oej oerJeej hej
jsKee nw pees yeue kesâ ef›eâÙee efyevog mes Pegkeâer nw Fme DeJemLee ceW Ie<e&Ce keâeÙe& keâjsiee-
iegpejleer nw~ meerÌ{er kesâ Thejer efmejs hej MetvÙe Ie<e&Ce nesieer~
2. DeeIetCe& (Moment) kegâÚ metKeer meleneW kesâ efueS Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ
efheC[eW kesâ heoeLe& Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ (µ)
Ùeefo efkeâmeer efheC[ hej ueie jns yeue keâer ef›eâÙee jsKee keâer efyevog mes Fmheele ceW 0.4 mes 0.8
uecye otjer MetvÙe nes lees yeue DeeIetCe& keâe ceeve nesiee- MetvÙe efceóer ceW 0.4 mes 0.7
yeue-DeeIetCe& keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw- vÙetšve-ceeršj ÛeceÌ[s leLee Oeeleg ceW 0.3 mes 0.6
Oeeleg leLee helLej ceW 0.3 mes 0.7
yeue-DeeIetCe& keâer M.K.S ØeCeeueer ceW FkeâeF& keäÙee nw- efkeâ«ee-ceer. uekeâÌ[er leLee Oeeleg ceW 0.2 mes 0.6
efkeâmeer yeue kesâ ØeYeeJe ceW Jemleg keâe PegkeâeJe keânueelee nw- uekeâÌ[er ceW 0.2 mes 0.5
veceve IetCe& {ueJee ueesne ceW 0.3 mes 0.4

3. yeueeW keâe mebÙeespeve leLee meceeÙeespeve 5. meeOeejCe ceMeerveW (Simple Machines)

(Composition of Forces and Equilibrium)
efkeâmeer HeâMe& hej KeÌ[er oerJeej kesâ menejs efškeâeSb efkeâmeer Yeejer meerÌ{er ceMeerve Devegheele keâer o#elee keäÙee nw- ceMeerve kesâ Glheeove mes
Deeoeve lekeâ
meblegueve ceW vener nesieer, Ùeefo-
HeâMe& Deewj oerJeej oesveeW keâer melen efÛekeâves neW DeeoMe& ceMeerve keâer Ùeebef$ekeâ o#elee nesleer nw- 1

heefjCeeceer yeue helee keâjves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keâes keânles nQ- mebÙeespeve JeemleefJekeâ ceMeerve keâer ÙeeBef$ekeâ o#elee nesleer nw- 1 mes keâce
efkeâmeer ceMeerve keâes oer ieÙeer Tpee& keâer cee$ee keâes keânles nQ-
meecÙekeâ yeue Jen nw, pees- efheC[ keâes mevlegueve ceW ueelee nw~ oòe Tpee& (Input Energy)
4. Ie<e&Ce (Friction) ØeeÙe: DeefOekeâebMe ceMeerveeW ceW ÙeeBef$ekeâer ueeYe FkeâeF& mes DeefOekeâ nesves
hej Jesie Devegheele nesiee- FkeâeF& mes DeefOekeâ
Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve neslee nw- Skeâ efkeâmeer DeeoMe& ceMeerve ceW ceMeerve hej ueieeÙee ieÙee yeue Je ceMeerve
efkeâmeer Jemleg keâes efKemekeâeves keâer DeJemLee ceW JeebefÚle yeue, Ie<e&Ce yeue Éeje efkeâÙee ieÙee keâeÙe& nesvee ÛeeefnS- meceeve
mes nesiee- yejeyej Ùeebef$ekeâ ueeYe Devegheele neslee nw- Yeej Je DeeÙeeme
138
efkeâmeer JeemleefJekeâ ceMeerve ceW efkeâmeer efoÙes ngÙes Yeej keâes G"eves kesâ efueS efkeâmeer ieesueerÙe Keesue ceW GlheVe heefjOeerÙe Øeefleyeue efkeâme met$e Éeje
DeeÙeeme (P) keâe ceeve nesiee- Pd
%eele efkeâÙee peelee nw-
JeemleefJekeâ DeeÙeeme > DeeoMe& DeeÙeeme 4t
efkeâmeer ueerJej keâe ÙeeBef$ekeâ ueeYe neslee nw- efkeâmeer yesueveekeâej Keesue ceW GlheVe DevegowOÙe& efJeke=âefle keâe met$e-
M.A = W/P Yeej/ØeÙeeme Pd  1 1 
-
ueerJej ueeYe keâes yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles nQ- 2tE  2 m 
Ùeewefiekeâ ueerJej Deebleefjkeâ oeye kesâ keâejCe Skeâ yesueveekeâej keâJeÛe ceW Øesefjle nthe
keâesF& Ùegice GlheVe keâjlee nw- IetCe&ve-ieefle Øeefleyeue nesiee- leveve
Ùeefo yeue Je Yeej oesveeW ner Deeuecye kesâ Skeâ ner Deesj neW leLee yeue efkeâmeer Kegues efmejs Jeeues heleues yesueveekeâej Keesue hej Skeâ meceeve
kesâ keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeuee efyevog Yeej keâer Dehes#ee Deeuecye mes yengle otj Deevleefjkeâ oeye [euee peeÙe, lees Gme hej heÌ[siee-
nes lees ÙeeBef$ekeâ ueeYe meowJe nesiee- FkeâeF& mes DeefOekeâ heefjOeerÙe Je DevegowOÙe& Øeefleyeue oesveeW
Ùeefo mebKÙee ceW efkeâleves ner meceleueerÙe yeue meblegueve nQ lees Gvekesâ 7. Oejves leLee kewâefÛeÙeeB
meceleue ceW efkeâmeer efyevog hej meYeer yeueeW kesâ IetCeeX keâe yeerpeerÙe (Beams and Trusses)
ÙeesieHeâue nesiee- MetvÙe
efkeâmeer ceMeerve mes efkeâÙee ieÙee keâeÙe& (output) Je Gme hej ueieeÙes peye Oejve oes mes DeefOekeâ šskeâesb hej efškeâer jnleer nw, lees keânueeleer nw-
melele Ùee DeveskeâeOeej Oejve
ieÙes yeue keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw- ueerJej ueeYe
mejue Ùee jesuej šskeâeW hej Øeefleef›eâÙeeDeeW keâer mebKÙee nesleer nw- Skeâ
efkeâmeer ceMeerve keâer o#elee efkeâme met$e mes %eele keâer pee mekeâleer nw Ùeefo
P · DeeÙeeme, W · Yeej, D · DeeÙeeme keâe efJemLeeheve d · Demeceleue {eBÛes kesâ pees[Ì keânueeles nQ- efvemhevo (Nodes)
W×d oesveeW lejHeâ šskeâeW mes yeenj efvekeâueer keQâÛeer Ùee Oejve keâes keânles nQ
Yeej keâe efJemLeeheve-
P×D oesveeW Deesj yeenj efvekeâueer keQâÛeer Ùee Øeuecyeer Oejve
ceMeerve kesâ efveÙece P = mW+C mes DeefOekeâ ÙeeBef$ekeâ ueeYe (M.A) keâewve meer šskeWâ keâesCeerÙe efJemLeeheve keâe efJejesOe veneR keâjleer nw-
1 Deeyeæ šskeWâ
keâe ceeve nesiee- M.A =
m
keâewve meer šskeWâ mejue jsKeerÙe SJeb keâesCeerÙe oesveeW ner Øekeâej kesâ
Jesmšve efIejveer yuee@keâ ceW Ùeefo D Je d ›eâceMe: heefnÙes Ùee yeÌ[er efJemLeeheve keâe efJejesOe keâjleer nw- keâypesoej Ùee efheve šskeâ
efIejveer leLee Úesšer efIejveer kesâ JÙeeme nes lees Gmekeâe Jesie Devegheele V
nesiee- D/d efkeâmeer øesâce ceW DeeJeMÙekeâlee mes DeefOekeâ DeJeÙeJe nesves hej Gmes keâne
peelee nw- Deefleefjòeâ øesâce
6. Øeefleyeue SJeb efJeke=âefle efkeâmeer peesÌ[ hej keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeues yeue Skeâ ner jsKee ceW nesves hej
(Stress and Strain) peesÌ[ keâes meecÙeeJemLee ceW jKeves kesâ efueS ØelÙeskeâ yeue nesiee- MetvÙe
efkeâmeer keQâÛeer keâer meyemes mejue Deeke=âefle nesleer nw- ef$eYegpe
Øeefleyeue keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw– vÙetšve/ceerceer.2
keQâÛeer ceW mecheer[dÙe DeJeÙeJe keânueeles nQ– šskeâ (Strut)
efJeke=âefle keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw– keâesF& veneR
efkeâmeer mechetCe& øesâce ceW peesÌ[eW keâer mebKÙee J Je DeJeÙeJeeW keâer mebKÙee
ØelÙeemLee ceeheebkeâ neslee nw– meerOee Øeefleyeue/meerOee efJeke=âefle n ceW mecyevOe neslee nw~- n =2J-3
ÂÌ{lee ceeheebkeâ neslee nw– keâle&ve Øeefleyeue/keâle&ve efJeke=âefle Ùeefo efkeâmeer DehetCe& øesâce ceW peesÌ[eW keâer mebKÙee J leLee DeJeÙeJeeW keâer
ØelÙeemLee ceeheebkeâ leLee ÂÌ{lee ceeheebkeâ ceW mecyevOe– mebKÙee N nes lees GmeceW mecyevOe nesiee- N < 2J-3
E = 2G (1 + µ ) keQâÛeer ceW ØeÙegòeâ meYeer peesÌ[ ceW Ie<e&Ce neslee nw- veieCÙe
1. A circle will appear, on an isometric drawing
ØelÙeemLee ceeheebkeâ leLee yeukeâ ceeheebkeâ ceW mecyevOe– as a/an ...............
E = 3K ( 1 - 2µ ) meceefceleerÙe DeejsKeve ceW Skeâ Je=òe efoKesiee–
(a) Parabola/hejJeueÙe (b) Ellipse/oerIe&Je=òe
Skeâ heleueer efmeueW[jvegcee Mesue ceW, DevegowOÙe& Øeefleyeue keâe heefjOeerÙe (c) Circle/Je=òe (d) cycloid/meeFkeäueeÙe[
Øeefleyeue mes Devegheele neslee nw- 0.5 RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
heleueer oerJeej Jeeues efmeueW[jeW ceW nthe Øeefleyeue Deewj DevegowOÙe& Øeefleyeue Ans : (b) meceefceleerÙe DeejsKeve ceW Skeâ Je=òe, oerIe&Je=òe keâer lejn
keâe Devegheele neslee nw- 2
efoKesiee~
meceefceleerÙe Ùee meceheefjceeCe DeejsKeve ceW Je=òe keâes Skeâ leerveeW efJeceeDeeW
heleues yesueve keâe efmeæevle keâe GheÙeesie Fmekeâer melen šQkeâ oerJeej keâer keâes Skeâ ner leue ceW ØeoefMe&le efkeâÙee peelee nw~ peyeefkeâ uecyekeâesCeerÙe
yeveeJeš ceW neslee nw-leue ceW vecÙe peesÌ[ jnves Jeeuee Øe#eshe ceW Skeâ Jemleg keâer efJeceeDeeW keâer peevekeâejer kesâ efueS oes Ùee leerve
Je=òeekeâej šQkeâ efÛe$e yeveeÙee peelee nw~
139
2. If the number of member provided is more (c) position/efmLeefle hej
than the requirement, then the frame is called (d) all the above/Ghejesòeâ meYeer hej
as : RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014
Ùeefo IeškeâeW keâer Øeoòe mebKÙee DeeJeMÙekeâlee mes DeefOekeâ Ans. (d) : yeue keâes hetCe& ™he mes heefjYeeef<ele keâjves kesâ efueS Ûeej
nes lees, Jen {eBÛee keânueelee nw- IeškeâeW keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw–
(a) Perfect frame/hetCe& {eBÛee l. heefjceeCe 2. efoMee 3. Jen efyevog peneB yeue keâeÙe&jle nw 4. ef›eâÙee jsKee
(b) Redundant frame/Deefleefjòeâ {eBÛee vÙetšve kesâ ieefle keâe otmeje efveÙece yeue keâes heefjYeeef<ele keâjlee nw~
(c) Deficient frame/$egefšhetCe& {eBÛee dp m.dv
(d) Portal frame/heesš&ue {eBÛee = mes, yeue Skeâ meefoMe jeefMe nw~ F = m.d
dt dt
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015 yeue keâer FkeâeF& – S.I. ØeCeeueer – vÙetšve (N)
Ans : (b) peye efkeâmeer {eBÛes ceW meomÙeeW keâer mebKÙee, DeeJeMÙekeâ M.K.S. " – efkeâuees«eece–Yeej (Kg–S)
meomÙeeW keâer mebKÙee mes DeefOekeâ nesleer nw lees Gmes Deefleefjòeâ {eBÛee keâne C.G.S " – [eFve (Dyne)
peelee nw~
1vÙetšve = 105 [eFve
(a) Deefleefjòeâ {e@Ûes kesâ efueS
N > 2J − 3 leLee 1kgf = 9.8N
(b) hetCe& {e@Ûes kesâ efueS
6. The resultant of two forces P and Q acting on
N = 2J − 3
(c) DeYeeJe {e@Ûes kesâ efueS an angle θ, is given by:
θ keâesCe hej ef›eâÙeeMeerue oes yeueeW P leLee Q kesâ heefjCeeceer
N < 2J − 3
peneB N = meomÙeeW keâer mebKÙee leLee J = peesÌ[eW keâer mebKÙee nw keâes kewâmes JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peeSiee?
3. Which one of the following decides the time of (a) P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ tan θ
response of an indication instrument (b) P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQsin θ
efvecve ceW mes Skeâ mebkesâlekeâ GhekeâjCe keâer Øeefleef›eâÙee kesâ
meceÙe keâes efveefMÛele keâjlee nw– (c) P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos θ
(a) Deflecting system/efJe#eshekeâ heæefle (d) P + Q + 2PQ tan θ
(b) Controlling system/efveÙeb$ekeâ heæefle RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014
(c) Damping system/DeJecevokeâ heæefle Ans. (c) : ∆ mecekeâes Ce BOD mes
(d) Pivot and jewel bearing/Oegjer Deewj pesJesue efyeÙeefjbie
RRB SSE Shift-II : 02.09.2015
Ans : (c) efJe#eshekeâ leLee efveÙeb$eCe yeueeIetCeeX cebs Ùeebef$ekeâ peÌ[lee kesâ
keâejCe mebkesâlekeâ Deefvlece efJeÉeshe keâer efmLeefle kesâ heeme oesueve keâjlee nw~
DeJecevove yeue nesves Jeeues oesueve hej yeÇskeâ keâe keâeÙe& keâjleer nw~ efpemekesâ
keâejCe mebkesâlekeâ MeerIeÇ ner efJejeceeJemLee keâes Øeehle keâj ueslee nw~
AD = AB Cos α
4. The following is not essential for the working of
BD = AB Sin α
an indicating instrument OB2 = OD2 + BO2
mebkesâlekeâ GhekeâjCe kesâ keâece kesâ efueS efvecve ces mes keâewve = (OA + AD)2 + BD2
DeeJeMÙekeâ veneR nw– = (OA) + (AD)2 + 2AD.OA + BD2
(a) Deflecting torque/efJe#eshekeâ yeueeIetCe& = (OA)2 + (AB)2 + 20A.AB Cos α
= P2 + Q2 + 2PQ Cos ∴ Sim2 α + Cos2 α = 1
(b) Braking torque/yeÇsefkebâie yeueeIetCe&
(c) Damping torque/DeJecevove yeueeIetCe& R = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ Cosα
(d) Controlling torque/efveÙeb$ekeâ yeueeIetCe& 7. If a point moves in a plane in such a way that
RRB SSE Shift-II : 02.09.2015 the sum of its distances from two fixed points is
Ans : (b) mebkesâlekeâ GhekeâjCe ceW leerve Øekeâej keâe yeueeIetCe& efJe#eshekeâ, constant, the curve so traced is called:
efveÙeb$ekeâ leLee DeJecevokeâ keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ peyeefkeâ yeÇsefkebâie yeueeIetCe& keâe Ùeefo Skeâ efyevog Skeâ meceleue hej Fme Øekeâej ieefle keâjlee nw
GheÙeesie ceesšj keâes efveÙebef$ele keâjves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efkeâ DevÙe oes efyevogDeeW mes Gmekeâer otefjÙeeW keâe Ùeesie efmLej
5. Effect of a force on a body depends upon its: jnlee nw, Fme Øekeâej mes DevegjsefKele Je›eâ keâes keäÙee keânles nQ?
efkeâmeer efheb[ hej Deejesefhele yeue keâe ØeYeeJe efveYe&j keâjlee nw (a) Parabola/hejJeueÙe
(b) Ellipse/oerIe&Je=òe
Fmekesâ : (c) Hyperbola/Deefle hejJeueÙe
(a) direction/efoMee hej (d) All of these/FveceW mes mYeer
(b) magnitude/heefjceeCe hej RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014
140
Ans. (b) : Skeâ efyevog Skeâ meceleue hej Fme Øekeâej ieefle keâjW efkeâ (b) It is Uniform/Skeâ meceeve
DevÙe oes efyevogDeeW mes Gmekeâer otefjÙeeW keâe Ùeesie efmLej jnlee nw, Gmes (c) Its direction changes/Fmekeâer efoMee heefjJeefle&le nw
oerIe&Je=òe keânles nQ~ (d) its magnitude changes
Fmekeâe heefjceeCe heefjJeefle&le neslee nw
8. A wound watch spring has ......... energy.
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014
Ûeeyeer Yejer ngF& IeÌ[er keâer keâceeveer ceW (wound watch Ans : (c)
spring) ............... Tpee& nesleer nw~
(a) mechanical/Ùeebef$ekeâ
(b) kinetic/ieeflepe
(c) potential/efmLeeflepe
(d) kinetic and potential/ieeflepe leLee efmLeeflepe keâesF& keâCe P Ùeefo Je=leerÙe heLe hej Skeâ meceeve ieefle mes ieefle keâjs lees
RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014 Gmekeâe keâesCeerÙe Jesie lees meceeve nesiee uesefkeâve Gmekeâe jsKeerÙe Jesie efoMee
Ans : (c) Ûeeyeer Yejer ngF& IeÌ[er keâer keâceeveer ceW efmLeeflepe Tpee& nesleer kesâ meeLe heefjJeefle&le neslee nw~
nw~ ∴ V=
ds
V heefjJeefle&le nesiee, lees lJejCe Øeehle nesiee~ jsKeerÙe
peye Ûeeyeer Yejles nQ, lees GmeceW šejmeve neslee nw leLee keâceeveer GmeceW dt
Tpee& mebefÛele nes peeleer nw, efheâj Oeerjs-Oeerjs Jen Deheves efmLeefle ceW Deeleer Jesie keâer efoMee yeoueves kesâ keâejCe lJejCe keâer Yeer efoMee heefjJeefle&le nesleer nw~
nw~ Tpee& cegòeâ nesleer nw, efpememes IeÌ[er keâes Tpee& efceueleer nw Deewj IeÌ[er 11. For drawing engineering curves, Which is
Ûeueves ueieleer nw~ correct option (e = eccentricity)
9. What is angle between two vectors, their sum is Fb peerveÙebefjbie Je›eâeW kesâ mebjsKeCe ceW keâewve-mee mener efJekeâuhe
to be maximum? nw (e = eccentricity)
oes meefoMeeW (Jeskeäšj) keâe Ùeesie DeefOekeâlece nesves hej (a) For Ellipse, e > 1/oerIe&Je=òe kesâ efueS, e > 1
Gvekesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe nesiee: (b) For Parabola, e < 1/hejJeueÙe kesâ efueS, e < 1
(a) 90 0
(b) 45 0 (c) For Hyperbola, e = 1/DeeflehejJeueÙe kesâ efueS, e = 1
(c) 0 0
(d) 180 0 (d) For Parabola, e = 1/hejJeueÙe kesâ efueS e = 1
RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014 RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
Ans. (c) : Ùeefo oes meefoMe Jeskeäšj P leLee Q nw~ leLee Fve yeueeW keâe Ans : (d) HejJeueÙe
kesâ efueS Glkesâvõlee e = 1
heefjCeeceer R nes, lees – oerIe&Je=òe keâer Glkesâvõlee MetvÙe mes DeefOekeâ leLee Skeâ mes keâce nesleer nw~
0<e<1
R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ Cos α
Je=òe kesâ efueS Glkesâvõlee (e) = 0
DeeflehejJeueÙe kesâ efueS Glkesâvõlee (e) > 1
12. The eccentricity of an ellipse is–
Ùeefo α = o lees Cos α↑ Coso o = 1 Skeâ oerIe&Je=òe keâe Glkesâvõlee neslee nw–
R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ × 1 (a) = 1 (b) < 1
(c) > 1 (d) = 0
R2 = (P + Q)2
RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
∴ R = P+Q
Ans : (b) • oerIe&Je=òe kesâ efueS Glkesâvõlee ncesMee 1 mes keâce leLee 0
mes pÙeeoe neslee nw~
Ùeefo α = 1800 lees b2
Glkesâvõlee e = 1 −
R = P−Q a2
Dele: mhe<š nw efkeâ α↓ lees cos α↑ lees heefjCeeceer ncesMee pÙeeoe Je=òe kesâ efueS e = 0
nesiee~ hejJeueÙe kesâ efueS e = 1
oes Jeskeäšjes keâe Ùeesie DeefOekeâlece nesves kesâ efueS Fve JeskeäšjeW kesâ yeerÛe keâe DeeflehejJeueÙe kesâ efueS e > 1  b2 
e = 1 + 2 
keâesCe 00 nesvee ÛeeefnS~  a 
Ùeefo α = 180 nes lees vÙetvelece heefjCeeceer Øeehle nesiee~
10. A particle moves along a circular path with
constant speed. What is the nature of its
acceleration?
keâesF& Skeâ keâCe efmLej ieefle mes Skeâ Je=òeerÙe heLe hej ieefle
keâj jner nw~ Fmekesâ lJejCe keâer Øeke=âefle nw?
(a) its is zero/MetvÙe nw
141
 Fmheele leLee efÛeveeF& FbpeerefveÙeefjbie
(Design of Steel and Masonry Structurs)
1. efjJesš peesÌ[ leLee Fmheele heefjÛeÙe ■ ÂÌ{ Je›eâekeâej meleneW keâer mebjÛevee keânueeleer nw– Keesue mebjÛevee
■ DevÙe heoeLeeX keâer Dehes#ee Fmheeleer DeJeÙeJe Fme keâejCe mes hemebo veneR
(Rivet Joint and Steel Introduction) efkeâÙes peeles, keäÙeeWefkeâ– FmeceW pebie ueie peelee nw
DeefYekeâuheve kesâ efueS mebjÛeveelcekeâ Fmheele keâe Ùebie ceeheebkeâ keâe ceeve ■ I.S. kesâ Devegmeej Fmheeleer yesefuuele heefjÛÚso nesles nQ– veew Øekeâej kesâ
neslee nw- 2×105 N/mm2 ■ ce=og Fmheele hej Deemeeveer mes veneR keâer pee mekeâleer nw–
efhešJee ueesne ceW keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee nesleer nw- 0.15³ lekeâ
keâ"esjve mebef›eâÙee
■ efkeâmeer heefjÛÚso kesâ heäueQpe Je hesšs keâe pebkeäMeve keânueelee nw–
mebjÛeveelcekeâ Fmheele keâe IevelJe neslee nw- 7850 Kg/m3 heäueWspe SWieue
Fmheele kesâ iegCeOece& ceW yeoueeJe ueeÙee pee mekeâlee nw- ■ ce=og Fmheele ceW owOÙe&Je=efæ keâe vÙetvelece ØeefleMele nw– 23%
G<cee DeefYeef›eâÙee Éeje ■ mebjÛeveelcekeâ Fmheele ceW keâeye&ve keâe ØeefleMele neslee nw–
■ Øeefle Ieve ceeršj Fmheele keâe Yeej neslee nw, ueieYeie– 7850 efkeâ«ee. 0.20 mes 0.27
■ Fmheele keâe leveve meeceLÙe& Deeceleewj hej ceevee peelee nw– ■ heòeeroej mebjÛeveelcekeâ Fmheeleer heefjÛÚso Je yebOekeâ yeveeves kesâ efueS
42 mes 54 efkeâ«ee./efceceer.2 GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– ce=og Fmheele keâe
■ efkeâmeer Jemleg hej efkeâmeer Yeej ØeCeeueer kesâ keâeÙe& keâjves hej GmeceW ■ efkeâmeer Jesefuuele Fmheele kesâ Oejve kesâ heefjÛÚso keâe yee¢e Deewj
efJe™heCe GlheVe nesleer nw~ Fme efJe™heCe keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueÙes Gme Deebleefjkeâ heeÕe& Skeâ otmejs hej vele nQ Deewj Jes Skeâ otmejs keâes efkeâmeer
Jemleg ceW ØeeflejesOe GlheVe neslee nw~ Ùen Jemleg keânueeleer nw– mebjÛevee keâesCe hej ØeefleÛÚso keâjles nQ~ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ Deewmele Yeej keâer Oejve
■ mebjÛeveelcekeâ FbpeerefveÙejer ceW GheÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues efmeæeble kesâ efueS Fme ØeefleÛÚso keâesCe keâe ceeve nesiee– 80
GheÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer meece«eer hej –mJeleb$e nw
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer mebjÛevee keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& Deewj ceesšeF& Gmekeâer uecyeeF& keâer ■ ISI kesâ Devegmeej yesefuuele Fmheele yeerce (Rolled steel beam)
leguevee ceW keâce nes, lees Jen keânueeleer nw– Skeâ efJeceerÙe mebjÛevee meskeäMeve keâes Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– 5 ëe=bKeueeDeeW ceW
■ mLeweflekeâerÙe DeefveOee&Ùe& mebjÛeveeDeeW keâer JÙeeKÙee keâjles meceÙe meblegueve ■ ce=og Fmheele ceW meuheâj keâe ØeefleMele neslee nw– 0.055%
meceerkeâjCe Je mebiele efJe™heCe meceerkeâjCe– peesÌ[er peeveer ÛeeefnÙes ■ efkeâmeer øesâce keâer mebjÛevee kesâ DeJeÙeJe keâes efve™efhele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer mebjÛevee keâer oes efJeceeSB Ùee ceehe Dehes#eeke=âle yeÌ[er Deewj jsKee Éeje
leermejer ceehe Úesšer nes, lees Jen mebjÛevee keânueeleer nw– ■ ÛewveueeW ceW cejesÌ[ nesves keâe keâejCe De#e kesâ meehes#e mece™helee keâer
meceleue mebjÛevee keâceer nesleer nw– Jesye kesâ meceevlej
■ peye Yeej Skeâ melen mes mecheke&â keâer otmejer melen ceW mLeeveevleefjle nw
mebjÛeveelcekeâ Fmheele (Structural Steel) lees GlheVe Øeefleyeue keânueelee nw– keâle&ve Øeefleyeue
Øekeâej iegCeOece& ■ ce=og Fmheele kesâ efueS ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ neslee nw–
{ueJee ueesne keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee 2 mes 4³ 2.10 × 105 vÙetšve/efceceer.2
(Cast Iron) leveve #ecelee keâce hejvleg mecheer[ve #ecelee ■ hejeYeJe Øeefleyeue Deewj keâeÙe&keâejer Øeefleyeue Devegheele nw–
DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~ megj#ee iegCeebkeâ keâe
efhešJee ueesne keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee 0.15³ lekeâ ■ meJee&efOekeâ IevelJe Jeeueer Oeeleg nw– cejkeâjer
(Wrought Ùen levÙe DeeIeeleJeOe&veerÙe leLee ÛeerceÌ[ ■ ØelÙeemLelee meercee ceW DevegowOÙe& Øeefleyeue Deewj DevegowOÙe& efJeke=âefle keâe
Iron) neslee nw~ Devegheele keânueelee nw, ØelÙeemLelee keâe– ceeheebkeâ
Ùen ueesns keâe Megælece ™he nw~ ■ ØelÙeemLelee meercee ceW DeeÙeleefvekeâ ceeheebkeâ Devegheele neslee nw–
Fmheele (Steel) keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee 1.5³ lekeâ neF[^esmšwefškeâ Øeefleyeue Deewj DeeÙeleefvekeâ efJeke=âefle keâe
Ùen DeefOekeâ ueÛeeruee neslee nw~ ■ heâveeaÛej Je meeceeve keâe Yeej– Ûeue Yeej nw
Fmheele ceW pebie (Rust) Deemeeveer mes ueie ■ ØelÙeemLelee meercee ceW hee@Ùemeve keâe Devegheele Fmheele kesâ efueS neslee nw–
peeleer nw~
0.27 mes 0.30 lekeâ
ce=og Fmheele keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee 0.15³ mes 0.30³
■ Ùeefo 'v' nJee keâe Jesie nw lees JeeÙeg oeye Deveg›eâceevegheeleer nesiee– v3
(Mild steel) levÙelee nesves kesâ keâejCe efJeefYeVe KeC[eW ceW
■ Ûejce Øeefleyeue SJeb keâeÙe&keâejer Øeefleyeue Devegheele nw–
yesefuuele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ megj#ee iegCeebkeâ keâe
■ ce=og Fmheele keâe GheÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
keâešves ceW ØeÙegòeâ Deewpeej kesâ efJeefvecee&Ce ceW YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ kesâ Devegmeej mebjÛeveelcekeâ Fmheele keâer vÙetvelece leveve
■ efkeâmeer I-Oejve KeC[ ceW oes heäueQpe nesles nQ leLee šer KeC[ ceW– meeceLÙe& keâe ceeve neslee nw- 410 N/mm2
kesâJeue Skeâ efkeâmeer Ûewveue KeC[ ceW neslee nw- Skeâ yesJe oes HeäueQpe
142
 ceevekeâ Yeej efoÙes ieÙes nQ- IS-875 ■ 20 efceceer0 JÙeeme kesâ efjJesš keâe mekeâue JÙeeme nw– 21.5
■ oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ Fmheele kesâ DeJeÙeJeeW keâes Deeheme ceW peesÌ[ves kesâ
keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee kesâ ØeefleMele ceW DeefYeJe=efæ keâjves mes- Fmheele keâer mLeeve hej OebmeeÙee ieÙee ieesue yesueveekeâej Fmheele keâe šgkeâÌ[e
leveve meeceLÙe& keâce nes peelee nw~ keânueelee nw– efjJesš
nukesâ mšerue meeos yeej kesâ megÂÌ{erkeâjCe kesâ efueÙes Øeemebefiekeâ ceevekeâ ■ efjJesš keâe Deekeâej JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw–
keäÙee nw- IS: 432-1996 Mewbkeâ keâs JÙeeme kesâ Éeje
■ efkeâmeer mebjÛevee keâer Úle hej Ûeue Yeej keâe ceeve nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– ■ mebjÛeveelcekeâ DeJeÙeJeeW keâes mLeeF& ™he mes peesÌ[ves kesâ efueÙes ueieeÙes
200 kg/m2 mes keâce veneR peeves ÛeeefnÙes– efjJesš peesÌ[
■ yehe&â kesâ mener DeeBkeâÌ[s GheueyOe ve nesves hej Gmekeâe Yeej Øeefle cm ■ JeeÙegceC[ue kesâ leehe›eâce hej OebmeeÙes peeves Jeeues efjJesš nQ–
"b[er Oebmeve efjJesš
ienjeF& ceevee pee mekeâlee nw– 2.5 kg/m2
■ Fmheele ceW keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee yeÌ{eves hej– keâ"esjlee ceW Je=efæ nesleer nw ■ "b[er Oebmeve efjJesš keâe JÙeeme neslee nw– 12 efceceer. mes 22
efceceer. lekeâ
■ Skeâ Fmheele mebjÛevee keâe cegKÙe ueeYe neslee nw– ■ efkeâmeer mebjÛevee kesâ efJeefYeVe DeJeÙeJe keâes peesÌ[les meceÙe meceleue melen
oerIe& peerJevekeâeue SJeb peuejesOeer nesvee Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS GheÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves ÛeeefnS–
■ ce=og Fmheele nw– SF 42 – S meheeš efMeje Meer<e& efjJesš
■ DeefOekeâlece Yeej efpeme hej DeJeÙeJe efJeheâue nes peelee nw, keânueelee ■ Ùeefo efjJesš kesâ efheb[ keâe JÙeeme D nes lees hewve Meer<e& Ùee mvewhe Meer<e&
nw– Ûejce Yeej keâe JÙeeme nesiee– 1.6 D
■ Fmheele mebjÛevee mes mecyeefvOele YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ keâes[ nw– I.S. 800 ■ efjJesš keâe JÙeeme 25 mm Ùee Fmemes keâce nesves hej efjJesš efÚõ keâe
■ ØelÙeemLelee meercee kesâ Deboj keâle&ve Øeefleyeue/keâle&ve efJeke=âefle keâe JÙeeme efjJesš kesâ JÙeeme mes nesiee– 1.5 mm DeefOekeâ
Devegheele keânueelee nw– ÂÌ{lee ceeheebkeâ ■ DeefOekeâebMe GheÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues efjJesš keâe Meer<e& neslee nw–
■ mšerue cescyej keâes ceewmece mes yeÛeevee ÛeeefnS, Ùeefo mšerue keâer mvewhe Meer<e&
ceesšeF&– 6 efceceer mes keâce nw ■ efjJesšeW kesâ Øeefleyeue keâer efoMee ceW ve nesves hej oes mebiele efjJesšeW kesâ
■ keâerueW meeceevÙele: yeveeF& peeleer nwb– ce=og Fmheele keâer yeerÛe kesâvõ keâer otjer– 32 × meyemes heleueer huesš keâer ceesšeF&
■ Fmheele ceW cegKÙe DeJeÙeJe nQ– ueesne, keâeye&ve mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesieer
yesefuuele Beam section) ■ efvekeâšJeleea ëe=bKeueeDeeW ceW oes ›eâceeiele efjJesšeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer, pees
mebjÛeveelcekeâ DeJeÙeJe ceW yeue keâer efoMee mes mecekeâesCe hej ceeheer peeleer
›ebâ Jeieeake=âle nw, keânueeleer nw– iespe otjer
1 ISJB YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ Úesšer Oejve (I.S.Junior Beam) ■ Jen keâeuheefvekeâ jsKee efpemekesâ meeLe-meeLe efjJesš ueieeÙes peeles nQ
2 ISLB YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ nukeâer Oejve (I.S.Light Beam) keânueeleer nw– iespe jsKee
3 ISMB YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ ceOÙece Oejve (I.S.Medium ■ IS-800-1971 kesâ Devegmeej Meefòeâ Ûeefuele heâeru[ efjJesšeW kesâ mekeâue
Beam) #es$eheâue hej keâeÙe&keâejer Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue neslee nw–
4 ISWB YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ ÛeewÌ[er Oejve (I.S.Wide Beam) 945 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2
5 ISHB YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ nwJeer Oejve (I.S.Heavy Beam) ■ efkeâmeer mebheer[ebie DeLeJee efpemekesâ oesveeW Yeeie heer" efceues neW, lees oes
■ Skeâ keâypesoej Deeuecye jeskeâlee nw– efkeâmeer Yeer meceleue ceW efJe#eshe keâes mebiele peesÌ[ves Jeeues efjJesšeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer–
■ peye De#eerÙe Yeej keâer De#e efjJesš mecetn kesâ leue ceW heÌ[leer nw leye 60 cm mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes
efjJesš DeOeerve nesles nQ– kesâJeue keâle&ve ØeefleyeueeW kesâ ■ mebjÛeveelcekeâ DeJeÙeJeeW ceW GheÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues efjJesšeW keâe JÙeeme
■ peye yeesuš ØeefleyeueeW kesâ Gl›eâceCe kesâ DeOeerve nesles nQ leye yeesuš keâe ØeeÙe:– 12 mm mes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes
meyemes GheÙegkeäle Øekeâej nw– GÛÛe meeceLÙe& yeesuš ■ Meefòeâ Ûeefuele efjJesš nesles nQ, JÙeeme ceW– 6 mes 22 efceceer
■ efkeâmeer peesÌ[ kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ efjJesšeW keâer mebKÙee peesÌ[ hej Deeves
■ IS : 800 :2007 kesâ Devegmeej, Fmheele keâer hejeYeJe efJeHeâuelee kesâ
Jeeues Øeefleyeue keâes efjJesš keâer meeceLÙe& mes Yeeie keâjkesâ %eele keâer peeleer
efueS DeebefMekeâ megj#ee iegCeebkeâ efkeâlevee efueÙee peelee nw– 1.10
nw hejvleg efjJesš keâer vÙetvelece mebKÙee–
■ Skeâ "esme Fmheele huesš keâe hejeYeJe meeceLÙe& 250 MPa nw lees oes mes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes
hejeYeJe ceW DeefYekeâuhe meeceLÙe& nesieer– 227 N/mm2 ■ hegueeW ceW GheÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues efjJesšeW kesâ JÙeeme nesles nQ–
■ efjJesš keâe vÙetvelece Devlejeue, mes keâce vener nesiee– 2.5 d 22 mes 25 mm
■ Ùeefo efjJesš JÙeeme 30 efceceer. nw, efjJesš efÚõ keâe JÙeeme nesiee–
32 mm yeue keâer efoMee kesâ meceevlej efjJesšeW keâer Skeâ hebefòeâ keânueeleer nw- iespe
■ Ùeefo efjJesš keâe JÙeeme 25mm mes DeefOekeâ nes, lees efjJesš efÚõ keâe #es$e efjJesš kesâ cegkeâeyeues, Mee@he efjJesš neslee nw- cepeyetle
JÙeeme efjJesš kesâ meeceevÙe JÙeeme keâer leguevee ceW nesiee– ■ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ kesâ Devegmeej efjJesš kesâ mekeâue #es$eheâue hej
2.0 efceceer DeefOekeâ DeefOeceevÙe keâeÙe&keâejer Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue neslee nw– 1025 Kg/cm2
■ Skeâ uewhe peesÌ[ ceW efjJesš keâle&ve ceW neWieer– Skeâue ■ efÚõ JÙeeme 'd' kesâ efueÙes efjJesš keâer DeefOekeâlece hekeâÌ[ uecyeeF& nesleer
■ IS: 800 kesâ Devegmeej vÙetvelece efheÛe Jeeues efjJesš keâer o#elee nesleer nw– 8d
nw– 60% ■ efjJesefšle peesÌ[ keâer vÙetvelece meeceLÙe& Deewj "esme huesš keâer meeceLÙe& kesâ
■ Ùeefo efjJesš Éeje peesÌ[er peeves Jeeueer huesš keâer ceesšeF& 16efceceer nes Devegheele kesâ ™he ceW heefjYeeef<ele keâer peeleer nw–
lees, efjJesš keâer GheÙegòeâ ceehe nesieer– 24mm efjJesšeW peesÌ[eW keâer o#elee
143
■ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ kesâ Devegmeej efjJesš kesâ kegâue #es$eheâue hej keâeÙe&keâejer ■ meeceevÙe efjJesš kesâ efueS ueWefmeie ÚÌ[eW ceW vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF& nesieer–
keâle&ve Øeefleyeue efueÙee peelee nw– 1.025 vÙetšve/efceceer.2 65 efceceer
■ efjJesefšle peesÌ[ keâe ef[peeFve Fme ceevÙelee hej DeeOeeefjle neslee nw– efjJesš yeveeÙes peeles nQ- levÙe heoeLe& mes
efjJesefšle efÚõ keâes efjJesš hetjer lejn Yej oslee nw
■ efjJesš keâe mekeâue JÙeeme yejeyej neslee nw– efkeâme peesÌ[ ceW efjJesš keâe Skeâue Dehe™heCe veneR neslee- [yeue
efÚõ ceW ueieves kesâ heMÛeele JÙeeme kesâ keâJej yeš peesÌ[
■ vÙetvelece efheÛe keâes efjJesš kesâ mekeâue JÙeeme kesâ– efjJesšes ceW DeefOekeâlece Deveg%esÙe Øeefleyeue
2.5 iegvee mes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS (Permissible maximum stress in rivets)
■ peye oes huesšeW keâes heeme-heeme jKekeâj leLee Gvekesâ Thej keâJej huesš De#eerÙe leveve Dehe™heCe OeejCe
{keâ keâj efjJesš Éeje yevee peesÌ[ keânueelee nw– yeš peesÌ[ (Axial (Shear) (Bearing)
π 2 ›eâ . meb. ef J eJejCe tension) σat (MPa) (MPa)
■ efjJesš keâer keâle&ve meeceLÙe& nw– N × .d .f s (MPa) τvf σpf
4
■ Ùeefo meyemes DeefOekeâ heleueer huesš keâer ceesšeF& t, efjJesš keâe mekeâue 1 Meefòeâ Ûeeefuele
JÙeeme d Deewj efjJesš kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece Deveg%esÙe Oeejkeâ Øeefleyeue fb Mee@he efjJesš 100 100 300
(Power driven
nes, lees Øeefle efheÛe uecyeeF& efjJesšeW keâer Oeejkeâ #ecelee kesâ efJe®æ efjJesš shop rivets)
peesÌ[ keâe meeceLÙe& yejeyej nesiee– n × d × t × fb 2 Meefòeâ Ûeeefuele
14 efceceer meeceevÙe JÙeeme Jeeues efjJesš keâe mekeâue JÙeeme neslee nw- mLeue efjJesš 90 90 270
15.5 (Power driven
field rivets)
DeveefJeve met$e neslee nw- d = 6.05 t mm 3 nmle Ûeeefuele efjJesš
(Hand driven 80 80 250
efkeâmeer 36 efceceer JÙeeme kesâ efjJesš kesâ efueS efÚõ JÙeeme efueÙee rivets)
peeÙesiee- 38.0 mm
DeveefJeve met$e d = 6.05 t ceW d SJeb t keâer FkeâeF& nw- efceueerceeršj 2. Jesu[ peesÌ[ (Weld Connection)
t ceesšeF& kesâ huesš Deewj šwefkebâie efjJesš kesâ ceeceues ceW efkeâmeer Yeer oes ■ efheâuesš Jesu[ keâe ogye&uelece keâeš neslee nw– efheâuesš keâe kebâ"
efvekeâšlece efjJesš keâer DeefOekeâlece efheÛe meerefcele nw- 32t ■ efheâuesš Jesu[ keâe ceehe efkeâmemes oMee&Ùee peelee nw–
■ oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ DeJeÙeJeeW keâes Skeâ meeLe peesÌ[les meceÙe efjJesšeW efheâuesš Jesu[ keâer uecyeeF&
keâer Skeâ ueeFve yeveeF& peeleer nw efpemekeâer meyemes meceerhe Jeeues efmejs mes ■ yeesuš Jenve keâjves kesâ efueS meJee&efOekeâ GheÙegòeâ nw– De#eerÙe leveve
otjer– 37 mm + 4 × meyemes heleueer yee¢e huesš ■ Skeâ ceevekeâ 450 efheâuesš kesâ efueÙes, efheâuesš kesâ ceehe keâe keâC"
keâer ceesšeF&, mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer ÛeeefnÙes ceesšeF& mes Devegheele nw– 1.414 : 1
■ Ùeefo Skeâ DeJeÙeJe keâes otmejs DeJeÙeJe hej jKekeâj GvnW efjJesšeW mes ■ efHeâuesš Jesu[ ceW Ùeefo mebieueve meleneW kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe 600-900
peesÌ[ efoÙee ieÙee nes, lees Ssmes peesÌ[ keâes keânles nQ– ÛeÌ{eJe peesÌ[ nes lees YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ kesâ Devegmeej ØeYeeJeer kebâ" keâer ceesšeF& yejeyej
mebheer[Ÿe DeJeÙeJe kesâ peesÌ[ ceW DeefOekeâlece efheÛe 200 m Ùee 12 t ceW 1
■ nesieer– Jesu[ keâer ceehe keâe
pees Yeer keâce nes– kesâ yejeyej neslee nw 2
■ efjJesš peesÌ[ Fme DeJeOeejCee hej DeeOeeefjle nw– ■ Jesu[ peesÌ[, efjJesš peesÌ[ mes DeefOekeâ mener nw keäÙeeWefkeâ–
DeJeÙeJe meeceLÙe& keâer neefve keâce nesleer nw
efjJesš ceW keâle&ve Øeefleyeue kegâÚ #es$eheâue
■ kebâ" Jesu[ kesâ DevegØemLe keâeš- vÙetvelece ceehe nesleer nw
hej Skeâmeceeve efJeleefjle neslee nw ■ Fmheele keâer DeeueceeefjÙeeW kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW DeheveeF& peeleer nw–
■ DeveefJeve (Unwin) kesâ met$e kesâ Devegmeej Ùeefo huesš keâer ceesšeF& t mhee@š Jesefu[bie efJeefOe
efceceer nes lees efjJesš keâe veeefcele JÙeeme nesiee– d = 1.91 t cm ■ Oeeleg Jesefu[bie ceW Dee@keämeeF[ Je DevÙe DeJeebefÚle JemlegDeeW kesâ nševes Je
Ùee d = 6.05 t mm Oeeleg keâes efheIeueeves ceW meneÙelee keâjves Jeeueer Oeeleg pees mJeÙeb efheIeue
■ šwefkebâie efjJesš peesÌ[ves Jeeues huesš Deewj meskeäMeve kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece mekesâ, keânueeleer nw– heäuekeäme Ùee ieeuekeâ
efheÛe keâe ceeve yejeyej neslee nw– ■ yeš yesu[ keâes efveoxefMele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
32 t Ùee 200 efceceer. ceW pees Yeer keâce nes ØeYeeJeer kebâ" keâer ceesšeF& mes
■ OeejCe Deewj keâle&ve ceW efjJesš keâer meeceLÙe& keâe vÙetvelece ceeve yejeyej ■ Jesefu[bie keâer Øeef›eâÙee ceW heäuekeäme keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
neslee nw– efjJesš ceeve kesâ Jesu[ Deewj peesÌ[er ieF& mebjÛevee keâe Dee@keämeerkeâjCe
jeskeâves kesâ efueS
■ Ùeefo efjJesš keâe efheÛe Deewj JÙeeme ›eâceMe: p leLee d nes, lees efjJesefšle
■ Jesefu[bie keâjles meceÙe peesÌ[ hej ÛeÌ{eF& ieF& Oeeleg keânueeleer nw– hetjkeâ
p
peesÌ[ keâer o#elee yejeyej nesieer– ■ ceesšjkeâej kesâ {eBÛes keâes efveefce&le keâjves kesâ efueS DeheveeF& peeleer nw–
p -d mhee@š Jesefu[bie Øeef›eâÙee
144
■ ueieYeie Skeâ otmejs mes mecekeâesCe hej oes DeJeÙeJeeW keâes peesÌ[ves kesâ ■ peesÌ[s peeves Jeeues Yeeie hej Øeyeefuele heoeLe& keâer cetue melen mes Thej
efueS DeheveeF& ieF& Jesefu[bie keâer efJeefOe keânueeleer nw– ceesšeF& veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– 2 mm mes DeefOekeâ
efheâuesš Jesefu[bie ■ [erhe hesveerš^sMeve efheâuesš Jesu[ kesâ Deekeâej keâe vÙetvelece heeo uecyeeF&
■ Jesefu[bie keâer Dehes#ee efjJesefšbie hemevo efkeâÙee peelee nw– ceW– 2.4 efceceer. peesÌ[keâj GuuesKe efkeâÙee peelee nw
Jesu[ efkeâÙes ieÙes peesÌ[eW kesâ efvejer#eCe ceW oes huesšeW keâes peesÌ[ves kesâ efueS Skeâ DeJeÙeJe ÛeÌ{eJe peesÌ[ hej keâewve-
keâef"veeF& kesâ keâejCe mee Jesu[ ueieeÙee peeÙesiee- efHeâuesš Jesu[
Jesu[ peesÌ[eW keâe DeefYekeâuheve efkeâÙee peelee nw- 20 efceceer mes 32 efceceer ceesšer huesš kesâ efueS efHeâuesš Jesu[ keâer
I.S-816–1969 kesâ Devegmeej
vÙetvelece ceehe efueÙee peelee nw- 6 efceceer
efkeâmeer Jesu[ keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& mes JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& Øeehle neslee ØeYeeJeer kebâ" ceesšeF& (t) Deewj Jesu[ keâer ceehe (S) kesâ yeerÛe mecyevOe
nw- Jesu[ kesâ Deekeâej kesâ oesiegves keâes Iešekeâj nw- t = K.S
■ keâesF& Ûehešer Jesu[ ceevekeâ Ûehešer Jesu[ keânueelee nw~ Ùeefo Ûehešer
Jesu[ kesâ heefjÛÚso keâer ef$eYegpe keâe keâesCe nes– 450 ieesueekeâej efkeâveejs kesâ efueS efHeâuesš Jesu[ keâe DeefOekeâlece ceehe neslee
■ Oeeleg Deeke&â Jesefu[bie ceW Deeke&â keâer DeefOekeâ T<cee kesâ keâejCe Jesu[ kesâ nw-
3
×huesš keâer ceesšeF&
meeceves kesâ efveÛeues Yeeie kesâ meeLe-meeLe cetue Oeeleg ceW efveefce&le KeebÛes kesâ 4
keâejCe Jesefu[bie ceW $egefš keânueeleer nw– veerÛes mes keâšvee DevegØeÙegòeâ Yeej keâer efoMee kesâ meceveeblej De#e Jeeues efHeâuesš Jesu[ keâes
■ I.S. 816-1961 kesâ Devegmeej efkeâmeer Ûehešer Jesu[ keâe vÙetvelece keäÙee keâne peelee nw- heeMJe& efHeâuesš Jesu[
Deekeâej 10 mm Ùee Fmemes keâce ceesšer huesš kesâ efueÙes– efHeâuesš Jesu[ ceW kebâ" keäÙee neslee nw-
3 mm nesvee ÛeeefnÙes
cetue mes keâCe& lekeâ keâer uecyeJele otjer
■ efHeâuesš Jesu[ ceW ogye&uelece keâeš neslee nw– efHeâuesš keâe kebâ" ■ Jesu[ keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& ceeveer peeleer nw–
■ Ùeefo yee¢e oeye Deejesefhele keâjkesâ megIešŸe DeJemLee ceW ner OeelegDeeW kesâ JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& – Jesu[ Deekeâej keâe ogiegvee
yeerÛe Jesu[ keâj efoÙee peeS, lees Fme Øekeâej kesâ Jesefu[bie keâes keânles ■ efJejeceer škeäkeâj Jesu[ peesÌ[ ceW Jesu[ keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& kesâ yeerÛe
nQ– oeye Jesefu[bie DevegowOÙe& mLeeve DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes–
■ Demeceeve Deekeâej kesâ efheâuesš Jesu[ keâe Deekeâej yejeyej neslee nw– heleues Yeeie keâer ceesšeF& kesâ Ú: iegCee mes
Úesšs Deekeâej kesâ ■ efheâuesš keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnÙes–
■ JeeÙegceb[ue ceW Kegues mebjÛeveelcekeâ DeJeÙeJeeW kesâ efueÙes meJeexòece Jesu[ Jesu[ Deekeâej kesâ Ûeewiegves mes
nw– efJejeceer Ùee Deebleefjkeâ heóer Jesu[ ■ #es$e ceW Jesefu[bie keâjves hej DeefOekeâlece Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue Je leveve
■ efkeâmeer mLeeve hej Jesefu[bie keâjves hej IS-816 kesâ Devegmeej efJeefveefo&° Øeefleyeue ceeves peeves ÛeeefnÙes– I.S. keâes[ 816-1969 ceW efoÙes
Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue Deewj leveve Øeefleyeue keâe DeefOekeâlece Deveg%esÙe ieÙes ceeveeW keâe 120%
ceeve– ■ DevleJeleea Jesu[ keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& peesÌ[s peeves Jeeues heleues Yeeie keâer
20% Ieš peelee nw
ceesšeF& keâer leguevee ceW–
■ škeäkeâj Jesu[ keâe Deekeâej ØeoefMe&le efkeâÙee peelee nw– Ûeej iegvee mes keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnÙes
keâC" keâer ØeYeeJeer ceesšeF& mes ■ DeefOekeâlece o#elee kesâ efueÙes efheâuesš Jesu[ keâer uecyeeF&–
Jesu[ peesÌ[ kesâ vÙetvelece ceehe P
L=
(Minimum Size) 0.7 × s × fs
■ Oeeleg kesâ oes šgkeâÌ[eW ceW T<cee Ùee oeye Ùee oesveeW ueieeÙee ieÙee
›eâ.meb. ceesšs Yeeie keâer ceesšeF& vÙetvelece ceehe mm ceW Oeelegkeâce&keâ peesÌ[ keânueelee nw– Jesefu[bie Ùee PeueeF&
1 0 – 10mm lekeâ 3.0 mm ■ Jen peesÌ[ efpemeceW huesš keâe De#e meceeve jnlee nw– yeš peesÌ[
2 10mm – 20 mm lekeâ 5.0 mm ■ mJeÛeeefuele Jesefu[bie ceW GheÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues Fuewkeäš^e@[ efkeâmce kesâ
3 20mm – 32 mm lekeâ 6.0 mm nesles nQ– efyevee ueshe Jeeues meeos leej Deef›eâÙe iewmeeW DeLeJee
4 32mm mes DeefOekeâ 8.0 mm First Run ÛetCe& heäuekeäme mes efIejs ngÙes
10.0 efHeâuesš ceehe
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer mebjÛevee hej heâšerie Øeefleyeue keâeÙe& keâj jne neW lees Jesu[
■ L JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& leLee s ceehe kesâ efheâuesš Jesu[ keâer ØeYeeJeer efkeâÙes ieÙes pees[Ì efjJesš Jeeues pees[Ì eW keâer Dehes#ee– MeerIeÇ efJeheâue neWies
uecyeeF& nesieer– l = L - 2s ■ peye oes OeelegDeeW ceW hueeefmškeâ Ùee megIešŸe DeJemLee ceW oeye Éeje
■ DevegØemLe Dehe™heCe ceW Øeefleyeefuele efheâuesš Jesu[ keâes keânles nQ– PeueeF& Ùee Jesefu[bie keâer peeleer nw lees Ùen Jesefu[bie keânueeleer nw–
efmejs keâe efheâuesš Jesu[ oeye Jesefu[bie
■ DehetCe& Oebmeve škeäkeâj peesÌ[ ceW keâC" keâer ØeYeeJeer ceesšeF& ceeveer peeleer
nw– peesÌ[s peeves Jeeues heleues Yeeie keâer 3. leveve Gheebie (Tension Members)
5/8 ceesšeF& kesâ yejeyej
■ IS-819-1969 kesâ Devegmeej Ùeefo efheâuesš Jesu[ kesâ mebieueve heeMJeeWs& Skeâ mšerue huesš peesefkeâ 300 mm ÛeewÌ[er Deewj 10 mm ceesšer nw,
kesâ yeerÛe keâe keâesCe 600 - 900 nes, lees ØeYeeJeer kebâ" ceesšeF& nesieer– ceW yeesuš kesâ Úso keâe JÙeeme 20 mm nw huesš keâe vesš meskeäMeve
0.7 × Jesu[ Deekeâej, kesâ yejeyej #es$eHeâue efkeâlevee nesiee– 2800 mm2
145
Jen FmheeleerÙe meomÙe efpeme hej ØeeLeefcekeâ leveeJe Deelee nw, efkeâmeer leveve DeJeÙeJe keâe ef[peeFve keâjles meceÙe efjJesš Je JeesušeW kesâ
keânueelee nw– šeF& efÚõeW keâe ØeeJeOeeve efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùeefo leveve DeJeÙeJe oes SWieue
yesefuuele FmheeleerÙe veefuekeâeÙeW Gvekesâ Éeje mevoefYe&le keâer peeleer nw– DeJeÙeJeeW keâe yevee nes lees ØeeJeOeeve nesvee ÛeeefnÙes–
yee¢e JÙeeme ØelÙeskeâ SWieue kesâ efueÙes Skeâ efÚõ
leveve Gheebiees ceW ØeefleyeueeW keâer efoMee ceW heÌ[ves Jeeueer Skeâ jsKee ceW Ùeefo efkeâmeer leveve DeJeÙeJe keâer IetCe&ve ef$epÙee r, leveve ceW DeefOekeâlece
oes DeemeVe yevOekeâes kesâ kesâvões kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– < Deveg%esÙe yebkeâve Øeefleyeue fb, Goemeerve De#e mes otjlece levleg keâer otjer
16t Ùee 200 efceceer. pees Yeer keâce nes y Deewj DeJeÙeJe hej Megæ yebkeâve yeue ueieeves hej yebkeâve DeeIetCe& M
JeeÙeg leLee Yetkeâche keâer ef›eâÙee kesâ keâejCe Øeefleyeuees kesâ ØelÙeeJele&ve kesâ nes, lees DevegØemLe heefjÛÚsoerÙe #es$eHeâue (A) met$e Éeje JÙekeäle efkeâÙee
efueÙes leveve meomÙe kesâ efueÙes DeefOekeâlece Deveg%esÙe leveglee Devegheele My
neslee nw– 350 peelee nw– A=
fb .r 2
peye meceeve Skeâue keâesCeerÙe KeC[ leveve DeJeÙeJe ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee IS–800 (1971) kesâ Devegmeej SWieue kesâ uesie Ûewveue DeJeÙeJe keâes
peelee nw, yeenjer Yegpee keâe Ùeesieoeve ØeYeeJeer #es$eheâue keâer lejheâ neslee
peesÌ[ves hej peesÌ[ efkeâlevee ³ DeefOekeâ yeue Jenve keâjves keâer #ecelee
nw– keâejkeâ Éeje peesÌ[er ieF& Yegpee mes keâce
Glhevve nes peeleer nw– 25%
Skeâ Oejve pees efkeâ De#eerÙe Yeej Yeer «enCe keâjlee nw~ Gmekeâe efJe#eshe leveve DeJeÙeJeeW keâe ef[peeFve keâjles meceÙe #es$eHeâue, DeJeÙeJe kesâ
keâe ØeYeeJe veieCÙe efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw Ùeefo De#eerÙe Yeej nes–
leveve kesâ ™he ceW mekeâue #es$eHeâue Je peesÌ[ ueieeves kesâ efueÙes yeveeÙes efÚõeW keâe #es$eHeâue
IS : 800 1971 kesâ Devegmeej keâesCeerÙe KeC[ keâes iemesš huesš Ùee
kesâ Devlej kesâ yejeyej ceevee peelee nw~ efÚõeW keâe #es$eHeâue, DeJeÙeJe
DevÙe otmejs peesÌ[ves Jeeues DeJeÙeJe mes peesÌ[ves hej vÙetvelece efjJesš keâer keâer ceesšeF& Je keâer iegCee kesâ yejeyej neslee nw– efÚõ keâe JÙeeme
mebKÙee nesieer 2 Ùeefo leveve DeJeÙeJe hej De#eerÙe leveve yeue Deewj yebkeâve yeue oesveeW
ceewmece kesâ mebheke&â ceW Deeves Jeeues Fmheele meomÙeeW efpeve hej oesyeeje ueieeS peeSB, lees Jes Fme Øekeâej mes meceevegheeeflekeâ neWies efkeâ–
he=‰ Øeuesheve mebYeJe veneR nw, kesâ efueS Fmheele meomÙeeW keâer ceesšeF& ft 'f '
+ b <1
efkeâmemes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 8 mm ft fb
leveve Gheebie ceW Skeâ kesâ yeeo Skeâ efceueekeâj jKes ngS oes keâesCeerÙe
KeC[eW keâer Skeâ-Skeâ Yegpee iemesš huesš kesâ Skeâ ner Deesj pees[Ì er mebjÛeveelcekeâ DeJeÙeJe efpemeceW DevegowOÙe& De#e keâer meceevlej efoMee ceW
ieÙeer nw, k keâe ceeve nesiee? (pegÌ[er ngF& Yegpee keâe #es$eheâue = A1, leveve yeue ueie jne nes keânueelee nw– leveve DeJeÙeJe
5A1 Deveg%esÙe Øeefleyeue keâes Deewj keäÙee keâne peelee nw–
yeenj efvekeâueer Yegpee keâe #es$eheâue = A2)– keâeÙe&keâejer Øeefleyeue
5A1 + A 2
DevegowOÙe& De#e kesâ meceeveevlej ueies yeue Jeeuee mebjÛeveelcekeâ leveve kesâJeue leveeJe Jenve keâj jns De#eerÙele: Yeeefjle DeJeÙeJe kesâ efueS
Jeeuee DeJeÙeJe keânueeles nQ– leeve DeefOekeâlece leveglee Devegheele nw– 180
efkeâmeer mebjÛevee ceW ØeeÙe: leej Je kesâyeue efkeâmekesâ ¤he ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes I.S. 800–1971 kesâ Devegmeej 6 mm mes DeefOekeâ ceesšs hewefkebâie ceW
peeles nQ– leveve DeJeÙeJe Dehe¤heCe Jenve keâjves Jeeues efjJesš Ùee Jeesuš ceW meeOeejCele:
leveglee Devegheele keâe ceeve yeÌ{ves mes Devegcele mecheer[ve Øeefleyeue keâe efkeâleveer ceesšeF& yeÌ{ves hej Dehe¤heCe Øeefleyeue 2.5% yeÌ{eves keâer
ceeve– Iešlee nw DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesieer– 2 mm
IS-800-1971 kesâ Devegmeej ueie keâesCe keâe keâesCe DeJeÙeJe kesâ meeLe efkeâmeer leveve Gheebie ceW Skeâ keâesCeerÙe Keb[ keâer iemesš huesš mes pegÌ[er
mebÙeespeve mes efkeâlevee DeefOekeâ yeue me=efpele nesiee– 40% šeBie keâe ØeYeeJeer #es$eHeâue A1 leLee ueškeâer šeBie keâe ØeYeeJeer
Skeâ leveve DeJeÙeJe keâe ØeYeeJeer heefjÛÚso #es$eHeâue yejeyej neslee nw– #es$eHeâue A2 nw, lees Fme efmLeefle ceW efveÙeleebkeâ K keâe ceeve nesiee–
kegâue #es$eHeâue – efjJesš efÚõ keâe #es$eHeâue 3A1
I.S. 800–1971 kesâ Devegmeej I Oejve Je Ûewveue heefjÛÚso keâer leveve K=
3A1 + A 2
Deveg%esÙe De#eerÙe Øeefleyeue keâe ceeve neslee nw–
1500 kg/cm2 efkeâmeer leveve Gheebie kesâ efueÙes Devegcele leveve Øeefleyeue efueÙee peelee
leveve DeJeÙeJe kesâ ¤he ceW ØeÙegkeäle Skeâue Ûewveue heefjÛÚso ceW neslee nw– 150 N/mm2
nw– Jesye keâer efoMee ceW GÛÛe ÂÌ{lee Deewj I.S. 800–1971 kesâ Devegmeej Úle keQâÛeer ceW Ùeefo keâesF& DeJeÙeJe
Heäuewbpe keâer efoMee ceW efvecve ÂÌ{lee leeve kesâ ¤he ceW keâeÙe& keâj jne nw leLee GmeceW JeeÙeg DeLeJee YetÛeeue
Ùeefo An = efkeâmeer DeJeÙeJe keâe Megæ heefjÛÚso #es$eHeâue leLee ft kesâ keâejCe Øeefleyeue keâer efoMee yeoue peeleer nes lees DeJeÙeJe keâer
GmeceW De#eerÙe leveve Deveg%esÙe Øeefleyeue nes lees DeJeÙeJe keâer De#eerÙe leveglee Devegheele keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– 350
leveve meeceLÙe& nesieer– An × f t
I.S. 800–1971 kesâ Devegmeej leveve ceW Skeâue SWieue kesâ ØeYeeJeer
4. mebheer[ve Gheebie (Compression Member)
heefjÛÚso kesâ #es$eHeâue keâe ceeve A + kb ceevee peelee nw~ peyeefkeâ a
uewhe jsyeej JÙeeme (Rebar diameter) efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ nesves hej
peesÌ[s peeves Jeeues Yeeie keâe Megæ heefjÛÚso #es$eHeâue leLee b yee¢e
uewhe mhueeF&me keâer efmeHeâeefjMe veneR keâer peeleer nw– 36 mm
1
Yeeie keâe #es$eHeâue leLee k keâe ceeve nesiee–
peeuekeâ ÚÌ[ keâe leveglee Devegheele   Fmemes keâce nesvee ÛeeefnS–
ℓ
1 + 0.2b/a
leveve DeJeÙeJe ceW Ùeefo iespe keâer otjer efjJesš keâer efheÛe keâer leguevee ceW r  
nes, lees efJeHeâuelee šsÌ{er-cesÌ{er jsKee ceW nesieer– DeefOekeâ 145

146
 Skeâ yengcebpeueer YeJeve ceW FmheeleerÙe mlecYe Éeje 125 N keâe De#eerÙe 2. oesveeW efmejeW hej ØeYeeJeer ™he mes efmLeefle
Yeej Jenve efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùen oes ISMC-350 Ûewveue keâe ceW Deeyeæ Je Skeâ efmejs hej IetCe&ve kesâ
megOeeefjle KeC[ nw pees uesefmebie Éeje pegÌ[e ngDee nw~ uesefmebie Éeje efJehejerle ØeeflejesefOele
Jenve efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee Yeej nesiee– 3.126 N
yewšsv[ mlecYe ceW yewšsvme keâer vÙetvelece mebKÙee nesleer nw– 4
mebheer[ve GheebieeW ceW DeeyebOeve efjJešeW keâe efheÛe Fmemes DeefOekeâ veneR
nesvee ÛeeefnS– 600 mm 3. oesveeW efmejs hej ØeYeeJeer ™he mes efmLeefle
mlecYeeW ceW ÛeÌ{eJe uecyeeF& keâe ceeve neslee nw– ceW Deeyeæ hejvleg IetCe&ve kesâ efJehejerle
efJekeâeme uecyeeF& kesâ yejeyej ØeeflejesefOele veneR
I.S. 800 kesâ Devegmeej mebÙeespeve cescyej kesâ efueS leveglee Devegheele keâe
meerefcele ceeve nesiee– 120
4. Skeâ efmejs hej ØeYeeJeer ™he mes efmLeefle
efjJesefš[ peesÌ[es ceW, uesefmebie ÚÌ[es keâer vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF& efmeje efjJesš ceW Deeyeæ Je IetCe&ve kesâ efJehejerle
kesâ JÙeeme keâer efkeâleves iegveer nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 3
ØeeflejesefOele Je otmejs efmejs hej IetCe&ve kesâ
IS:800-1984 kesâ Devegmeej Ùeefo efjJesš keâe JÙeeme 18mm nw lees
efJehejerle ØeeflejesefOele hejvleg efmLeefle ceW
DeeyebOekeâ ÚÌ[ keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesieer– 55mm Deeyeæ veneR~
meceeve Yeej, Deveeueefcyele uecyeeF& leLee efmeje efmLeefleÙeeW kesâ efueÙes 5. Skeâ efmejs hej ØeYeeJeer ™he mes efmLeefle
Skeâ uesefmebie Ùegòeâ mlecYe yewšve Ùegòeâ mlecYe keâer leguevee ceW– cepeyetle ceW Deeyeæ Je IetCe&ve kesâ efJehejerle
neslee nw ØeeflejesefOele Je otmejs efmejs hej IetCe&ve kesâ
peeuekeâ ÚÌ[eW kesâ efueS meomÙe keâer De#e kesâ PegkeâeJe keâe keâesCe mes efJehejerle DeebefMekeâ ™he mes ØeeflejesefOele
DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 700 hejvleg efmLeefle ceW Deeyeæ veneR~
Fmheele yebOekeâ efpemeceW mebheer[ve ueie mekeâlee nw Gmekeâe DeefOekeâlece 6. Skeâ efmejs hej ØeYeeJeer ™he mes efmLeefle
Deveg%esÙe leveglee Devegheele nw– 350
ceW Deeyeæ hejvleg IetCe&ve kesâ efJehejerle
YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ mebefnlee IS 800:2007 kesâ Devegmeej efkeâmeer Yeer ØeeflejesefOele veneR leLee otmejs efmejs hej
mebheer[ve DeJeÙeJe kesâ DevegØemLe keâeš keâes efkeâleves JÙeekegbâÛeve Jeieex ceW IetCe&ve kesâ efJehejerle ØeeflejesefOele hejvleg
yeeBše ieÙee nw– 4 efmLeefle ceW Deeyeæ veneR~
FmheeleerÙe keâe@uece efpemekesâ oesveeW efmejs ØeYeeJeer ™he mes efmLeefle ceW
Deeyeæ nw uesefkeâve efoMee kesâ efJehejerle ØeeflejesefOele veneR nw, keâer 7. Skeâ efmejs hej ØeYeeJeer ™he mes efmLeefle
ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& oesveeW efmLej efyevogDeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer kesâ x iegvee ceW Deeyeæ Je IetCe&ve kesâ efJehejerle
nw~ peneB x yejeyej nw– 1.00
ØeeflejesefOele hejvleg otmejs efmejs hej efmLeefle
Fmheele mlecYe ceW DeeyebOekeâ ÚÌ[ keâe DeefYekeâuheve Jenve keâjves kesâ ceW Deeyeæ veneR Deewj ve ner IetCe&ve kesâ
efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw– efJehejerle ØeeflejesefOele
2.5% mlecYe Yeej kesâ keâejCe keâle&ve yeue Skeâ DeJeÙeJe kesâ DeefOekeâlece levegleevegheele keâe ceeve nesiee
FmheeleerÙe keâe@uece keâe DeefYekeâuheve keâjles meceÙe DeefOekeâlece (mebjÛeveelcekeâ mšerue KeC[) pees efkeâ DeÛeue Yeej Deewj ueieeÙes ieÙes
levegleevegheele, JeeÙeg Ùee YetkeâcheerÙe Yeej Jenve keâjves kesâ efueS nesiee– Yeej mes GlheVe mebheer[ve Yeej keâes Jenve keâj jne nw– 180
250 mebIeefšle-mebheer[ve DeJeÙeJeeW ceW, yewšvees keâer mebKÙee Fme Øekeâej nesveer
mš^š keâer meeceLÙe& efveYe&j keâjleer nw– mš^š kesâ leveglee Devegheele hej ÛeeefnS efkeâ DeJeÙeJe mes keâce Yeeie ceW efJeYeeefpele ve nes–
Skeâ mšerue keâe@uece kesâ efueS DelÙeefOekeâ efceleJÙeÙeer KeC[ nw– leerve lejerkeâes mes
šŸetyeuej KeC[ uekeâÌ[er kesâ ueIeg mlecYeeW ceW leveglee Devegheele DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee
Skeâ meblegefuele mlecYe keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF&, Fmeer lejn keâer peeuekeâ ÛeeefnS– 11
mlecYe kesâ Fmeer ØeCeeueer uecyeeF& mes yeÌ{ mekeâleer nw– 10% mlebYe keâe efJeHeâue nesvee efveYe&j keâjlee nw–mlecYe kesâ leveglee Devegheele
Fmheele mlecYe ceW peeuekeâ ÚÌ[s mlecYe kesâ De#eerÙe Yeej keâe kesâ efueS Ùeefo Thej kesâ mlecYe kesâ meskeäMeve keâer ienjeF& veerÛes kesâ mlecYe mes
DeefYekeâuheve efkeâÙee peelee nw– 2.5 keâeHeâer Úesšer nesleer nw leye– mlecYe mheeFuedme kesâ meeLe
hetjkeâ Deewj efJeÙeefjbie huesšW oer peeleer nQ
mecheer[ve GheebieeW keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& ef«euespe hegâefšbie ceW DeefOekeâlece Dehekeâle&ve yeue neslee nw–
›eâ.meb. efmeje efmLeefleÙeeB ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& DeeOeej huesš kesâ keâesj hej
(End conditions) mlebYe kesâ efueS DelÙeefOekeâ efceleJÙeÙeer heefjÛÚso neslee nw–
·ℓ veefuekeâekeâej heefjÛÚso
1. oesveeW efmejeW hej ØeYeeJeer ™he mes efmLeefle Ùeefo P Skeâ muewye ceW Devegcele PegkeâeJe Øeefleyeue nw leLee Fme keâe@uece
ceW Deeyeæ leLee IetCe&ve kesâ efJehejerle kesâ DeeOeej hej yeÌ[e Je Úesše Øe#eshe ›eâceMe: A leLee B nw, leye
ØeeflejesefOele
3W  2 B 2 
DeeOeej muewye keâer ceesšeF& t nesieer– t= A − 
P  4 

147
efkeâmeer Fmheele DeJeÙeJe keâe leveglee Devegheele neslee nw- oes keâesCeerÙe mš^š pees heer" jKes nQ SJeb oesveeW huesš mes oes mes
ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF&/vÙetvelece heefjYeüceCe ef$epÙee DeefOekeâ efjJesšeW mes pegÌ[s nQ lees Fvekeâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& nesieer–
0.85 L
mebheeref[le HeäueQpeeW keâer keäÙee nesves mes jeskeâe peevee ÛeeefnS– JÙeeBkegâÛeve Ûewveue Ùegkeäle mecheer[ve DeJeÙeJe keâer yee¢e efvekeâueer ngF& uecyeeF& mes
iemesš huesš Éeje GheebieeW keâes peesÌ[ves kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ efjJesš keâe ceeheer peeleer nw– heefjÛÚso keâer meeOeejCe ÛeewÌ[eF&
vÙetvelece JÙeeme neslee nw– 22 efceceer D JÙeeme Jeeues ieesueekeâej mlecYe ceW vÙetvelece efJemleej nesvee ÛeeefnS–
0.88 D
Fmheele kesâ mlecYe kesâ efueS, De#eerÙe mebheer[ve ceW Deveg%esÙe Øeefleyeue
cegKÙele: efveYe&j keâjlee nw– leveglee Devegheele hej mebefnlee kesâ Devegmeej mebheer[ve DeJeÙeJeeW kesâ efueS uesefmebie yeej keâe
leveglee Devegheele efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 145
šskeâ Skeâ mebjÛeveelcekeâ DeJeÙeJe neslee nw, efpeme hej–
DevegowOÙe& De#e keâer meceeveevlej efoMee ceW Skeâue DeeyebefOele mlecYe kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW, heòeer DeeyebOeve ÚÌ[eW keâer
mebheer[ve yeue keâeÙe& keâjlee nw ceesšeF& efkeâmemes keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS–
1
D1
Ùeefo oesveeW efmejeW hej keâypesoej L uecyeeF& kesâ Skeâ mlebYe keâer veceve 40
ÂÌ{lee EI nes, lees ›eâeefvlekeâ Yeej Per JÙekeäle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– yewšve JÙeJemLee YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ kesâ Devegmeej DeefYekeâefuhele keâer peeleer
π 2 EI nw– IS:800-1994
L2 peeuekeâ ÚÌ[eW keâes ueieeles meceÙe keâesCe (θ) keâe ceeve efkeâleves mes keâce
peye yeÌ[er heefjYeüceCe (gyration) ef$epÙee keâer pe¤jle veneR nesleer, veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS- 400 nesiee
lees– ÛewveueeW keâer huewpeeW keâes Yeerlej keâer Deesj jKee peelee nw
ueIeg keâe@uece keâe leveglee Devegheele neslee nw– 30 mes keâce peeuekeâ ÚÌ[eW keâes ueieeles meceÙe keâesCe (θ) keâe ceeve efkeâleves mes
meceleguÙe De#eerÙe Yeej keâes Gme kesâ ¤he ceW heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee pee DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 700 nesiee
mekeâlee nw– mecheer[ebie neslee nw– mecheer[ve DeJeÙeJe
Glkesâefvõle Yeej kesâ Éeje Glhevve DeefOekeâlece Øeefleyeue
efyevee efmLej efkeâÙes ieÙes yee¢e mšQ[ keâer mebheer[erÙe ceesšeF& I.S. 800– 5. Oejves (Beams)
1
1971 kesâ Devegmeej Gmekeâer uecyeeF& keâer nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– Skeâ huesš ie[&j (plate girder) ceW yebkeâve DeeIetCe& ØeeLeefcekeâ ™he
16
Ùeefo efkeâmeer mlecYe keâer uecyeeF& l leLee IetCe&ve ef$epÙee r nes lees r mes efvecve Éeje ØeeflejesefOele neslee nw– heäuewvpe huesš
l meeceevÙeleÙee huesš ie[&j keâer ienjeF& Ùee TBÛeeF& jKeer peeleer nw heeš
leveglee Devegheele nesieer– keâer uecyeeF& keâe– 1/10 mes 1/12
r
"esme ieesue ÚÌ[ keâer Dehes#ee KeesKeues DeJeÙeJe efpemekesâ heefjÛÚso keâe meomÙe pees efkeâ Ì{keâves Jeeues heoeLe& keâes Skeâ Fmheele keâer Úle keQâÛeer
#es$eHeâue "esme ÚÌ[ kesâ yejeyej nes DeefOekeâ efceleJÙeÙeer nesves kesâ keâejCe kesâ efueS DeeOeej osles nw– heefue&ve
hemevo efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekeâe keâejCe Ùen nw efkeâ KeesKeues heefjÛÚso meceeve ienjeF& kesâ efueÙes meyemes Yeejer I–KeC[ neslee nw– ISHB
keâer nesleer nQ– IetCe&ve ef$epÙee DeefOekeâ nesleer nw FmheeleerÙe mebjÛeveeDeeW kesâ megIešŸe efJeMues<eCe ceW megIešŸe efnvpe keâer
L uecyeeF& kesâ Gheebie efpemekesâ oesveeW efmejs ØeYeeJeer ¤he mes efmLeefle leLee efmLeefle hej– Je›eâlee Devevle nesleer nw~
IetCe&ve kesâ efJe®æ ØeeflejesefOele nw, keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& nesieer–0.65 L meeceevÙe yesefuuele mebjÛeveelcekeâ Fmheele kesâ ce=og Fmheele keâe hejeYeJe
mlecYe kesâ efueS meJee&efOekeâ efceleJÙeJeer meskeäMeve neslee nw– Øeefleyeue (N/mm2 ceW) ueieYeie neslee nw– 240 to 260
šdÙetyeuej (tubular) efveyee&Oe huesš ie[&j ceW heäueQpe kesâ yeerÛe keâer Megæ otjer 'd' keâer leguevee
L uecyeeF& kesâ mecheer[ebie efpemekesâ oesveeW efmejs ØeYeeJeer ¤he mes efmLeefle ceW Jesye keâer ceesšeF& keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– d/85
ceW Deeyeæ hejvleg IetCe&ve kesâ efJe®æ ØeeflejesefOele veneR nw, keâer ØeYeeJeer Deeueefcyele HeâMe& Deewj efvejeOeej Úle kesâ efueS Fmheele ceW meerefcele
uecyeeF& nesieer– L
PegkeâeJe nesveer ÛeeefnS– span/325
mebheer[dÙe DeJeÙeJeeW keâe ef[peeFve keâjles meceÙe Fmheeleer yesefuele Oejve I-heefjÛÚso ceW Heäuewvpe Deewj Jesye kesâ ceOÙe yeveves Jeeues pebkeäMeve keâe
keâe leveglee Devegheele 70 mes 90 ceevee peelee nw leLee keâeÙe&keâejer
Øeefleyeue neslee nw– 1000 kg/cm2
veece nw– Dehe™heCe peesÌ[
Deheves mLeeve hej megefmLele Deewj oesveeW efmej hej yeeefOele Skeâ mlecYe I-meskeäMeve Fmheele Oejve kesâ meboYe& ceW–HeäueQpe keâer Dehe™heCe
keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& nesleer nw, kegâue uecyeeF& keâe– 61% #ecelee keâes veieCÙe ceevee peelee nw~
10 ceeršj uecyes keâe@uece hej 50 šve keâe De#eerÙe Yeej nw~ keâe@uece Skeâ DeeÙeeleekeâej Oejve efpemekeâer ÛeewÌ[eF& 200 efceceer. leLee ienjeF&
kesâ oesveeW efmejs keâypesoej nQ~ keâe@uece keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& nesieer– 400 efceceer. nw Fmekeâe hueeefmškeâ ceeheebkeâ keäÙee nesiee–
10 ceeršj 8×106 mm3
Skeâ yengcebefpeueer Fceejle kesâ Skeâ mlecYe Heäueesj ueeFve mes Thej keâes huesš ie[&j hegue ceW Ùeefo Jesye keâer ceesšeF& d/200 mes keâce nes, peneB
peesÌ[e peevee ÛeeefnS– 30 mesceer. mes 15 mesceer. d Deveeueefcyele Jesye keâer ienjeF& nw~ Jesye huesš keâs meeLe Øeoeve keâer
yewšv[ keâe@uece keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& yeÌ{ peeleer nw– 10% peeleer nw– #eweflepe Deewj TOJee&Oej oesveeW ÂÌ{keâejer
Ùeefo uewefmebie ÚÌ[eW ceW 10 mm ceW efjJesš Fmlesceeue efkeâS peeles nQ, huesš ie[&j ceW #eweflepe Jesye ÂÌ{keâejer ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw Ùeefo Jesye
leye uesefmebie ÚÌ[eW keâes vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 60 efceceer. keâer ienjeF& leLee ceesšeF& keâe Devegheele DeefOekeâ neslee nw– 200
148
 Fmheele kesâ DeeÙeleekeâej keâeš ceW ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ Deewj megIešŸelee melele yeengOejve pees šskeâ hej cejesÌ[ kesâ efueÙes DeJe®æ nes leLee efmejs
ceeheebkeâ keâe Devegheele neslee nw– 0.66 hej cegkeäle nes, lees Gmekeâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& nesieer– Oejve keâer uecyeeF&
huesš ie[&j kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW Jesye keâe efJelejCe mecheer[ve heäueQvpe mLeeiegCekeâ mes Oejve peesÌ[les meceÙe efkeâlevee efvecee&Ce Devlejeue jKee
AW peevee ÛeeefnÙes– 10 mm
#es$e ceW neslee nw–
6 oerJeej kesâ yeenj HeâMe& leue kesâ Thej lekeâ yeerce keâes keânles nQ–
huesš ie[&j ceW #eweflepe ÂÌ{keâejer ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– mhewC[sue
Jesye ceW veceve meeceLÙe& yeÌ{eves ceW peye Megæeueefcyele Oejve kesâ KeC[ keâer ienjeF& yeÌ{leer nw leye
Skeâ MS (mild steel) Oejve keâeš keâe megIešŸe DeeIetCe& #ecelee efJe#eshe– Iešlee nw
Deewj vecÙe DeeIetCe& #ecelee keâe Devegheele nesiee– 1.50 keâejKeeveeW kesâ YeJeveeW ceW Úhhej keâes meneje osves kesâ efueS oerJeej
IS : 800 kesâ Devegmeej Oejve ceW efJe#eshe, mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee mlecYeeW kesâ mhewve kesâ yeerÛe efoS ieS #eweflepe yeerce keânueeles nQ– ieš&
L Ùeefo Yeej keâer ef›eâÙee jsKee Oejve kesâ Dehe¤heCe kesâvõ mes neskeâj veneR
ÛeeefnS– efvekeâueleer nw, lees Jen Yeej Glhevve keâjlee nw–
325
Ûejce Yeej yebkeâve DeeIetCe& meefnle cejesÌ[ DeeIetCe&
Yeej keâejkeâ kesâ ™he cebs heefjYeeef<ele nw– Ùeefo efkeâmeer Oejve hej Skeâ meeLe yebkeâve Øeefleyeue (fb) Deewj
keâeÙe&keâejer Yeej
Jesye efJekeâueebielee meeOeejCeleÙee efyevog hej Øeehle neslee nw peneB– Dehe¤heCe Øeefleyeue (q) ueie jne nes, lees meceleguÙe Øeefleyeue efkeâmekesâ
mebkesâefvõle Yeej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ yejeyej neslee nw– fb2 + 3q 2
mšerue Oejve keâer heeMJe& mLeeefÙelJe yeÌ{eleer nw– I.S. 800–1971 kesâ Devegmeej HeäueQpe Éeje Jesye keâe Yeej efJe#eshe
Oejve ceW veceve mebheeref[le Øeefleyeue meceeve ¤he mes #eweflepe mes efkeâme keâesCe hej neslee nw– 300
ISMB– 400 ceW, 400 KeC[ keâer ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw– ienjeF& yesefuuele Fmheele OejveeW Deewj ÛewveueeW kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece Deveg%esÙe
huesš ie[&j ceW Jesye keâer vÙetvelece ceesšeF& efceceer0 ceW nesleer nw– Øeefleyeue neslee nw– 2285 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2
6 efceceer0 efjJesš Éeje yeveeF& ieÙeer OejveeW ceW efjJesš efÚõeW kesâ efueÙes DeeJejCe
I-KeC[ ceW heäuespeW meeceevÙelee ØeeflejesOe keâjleer nw– veceve-IetCe& huesš kesâ #es$eHeâue keâe efkeâleves ³ ØeeJeOeeve jKee peelee nw– 13%
peye nJee DeLeJee Yetkeâche keâe ØeYeeJe keâes OÙeeve ceW jKee peelee nw lees DeeÙeleekeâej yeerce ceW keâle&ve keâe efJelejCe neslee nw– hejJeueefÙekeâ
efjJesšeW, yeesušes, Deewj leveve ÚÌ[eW kesâ efueS efveefo&° Deveg%esÙe pewkeâ [eš Úle ceW leeve ÚÌ[eW keâe Devlejeue Fmheeleer Oejve keâer
Øeefleyeue yeÌ{eÙes peeles nQ– 25 ØeefleMele ÛeewÌ[eF& keâe efkeâleves iegvee mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 20
huesš ie[&j ceW GâOJee&Oej ÂÌ{keâejer keâe Devlejeue nesiee– pewkeâ [eš Úle ceW ÚÌ[eW keâe JÙeeme nesvee ÛeeefnÙes–
1.5 d mes DeefOekeâ veneR ve lees 0.33d mes keâce 12 mm mes keâce
. HeeefMJe&keâ Deveeyeæ Oejve keâer efmLeefle ceW– Gme yeerce keâes pees peerves keâer heefšdšÙeeW keâes meneje osleer nw, Deeceleewj
mebheer[ve HeäueQpe heeefÕe&keâ Pegkeâ peelee nw hej keânueeleer nQ– efmš^vpeme&
Huesš ie[&j ceWs ceOÙemLe TOJee&Oej ÂÌ{keâejer ueieeÙes peeles nw– I.S. 2118–1962 kesâ Devegmeej pewkeâ [eš Úle keâer OejveeW keâe
Jesye JÙeekegâbÛeve keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueS 1
DevegØemLe Yeej Jenve keâjves Jeeuee nukeâe mebjÛeveelcekeâ DeJeÙeJe Øe#eshe efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– heeš keâe
480
keânueelee nw– keâÌ[er
mlecYe peesÌ[ heóer keâe ØeÙeesie keäÙee yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw-
efkeâmeer mebjÛevee ceW efkeâmeer Yeer ØecegKe Oejve keâes keânles nQ– ie[&j mlecYe keâer uecyeeF&
Úle keQâÛeer ceW oes efvekeâšJeleea kewâefÛeÙeeW kesâ yeerÛe efJemle=efle Jeeueer
#eweflepe OejveW keânueeleer nQ– heefue&ve FmheeleerÙe Oejve ceW efJe#eshe kesâ ceeve keâes heeš/325 lekeâ meerefcele yeveeÙes
efkeâmeer mebjÛevee keâer yeeåÙe oerJeej hej jKeer Oejve pees Deheves efnmmes jKeves kesâ efueS Oejve keâer ienjeF& Øeefleceeršj heeš hej efkeâlevee efceceer
keâe Thejer cebefpeue kesâ HeâMe& keâe Yeej Yeer Jenve keâjleer nQ, Gmes keâne efueÙee peelee nw- 55 efceceer
peelee nw– mkeâvOe Oejve FmheeleerÙe mebjÛeveeDeeW kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW heJeve SJeb YetkeâcheerÙe Yeej
heefue&ve hej jKeer ieÙeer Oejve keânueeleer nw– keâe@ceve je@Heäšj kesâ efueÙes efkeâme Yeej iegCekeâ SJeb YetkebâheerÙe Yeej kesâ efueÙes efkeâme iegCekeâ
meceleue kesâ yeenj Jesye efJe™heCe keâes keânles nQ– Jesye PegkeâeJe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw- 1.3

YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ keâes[ I.S:800-1984 kesâ Devegmeej Deveg%esÙe peye oes Ùee DeefOekeâ FmheeleerÙe KeC[eW keâes efjJesš Ùee Jesu[ve Éeje
Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve neslee nw– 0.45 fy peesÌ[keâj Skeâue yeÌ[e KeC[ yeveeÙee peelee nw Gmes keânles nQ-
meblegueve DeJemLee ceW efkeâmeer Oejve kesâ efueS ØeeflejesOe DeeIetCe& neslee mebIeefšle Oejve
nw– heefjÛÚso hej yebkeâve DeeIetCe& kesâ yejeyej pewkeâ DeeÛe& keâer G"eve jKeer peeleer nw mhewve kesâ ueieYeie–
Oejve kesâ efmejs cejes[Ì kesâ efueÙes DeJe®æ ve nesves hej Oejve keâer 1
mes
1
lekeâ
ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& yeÌ{ peeleer nw– 20% 8 12
yesefuuele OejveeW kesâ efueS Deewmele Dehe¤heCe Øeefleyeue keâe heefjkeâueve šskeâ hej meleled yeengOejve, pees šskeâ hej cejesÌ[ kesâ efueÙes DeJe®æ
DevegØemLe heefjÛÚso hej Dehe¤heCe yeue keâes mes Yeeie keâjkesâ efkeâÙee leLee efmejs hej cegkeäle nes, Gmekeâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& nesieer–
peelee nw– Jesye keâs mekeâue heefjÛÚso 3 × Oejve keâer uecyeeF&
149
 hesšs kesâ mekeâue heefjÛÚso (Ùeefo hesšs keâe JÙeekegbâÛeve Ùee veceve keâesF& je@šj Deewj keäuee@ke&â met$e kesâ Devegmeej huesš ie[&j kesâ Jesye huesš keâer
keâejkeâ ve nes) hej Deewmele Dehe¤heCe Øeefleyeue mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee M
1/ 3

ÛeeefnS– 945 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2 efceleJÙeÙeer ienjeF& nesleer nw, ueieYeie– 4.5  

 fb 
YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ kesâ Devegmeej Deveguecye keâle&ve pees efkeâ uesefmebie ÚÌ[ efjJesš efÚõeW keâe #es$eHeâue Ieševes kesâ efueÙes huesš ie[&j keâe Yeej
Éeje Jenve efkeâÙee peelee nw– ef[peeFve Yeej mes efkeâlevee DeefOekeâ jKee peelee nw–
DeJeÙeJe ceW De#eerÙe Yeej keâe 2.5% neslee nw 10 mes 20% DeefOekeâ
iesvš^er jsue kesâ efueÙes š^skeâ efyeÚeles meceÙe š^skeâ ceW efJeÛeueve yeÌ[s cegkeäle HeäueQpe keâe Gvekesâ peesÌ[ keâer jsKee mes Øe#eshe mebheer[ve HeäueQpe ceW
Ûeeueve š^skeâ keâer uecyeeF& kesâ mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 12 × t mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes~ peyeefkeâ leveve huesš ceW
5 mm Øeefle 10 m uecyeeF& efkeâleveer nesveer ÛeeefnÙes peyeefkeâ t meyemes heleueer huesš keâer ceesšeF& nw–
Skeâ ie[&j keâer Jesye huesš keâes leYeer Unstiffned keâne peeÙesiee peye 16t
Gmekeâer Megæ ienjeF& leLee Gmekeâer ceesšeF& keâe Devegheele nesiee– mhewve hej "njs ngS meye YeejeW kesâ efueS Deeceleewj hej Skeâ huesš
ie[&j yeÛelehetCe& neslee nw efpemekeâe meeFpe nw– 10 ceer.
85 mes keâce
TOJee&Oej efmLejkeâ keâer efyevee pegÌ[er šebie SWieue keâer ceesšeF& kesâ
I.S:800-1962 kesâ Devegmeej mšerue keâer muewye huesšeW ceW DevegcevÙe efkeâleveer iegvee mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 16
yebkeâve Øeefleyeue nw– 1890 kg/cm2 jepeceeie& kesâ hegueeW kesâ efueS huesš ie[&j keâer vÙetvelece Jesye ceesšeF&
huesš ie[&j ceW OeejCe ÂÌ{keâejer ueieeÙes peeles nQ– DeeOeejeW hej nesleer nw– 8 efceceer.
pebie ueieves keâer Âef<š mes hesšs huesš keâer vÙetvelece ceesšeF& efkeâleveer
huesš ie[&j kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW HeäueQpe keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& ueer peeleer nw– nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 6 mm
heeš keâe 1/30 mes 1/40 lekeâ Fmheele mebjÛeveeDeeW kesâ mecyevOe ceW YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ keâes[ keâer mebKÙee
huesš ie[&j keâer TOJee&Oej huesš keânueeleer nw– Jesye huesš nw– IS : 800
mšerue šQkeâeW ceW veceer keâes ceevee pee mekeâlee nw– 2% ie[&j keâer ienjeF& ceW efkeâlevee ØeefleMele heefjJele&ve nesves hej huesš ie[&j
mšerue mšwkeäme keâes ef[peeFve keâjves kesâ efueS mšerue keâer huesšeW keâer kesâ Yeej ceW 1 ØeefleMele keâe heefjJele&ve neslee nw– 10%
ceesšeF& keâes yeÌ{eÙee peelee nw– 1.5 efceceer. lekeâ IS–800–1971 kesâ Devegmeej TOJee&Oej ¤he mes ÂefÌ{ke=âle Jesye kesâ
huesš ie[&j kesâ hesšs keâer efvejhes#e vÙetvelece ceesšeF& nesleer nw– 6 efceceer. efueS huesš ie[&j kesâ Jesye huesš keâer vÙetvelece ienjeF& efkeâleves mes keâce
ØeeÙe: #eweflepe ÂÌ{keâ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, Ùeefo Megæ ienjeF& d
veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS–
Deewj hesšs keâer ceesšeF& keâe Devegheele efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ nes– 200 250
12.5 šve Yeej kesâ efueS ie[&j keâe Dehevee efvekeâšce Yeej nesvee
Ùeefo mšerue kesâ yeves jsue-hegue kesâ Yeej mes oyes mhewve keâer uecyeeF&
ceeršjeW ceW Skeâ-lejHeâe ÙeeleeÙeele heLe ceW 6 m mes keâce nes lees ÛeeefnS– 400 kg/m kesâ yejeyej
Fchewuevš Hewâkeäšj nesvee ÛeeefnS– 1.0
Fmheele yebOekeâ efpemeceW mebheer[ve ueie mekeâlee nw Gmekeâe DeefOekeâlece
Deveg%esÙe leveglee Devegheele nw– 350
DevegØemLe Yeej menves Jeeues ienjs mebjÛeveelcekeâ DeJeÙeJe keânueeles nQ–
L
huesš ie[&j Úle heefue&ve ceW DeefOekeâlece DevegcevÙe efJe#eshe nw–
200
huesš ie[&j ØeeÙe: efkeâlevee DeefOekeâlece heeš lekeâ GheÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles
ÛeewKeš kesâ efyevogDeeW hej meeceevÙele: heefue&ve Fmes heefjJeefpe&le keâjves
nQ– 100 m
nsleg efoÙes peeles nQ– keâÌ[er cebs veceve mebJesie
huesš ie[&j ceW TOJee&Oej efmLejkeâeW keâer vÙetvelece otjer 0.33 d nesveer DeewÅeesefiekeâ YeJeve kesâ mšerue Ì{ebÛes hej JeeÙeg Yeej efveYe&j keâjsiee–
ÛeeefnÙes peyeefkeâ DeefOekeâlece otjer nesveer ÛeeefnÙes d HeäueQpe SWieueeW kesâ mebjÛevee efmLeefle, Deekeâej Je TBÛeeF& hej
yeerÛe keâer otjer nw– 1.5 d Gòejer ieesueeOe& kesâ DeewÅeesefiekeâ YeJeveeW cebs Gòejer ØekeâeMe Úle keâe ueeYe
huesš ie[&j kesâ mebheer[ve HeäueQpe kesâ ieg®lJe kesâvõ Deewj leveve HeäueQpe neslee nw–Demebnle ØekeâeMe keâes YeJeve cebs Deeves osvee leLee
kesâ ieg®lJe kesâvõ kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer keânueeleer nw– ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& meerOes ØekeâeMe keâer Ûecekeâ keâes heefjJeefpe&le keâjvee~
oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ Jesye Jeeues ie[&j keânueeles nQ– yee@keäme ie[&j 150 ceer. mes DeefOekeâ kesâ heeš Jeeues hegue kesâ efueÙes hegue keâe megPeeÙee
HeäueQpe SWieue mes peesÌ[er peeves Jeeueer #eweflepe huesš keânueeleer nw– ieÙee Øekeâej nw– Petuee hegue
HeäueQpe huesš, DeeJejCe huesš JeeÙeg Yeej efJeMues<eCe kesâ efueÙes ØeÙegòeâ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ keâes[ nw–
Jesye keâer Skeâ-otmejs hej jKekeâj peesÌ[er ieF& huesš keâer ceesšeF& keâer IS 875 part – 3
DeeOes kesâ yejeyej jKeer peeleer nw, efkeâvleg Ùes efkeâleves mes keâce veneR Kegues #es$ees ceW ceeOÙe Yetefce leue kesâ Thej 'h' GBâÛeeF& hej cetue JeeÙeg
nesleer– 6 efceceer. Ûeeue efveefo&° keâer peeleer nw, 'h' keâe ceeve nw– 10 m
Ùeefo huesš ie[&j keâer ceesšeF& 75 mesceer. mes keâce nes, lees Ssmes ie[&j Úle keQâÛeer keâer kegâue ueeiele keâce keâjves kesâ efueS keQâÛeer keâer ueeiele
keânueeles nQ– GLeuee huesš ie[&j keâe heefue&ve keâer ueeiele mes Devegheele nesvee ÛeeefnS– 2 iegvee
Jes meomÙe pees FmheeleerÙe Úle keQâÛeer kesâ DeeJejCe heoeLe& keâes DeeOeej
efkeâmeer huesš ie[&j ceW Ùeefo DeefOekeâlece yebkeâve DeeIetCe& M, Deveg%esÙe Øeoeve keâjles nw, nQ– heefue&ve
Jebkeâve Øeefleyeue fb Deewj Jesye huesš keâer ceesšeF& t nes, lees huesš ie[&j YeejeW keâer Gl›eâceCe Øeke=âefle nw– Yetkeâche Yeej Deewj nJee Yeej
keâer efceleJÙeÙeer ienjeF& efkeâmekesâ yejeyej nesieer– 1.1
M mebjÛevee kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW yehe&â Yeej ieCevee ceW veneR efueÙee peelee
t.fb peye Úle keâer Ì{eue DeefOekeâ nes– 600

150
Úle keQâÛeer ceW Jen DeJeÙeJe pees heefue&ve keâes meneje oslee nw, peevee IS-800-1971 kesâ Devegmeej, Ùeefo Úle keQâÛeer keâer {eue 300 mes
peelee nw– cegKÙe jeheäšj DeefOekeâ ve nes, lees keâesefveÙee heefue&ve keâer ienjeF& heefue&ve keâer uecyeeF&
{euet Úle hej heefue&veeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer efveYe&j keâjleer nw– 1
keQâÛeer DeeJejCe kesâ Øekeâej hej keâer efkeâlevee Yeeie ceeveer peeleer nw– Yeeie
45
mšerue Úle keQâÛeer ceW, Ùeefo Sbieue DeeÙejve heefue&ve ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
peelee nw leye Gmekeâer ienjeÙeer keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 6. mlecYe DeeOeej (Column Base)
1
× heefue&ve keâe efJemleej DeeÙeleekeâej Ì{ebÛeeW kesâ efueS Deekeâej iegCeebkeâ nesiee– 1.5
45
iewvš^er ie[&j keâe DeefYekeâuheve keâes ØeeflejesefOele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
Úle keQâefÛeÙeeW ceW heefue&veeW keâe DeefYekeâuheve efvecve DeJeÙeJe kesâ ™he ceW
neslee nw– mebheer[ve
peelee nw– heeÕe&, DevegowOÙe& leLee TOJee&Oej Yeejesb
Fmheele kesâ meYeer «es[es kesâ efueÙes, FmheeleerÙe mlecYe kesâ muewye DeeOeej
Úle keQâÛeer ceW Skeâ šskeâ mes otmejer šskeâ lekeâ efJemle=efle Jeeues Deewj ceW Deveg%esÙe yebkeâve Øeefleyeue meerefcele nesles nw– 185 N/mm2
keQâÛeer kesâ Meer<e& mes neskeâj efvekeâueves Jeeues DeJeÙeJeeW keâer meyemes Thej Skeâ Megæeueefcyele Oejve efpemekeâe heeš L nw oesveeW efmejs cejesÌ[ kesâ
efmLele jsKee keânueeleer nw– efMeKej jsKee efJe®æ Deeyeæ nw mecheer[ve heäuewvpe DemebÙeefcele nw~ IS : 800 kesâ
Úle keQâÛeer keâer heefue&ve hej jKeer Oejve keânueeleer nw– jeHeäšj Devegmeej mecheeref[le heäuewvpe keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& nesieer– L
meceefcele keQâÛeer kesâ Ì{eue keâer heefjYee<ee G"eve Je heeš keâe Devegheele DeeOeej huesš kesâ DeefYekeâuheve kesâ efueS IS Code 800:2007 kesâ
neslee nw– DeeOes Devegmeej kebâ›eâerš keâer OeejCe meeceLÙe& efkeâleveer ueer peeleer nw? (peneB
fck kebâ›eâerš keâer DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ meeceLÙe& nw)– 0.45 fck
oes Deemevve keQâefÛeÙeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer keânueeleer nw– KeC[
1. The distance between C.G. of compression and
efkeâmeer keQâÛeer ceW efkeâmeer mJeleb$e DeJeÙeJe keâer uecyeeF& mes DeefOekeâ veneR C.G. of Tension Flanges of a Plate Girder is
nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 3m known as:
keQâÛeer ceW GÛÛelece efyevog mes šskeâeW keâes efceueeves Jeeueer jsKee lekeâ keâer Skeâ huesš ie[&j kesâ mebheer[ve HeäueQpe kesâ ieg®òJe kesâvõ leLee
otjer keânueeleer nw– G"eve leveve heäueQpe kesâ ieg®lJe kesâvõ kesâ ceOÙe otjer keâes keânles nQ–
IS-459-1962 kesâ Devegmeej, Ssmyesmše@me meercesCš keâer veeueeroej (a) Clear depth/mhe<š ienjeF&
Ûeeoj keâer mece«e ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 110 mesceer. (b) Effective depth/ØeYeeJeer ienjeF&
I.S. 459-1962 kesâ Devegmeej Ssmyesmše@me meercesCš keâer veeueeroej (c) Overall depth/mechetCe& ienjeF&
Ûeeoj keâer meeceevÙe ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 105 cm (d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR
RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
keQâÛeer ceW G"eve Deewj hetCe& heeš keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw– efheÛe
Ans : (b) huesš ie[&j keâer Goemeerve De#e kesâ Thej kesâ Yeeie keâes
Úle keQâÛeer ceW Ùeefo efheÛe 1/2 Deewj Ì{eue 1 nes, lees #eweflepe kesâ meeLe
mecheer[ve #es$e leLee veerÛes kesâ Yeeie keâes leveve #es$e keânles nQ~ huesš ie[&j
vele keâesCe keâe ceeve nesiee– 450
ceW mecheer[ve #es$e kesâ heäueQpe kesâ ieg®lJe kesâvõ Je leveve #es$e kesâ heäueQpe kesâ
G"eve Je heeš keâe Devegheele efheÛe keânueelee nw~ heneÌ[er #es$eeW ceW peneB ieg®lJe kesâvõ kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer keâes ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& keânles nQ~ Fmes d mes
yeHe&â Je nJee lespe ieefle mes Ûeueleer nw keQâÛeer keâe meeceevÙe efheÛe jKee metefÛele keâjles nQ~
peelee nw– 1/4 2. Stiffeners used in a Plate Girder to:
efkeâmeer keQâÛeer ceW peesÌ[ hej iemesš huesš keâer ceesšeF& veneR nesveer huesš ie[&jeW ceW ÂÌ{keâejer keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ–
ÛeeefnÙes– 6 mm mes keâce (a) Avoid buckling of web plate
Úle keQâÛeer ceW meeceevÙele: efjJesš keâe JÙeeme veneR GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peevee JesJe huesš keâes ceg[Ì ves mes yeÛeeves nsleg
ÛeeefnÙes– 6 mm mes keâce (b) Reduce the shear stress
SWieue DeeÙejve heefue&veeW keâer Deeke=âefle ef[peeFve kesâ Devegmeej Úle keâe keâle&ve Øeefleyeue keâes Ieševes nsleg
{ueeve veneR yeÌ{vee ÛeeefnS, #eweflepe mes– 300 (c) Reduce the compressive stress
mebheer[keâ Øeefleyeue keâes Ieševes nsleg
IS-277-1962 kesâ Devegmeej veeueeroej pemleer ueesns keâer Ûeeoj ceW
(d) Take the bearing stress
veeueer keâer efheÛe nesveer ÛeeefnS– 75 efceceer. Oeeefjle Øeefleyeue keâes Leeceves nsleg
Ùeefo Úle keQâÛeer keâe Ì{eue 30 mes DeefOekeâ nes lees heefue&ve SWieue keâer
0
RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
1 Ans : (a) huesšeW keâes heeMJe& efmLejlee Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS huesš ie[&j
ÛeewÌ[eF& Gmekeâer uecyeeF& keâer ceeveer peeleer nw– Yeeie
60 ceW ÂÌ{keâejer ueieeÙes peeles nw~ peye Jesye huesš keâer Megæ ienjeF& Je ceesšeF&
Yeejer efheC[ kesâ efvecee&Ce nsleg Dehesef#ele DeJemehe&Ce nw– keâe Devegheele 85 mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw, leye Jesye hej TOJe& ÂÌ{keâejer
25–50 efceceer. ueieeÙes peeles nQ~ Fvekeâer meeceevÙe otjer 0.33 mes 1.5d lekeâ jKeer peeleer nw~
keQâefÛeÙeeW kesâ Meer<e& efyevogDeeW keâes efceueeves Jeeueer jsKee keânueeleer nw– 3. the BIS code which deals with steel structures
efjpe jsKee is:
DeeefLe&keâ yeÛele keâer Âef<š mes keQâefÛeÙeeW kesâ yeerÛe Devlejeue jKeves hej mšerue mš^keäÛej mes mebyebefOele BIS keâes[ nw:
keQâÛeer keâer ueeiele nesieer– (a) BIS : 456 (b) BIS : 800
(c) BIS : 875 (d) BIS : 1893
2 × heefue&veeW keâer ueeiele ± Úle DeeJejCe keâer ueeiele RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014
151
Ans. (b) : keâes[ mecyeefvOele Ans : (b) 24 mm ceehe lekeâ kesâ efjJesš kesâ efueÙes efÚõ keâe JÙeeme
BIS 456 – meeceevÙe leLee Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš d + 1.5 mm leLee 25 mm ceehe mes DeefOekeâ kesâ efueÙes efÚõ keâe
BIS 800 – Fmheele keâer meeceevÙe mebjÛevee JÙeeme d + 2 mm efueÙee peelee nw~
BIS 875 – DeefYekeâefuhele Yeej keâe DeOÙeÙeve 7. The centre-to-centre distance between
BIS 1893 – Yetkeâche keâe DeefYekeâuheve ØeeflejesOe mebjÛevee individual fasteners in a line, in the direction of
4. If p is the pitch of the rivets and d is the gross load/stress is called as :/Yeej/Øeefleyeue keâer efoMee ceW,
diameter of rivets, the tearing efficiency of Skeâ jsKee ceW Deueie-Deueie yevOekeâeW kesâ yeerÛe kesâvõ mes
joints is equal to– kesâvõ keâer otjer keâes peevee peelee nw–
Ùeefo p efjJesš keâer efheÛe nes leLee 'd' efjJesš keâe kegâue (a) Camber/kewâcyej
(mebhetCe&) JÙeeme nes lees peesÌ[eW (pJeeFbšeW) keâer šerÙeefjbie (b) Pitch/efheÛe
#ecelee keâe ceeve yejeyej nesiee? (c) Specific distance/efJeefMe<š otjer
(a) p/(p–d) (b) p/(p+d) (d) Stress lag/Øeefleyeue otjer
(c) (p–d)/p (d) (p+d)/p RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015
RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015
Ans : (b) Skeâ ner hebefòeâ ceW oes ueieeleej efjJesšes kesâ kesâvõeW kesâ yeerÛe
Ans : (c) efoÙee nw, efjJesš efheÛe = p
efjJesš JÙeeme = d otjer keâes efjJesšes keâer efheÛe keânles nQ~ Fmes 'p' mes Øeoe|Mele keâjles nQ~
ceevee huesš kesâ efueÙes Deveg%esÙe leveve yeue ft nw leye Deueie-Deueie hebefòeâÙeeW kesâ efueÙes efheÛe Deueie-Deueie Yeer nes mekeâleer nw~
peesÌ[ keâer efšÙeefjbie meeceLÙe& = (p – d) × ft Fme oMee ceW meyemes Devoj Jeeueer hebefòeâ ceW efheÛe meyemes keâce nesleer nw~
"esme huesš keâer efšÙeefjbie meeceLÙe& = p × ft 8. An element used to retain or prevent the out-
of-plane deformations of plates is referred as :
peesÌ[ keâer efšÙeefjbie meeceLÙe& Skeâ DeJeÙeJe pees huesšes keâer leue Jeenj efJeheâuelee keâes
Dele: peesÌ[ keâer efšÙeefjbie o#elee =
"esme huesš keâer efšÙeefjbie meeceLÙe& jeskeâves kesâ efueÙes ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, keânueelee nw–
( p − d ) ft (a) Strut/mš^š (b) Stiffener/ÂÌ{keâejer
=
p ft (c) Purlin/hee|ueve (d) Raft/jeheäš
RRB SSE Shift-III : 02.09.2015
p−d
η= Ans : (b) efJe™heCe (Deformation) jeskeâves kesâ efueÙes Plates hej
p ÂÌ{keâejer (Stiffeners) Øeoeve efkeâÙes peeles nQ~
5. The ultimate strength of the steel used for pre- 9. According to IS-456, the modulus of elasticity
stressing is nearly– of steel can be assumed as :
hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele mšerue keâer Deefvlece (DeefOekeâlece) Meefkeäle IS-456 kesâ Devegmeej Fmheele keâe Ùebie ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ
nesleer nw ueieYeie keâe ceeve nesiee–
(a) 250 N/mm2 (b) 415 N/mm2 (a) 200 kN/mm2 (b) 225 kN/mm2
(c) 500 N/mm2 (d) 1500 N/mm2 (c) 250 kN/mm2 (d) 300 kN/mm2
RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015 RRB SSE Shift-I : 03.09.2015
Ans : (c) hetJe& Øeyeueve kesâ efueÙes ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues Fmheele keâer Ans : (a) Øeefleyeue Deewj efJeke=âefle kesâ Devegheele keâes Ùebie ØelÙeemLelee
meeceLÙe& Fleveer DeJeMÙe nesveer ÛeeefnÙes keâer kebâ›eâerš kesâ mebkeg@âÛeve Je ›eâerhe iegCeebkeâ keânles nQ~ Fmheele keâe Ùebie ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ 200 kN/mm2
kesâ keâejCe nesves Jeeueer Øeefleyeue neefve kesâ yeeo Yeer KeC[ ceW heÙee&hle hetJe& Ùee 2 × 105 N/mm2 neslee nw~
Øeefleyeue Mes<e jn peeÙeW~ meeOeejCeleÙee kebâ›eâerš ceW 175 – 250 10. In a fillet welded joint, the weakest area of the
N/mm2 Øeefleyeue lekeâ Øeefleyeue neefve ›eâerhe Je mebkegâÛeve kesâ keâejCe nes weld is
peeleer nw Deewj meeOeejCe Fmheele keâer hejeYeJe meeceLÙe& Yeer ueieYeie 250 efHeâuesš Jesu[ peesÌ[ (fillet welded joint) ceW Jesu[ keâe
N/m2 – 500 N/mm2 nesleer nw~ Dele: hetJe& Øeefleyeue kesâ efueÙes GÛÛe meyemes keâcepeesj Yeeie neslee nw–
leveve meeceLÙe& Jeeues Fmheele keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– GÛÛe leveve (a) Toe/SÌ[er (b) Root/peÌ[
meeceLÙe& Jeeues Fmheele ceW 0.6 – 0.8% keâeye&ve, 0.6% cewiveerpe Je (c) Throat/kebâ" (d) Face/Ûesnje
ueieYeie 0.1% efmeefuekeâe nesleer nw~ RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
I.S. 1785 Je I.S. 2090 kesâ Devegmeej leejeW keâer meeceLÙe& efvecve nw– Ans : (c) Jesu[ keâer kebâ" ceesšeF& = K x Jesu[ keâer ceehe
leej keâe JÙeeme peneB K = Skeâ efmLejebkeâ nw~
(mm ceW) 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 7 8
Ùen JesuÌ[ keâe meyemes keâcepeesj Yeeie neslee nw~
leveve meeceLÙe&
2350

2200

2050

1900

1750
1600

1500

1400

(N/mm2 ceW)

6. For rivet diameter upto 24 mm, the diameter of

rivet hole is larger than the diameter of rivet by–
24 mm lekeâ kesâ efjJesš JÙeeme kesâ efueS efjJesš efÚõ keâe
JÙeeme efjJesš kesâ JÙeeme mes efkeâlevee DeefOekeâ neslee nw?
(a) 1 mm (b) 1.5 mm
(c) 2 mm (d) 2.5 mm
RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015
152
11. Bolts are most suitable to carry– Ans : (a) efvecve keâeye&ve Fmheele keâes ner ce=og Fmheele keânles nw~ FmeceW
yeesuš efkeâmekesâ Yeej keâes Jenve keâjves nsleg meyemes GheÙegkeäle keâeye&ve keâe ØeefleMele cee$ee 0.25 mes keâce Ùee 0.15 mes 0.25% kesâ
nesles nQ? yeerÛe neslee nw~
(a) Shear/keâle&ve mšsveuesme mšerue – keâeye&ve 0.15³ mes keâce
(b) Bending/veceve ce=og Fmheele – 0.15 mes 0.25% kesâ yeerÛe keâeye&ve
(c) Axial tension/De#eerÙe leveeJe ceOÙece keâeye&ve Fmheele – 0.25 Ùes 0.8³ keâeye&ve
(d) Shear and bending/keâle&ve leLee veceve oesveeW GÛÛe keâeye&ve Fmheele – 0. 8 mes 1.5³ keâeye&ve
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
15. Which one of following is a compression
Ans : (c) yeesuš De#eerÙe leveeJe Yeej keâes Jenve keâjves nsleg meyemes member?
GheÙegòeâ nesles nw~ Fmekeâer ef[peeFve De#eerÙe leveeJe Øeefleyeue kesâ DeeOeej efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee mecheer[ve Gheebie nw?
hej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (a) Purlin/Menleerj (b) Boom/yetce
12. Which is the purest form of iron? (c) Girt/ieš& (d) Tie/šeF&
ueesns keâe meyemes Megæ ™he nw? RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
(a) Cast iron/{ueJeeB ueesne Ans : (b) yetce ueerJej keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer Yeej efJeMes<e keâes TOJee&Oej
(b) Wrought iron/efhešJeeB ueesne melen mes kegâÚ otjer hej ueškeâves kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee peelee nw
(c) Mild steel/ce=og Fmheele
(d) High Carbon Steel/GÛÛe keâeye&ve Fmheele
RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015
Ans : (b) ueesne keâe meyemes Megæ ™he efhešJeeB ueesne neslee nw~
efhešJeeB ueesne ceW keâeye&ve keâer ØeefleMele cee$ee meyemes keâce (0.027%)
neslee nw~ efhešJee@ ueesne ceW 99.5 ØeefleMele Megæ ueesne neslee nw~
Fmekeâer Øeeefhle efheie DeeÙejve mes nesleer nw~
Fme ueesns ceW keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee yengle keâce nesves kesâ keâejCe iece& keâjkesâ
heeveer ceW yegPeeves hej keâ"esjlee Øeehle veneR nesleer nw~
{ueJeeB ueesns ceW keâeye&ve keâer ØeefleMele cee$ee 2-4.5% nesleer nw~
ce=og Fmheele ceW keâeye&ve keâer ØeefleMele cee$ee 0.15-2.5% nesleer nw~ yetce Skeâ mecheer[ve meomÙe nw keäÙeeWefkeâ yetce mecheer[ve Yeej keâes menve
GÛÛe keâeye&ve Fmheele ceW keâeye&ve keâer ØeefleMele cee$ee 0.8-1.6% keâjlee nw peyeefkeâ Menleerj, ieš&, šeF& leveeJe Yeej keâes menve keâjlee nw~
nesleer nw~ 16. Which one of the following is not a
13. Lacings are subjected to : compression member?
peeuekeâ ÚÌ[s ................kesâ DeOeerve nesleer nw– efvecve ceW mes keâewve mebkegâÛeve DeJeÙeJe veneR nw?
(a) Transverse loading/DevegØemLe Yeej (a) Strut/mš^š (b) Tie/šeF&
(b) Axial loading plus bending (c) Rafter/jeheäšj (d) Boom/yetce
De#eerÙe Deewj veceve Yeej RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015
(c) Axial loading plus shear force Ans : (b) efkeâmeer keQâÛeer ceW mš^š, jeheäšj Je yetce hej mecheer[ve yeue
De#eerÙe Yeej Deewj keâle&ve yeue keâeÙe& keâjles nQ FmeefueS FvnW mecheer[ve Gheebie keâne peelee nw~ peyeefkeâ
(d) Axial loading only/kesâJeue De#eerÙe Yeej šeF& ceW leveve yeue keâeÙe& keâjles nQ FmeefueS FvnW leveve Gheebie keâne peelee
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015 nw~ mecheer[ve yeue kesâ keâejCe mš^š, jeheäšj Je yetce ceW mebkegâÛeve neslee
Ans : (d) peeuekeâ heæefle ceW mlecYe kesâ IeškeâeW keâes peeuekeâ ÚÌ[eW Éeje nw~
Skeâ otmejs kesâ meeLe yeebOee peelee nw~ peeuekeâ heæefle efJeMes<e ™he mes 17. A steel beam supporting loads from the floor
mlecYe hej Glkesâefvõle Yeej Deeves keâer efmLeefle ceW oes Øekeâej nw–Fkeânjer slab as well as from wall is termed as :
peeuekeâ JÙeJemLee Deewj oesnjer peeuekeâ JÙeJemLee~ peeuekeâ ÚÌ[s kesâJeue Skeâ Ssmeer mšerue yeerce pees cebefpeue kesâ muesye kesâ meeLe meeLe
De#eerÙe Yeej kesâ DeOeerve nesleer nQ~ peeuekeâ JÙeJemLee ceW peeuekeâ ÚÌ[eW keâes oerJeej kesâ Yeej keâes Yeer mebYeeueleer nw keânueeleer nw–
Fme Øekeâej ueieeÙee peelee nw efkeâ keâesCe θ keâe ceeve 40 mes keâce Je
0 (a) Stringer beam/efmš^bpej yeerce
70 mes DeefOekeâ ve nes~ peeuekeâ ÚÌ[eW kesâ efueS leveglee Devegheele 145 mes
0 (b) Lintel beam/efuebšsue yeerce
DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~ peeuekeâ ÚÌ[eW ceW DeefYekeâuheve nsleg (c) Spandrel beam/mheW[^ue yeerce
Dehe™heCe yeue keâe ceeve mlecYe hej Deeves Jeeues Yeej keâe 2.5% efueÙee (d) Header beam/ ns[j yeerce
peelee nw~ RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015
14. Percentage of carbon content in mild steel is : Ans : (c) mheW[^ue yeerce Skeâ Ssmeer yeerce nw pees cebefpeue kesâ muesye kesâ
ce=og Fmheele ceW keâeye&ve keâer ØeefleMelee GheefmLele nesleer nw– meeLe oerJeej kesâ Yeej keâes Yeer mebYeeueleer nw~
(a) Less than 0.25/0.25 mes keâce efmš^bpej yeerce keâe ØeÙeesie meerefÌ{ÙeeW keâe meblegueve yeveeves kesâ efueS neslee nw~
(b) Between 0.25 to 0.7/0.25 mes 0.7 kesâ yeerÛe efuebšue yeerce oerJeejeW, efKe[efkeâÙeeW, ojJeepeeW ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(c) Between 0.7 to 1.5/0.7 mes 1.5 kesâ yeerÛe nw[j yeerce keâe Úle ØeCeeueer ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùen Úle kesâ
(d) Greater than 1.5/1.5 mes pÙeeoe yeerÛeeW yeerÛe Fme lejn JÙeJeefmLele neslee nw efkeâ Fme hej Úle kesâ hetjs Yeej
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015 keâe efJelejCe meceeve ™he mes nes~
153
18. Stainless steel resist corrosion due to : (d) Take the bearing stress
mšsveuesme mšerue efkeâmekesâ keâejCe pebie keâe efJejesOe keâjlee nw– Oeeefjle Øeefleyeue keâes Leeceves nsleg
(a) Carbon/keâeye&ve (b) Manganese/ceQieveerpe RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
(c) Chromium/›eâesefceÙece (d) Sulphur/meuHeâj huesšeW keâes heeMJe& efmLejlee Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS huesš
Ans : (a)
RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015 ie[&j ceW ÂÌ{keâejer ueieeÙes peeles nw~ peye Jesye huesš keâer Megæ ienjeF&
Ans : (c) mšsveuesme mšerue ceW ›eâesefceÙece GheefmLele nesves kesâ keâejCe Ùen Je ceesšeF& keâe Devegheele 85 mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw, leye Jesye hej TOJe&
pebie ueieves keâe ØeeflejesOe keâjlee nw~ ÂÌ{keâejer ueieeÙes peeles nQ~ Fvekeâer meeceevÙe otjer 0.33 mes 1.5d lekeâ jKeer
mšsveuesme mšerue meb#eejCejesOeer, keâ"esj leLee ÛeeBoer kesâ meceeve kegâÚ peeleer nw~
veerueeheve efueÙes ngS Ûecekeâoej melen Jeeuee neslee nw~ 22. the BIS code which deals with steel structures is:
mšsveuesme mšerue ceW, Cr = 4.5 mes 18% mšerue mš^keäÛej mes mebyebefOele BIS keâes[ nw:
Ni = 8 % lekeâ (a) BIS : 456 (b) BIS : 800
C = 0.1 mes 0.4% efceuee jnlee nw~ (c) BIS : 875 (d) BIS : 1893
efveefkeâue ›eâesefceÙece mšerue efpemeceW 18 % ›eâesefceÙece leLee 8 % efveefkeâue RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014
nes, Gmes JÙeeJemeeefÙekeâ ™he mes 18/8 mšsveuesme mšerue keânles nw~ Ans. (b) :
mšsveuesme mšerue (yesoeie Fmheele) keâe GheÙeesie cegKÙe ™he mes Iejsuet yele&ve, keâes[ mecyeefvOele
meefpe&keâue–Deewpeej, ceMeerve heeš&me Deeefo yeveeves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ BIS 456 – meeceevÙe leLee Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš
«es[ 201, 304, 3042, 316, 3162, 9042 kesâ mšerue GÛÛe iegCeJeòee BIS 800 – Fmheele keâer meeceevÙe mebjÛevee
Jeeues mšerue nw~ BIS 875 – Deef Y ekeâef uhele Yeej keâe DeOÙeÙeve
19. Which one of the following stresses is BIS 1893 – Yetkeâche keâe DeefYekeâuheve ØeeflejesOe mebjÛevee
independent of yield stress as a permissible 23. If p is the pitch of the rivets and d is the gross
stress for steel member- diameter of rivets, the tearing efficiency of
efvecveefueefKele leveeJeeW mes keâewve mee leveeJe mšerue meomÙe joints is equal to–
kesâ efueS Skeâ DevegcesÙe leveeJe kesâ ™he ceW Ghepe leveeJe mes Ùeefo p efjJesš keâer efheÛe nes leLee 'd' efjJesš keâe kegâue
mJeleb$e nw– (mebhetCe&) JÙeeme nes lees peesÌ[eW (pJeeFbšeW) keâer šerÙeefjbie
(a) Axial tensile stress/De#eerÙe levÙelee Øeefleyeue #ecelee keâe ceeve yejeyej nesiee?
(b) Maximum shear stress/DeefOekeâlece efMeÙej Øeefleyeue (a) p/(p–d) (b) p/(p+d)
(c) Bearing stress/OeejCe Øeefleyeue (c) (p–d)/p (d) (p+d)/p
(d) Stress in slab base/muewye kesâ DeeOeej ceW Øeefleyeue RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015
RRB JE Shift-III : 28.08.2015 Ans : (c) efoÙee nw, efjJesš efheÛe = p
Ans : (d) efkeâmeer FmheeleerÙe meomÙe kesâ efueÙes Deveg%esÙe, De#eerÙe leveve efjJesš JÙeeme = d
Øeefleyeue, DeefOekeâlece keâle&ve Øeefleyeue leLee OeejCe Øeefleyeue Fmheele kesâ ceevee huesš kesâ efueÙes Deveg%esÙe leveve yeue ft nw leye
«es[ hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~ Ùes ›eâceMe: 0.6fy, 0.45fy, 0.75fy nesles nw~ peesÌ[ keâer efšÙeefjbie meeceLÙe& = (p – d) × ft
muewJe DeeOeej ceW Deveg%esÙe Øeefleyeue Fmheele kesâ «es[ mes mJelev$e nesles nw~ "esme huesš keâer efšÙeefjbie meeceLÙe& = p × ft
20. The distance between C.G. of compression and peesÌ[ keâer efšÙeefjbie meeceLÙe&
Dele: peesÌ[ keâer efšÙeefjbie o#elee =
C.G. of Tension Flanges of a Plate Girder is "esme huesš keâer efšÙeefjbie meeceLÙe&
known as: ( p − d ) ft
Skeâ huesš ie[&j kesâ mebheer[ve HeäueQpe kesâ ieg®òJe kesâvõ leLee =
p ft
leveve heäueQpe kesâ ieg®lJe kesâvõ kesâ ceOÙe otjer keâes keânles nQ–
(a) Clear depth/mhe<š ienjeF& p−d
η=
(b) Effective depth/ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& p
(c) Overall depth/mechetCe& ienjeF& 24. For rivet diameter upto 24 mm, the diameter of
(d) None of these/FveceW mes keâesF& veneR rivet hole is larger than the diameter of rivet
RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014 by–
Ans : (b) huesš ie[&j keâer Goemeerve De#e kesâ Thej kesâ Yeeie keâes 24 mm lekeâ kesâ efjJesš JÙeeme kesâ efueS efjJesš efÚõ keâe
mecheer[ve #es$e leLee veerÛes kesâ Yeeie keâes leveve #es$e keânles nQ~ huesš JÙeeme efjJesš kesâ JÙeeme mes efkeâlevee DeefOekeâ neslee nw?
ie[&j ceW mecheer[ve #es$e kesâ heäueQpe kesâ ieg®lJe kesâvõ Je leveve #es$e kesâ (a) 1 mm (b) 1.5 mm
heäueQpe kesâ ieg®lJe kesâvõ kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer keâes ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& keânles (c) 2 mm (d) 2.5 mm
nQ~ Fmes d mes metefÛele keâjles nQ~ RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015
21. Stiffeners used in a Plate Girder to: Ans : (b) 24 mm ceehe lekeâ kesâ efjJesš kesâ efueÙes efÚõ keâe JÙeeme
d + 1.5 mm leLee 25 mm ceehe mes DeefOekeâ kesâ efueÙes efÚõ keâe
huesš ie[&jeW ceW ÂÌ{keâejer keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ–
(a) Avoid buckling of web plate JÙeeme d + 2 mm efueÙee peelee nw~
JesJe huesš keâes ceg[Ì ves mes yeÛeeves nsleg 25. The ultimate strength of the steel used for pre-
(b) Reduce the shear stress stressing is nearly–
keâle&ve Øeefleyeue keâes Ieševes nsleg hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele mšerue keâer Deefvlece (DeefOekeâlece) Meefkeäle
(c) Reduce the compressive stress nesleer nw ueieYeie
mebheer[keâ Øeefleyeue keâes Ieševes nsleg (a) 250 N/mm2 (b) 415 N/mm2
154
 (c) 500 N/mm2 (d) 1500 N/mm2 efHeâuesš Jesu[ peesÌ[ (fillet welded joint) ceW Jesu[ keâe
RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015 meyemes keâcepeesj Yeeie neslee nw–
Ans : (c) hetJe& Øeyeueve kesâ efueÙes ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues Fmheele keâer (a) Toe/SÌ[er (b) Root/peÌ[
meeceLÙe& Fleveer DeJeMÙe nesveer ÛeeefnÙes keâer kebâ›eâerš kesâ mebkeg@âÛeve Je ›eâerhe (c) Throat/kebâ" (d) Face/Ûesnje
kesâ keâejCe nesves Jeeueer Øeefleyeue neefve kesâ yeeo Yeer KeC[ ceW heÙee&hle hetJe& RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
Øeefleyeue Mes<e jn peeÙeW~ meeOeejCeleÙee kebâ›eâerš ceW 175 – 250 Ans : (c) Jesu[ keâer kebâ" ceesšeF& = K x Jesu[ keâer ceehe
N/mm2 Øeefleyeue lekeâ Øeefleyeue neefve ›eâerhe Je mebkegâÛeve kesâ keâejCe nes peneB K = Skeâ efmLejebkeâ nw~
peeleer nw Deewj meeOeejCe Fmheele keâer hejeYeJe meeceLÙe& Yeer ueieYeie 250 Ùen JesuÌ[ keâe meyemes keâcepeesj Yeeie neslee nw~
N/m2 – 500 N/mm2 nesleer nw~ Dele: hetJe& Øeefleyeue kesâ efueÙes GÛÛe
leveve meeceLÙe& Jeeues Fmheele keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– GÛÛe leveve
meeceLÙe& Jeeues Fmheele ceW 0.6 – 0.8% keâeye&ve, 0.6% cewiveerpe Je
ueieYeie 0.1% efmeefuekeâe nesleer nw~
I.S. 1785 Je I.S. 2090 kesâ Devegmeej leejeW keâer meeceLÙe& efvecve nw–
leej keâe JÙeeme
(mm ceW) 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 7 8
leveve meeceLÙe&
2350

2200

2050

1900

1750
1600

1500

1400
(N/mm2 ceW)
30. Bolts are most suitable to carry–
yeesuš efkeâmekesâ Yeej keâes Jenve keâjves nsleg meyemes GheÙegkeäle
26. The centre-to-centre distance between
individual fasteners in a line, in the direction of nesles nQ?
load/stress is called as :/Yeej/Øeefleyeue keâer efoMee ceW, (a) Shear/keâle&ve
Skeâ jsKee ceW Deueie-Deueie yevOekeâeW kesâ yeerÛe kesâvõ mes (b) Bending/veceve
kesâvõ keâer otjer keâes peevee peelee nw– (c) Axial tension/De#eerÙe leveeJe
(a) Camber/kewâcyej (d) Shear and bending/keâle&ve leLee veceve oesveeW
(b) Pitch/efheÛe RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
Ans : (c) yeesuš De#eerÙe leveeJe Yeej keâes Jenve keâjves nsleg meyemes
(c) Specific distance/efJeefMe<š otjer
(d) Stress lag/Øeefleyeue otjer
GheÙegòeâ nesles nw~ Fmekeâer ef[peeFve De#eerÙe leveeJe Øeefleyeue kesâ DeeOeej
RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015
hej efkeâÙee peelee nw~
31. Which is the purest form of iron?
Ans : (b) Skeâ ner hebefòeâ ceW oes ueieeleej efjJesšes kesâ kesâvõeW kesâ yeerÛe ueesns keâe meyemes Megæ ™he nw?
otjer keâes efjJesšes keâer efheÛe keânles nQ~ Fmes 'p' mes Øeoe|Mele keâjles nQ~ (a) Cast iron/{ueJeeB ueesne
Deueie-Deueie hebefòeâÙeeW kesâ efueÙes efheÛe Deueie-Deueie Yeer nes mekeâleer (b) Wrought iron/efhešJeeB ueesne
nw~ (c) Mild steel/ce=og Fmheele
Fme oMee ceW meyemes Devoj Jeeueer hebefòeâ ceW efheÛe meyemes keâce nesleer (d) High Carbon Steel/GÛÛe keâeye&ve Fmheele
nw~ RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015
27. An element used to retain or prevent the out- Ans : (b) ueesne keâe meyemes Megæ ™he efhešJeeB ueesne neslee nw~
of-plane deformations of plates is referred as :
Skeâ DeJeÙeJe pees huesšes keâer leue Jeenj efJeheâuelee keâes efhešJeeB ueesne ceW keâeye&ve keâer ØeefleMele cee$ee meyemes keâce
jeskeâves kesâ efueÙes ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, keânueelee nw– (0.027%) neslee nw~ efhešJee@ ueesne ceW 99.5 ØeefleMele Megæ
(a) Strut/mš^š (b) Stiffener/ÂÌ{keâejer
uees ne neslee nw~
(c) Purlin/hee|ueve (d) Raft/jeheäš
Fmekeâer Øeeefhle efheie DeeÙejve mes nesleer nw~
RRB SSE Shift-III : 02.09.2015
Fme uees ns ceW keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee yengle keâce nesves kesâ keâejCe iece&
Ans : (b) efJe™heCe (Deformation) jeskeâves kesâ efueÙes Plates
keâjkes â heeveer ceW yegPeeves hej keâ"esjlee Øeehle veneR nesleer nw~
{ueJeeB uees n s ceW keâeye&ve keâer ØeefleMele cee$ee 2-4.5% nesleer nw~
hej ÂÌ{keâejer (Stiffeners) Øeoeve efkeâÙes peeles nQ~
ce=og Fmheele ceW keâeye&ve keâer ØeefleMele cee$ee 0.15-2.5% nesleer nw~
28. According to IS-456, the modulus of elasticity
of steel can be assumed as :
GÛÛe keâeye&ve Fmheele ceW keâeye&ve keâer ØeefleMele cee$ee 0.8-1.6%
IS-456 kesâ Devegmeej Fmheele keâe Ùebie ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ nesleer nw~
32. Lacings are subjected to :
keâe ceeve nesiee–
peeuekeâ ÚÌ[s ................kesâ DeOeerve nesleer nw–
(a) 200 kN/mm2 (b) 225 kN/mm2
(c) 250 kN/mm 2
(d) 300 kN/mm 2 (a) Transverse loading/DevegØemLe Yeej
RRB SSE Shift-I : 03.09.2015 (b) Axial loading plus bending
Ans : (a) Øeefleyeue Deewj efJeke=âefle kesâ Devegheele keâes Ùebie ØelÙeemLelee De#eerÙe Deewj veceve Yeej
iegCeebkeâ keânles nQ~ Fmheele keâe Ùebie ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ 200 kN/mm2 (c) Axial loading plus shear force
Ùee 2 × 105 N/mm2 neslee nw~ De#eerÙe Yeej Deewj keâle&ve yeue
29. In a fillet welded joint, the weakest area of the (d) Axial loading only/kesâJeue De#eerÙe Yeej
weld is RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015
155
 Ans : (d) peeuekeâ heæefle ceW mlecYe kesâ IeškeâeW keâes peeuekeâ ÚÌ[eW 36. A steel beam supporting loads from the floor
Éeje Skeâ otmejs kesâ meeLe yeebOee peelee nw~ peeuekeâ heæefle efJeMes<e ™he slab as well as from wall is termed as :
mes mlecYe hej Glkesâefvõle Yeej Deeves keâer efmLeefle ceW oes Øekeâej nw– Skeâ Ssmeer mšerue yeerce pees cebefpeue kesâ muesye kesâ meeLe meeLe
Fkeânjer peeuekeâ JÙeJemLee Deewj oesnjer peeuekeâ JÙeJemLee~ peeuekeâ ÚÌ[s oerJeej kesâ Yeej keâes Yeer mebYeeueleer nw keânueeleer nw–
kesâJeue De#eerÙe Yeej kesâ DeOeerve nesleer nQ~ peeuekeâ JÙeJemLee ceW peeuekeâ (a) Stringer beam/efmš^bpej yeerce
ÚÌ[eW keâes Fme Øekeâej ueieeÙee peelee nw efkeâ keâesCe θ keâe ceeve 400 mes (b) Lintel beam/efuebšsue yeerce
keâce Je 700 mes DeefOekeâ ve nes~ peeuekeâ ÚÌ[eW kesâ efueS leveglee (c) Spandrel beam/mheW[^ue yeerce
Devegheele 145 mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~ peeuekeâ ÚÌ[eW ceW (d) Header beam/ns[j yeerce
DeefYekeâuheve nsleg Dehe™heCe yeue keâe ceeve mlecYe hej Deeves Jeeues Yeej RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015
keâe 2.5% efueÙee peelee nw~ Ans : (c) mheW[^ue yeerce Skeâ Ssmeer yeerce nw pees cebefpeue kesâ muesye kesâ
33. Percentage of carbon content in mild steel is : meeLe oerJeej kesâ Yeej keâes Yeer mebYeeueleer nw~
ce=og Fmheele ceW keâeye&ve keâer ØeefleMelee GheefmLele nesleer nw– efmš^bpej yeerce keâe ØeÙeesie meerefÌ{ÙeeW keâe meblegueve yeveeves kesâ efueS neslee
(a) Less than 0.25/0.25 mes keâce nw~
(b) Between 0.25 to 0.7/0.25 mes 0.7 kesâ yeerÛe efuebšue yeerce oerJeejeW, efKe[efkeâÙeeW, ojJeepeeW ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(c) Between 0.7 to 1.5/0.7 mes 1.5 kesâ yeerÛe nw[j yeerce keâe Úle ØeCeeueer ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùen Úle kesâ
(d) Greater than 1.5/1.5 mes pÙeeoe yeerÛeeW yeerÛe Fme lejn JÙeJeefmLele neslee nw efkeâ Fme hej Úle kesâ hetjs
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015 Yeej keâe efJelejCe meceeve ™he mes nes~
Ans : (a) efvecve keâeye&ve Fmheele keâes ner ce=og Fmheele keânles nw~ FmeceW 37. Stainless steel resist corrosion due to :
keâeye&ve keâe ØeefleMele cee$ee 0.25 mes keâce Ùee 0.15 mes 0.25% kesâ mšsveuesme mšerue efkeâmekesâ keâejCe pebie keâe efJejesOe keâjlee
yeerÛe neslee nw~ nw–
mšsveuesme mšerue – keâeye&ve 0.15³ mes keâce (a) Carbon/keâeye&ve (b) Manganese/ceQieveerpe
ce=og Fmheele – 0.15 mes 0.25% kesâ yeerÛe keâeye&ve
(c) Chromium/›eâesefceÙece (d) Sulphur/meuHeâj
ceOÙece keâeye&ve Fmheele – 0.25 Ùes 0.8³ keâeye&ve RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015
GÛÛe keâeye&ve Fmheele – 0. 8 mes 1.5³ keâeye&ve
Ans : (c) mšsveuesme mšerue ceW ›eâesefceÙece GheefmLele nesves kesâ keâejCe
34. Which one of following is a compression
member? Ùen pebie ueieves keâe ØeeflejesOe keâjlee nw~
efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee mecheer[ve Gheebie nw? mšsveuesme mšerue meb#eejCejesOeer, keâ"esj leLee ÛeeBoer kesâ meceeve kegâÚ
(a) Purlin/Menleerj (b) Boom/yetce veerueeheve efueÙes ngS Ûecekeâoej melen Jeeuee neslee nw~
(c) Girt/ieš& (d) Tie/šeF& mšsveuesme mšerue ceW, Cr = 4.5 mes 18%
RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015 Ni = 8 % lekeâ
Ans : (b) yetce ueerJej keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer Yeej efJeMes<e keâes TOJee&Oej C = 0.1 mes 0.4% efceuee jnlee nw~
melen mes kegâÚ otjer hej ueškeâves kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee peelee nw efveefkeâue ›eâesefceÙece mšerue efpemeceW 18 % ›eâesefceÙece leLee 8 % efveefkeâue
nes, Gmes JÙeeJemeeefÙekeâ ™he mes 18/8 mšsveuesme mšerue keânles nw~
mšsveuesme mšerue (yesoeie Fmheele) keâe GheÙeesie cegKÙe ™he mes Iejsuet
yele&ve, meefpe&keâue–Deewpeej, ceMeerve heeš&me Deeefo yeveeves ceW efkeâÙee
peelee nw~
«es[ 201, 304, 3042, 316, 3162, 9042 kesâ mšerue GÛÛe
iegCeJeòee Jeeues mšerue nw~
38. Which one of the following stresses is
independent of yield stress as a permissible
stress for steel member-
efvecveefueefKele leveeJeeW mes keâewve mee leveeJe mšerue meomÙe
yetce Skeâ mecheer[ve meomÙe nw keäÙeeWefkeâ yetce mecheer[ve Yeej keâes menve
keâjlee nw peyeefkeâ Menleerj, ieš&, šeF& leveeJe Yeej keâes menve keâjlee nw~ kesâ efueS Skeâ DevegcesÙe leveeJe kesâ ™he ceW Ghepe leveeJe mes
35. Which one of the following is not a mJeleb$e nw–
compression member? (a) Axial tensile stress/De#eerÙe levÙelee Øeefleyeue
efvecve ceW mes keâewve mebkegâÛeve DeJeÙeJe veneR nw? (b) Maximum shear stress/DeefOekeâlece efMeÙej Øeefleyeue
(a) Strut/mš^š (b) Tie/šeF& (c) Bearing stress/OeejCe Øeefleyeue
(c) Rafter/jeheäšj (d) Boom/yetce (d) Stress in slab base/muewye kesâ DeeOeej ceW Øeefleyeue
RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015 RRB JE Shift-III : 28.08.2015
Ans : (b) efkeâmeer keQâÛeer ceW mš^š, jeheäšj Je yetce hej mecheer[ve yeue Ans : (d) efkeâmeer FmheeleerÙe meomÙe kesâ efueÙes Deveg%esÙe, De#eerÙe leveve
keâeÙe& keâjles nQ FmeefueS FvnW mecheer[ve Gheebie keâne peelee nw~ peyeefkeâ Øeefleyeue, DeefOekeâlece keâle&ve Øeefleyeue leLee OeejCe Øeefleyeue Fmheele kesâ
šeF& ceW leveve yeue keâeÙe& keâjles nQ FmeefueS FvnW leveve Gheebie keâne peelee «es[ hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~ Ùes ›eâceMe: 0.6fy, 0.45fy, 0.75fy nesles
nw~ mecheer[ve yeue kesâ keâejCe mš^š, jeheäšj Je yetce ceW mebkegâÛeve nw~ muewJe DeeOeej ceW Deveg%esÙe Øeefleyeue Fmheele kesâ «es[ mes mJelev$e
neslee nw~ nesles nw~
156
 Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš
(Reinforced Cement Concrete)
1. keâeÙe&keâejer SJeb meercee efmLeefle DeefYekeâuheve kesâ ceeve (IS 456-2000 kesâ Devegmeej) efueÙes peeles nQ–
›eâceMe: 20 leLee 26
(Working and Limit State Design) ■ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš mebjÛeveeDeeW kesâ meercee DeJemLee DeefYekeâuheve ceW,
meercee efmLeefle DeefYekeâuheve efJeefOe ceW Fe 415 ÚÌ[eW mes Øeyeefuele Skeâ meerceevle Goemeerve De#e ienjeF& iegCekeâ (k) keâe ceeve efveYe&j keâjlee
nw– kesâJeue Fmheele kesâ «es[ hej
Oejve kesâ Goemeerve De#e keâer DeefOekeâlece ienjeF& nw– 0.48 d
■ kebâ›eâerš mebjÛeveeDeeW kesâ meercee DeJemLee DeefYekeâuheve ceW efJeke=âefle
veceve kesâ efueÙes kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueefceš mšsš DeefYekeâuheve ceW, Øeefleyeue efJelejCe ceevee peelee nw– jsKeerÙe
yuee@keâ keâe #es$eHeâue nesiee– 0.36 fck.Xu ■ kebâ›eâerš mebjÛeveeDeeW kesâ meerceeJemLee DeefYekeâuheve efJeefOe ceW mebmlegle
efueefceš mšsš efJeefOe ceW keâb›eâerš kesâ mebheer[ve DeJeÙeJe HeâeFyej DeebefMekeâ megj#ee iegCekeâ (γm) IS 456 : 2000 kesâ Devegmeej Fmheele
(Debeflece Úesj hej) ceW yeWef[bie ceW efkeâleveer DeefOekeâlece efJeke=âefle uesles kesâ efueS neslee nw– 1.15
nQ– 0.0035 ■ meercee efmLeefle DeefYekeâuheve ceW ce=og Fmheele kesâ efueS DeefYekeâuhe
Øeefleyeue efueÙee peelee nw– 0.87fy
efueefceš mšsš efJeefOe (L.S.M.) ceW Fe-415 mšerue kesâ efueS ■ IS 456 : 2000 kesâ Devegmeej DeefYekeâuheve kesâ GösMÙe kesâ efueS
meercee ØeeflejesOeer DeeIetCe& (Mulim) efkeâlevee nesiee– 0.138 bd2 fck kebâ›eâerš ceW DeefOekeâlece mebheer[ve Øeefleyeue neslee nw– 0.446 fck
DeefYekeâuheve keâer meercee DeJemLee efJeefOe ceW, mebheer[ve ceW Øeyeueve ÚÌ[eW ■ IS : 456 kesâ Devegmeej kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS DeebefMekeâ megj#ee iegCekeâ
kesâ efueS pekeâÌ[ Øeefleyeue keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee– efueÙee peelee nw– 1.50
25% lekeâ yeÌ{ peeSiee ■ hueeefmškeâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW Yeej iegCekeâ efveYe&j keâjlee nw–
HYSD ÚÌ[eW kesâ efueS, ef[peeFve keâer meercee-DeJemLee efJeefOe ceW,
Deeuebefyele oMee hej
pekeâÌ[-Øeefleyeue keâe ceeve kewâmee nes peeSiee– 60% yeÌ{ peeSiee ce=og Fmheele ÚÌ[eW kesâ mLeeve hej peye HYSD ÚÌ[ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
meercesvš kesâ Øekeâej (Type of Cement) peelee nw, lees DeefYeueeie meeceLÙe&- yeÌ{ peelee nw
kebâ›eâerš keâer Deeveceve meeceLÙe& keâe met$e neslee nw- fcr = 0.7 fCK
›eâ. veece/meercesvš keâe «es[ keâes[
1. 33 «es[ O.P.C I.S. 269:1989 meeoe meercesvš kebâ›eâerš keâe Yeej efueÙee peelee nw- 2400 kg/m3
2. 43 «es[ O.P.C I.S. 8112:1989 meYeer cenlJehetCe& keâeÙeeX kesâ efueÙes efkeâme Øekeâej keâer kebâ›eâerš keâer JejerÙelee
3. 53 «es[ O.P.C I.S. 12269:1987 oer peeleer nw- ef[peeFve efcekeäme kebâ›eâerš
4. MeerIeÇ keâ"esjer meercesvš I.S. 8041:1990
5. muewie meercesvš I.S. 455:1989
kebâ›eâerš keâer ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ keâe met$e neslee nw-
6. heespeesueevee meercesvš I.S. 1489:1991 Ec = 5000 fcK N/mm2
7. Deuhe T<cee meercesvš I.S. 12600:1989 ■ IS 456 kesâ cegleeefyekeâ Deiej efceueeJeW keâe DeefOekeâlece kegâue Deekeâej
8. meHesâo Je jbieerve meercesvš I.S. 8042:1989 20 mm mes 40 mm lekeâ yeÌ{ peelee nw lees meercesCš keâer cee$ee ceW
vÙetvelece heefjJele&ve nw– –30
IS : 456 – 2000 kesâ Devegmeej DL + LL, DL + WL leLee
■ mue@che hejer#eCe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
DL + LL + WL kesâ mebÙeespeveeW kesâ efueS, efveheele keâer meercee-
DeJemLee hej iegCekeâ Yeej ›eâceMe: keäÙee nQ – megkeâeÙe&lee %eele keâjves kesâ efueS
1.5 DL + 1.5 LL, (0.9 or 1.5) DL + 1.5 WL, ■ IS 456–2000 kes â Deveg meej M40 «es[ keâer kebâ›eâerš keâe DeJeheele
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL + 1.2 WL keâe ceeve keäÙee nesiee Ùeefo HegâšheeLe kesâ efueS hesJej ceMeerve (Paver
Deeveceve kesâ Øeefle efveheele keâer meercee DeJemLee ceW, efJeheâuelee hej Machine) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw– 25-75 mm
leveeJe Øeyeueve ceW DeefOekeâlece efJeke=âefle keâce veneR nesieer– ■ heche›eâer š kes
â ef ueS DeJeheele ( mueche ) keâe ceeve nes v ee Ûeeef nS–
fy 4-6 FbÛe
0.002 + mes ■ neLeeW Éeje efyeÚeÙes peeves Jeeues hewJecesCš kesâ efueÙes megPeeÙee ieÙee
1.15ES
DeJeheele nw– 1-3 FbÛe
■ Skeâ Øeyeefuele keâb›eâerš Oejve ceW M25 «es[ keâer keâb›eâerš SJeb Fe
■ IS 456 kesâ Deveg™he efceueeJee keâer yewefÛebie Úgš (šeuejsvme) efkeâleveer
500 «es[ keâs Fmheele kesâ efueS, meerceevle ØeeflejesOekeâ DeeIetCe& keâe
ceeve nesiee– 3.33 bd2
nw– ±3%
■ Skeâ Deuhe Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš KeC[ ceW, JeemleefJekeâ Goemeerve De#e ■ keb â ›eâer š ef c eßeCe keâes Jeieea k e=
â le ef k eâÙee peelee nw – yew Û e ceb s ØeÙees ie
keâer ienjeF& ›eâebeflekeâ Goemeerve De#e keâer ienjeÙeer mes nesleer nw– keâce nesves Jeeues kebâ›eâerš kesâ veeceve DeeÙeleve mes
■ Megæeueefcyele leLee melele OejveeW kesâ efueÙes, efJe#eshe keâer meercee DeJemLee ■ IS 456 kes â Deveg m eej muewye (4.5 mm heeš mes keâce) mes šskeâ
keâes efveÙeefv$ele keâjves kesâ efueÙes heeš leLee ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& kesâ Devegheele nševes keâe keâce mes keâce meceÙe nesvee ÛeeefnS– 7 efove
157
■ Jen vÙetvelece meceÙe keäÙee nw pees cesnjeye keâes šskeâ mes peesÌ[ves kesâ hetJe& ■ meerceWš uegioer keâer DeejefcYekeâ keâ"esjlee kesâ efueS cegKÙe DeJeÙeJe nw–
(6 m cesnjeye) DeeJeMÙekeâ (IS 456 kesâ Deveg™he) neslee nw– š^eF& kewâefumeÙece efmeefuekesâš
14-efove ■ Ùeefo σcbc kebâ›eâerš ceW yebkeâve kesâ HeâuemJe™he Ghepes mebheer[ve Øeefleyeue
■ IS 456 kesâ Deveg™he KecYeeW keâes Deefvlece ™he osves kesâ hetJe& vÙetvelece 280
meceÙe efoÙee peelee nw– 16-24 IebšW keâe ceeve nw, lees ceeheebkeâ Devegheele (m) keâe ceeve nesiee
3σ cbc
■ ›eâerhe efJe™heCe efkeâmeer Yeer heoeLe& keâe ....... kesâ ØeYeeJe kesâ Debleie&le ■ M-20 «es[ keâer kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS ceeheebkeâ Devegheele m nw– 13.33
efJe™efhele nesves keâe Skeâ iegCe nw– Ùeebef$ekeâ leveeJe ■ I.S : 456 kesâ Devegmeej M 25 «es[ keâer kebâ›eâerš keâer Devegceeefvele
■ IS 456:2000 kesâ Devegmeej M-25 «es[ keâer kebâ›eâerš keâer Deeveceve Deeveceve meeceLÙe& nesieer– 35 kg/sq cm
leveve meeceLÙe& (N/mm2 ceW) nesleer nw– 3.5 N/mm2 ■ MPa ceW Fe 415 mšerue keâer Glheeove #ecelee vÙetvelece efkeâleveer
■ kebâ›eâerš efhebC[ keâer DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ meeceLÙe&, meeceLÙe& keâe Jen ceeve nw nesieer– 415.0
efpemekesâ veerÛes x ØeefleMele mes DeefOekeâ hejer#eCees kesâ heefjCeece veneR Deeles ■ Skeâ mebjÛevee cebs 400 MPa hejeYeJe meeceLÙe& Jeeueer Fmheele ØeÙeesie
nQ~ ÙeneB x yejeyej nw– 5 kesâ efkeâÙee nw~ DeefOekeâlece ceevÙe leveve meeceLÙe& nesiee– 240 MPa
■ M-20 «es[ keâer kebâ›eâerš keâer 28 efove keâer DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ mebheer[ve ■ mecegõer peue DeLeJee mecegõer-leš keâer Deesj Kegueer Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš keâe
meeceLÙe& nesleer nw– 20N/mm2 vÙetvelece iesÇ[ keâce mes keâce nw– M-30
■ M20 kebâ›eâerš kesâ veeceve efcekeäme ceW DeJeÙeJees keâe ueieYeie Devegheele
megj#ee iegCekeâ neslee nw- Fmheele keâe kebâ›eâerš keâer leguevee ceW keâce
neslee nw– 1 : 1.5 : 3
■ kebâ›eâerš keâe heâšve ceeheebkeâ oslee nw– keâeÙe&keâejer Øeefleyeue efJeefOe ceW Fmheele keâe megj#ee iegCeebkeâ efueÙee peelee
veceve kesâ DeOeerve kebâ›eâerš keâer leveve meeceLÙe& nw- 1.78
■ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ efJeefMeef<šÙeeW kesâ Devegmeej lejeF& kesâ efueS leeheceeve Skeâ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš keâe@uece ceW Fmheele ÚÌ[ keâe DevegØemLe #es$eHeâue
neslee nw– 270C ± 20C At Deewj Ac kebâ›eâerš keâe nw, lees kebâ›eâerš kesâ DeLeex ceW heefjÛÚso keâe
■ {eBÛesoej R.C.C. efvecee&Ce keâer efmLeefle ceW meyemes henues nšeÙeer peeves meceleguÙe #es$eHeâue nesiee- A = Ac+mAt
Jeeueer heâjceeyevoer nw– Oejvees kesâ heeMJee&s keâer meeceevÙele: efkeâmeceW kebâ›eâerš kesâ meeceLÙe& keâes veieCÙe/yengle keâce ceevee
■ nukesâ Øeyeefuele KeC[es-muewyeeW, OejveeW, mlecYeeW FlÙeeefo kesâ efueS peelee nw- ßeebefle ceW (In fatigue)
DeJeheele nesvee ÛeeefnS– 25-75 mm
■ DeJeheele hejer#eCe kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves meeBÛes (Mebkegâ) keâer Deej.meer.meer. mebjÛeveeDeeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ ce=og Fmheele efkeâmekesâ Deveg™he neslee
TBÛeeF& nesleer nw– 300 mm nw- IS. 432
■ kebâ›eâerš keâer meeceLÙe& ØelÙe#ele: JÙegle›eâceevegheeleer nesleer nw– peye KeC[ hej heÌ[ves Jeeues yeue keâe De#e leLee KeC[ keâe De#e Skeâ
peue-meercesvš Devegheele meerOe hej (jsKee hej) efmLej nesles nQ, leye KeC[ ceW GlheVe Øeefleyeue
■ DeefOekeâlej DevegØeÙeesieeW kesâ efueS peue keâe meercesvš mes Devegheele kesâ keânueeles nQ- ØelÙe#e Øeefleyeue
yeerÛe nesvee ÛeeefnS– 0.4 Deewj 0.5
efJeke=âefle DeejsKe neslee nw- meerOeer jsKee ceW
■ Ieve keâer 28 efovees keâer meeceLÙe& keâe ceevekeâ efmeefueC[j keâer meeceLÙe& mes
Devegheele nw– 1.25 ›eâeefvlekeâ yeue MetvÙe jsKee DeeOeeefjle nw- yebkeâve efmeæevle hej
■ DeJeheele hejer#eCe ceW, kebâ›eâerš keâer ØelÙeskeâ hejle "eskeâveer kesâ Éeje mecheer[ve yeue leLee leveve yeue kesâ ef›eâÙee-efyevogDeeW kesâ ceOÙe uecyeJele
mebnefvele keâer peeleer nw– 25 DeeIeele otjer keâes keânles nQ- Gòeesuekeâ Yegpee
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW DeefOekeâebMele: ceesšs efceueeJes keâe efJeefMe° ieg®lJe efvecve kesâ ›eâeefvlekeâ yeue MetvÙe jsKee keâer ieCevee ceW efkeâme hej efJeÛeej efkeâÙee
yeerÛe heÌ[lee nw– 2.5 mes 3.0 peelee nw- kesâJeue Devegcele ØeefleyeueeW hej
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW SuÙegceerefveÙece heeG[j keâe GheÙeesie kesâ ™he ceW efkeâÙee peelee ■ Øeyeueve keâe ØeYeeJeer DeeJejCe neslee nw–
nw– JeeÙeg ØeJesMÙe keâejkeâ 1
■ Gòece kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS peue keâe pH ceeve keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– Megæ DeeJejCe + × ÚÌ[ keâe JÙeeme
2
6 ■ Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš ceW vÙetvelece leveve Fmheele ueieeves keâer
■ IS 456: 2000 kesâ Devegmeej, meeOeejCeleÙee efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ yeÌ[er DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw– DeÛeevekeâ efJeHeâueve jeskeâves kesâ efueS
mebjÛeveeÙeW Skeâ Ùee DeefOekeâ Øemeej pees[Ì eW kesâ meeLe DeefYekeâefuhele keâer ■ pewmes-pewmes Fmheele keâer ØeefleMelelee yeÌ{leer nw–
peeleer nQ– 45 ceer. uecyeeF& ceW Jewmes-Jewmes Goemeerve De#e keâer ienjeF& yeÌ{leer nw~
■ kebâ›eâerš keâe hJeeFpeve Devegheele– ■ peye Skeâ RC Oejve KeC[ ceW Fmheele DeeJeMÙekeâlee mes keâce neslee
DeefOekeâ meerceWš Jeeues efcekeäme kesâ meeLe yeÌ{lee nw nw lees KeC[ keânueelee nw– Deuhe Øeyeefuele KeC[
■ IS 456 : 2000 kesâ Devegmeej, efvecee&Ce keâeÙe& kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes ■ Skeâ Deuhe Øeyeefuele keâeš keâe leelheÙe& neslee nw– Fmheele Deheves
peeves Jeeues heeveer ceW efveueefcyele heoeLe& keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– hejeYeJe Øeefleyeue hej henues hengBÛe peelee nQ
2000mg/l ■ Skeâ RCC Oejve ceW mebheer[ve efJeheâuelee ceW Ieefšle nesleer nw–
■ efJemehe&Ce iegCeebkeâ θ kesâ ™he ceW uecyes meceÙe ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ Deewj Deefle Øeyeefuele KeC[
28 efove keâer DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ meeceLÙe& (fck) efoÙee peelee nw– ■ Oejve kesâ Skeâ ›eâeefvlekeâ KeC[ ceW– Fmheele leLee kebâ›eâerš ceW
5000 fck
MPa
ØeefleyeueeW keâe efJekeâeme meeLe-meeLe nesiee pewmee efkeâ
1+θ DeefYekeâuheve ceW ceevee peelee nw~
158
■ M-30 «es[ keâer kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS 28 efoveeW hej DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ 10 ceer. lekeâ efJemleej kesâ efueS melele Oejve ceW efJe#eshe kesâ efveÙeb$eCe
mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& nesieer– 30 N/mm2 kesâ efueS heeš Deewj ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& keâe Devegheele nesvee ÛeeefnS– 26
■ Deuhe Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW nesleer nw– leveve efJeHeâuelee RCC Oejve ceW cejesÌ[ DevegowOÙe& Øeyeueve keâes [euee peevee ÛeeefnS–
2. Fkeânjer SJeb oesnjer Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Oejve Oejve kesâ ØelÙeskeâ keâesves hej
peye kebâ›eâerš Oejve kesâ leveve Deewj mecheer[ve oesveeW #es$eeW ceW Øeyeueve
keâe DeefYekeâuheve (Singly & Doubly Fmheele [euee peelee nw, lees keânueelee nw- oesnje Øeyeefuele Oejve
Reinforced Concrete Beam Design) oesnje Øeyeefuele meskeäMeveeW ceW Fmheele keâer kegâue Øeyeueve ØeefleMelelee
Skeâ kewâvšerueerJej Oejve keâer cegKÙe leveve ÚÌ[eW keâes yeæ Deeuecye mes efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS- 4%
efmLejCe nesvee ÛeeefnS- Ld + 10d mecheer[ve #es$e ceW mecheer[ve Fmheele ceW Øeefleyeue heefjmLeeve kebâ›eâerš kesâ
Skeâue Øeyeefuele Oejve keâer meyemes efkeâHeâeÙeleer ef[peeFve keâer peeleer nw- ØeefleyeueeW keâes Øeehle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– 1.5 iegvee keâjkesâ
efueefceš mšsš LÙeesjer Éeje
Skeâ kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW DeefOekeâlece leveve Øeyeueve neslee nw- 4³ bD 3. Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš KeC[eW keâer keâle&ve leLee
Skeâ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW, leveve Fmheele yeÌ{eves hej- DeefYeueeie meeceLÙe& (Shear and Bond
Goemeerve De#e keâer ienjeF& yeÌ{leer nw~
IS.456-2000 kesâ Devegmeej, Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš Oejve kesâ Strengths of Reinforced Concrete)
heeÕe& Heâuekeâ ceW Øeyeueve ueieeÙee peelee nw, peye Oejve keâer ienjeF&
nesleer nw- 750mm mes DeefOekeâ ■ Skeâ R.C.C. Oejve ceW TOJee&Oej eEjieeW kesâ efueÙes keâJej nesvee
Skeâ RCC oC[ ceW Fe 500 Fmheele kesâ efueÙes leveve Fmheele keâe ÛeeefnÙes– 13 efceceer. Ùee ÚÌ[ keâe JÙeeme pees keâce nes
■ Øeyeueve ceW Fmheele ÚÌ[ kesâ ngkeâ kesâ cees[Ì keâe JÙeeme Fmemes keâce veneR
vÙetvelece ØeefleMele nw- 0.17³
nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– ÚÌ[ kesâ JÙeeme keâe oesiegvee
IS.456 kesâ DeeOeej hej Øeeme keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& ceeveer peeleer nw-
■ Skeâ R.C.C. meleled Oejve ceW heeš leLee ienjeF& keâe DeefOekeâlece
ØeYeeJeer ienjeÙeer Devegheele neslee nw–
Megæ heeš ± 26
2 ■ I.S.I. code kesâ Devegmeej ngkeâ SueeGbme Fmemes keâce veneR nesvee
Oejve ceW efJe#eshe keâes keâce efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw- ÛeeefnÙes– 75 efceceer.
heefjÛÚso keâer ienjeF& yeÌ{ekeâj
■ R.C.C. Oejve kesâ keâle&ve yeue #ecelee meceevegheeleer nesleer nw–
kebâ›eâerš KeC[eW kesâ efueS Devegcele efJe#eshe ÛeewÌ[eF& kesâ
(PermissibleDeflection) 10 ceer. heeš lekeâ ■ meeOeejCeleÙee 'm' keâe ceeve Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš kesâ efJeefYeVe keâeÙeeX
ceW efueÙee peelee nw– 13.33 Ùee 18
KeC[ keâer Øekeâej heeš/ØeYeeJeer ■ veceve kesâ keâejCe mecheer[ve ceW M-100 keâer kebâ›eâerš keâer «esef[bie kesâ
ienjeF& keâe efueÙes Devegcele Øeefleyeue neslee nw– 30 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2
DeefOekeâlece ■ kebâ›eâerš leLee Fmheele ceW megjef#ele yebOe Øeefleyeue keâes ...... kesâ Éeje
Devegheele efvekeâeuee peelee nw– efKebÛeeJe hejer#eCe
OejveW ■ Megæeueefcyele Oejve 20 ■ Ùeefo keâesF& Yeej mlebYe kesâ DevegowOÙe& De#e kesâ DevegefoMe ueielee nes,
(Beams) (S.S.Beam) efkeâvleg Gmekeâe ef›eâÙee efyevog mlebYe kesâ ieg™lJe kesâvõ hej mebheeleer ve nes,
■ melele Oejve 26 lees Yeej keânueelee nw– Glkesâeqvõle Yeej
(Continuous Beam) Oejve KeC[eW ceW keâle&ve Øeyeueve efkeâme ™he ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw-
■ Øeeme Oejve (Cantilever) 7
Go«e ÚÌ[W, vele ÚÌ[W leLee oesveeW keâe mebÙegòeâ ™he
muewye ■ Skeâue efoMee Megæeueefcyele 30
Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš OejveeW keâes efJekeâCe& leveve kesâ Øeefle megjef#ele yeveeves kesâ
(Slabs) muewye (One way)
35 efueS FmeceW [euee peelee nw- keâle&ve Øeyeueve
■ efÉ-efoMee Megæeueefcyele muewye
(Two way) 40
KeC[ keâer henÛeeve
■ melele muewye yeue MetvÙe jsKee KeC[ keâer Deveg%esÙe Øeefleyeue
(Continuous Slab) 12 (N.A) Øekeâej pees KeC[ hej
■ Øeeme muewye ØeYeeJeer nesiee
(Cantilever Slab) JeemleefJekeâ N.A. < Deuhe Øeyeefuele Fmheele ceW Deveg%esÙe
Skeâ Øeyeefuele Oejve ceW Gmekeâer ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& mecheer[ve efkeâveejs mes ›eâeefvlekeâ N.A. KeC[ Øeefleyeue σst
keâneB lekeâ veeheer peeleer nw- leveve Øeyeueve kesâ kesâvõ lekeâ JeemleefJekeâ N.A. · mevlegefuele KeC[ keâesF& Yeer Deveg%esÙe
Skeâ SkeâlejHeâe Øeyeefuele keâb›eâerš Oejve 300 efce.ceer. ÛeewÌ[eF&, 700 ›eâeefvlekeâ N.A. Øeefleyeue σst DeLeJee
efce.ceer. ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& ceW 2000 efce.ceer.2 Fmheele [euee ieÙee nw~ σcb
Ùeefo ceeheve Devegheele 15 nw lees Goemeerve De#e keâer ienjeF& nesieer– JeemleefJekeâ N.A. > Deefle Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš ceW Deveg%esÙe
288 mm
›eâefvlekeâ N.A. KeC[ Øeefleyeue σcb
159
 SW"ve kesâ efueS Øeyeueve efkeâme ™he ceW efoÙee peelee nw- DevegowOÙe& ■ keâle&ve Øeefleyeue keâer DeefOekeâlece Devlejeue .......mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer
Deewj keâle&ve Øeyeueve oesveeW ÛeeefnÙes– Oejve keâer ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& keâe 3/4 iegvee
■ Fmheele keâer ÚÌ[eW ceW ÛeÌ{eJe Ssmes mLeeve hej efoÙee peelee nw peneB
peye keâesF& KeC[ Deveskeâ heoeLe& mes efceuekeâj yevee neslee nw lees Jen hej– keâle&ve yeue leLee veceve DeeIetCe& oesveeW vÙetvelece neW
keânueelee nw- Demeceebie KeC[ ■ leveve ÚÌ[eW keâer ÛeÌ{eJe uecyeeF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– yebOe uecyeeF& Ùee
efJekeâCe& leveve leLee efJekeâCe& mecheer[ve yeue Ghepeles nQ- TOJe& leLee 30 d ceW pees DeefOekeâ nes
#eweflepe yeueeW kesâ heefjCeece kesâ keâejCe ■ leveeJe ceW vÙetvelece yebOe uebyeeF& .....met$e mes efvekeâeueer peeleer nw–
■ Fmheele keâer ÚÌ[ Ùeefo ØeÙeesie keâer peeS lees DeefYeueeie DeefOekeâlece σ st × φ
nesiee– efJe™efhele Ùee FmheeleerÙe šesj ÚÌ[W Ld =
4τ bd
■ I.S. kesâ Devegmeej Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW ÚuueeW keâer ■ M-100 «es[ keâer kebâ›eâerš efcekeäme kesâ efueÙes keâle&ve Øeefleyeue neslee nw–
Devlejeue ...........mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS–
ØeeflejesOeer IetCe& keâer ueerJej Yegpee efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2
2.00
■ Ùeefo 'd' ÚÌ[ keâe JÙeeme nes, lees 90o vele kesâ ngkeâ keâer pekeâÌ[ ■ I.S.I. code kesâ Devegmeej Ùeefo K = 2 lees Deæ&ieesueekeâej ngkeâ kesâ
uecyeeF& keâe ceeve nesiee– 8d
efueÙes ngkeâ DeueeGbme nesiee– 8d
■ Ùeefo 'd' ÚÌ[ keâe JÙeeme nw lees U Deekeâej kesâ ngkeâ keâe pekeâÌ[
■ M-250 «es[ kesâ efueÙes (1 : 1 : 2) kesâ efueÙes Devegcele yebOe Øeefleyeue
uecyeeF& keâe ceeve nesiee– 16d
keâer meercee nesleer nw– 9 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2
■ Skeâ DeeÙeleekeâej Oejve KeC[ ceW keâle&ve Øeefleyeue keâer leer›elee Fme ™he
ceW efJeleefjle keâer peeleer nw– ■ mecheer[ve ceW vÙetvelece yebOe uecyeeF& Fmemes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes–
hewjeyeesefuekeâ Je›eâ (hejJeueÙeekeâej Je›eâ) ÚÌ[ kesâ JÙeeme keâer 24 iegvee mes
■ Ùeefo 'd' ÚÌ[ keâe JÙeeme nes, lees 45o vele kesâ ngkeâ keâer pekeâÌ[ ■ kebâ›eâerš šQkeâ ceW ojej Glhevve nesves mes yeÛeeves keâer Âeq<š mes kebâ›eâerš
uecyeeF& nesieer– 12d keâe «es[ nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– M-150
■ efkeâmeer Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš keâe Oejve, efpemekesâ Megæ heeš keâer uecyeeF& 6 ■ L.S.M. ceW meeoer Fmheele keâer ÚÌ[ kesâ mLeeve hej šesj Fmheele keâer
mesceer. nw leLee Gmekesâ mJeÙeb kesâ Yeej keâes efceueekeâj Gme hej 3300 ÚÌ[eW keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ yebOe Øeefleyeue kesâ ceeve ceW ueieYeie Je=efæ nes
efkeâ«ee./ceeršj keâe Yeej heÌ[ jne nw, ceW Ùeefo šskeâ hej leveve Øeyeueve mekeâleer nw– 40³
ceW 25 efceceer. JÙeeme keâer 4 ÚÌ[W neW Deewj ueerJej Yegpee 38 mesceer. nes ngkeâ kesâ efmejs kesâ heeme efkeâmeer ÚÌ[ kesâ meerOes DebMe keâer uecyeeF& nesveer
lees yevOe Øeefleyeue kesâ DeefOekeâlece ceeve keâe hejeme nesiee– ÛeeefnS keâce mes keâce- JÙeeme mes Ûeewiegveer
8–9 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2
■ Skeâ DeeÙeleekeâej R.C.C. Oejve KeC[ ceW DeefOekeâlece keâle&ve Øeefleyeue efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ JÙeeme keâer ÚÌ[ hej ÛeÌ{eJe veneR efoÙee peelee nw-
Deewj Deewmele keâle&ve Øeefleyeue kesâ yeerÛe Devegheele neslee nw– 1.5 36 efceceer mes DeefOekeâ
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer R.C.C. Oejve kesâ uecyeeF& kesâ meceeveeblej ceW Skeâ Úesše leveeJe ceW meYeer ngkeâ efkeâme keâes[ kesâ Deveg™he nesves ÛeeefnS-
Ieve nše efueÙee peelee nw lees ÛeejeW meeF[eW kesâ meceeveeblej s keâle&ve I.S. 2502
Øeefleyeue keâeÙe& keâjlee nw leLee leveve Øeefleyeue t #eweflepe efoMee ceW keâeÙe& ■ Oejve heefjÛÚso keâes oesyeeje lewÙeej keâjvee neslee nw, Ùeefo Dehe™heCe
keâjlee nw lees DeefOekeâlece cegKÙe Øeefleyeue nesieer– Øeefleyeue Deveg%esÙe Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue mes ......DeefOekeâ nes– 2 iegvee
t t
2
■ Skeâ R.C.C. Oejve ceW leveeJe ceW Deefle Øeyeueve keâer efmLeefle ceW Oejve
+   + s3 keâe ØeeflejesOe DeeIetCe&– 25³ yeÌ{eÙee pee mekeâlee nw
2 2
■ IS-2502-1963 kesâ Devegmeej Ùeefo ÚÌ[W mecekeâesCe hej ceesÌ[er peeSB
vele ÚÌ[W efkeâleves keâesCe mes keâce veneR Pegkeâer nesveer ÛeeefnS- 450
lees k = 2 nesves hej Devegheele cees[Ì ...... mes keâce veneR nesvee
meercesvš kebâ›eâerš leLee FmheeleerÙe ÚÌ[eW kesâ yeerÛe DeefYeueeie yeÌ{eÙee ÛeeefnS– 5d
peelee nw- GÛÛe meeceLÙe& keâer kebâ›eâerš ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ ■ R.C.C. Oejve ceW peye ef[heâesc[& leLee šesj Fmheele keâer ÚÌ[W ØeÙeesie
mecheer[ve ÚÌ[ kesâ efueS efJekeâeme uecyeeF& nesleer nw- neW lees Gmekeâe vÙetvelece leveve Øeyeueve Fmemes keâce veneR nesiee–
σ sc × φ 0.12³ (Oejve KeC[ kesâ #es$eheâue keâe)
Ld =
5 τ bd ■ meerceWš kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueÙes Øeefleyeue-efJeke=âefle Je›eâ ueieYeie meerOee neslee nw
1
mecheer[ve ceW efJekeâeme uecyeeF& efkeâleves mes keâce veneR ueer peeleer nw- peye– × DeefOekeâlece Øeefleyeue
2
24φ
■ efkeâmeer R.C.C. Oejve ceW keâle&ve Øeyeueve leYeer ØeÙegkeäle efkeâÙee peelee nw
■ I.S.I. Code 456-1978 kesâ Devegmeej M-150 keâb›eâerš «es[ ceW
Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš mlecYe kesâ efueÙes ØelÙe#e mecheer[ve (direct peye keâle&ve Øeefleyeue Fmemes DeefOekeâ nes peelee nw–
compression) ceW Devegcele Øeefleyeue nesiee– 40 kg/cm 2 Devegcele keâle&ve Øeefleyeue
■ Skeâ R.C.C. Oejve kesâ KeC[ keâes oesyeeje DeefYekeâequhele keâjvee heÌ[siee ■ keâle&ve Øeyeueve, efkeâmeer R.C.C. Oejve ceW, ØeÙegkeäle efkeâÙee peelee nw–
Ùeefo efvekeâeueer ieF& keâle&ve Øeefleyeue I.S.I. keâes[ kesâ Devegmeej efoÙes keâgue keâle&ve yeue + keâb›eâerš Éeje ØeeflejesefOele Øeefleyeue keâe DeeOee  
1
Devegcele keâle&ve Øeefleyeue mes– DeefOekeâ nes ieF& nw  2
160
■
1
Deewmele DeefYeueeie Øeefleyeue 1:1 :3 Ùee M-200 kesâ Je Fe250 4. T- Oejve Ùee Heäuewpeoej Oejve
2 (T-Beams or Flanged beam)
kebâ›eâerš kesâ «es[ kesâ efueÙes efkeâmeer Yeer efmLeefle ceW Yeer .......mes DeefOekeâ
veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 8 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2 ■ T-Oejve keâe ueeYe Ùen nw efkeâ– Ùen uecyes heešs leLee DeefOekeâ
■ DeefleØeyeefuele KeC[ ceW Fmlesceeue efkeâS peeves Jeeues meeOeejCe Fmheele Yeej keâes menve keâj mekeâlee nw
c×m(d - n) ■ T-Oejve ceW muewye keâe Jen Yeeie pees Oejve kesâ ™he ceW ner keâeÙe& keâjlee
mes Øeehle Øeefleyeue nesiee– t= efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2 nw keânueelee nw– heäueQpe
n
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer Oejve ØeefleÛÚso F = Glhevve Dehe™heCe yeue, a Ùee jd ■ šer-Oejve ceW heäueQpe keâer leueer Deewj leveve Øeyeueve kesâ kesâvõ kesâ yeerÛe
ueerJej Yegpee, ∑O = mecemle leveve Jenve keâjves Jeeueer ÚÌ[ keâe keâer TOJee&Oej otjer keânueeleer nw– efjye keâer ienjeF&
F ■ T- Oejve keâe ef v ecee& C e oes n js Øeyeef u ele Oejve keâer Dehes #ee neslee nw–
heefjceehe, leye DeefYeueeie Øeefleyeue leer›elee nesieer– Sb = memlee
jd ∑ O
■ šer-Oejve Skeâ Ssmes DeeÙeleekeâej Oejve kesâ ™he ceW keâeÙe& keâjleer nw,
■ Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue Deveg%esÙe
efpemekeâer ÛeewÌ[eF& šer-Oejve kesâ heäueQpe kesâ yejeyej nesleer nw~ Ùeefo
Øeefleyeue mes DeefOekeâ nesves hej Dehe™heCe ueieeÙee peelee nw~ Ùen Gmekeâe Goemeerve De#e efmLele nes– heäueQpe kesâ Yeerlej
Øeyeueve....... ueieeÙee peelee nw– mecemle Dehe™heCe yeue ■ ØeÛeb[ YeejeW kesâ efueÙes T-Oejve keâer ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& nesieer–
Jenve keâjves kesâ efueÙes heeš ( Span )
■ mLeeveerÙe DeefYeueeie keâer Devegcele ceeve M 150 Deewj Fe415 kesâ
12
efueS meercesvš kebâ›eâerš nesleer nw– 10 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2 ■ efmejeW hej Megæeuecye šer-Oejve keâer mece«e ceesšeF& Gmekesâ heeš keâer
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer Øeyeefuele keâb›eâerš Oejve keâer DeefYeueeie ceW efJeheâue nesves keâer 1 1
mebYeeJevee nw lees Gme Oejve keâer DeefYeueeie meeceLÙe& keâes Deemeeveer mes .........ceeveer peeleer nw– mes Yeeie
12 15
efkeâme Øekeâej yeÌ{eÙee pee mekeâlee nw–heleues leLee DeefOekeâ ■ nukesâ YeejeW kesâ efueS T-Oejve keâer ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& nesieer–
mebKÙee ceW ÚÌ[eW keâe ØeÙeesie keâj heeš ( Span ) heeš ( Span )
mes lekeâ
■ Skeâ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW keâle&ve ØeefleyeueeW keâe efJelejCe neslee nw– 15 20
Goemeerve De#e kesâ Thej hejJeueÙeekeâej leLee Goemeerve ■ šer-Oejve kesâ melele nesves keâer efmLeefle ceW Yeejer yeesPe kesâ efueS Oejve keâer
De#e kesâ veerÛes DeeÙeleekeâej mece«e ceesšeF& ceeveer peeleer nw– heeš keâe
1
mes
1
Yeeie
■ Skeâ DeiecÙe Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Úle kesâ efueS Ûeue Yeej keâes efJeÛeej ceW 10 12
efueÙee peelee nw– 75 kg/m2 ■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer šer-Oejve ceW heÙee&hle leveve Øeyeueve ueieeÙee peeÙes lees FmeceW
■ mecheer[ve ceW ÚÌ[es kesâ efueÙes DeefYeueeie ØeefleyeueeW keâe ceeve M20 «es[ yengle DeefOekeâ ØeeflejesOeer yebkeâve DeeIetCe& Glhevve nes mekeâlee nw~ Fmekeâe
kesâ efueÙes leveve ceW ÚÌ[es kesâ DeefYeueeie ØeefleyeueeW keâer Dehes#ee yeÌ{eÙee cegKÙe keâejCe nw–
muewye kesâ Oejve keâe ØeYeeJeer Yeeie kesâ keâejCe mebheer[ve keâe
peevee ÛeeefnÙes– 25%
ØeeflejesOe keâjves kesâ efueS keâeheâer cee$ee ceW kebâ›eâerš GheueyOe nw
■ Fmheele leLee kebâ›eâerš keâer meleneW kesâ yeerÛe keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeues DevegowOÙe&
■ šer-Oejve kesâ hesšs keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& leveve Øeyeueve ueieeves Je heeeqMJe&keâ
keâle&ve Øeefleyeue keânueeles nQ– DeefYeueeie Øeefleyeue efmLejlee Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueÙes heÙee&hle nesveer ÛeeefnÙes~ Fmekeâe vÙetvelece
■ ÚÌ[ ceW Deeveceve leveve kesâ efueÙes ngkeâ keâe uewhe uecyeeF& meefnle yevOeve ceeve nesvee ÛeeefnÙes
ceeve nw– Ld Deewj pees 30φ, Yeer DeefOekeâ nes – Oejve keâer ceesšeF& Ùee ienjeF& keâe 2/3 Yeeie
■ Skeâ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš DeJeÙeJe ceW heÙee&hle DeefYeueeie keâes megefveefMÛele ■ efkeâmeer Yeer R.C.C. efuebšue ceW Ùen ceevee peelee nw efkeâ efuebšue hej
keâjves keâe meyemes DeÛÚe lejerkeâe nw– efÛeveeF& keâe Yeej neslee nw– Skeâ ef$eYegpeekeâej oerJeej keâe Yeej
vÙetvelece JÙeeme keâe DeefOekeâ mebKÙee ceW ÚÌ[ ■ Ùeefo efuebšue kesâ Thej oerJeej keâer TBÛeeF& efuebšue kesâ ØeYeeJeer heeš kesâ
■ keâle&ve yeue V Jenve keâj jner nw Skeâ b ÛeewÌ[eF& Deewj d ØeYeeJeer 1.25 iegves mes keâce nes leye Gme hej Yeej DeeSiee–
V efuebšue kesâ Thej mechetCe& TBÛeeF& keâer oerJeej keâe
ienjeF& kesâ Øeyeefuele KeC[ kesâ efueS Deewmele keâle&ve Øeefleyeue nw– ■ Skeâ R.C.C. ef u ebšue keâe DeefYekeâuheve keâjves ceW Gmekesâ DeefOekeâlece
bd
■ f JÙeeme keâer Skeâ Øeyeefuele ÚÌ[ ceW 90 kesâ ceesÌ[ kesâ efueS meceleguÙe
0 veceve DeeIetCe& keâer ieCevee ....... met$e mes keâjles nQ (Ùeefo ef$eYegpeekeâej
efJekeâeme uecyeeF& nesleer nw– 8f efÛeveeF& keâe Yeej efuebšue hej nw) –
■ M-20 «es[ keâer kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece keâle&ve Øeefleyeue neslee  WL Wl 2 
 +  ×100kg cm
nw– 2.8N/mm 2
 6 8 
■ RCC Oejve ceW efJekeâCe& leveve keâe keâejCe nw– ve lees TOJee&Oej ■ Ùeefo efuevšue keâer uecyeeF& l leLee Gmekesâ Thej ef$eYegpeekeâej efÛeveeF& keâe
keâle&ve Øeefleyeue Deewj ve ner #eweflepe keâle&ve Øeefleyeue kegâue Yeej W nes lees efuevšue kesâ kesâvõ hej DeeIetCe& nesiee–
Wl
■ Skeâ R.C. DeeÙeleekeâej Oejve ceW keâle&ve ÚuueeW keâe Deblejeue– 6
heeš kesâ kesâvõ keâer Deesj yeÌ{eÙee peelee nw~ ■ ceOÙe YeejeW kes â ef u eS T- Oejve keâer ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& nes i eer –
■ Ùeefo Øeyeueve ÚÌ[ keâe JÙeeme d nw lees ngkeâ keâe pekeâÌ[ve ceeve nesiee– heeš ( Span ) heeš ( Span )
mes lekeâ
16d 12 15
161
 šer–yeerce keâer Goemeerve De#e– Ùen meskeäMeve ceW keâneR Yeer ■ Megæ Deeuecye Oejve kesâ ØeYeeJeer heeš keâe ceeve šskeâeW kesâ kesâvõ kesâ
ceewpeto jn mekeâleer nw yeerÛe vÙetvelece otjer DeLeJee šskeâeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer Megæ otjer.......nesleer
nw– leLee Oejve keâer ØeYeeJeer ienjeF&
Skeâ huesš ie[&j kesâ mebheer[ve HeäueQpe kesâ C.G. Deewj leveve HeäueQpe ■ Skeâ R.C.C. keâWšerueerJej Oejve ceW DeefOekeâlece veceve DeeIetCe& neslee
kesâ C.G. kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer keânueeleer nw– ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& nw– keWâšerueerJej kesâ Deeyeæ efmejs hej
šer-yeerce ceW efjye keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& efvecve kesâ yejeyej nesleer nw– c n
leveve #es$e ceW yeerce keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& ■ peye Goemeerve De#e Ùee yeue MetvÙe jsKee met$e t = d − n mes efvekeâeuee
T-Oejve keâer ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& efvecve kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer nesleer nw– peelee nw lees efvekeâeues ieÙes Goemeerve De#e keâes keâne peelee nw–
heäueQpe kesâ Meer<e& mes ueskeâj leveve Øeyeueve kesâ kesâvõ lekeâ ›eâebeflekeâ yeue MetvÙe jsKee
■ Skeâue Øeyeefuele Oejve ceW ØeYeeJeer ceesšeF& keâer ceehe kesâ efueS mebheer[ve
Skeâ Oeejeroej muewye kesâ T-yeerce kesâ heäueQpe keâer ceesšeF& efkeâleveer ceeveer Úesj mes ......... lekeâ keâer otjer ceeheer peeleer nw–
peeleer nw– kebâ›eâerš kesâ Thejer Yeeie keâer ceesšeF& leveve Øeyeueve kesâ kesâvõ
Skeâ T-Oejve heäueQpe kesâ yejeyej ÛeewÌ[eF& Jeeueer DeeÙeleekeâej Oejve kesâ ■ efkeâmeer Deefle Øeyeefuele Keb[ ceW meeOeejCe Fmheele ceW Glhevve Øeefleyeue
™he ceW keâece keâjleer nw, Ùeefo Gmekeâe Goemeerve De#e– nesiee– 50 Kg/cm2
heäueQpe kesâ Yeerlej Deelee nes ■ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Oejve Ûeškeâ peeSieer, Ùeefo kebâ›eâerš ceW Goemeerve De#e
Skeâ-šer-Oejve ceW, efjye keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& keâce mes keâce efjye keâer ienjeF& keâer mes veerÛes ueieeÙee ieÙee leveve Øeefleyeue nw–
nesveer ÛeeefnS– Skeâ efleneF& Deveg%esÙe Øeefleyeue mes DeefOekeâ
■ Skeâ oesnjs R.C.C. Oejve ceW vÙetve Keb[ kesâ efueS ØeeflejesOe DeeIetCe&
meYeer R.C. mlebYeeW keâes Fme Øekeâej yeveeÙee peeS efkeâ Gvekeâer vÙetvelece
GlkeWâõlee nes– l / 500 + D / 30 efvekeâeuee peelee nw–
bxσ cb  x 
Skeâ DeeOeej efJeheâuelee kesâ efueS, ienjeF& keâejkeâ Df nw–  d -  + (1.5m - 1) A sc σ cb' ( d - d' ) 
2  3 
Df >1
■ šer-Oejve ceW efjye keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& .......kesâ yejeyej nesleer nw– leveve
#es$e ceW Oejve kesâ Yeeie keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& kesâ ■ IS ceevekeâeW kesâ Devegmeej Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš kesâ Oejve ceW ÚuueeW
■ Fmheele keâes Øeyeueve heoeLe& keâer lejn FmeefueS DeÛÚe mecePee peelee nw kesâ yeerÛe Devlejeue, ........ mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS–
keäÙeeWefkeâ– Fmheele leLee kebâ›eâerš keâe T<cee-Øemeej iegCeebkeâ ØeeflejesOekeâ DeeIetCe& keâer Gòeesuekeâ Yegpee
ueieYeie meceeve neslee nw ■ oes n js ØeyeueveÙeg k eäle Oejve ceW Ùeefo Fmheele Deewj kebâ›eâerš ceW Øeefleyeue
■ Ùeefo efuevšue kesâ oesveeW Deesj oerJeej keâer uecyeeF& efuevšue kesâ ØeYeeJeer ›eâceMe: σ st Deew j σ cb neW , m ceeheebkeâ Devegheele nes Deewj d Oejve keâer
heeš kesâ DeeOes mes DeefOekeâ leLee efuevšue hej Deeves Jeeuee Yeej ØeYeeJeer cees šeF& nes , lees ›eâeb e f lekeâ Goemeerve De#e keâer ienjeF& x JÙekeäle
meceyeeng ef$eYegpe kesâ ™he ceW nw~ Fme DeJemLee ceW efuevšue kesâ Thej keâer peeleer nw–
mσ cb
=
x
oerJeej keâer TBÛeeF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– efuevšue kesâ ØeYeeJeer heeš σ st d -x
keâer 0.866 iegvee ■ Oejve ØeefleÛÚso ceW Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue Deveg%esÙe Øeefleyeue mes ........
■ efuebšue keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& ueer pee mekeâleer nw– Deeuecye oerJeejeW keâer yeÌ{ peeves hej oesyeeje ef[peeFve efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnÙes– DeefOekeâ
ceesšeF& kesâ yejeyej ■ Ûejce Yeej efmeæeble kesâ Devegmeej Fmheele ceW Øeefleyeue .......meercee lekeâ
■ R.C.C. efuebšue DeefYekeâuheve ceW Fmekeâer ceesšeF& ueer peeleer nw– Deveg›eâceevegheeleer neslee nw– ØelÙeemLelee hejeYeJeve efyevog
1 ■ efkeâmeer DeJeÙeJe keâer hetjer DeeÙeg kesâ oewjeve Gme hej ueieves Jeeuee
heeš keâe iegvee DeefOekeâlece Yeej keânueelee nw– Ûejce Yeej
20
■ Ùeefo šer–Oejve (yeerce) ceW cegKe he=‰ (meeF[ Hesâme) Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš ■ Skeâ R.C.C. keQâšerueerJej Oejve Ùee muewye ceW leveve Øeefleyeue ØeÙegkeäle
keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nes lees Jen nesieer– Jesye #es$eHeâue keâe 0.1% neslee nw– Oejve Ùee muewye kesâ Thejer efmejs hej
■ Skeâ T- Oejve keâer Goemeerve De#e– ■ Skeâ Oejve ceW Øeyeueve ÚÌ[ kesâ Deble ceW DeeJejCe neslee nw– 25 efceceer.
Oejve keâer keâeš ceW keâneR Yeer nes mekeâleer nw Ùee ÚÌ[ kesâ JÙeeme keâe ogiegvee pees Yeer DeefOekeâ nes
■ T- Oejve kesâ efueS heäueQpe keâer ØeYeeJeer ÛeewÌ[eF& nw– ■ Skeâ R.C.C. muewye ceW Øeyeueve Fmheele keâer ÚÌ[eW keâe DeefOekeâlece
l
bf = 0 + b w + 6Df JÙeeme Fmemes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 6 efceceer.
6 ■ Skeâ keWâšerueerJej Oejve Ùee muewye ceW efJelejCe Øeyeueve neslee nw–
■ meJee&efOekeâ efceleJÙeÙeer Øekeâej keâer RCC Oejve nw 0.15³ (kebâ›eâerš kesâ #es$eheâue keâe)
– oesnjer Øeyeefuele T-Oejve ■ R.C.C. keQâšerueerJej muewye ceW heeš leLee ienjeF& kesâ yeerÛe DeefOekeâlece
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer Øeyeefuele Oejve ceW ›eâebeflekeâ De#e Ùee Goemeerve De#e Skeâ Devegheele neslee nw– 12
neW lees Oejve heefjÛÚso keânueeÙesiee– meblegefuele heefjÛÚso ■ keWâšerueerJej muewye kesâ efveyee&Oe Ùee mJeleb$e efmejs hej Fmekeâer ienjeF& ueer
heeš peeveer ÛeeefnÙes– 10 mes 20 mesceer.
■ Skeâ R.C.C. Oejve keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& meerefcele nesleer nw–
10 ■ R.C.C. Oejve ceW Mešefjbie keâer Thejer melen hej ØeÙegkeäle DeefOekeâlece
■ Skeâ R.C.C. keWâšerueerJej Oejve kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW Oejve keâer ceesšeF& kewâcyej nesiee– Øeefle ceeršj heeš hej 3.5 mesceer.
heeš ■ R.C.C. Oejve kesâ keâesves mes meyemes keâjerye kesâ DevegowOÙe& ÚÌ[ keâer Megæ
ueer peeleer nw– otjer Fmemes keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– 8 mesceer.
5
162
■ keWâšerueerJej muewye Ùee Oejve ceW meeceevÙele: cegKÙe leveve Øeyeueve keâer neslee nw
........ ÚÌ[W ner mJeleb$e efmejs lekeâ ues peevee DeeJeMÙekeâ mecePee ieÙee ■ Skeâ oesnje R.C.C. Oejve, Skeâue R.C.C. Oejve keâer Dehes#ee memlee
nw– 50³ neslee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ– mecheer[ve Øeyeueve vÙetve Øeefleyeue neslee nw
■ Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW leueer keâe DeeJejCe efkeâleves mes keâce ■ R.C.C. keâeÙe& kesâ efueÙes Øeyeueve Fmheele keâer ÚÌ[eW keâes yeeBOeves kesâ
veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 25 efceceer. efueS leej keâe JÙeeme Fmemes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 900 ceeF›eâesve
■ mecegõer heeveer kesâ meceerhe ceW yeveeF& peeves Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš ceW DeeJejCe ■ oesnjs Øeyeueve Ùegkeäle Oejve keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– peye megvoj
efkeâleves mes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 50 efceceer. efoKeves kesâ efueS Ùee efkeâmeer DevÙe keâejCe mes Oejve keâer ceesšeF&
■ meeceevÙele: Megæeuecye OejveeW kesâ efueS heeš/Oejve keâer ceesšeF& Devegheele Deewj ÛeewÌ[eF& keâce jKeer peeleer nw
keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve ceevee peelee nw– 20 ■ leveeJe Fmheele kesâ meceeve kebâ›eâerš #es$eheâue Fmheele kesâ #es$eheâue keâe
■ DevegowOÙe& Ùee ueeeqcyekeâe Øeyeueve ÚÌ[eW kesâ efueÙes vÙetvelece Megæ keâJej ceeheebkeâ Devegheele 'm' mes iegCee keâjkesâ efvekeâeueer peeleer nw~ mecheer[ve ceW
(clear cover) nesiee– 40 mesceer. Ùee DeefOekeâlece JÙeeme Jeeueer Fmheele kesâ meceeve kebâ›eâerš #es$eheâue mecheer[ve ceW Fmheele kesâ #es$eheâue
ÚÌ[ keâe JÙeeme oesveeW ceW mes pees DeefOekeâ nes keâes Fmemes iegCee keâjkesâ efvekeâeuee peelee nw– (m – 1)
■ Skeâ R.C.C. Oejve ceW Fmekeâer ÛeewÌ[eF& Fmemes keâce veneR nesveer ■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW heefjÛÚso keâer ÛeewÌ[eF&
1 = b, Goemeerve De#e keâer ienjeF& n = Ùee Nd leLee kebâ›eâerš ceW
ÛeeefnÙes– Oejve keâer ienjeF& keâer iegveer Øeefleyeue = c nes leye Fme heefjÛÚso keâer mecemle mebheer[dÙe meeceLÙe&
3
■ R.C.C. Oejve ceW MešeEjie keâer Thejer melen hej ØeÙegkeäle vÙetvelece b × Nd × c
kewâcyej nesvee– Øeefle ceeršj heeš hej 5 efceceer. nesieer–
2
■ Skeâue Øeyeefuele Oejve ceW Gòeesuekeâ Yegpee yejeyej nesleer nw– ■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer Skeâue Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW Øeyeueve
 x #es$eheâue At leLee Øeyeueve ceW leveve Øeefleyeue t nes lees Fme heefjÛÚso
z = d -  keâe leveve ØeeflejesOe yeue nesiee– At × t
 3
■ efkeâmeer R.C.C. Oejve ceW Yeej kesâ keâejCe DeefOekeâlece efJe#eshe keâer meercee ■ Skeâ Skeâue Øeyeef u ele Oejve ceW Ùeef o ienjeF& 'd', Ûeew Ì[ eF& 'b' leLee yeue
heeš Met v Ùe js K ee keâer ienjeF& 'x' oer nes , lees Øeef lejes O e DeeIet C e& %eele keâjves
nesleer nw– bxσ cb  x 
350 keâe met$e nesiee– d - 
■ Ùeefo kebâ›eâerš keâer Skeâue Øeyeueve Ùegkeäle Oejve ceW Fmheele mes henues ner 2  3
DeefOekeâlece Deveg%esÙe Øeefleyeue Glhevve nes peelee nes, lees Ssmee heefjÛÚso ■ Ùeefo Fmheele kesâ #es$eheâue A, keâes kebâ›eâerš kesâ #es$eheâue kesâ ™he ceW
keânueelee nw– Deefle Øeyeefuele heefjÛÚso heefjJeefle&le efkeâÙee peevee nes, lees meceleguÙe #es$eheâue ceW efveJeue Je=efæ
■ R.C.C. Oejve kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW Ùen DeJeOeejCee ueeiet veneR nesleer– nesieer– (m – 1)A
leveeJe hetjer lejn mes kebâ›eâerš kesâ Éeje neslee nw ■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer R.C.C. Oejve keâer Ûeew[Ì eF& leLee ienjeF& ›eâceMe: 'b' leLee
■ Oejve keâer ÂÌ{lee keâes OÙeeve ceW jKeles ngS meeceevÙe YeejCe DeJemLee kesâ 'd' neW, leLee Fmekeâes veceve DeeIetCe& Qbd2 mes DeefOekeâ menve keâjvee
1 heÌ[lee nw lees Fme efmLeefle ceW pees efceleJÙeÙeer efJeefOe DeheveeF& peeleer nw,
efueS Oejve keâer ienjeF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– ØeYeeJeer heeš keâer GmeceW– oesnje Øeyeefuele KeC[ ØeÙeesie keâjvee neslee nw
20
■ Skeâ R.C.C. keWâšerueerJej Oejve kesâ DeefYekeâuheve kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece ■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš kesâ Oejve ceW oes efYevve-efYevve JÙeeme d1
Wℓ 2 Deewj d2 (d1 > d2) keâer Øeyeueve ÚÌ[W ØeÙegkeäle keâer peeleer neW, lees
veceve DeeIetCe& efvekeâeueves keâe met$e nesiee– #eweflepe meceeveevlej ÚÌ[eW kesâ yeerÛe vÙetvelece Devlejeue nesiee– d1
2
■ Skeâue Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW Ùeefo Yeej Deuhelece nes, lees– ■ oes n js ØeyeueveÙeg k eäl e Oejve ceW Deef O ekeâlece Dehe™heCe Øeef leyeue nes lee
kebâ›eâerš Deewj Fmheele keâer ÚÌ[W oesveeW leveve keâe ØeeflejesOe keâjWieer nw – Goemeer v e De#e Deew j leveve Øeyeueve kes â
■ Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš leLee muewye leLee Oejve ceW meeOeejCeleÙee ceOÙe efm Lele leueeW hej
kebâ›eâerš efcekeäme keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw– 1 : 2 : 4 ■ oesnjs Øeyeefuele Oejve keâes Skeâue Øeyeueve Ùegkeäle Oejve keâer leguevee ceW
■ Skeâue Øeyeefuele OejveeW ceW, Fmheele Øeyeueve ueieeÙee peelee nw– DeefOekeâ ueeiele keâe mecePee peelee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ–
leveve #es$e ceW mebheer[ve Fmheele efvecve Øeefleyeefuele neslee nw
■ mebkegâÛeve ØeefleyeueeW keâer ieCevee keâjves kesâ efueS mebkegâÛeve iegCeebkeâ ■ Goemeerve De#e Je Fmheele kesâ yeerÛe efkeâmeer meceleue hej Dehe™heCe
(shrinkage coefficient) uesles nQ– 300 × 10–6 oC F
■ Ùeefo kebâ›eâerš-Øeyeueve ceW kebâ›eâerš keâe Øeyeueve ÚÌ[ mes Deemebpeve hetjer
Øeefleyeue keâe ceeve nesiee– q=
bd
lejn ve nes, lees– leveve keâer efmLeefle ceW kebâ›eâerš štš mekeâlee nw ■ Skeâ R.C.C. Oejve ceW eEjieeW Ùee mšerjhme efJelejCe Øeyeueve Ùee Skeâue
■ efkeâmeer Skeâue Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW Goemeerve ienjeF& nd, Oejve ÚÌ[eW keâe JÙeeme Fmemes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 5 efceceer.
keâer ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& d leLee leveve Fmheele keâe #es$eheâue efoÙee nes lees ■ Skeâ Megæeueeqcyele R.C.C. Oejve, heefjCeeceer yeue kesâ efueÙes
Fmekeâe ØeeflejesOeer DeeIetCe& %eele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– DeefYekeâequhele keâer peeleer nw– heeš kesâ ceOÙe hej
 nd  ■ peye Fmheele keâer ÚÌ[W leveve ØeefleyeueeW hej keâeÙe&Meerue neW, lees pekeâÌ[
A st ×t  d - 
 3  uecyeeF&– ÚÌ[ kesâ JÙeeme keâer 12 iegvee mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesleer nw
■ Skeâ oesnjs R.C.C. Oejve kesâ efJeMues<eCe ceW DeJeOeejCee ueer peeleer ■ efkeâmeer Yeer Megæeueefcyele R.C.C. Oejve (Skeâue) keâe DeefOekeâlece
nw– kebâ›eâerš leLee Fmheele efJe#esheCe oesveeW Deesj, yeue MetvÙe wl 2
jsKee Ùee Goemeerve De#eeW mes, Gvekeâer otefjÙeeW kesâ meceevegheeleer veceve DeeIet Ce& ef v ekeâeuee peelee nw – mes
8
163
■ Ùeefo kebâ›eâerš ceW Øeefleyeue efJeke=âefle kesâ meceevegheeleer ve nes, lees ■ Skeâ R.C.C. Oejve ceW Øeyeueve ÚÌ[ keâe vÙetvelece JÙeeme Fmemes keâce
ØelÙeemLelee hejeYeJeve efyevog lekeâ Øeefleyeue-efJeke=âefle Je›eâ kesâ Yeeie keâer veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 12 efceceer. JÙeeme
Deeke=âefle nesieer– ueieYeie Skeâ meerOeer jsKee ■ leveve Øeefleyeue ueieves Jeeueer ÚÌ[eW keâer efmLejkeâ uecyeeF& nesveer
■ efJnšdveer kesâ Devegmeej efkeâmeer meblegefuele ef[peeFve ceW kebâ›eâerš yuee@keâ keâer ÛeeefnÙes– ÚÌ[ kesâ JÙeeme kesâ 12 iegvee mes DeefOekeâ
DeefOekeâlece ceesšeF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 0.537 d ■ yebkeâve DeeIetCe& keâer Âeq<š mes Fve ÚÌ[eW keâes efkeâmeer efyevog efJeMes<e hej
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer Oejve keâe heefjÛÚso Deveskeâ DeeuecyeeW Ùee šskeâeW hej melele keâeš osvee Ùee ceesÌ[ osvee ÛeeefnÙes, hejvleg JÙeeJeneefjkeâ Âeq<š mes
™he mes hewâuee nes, lees šskeâeW hej Oejve keâes ef[peeFve efkeâÙee peevee DeeuecyeeW mes efkeâme efveeqMÛele otjer lekeâ yeÌ{eÙee peelee nw–
ÛeeefnS– oesnjs ØeyeueveÙegkeäle Oejve mes yeeB[ uecyeeF&
■ ceeheebkeâ Devegheele– GÛÛe ceeheebkeâ Devegheele mes heefjÛÚso ceW ■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer DeJeÙeJe keâe otmeje efmeje Deeyeæ nes lees ØeLece efmejs mes
Fmheele keâer cee$ee ceW Je=efæ nesieer otmejs efmejs hej Deeveefle DeeIetCe& keâe ceeve nesiee– DeeOee
■ Skeâ oesnjs R.C.C. Oejve ceW, mecheer[ve #es$e ceW Fmheele kesâ #es$eheâue ■ Megæ Deeuecye Jeeueer Skeâue Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Oejve keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& efkeâme
1 1
m A st 2 ( d - x ) kesâ yeerÛe nesveer ÛeeefnS– Oejve keâer ienjeF& keâer mes
Asc keâer ieCevee keâer peeleer nw– mes 2 3
(1.5m - 1)( x - d') ■ meeceevÙe Yeeefjle DeJemLeeDeeW ceW Megæ Deeuecye Oejve keâer ÛeewÌ[eF&
■ Ûejce Yeej efmeæeble keâer ceevÙeleeDeeW kesâ Devegmeej kebâ›eâerš ceW DeefOekeâlece Gvekesâ heeš keâer efkeâleveer ceeveer pee mekeâleer nw– 1/30 Yeeie
Øeefleyeue veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– kebâ›eâerš keäÙetye keâer Deveg%esÙe mebheer[dÙe ■ Glkesâvõlee meeOeejCe ceeveer peeleer nw, peye Jen heefjÛÚso keâer ceesšeF& kesâ
meeceLÙe& keâer 68³ mes DeefOekeâ 1/4 mes DeefOekeâ efkeâvleg ......mes keâce nes– heefjÛÚso keâer ceesšeF&
■ Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš mlebYe ceW Øeyeueve heefjÛÚso keâe DeefOekeâlece keâe 3/2 iegvee
#es$eheâue 6³ lekeâ meerefcele jnlee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ– DeefOekeâ Øeyeueve ■ Ùeefo meercesvš kebâ›eâerš Øeyeefuele Oejve kesâ mebheer[dÙe #es$e ceW Øeyeueve
mes DelÙeefOekeâ mebkegâÛeve nesiee ueieeÙee peeÙes lees Fmes ueieeÙee peevee ÛeeefnÙes–mebheer[dÙe #es$e ceW
■ efkeâmeer Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš KeC[ ceW Ùeefo Fmheele keâe #es$eheâue efkeâmeer GefÛele DeeJejCe keâe ØeeJeOeeve jKeles ngÙes
meblegefuele KeC[ kesâ efueS Dehesef#ele ceeve mes DeefOekeâ nes lees Fme KeC[
keâe DeeIetCe& meblegefuele KeC[ kesâ DeeIetCe& keâer leguevee ceW– 5. muewye (Slab)
DeefOekeâ nesiee
■ Deuhe Øeyeefuele Oejve ceW ØeeflejesOe DeeIetCe& .........kesâ Éeje efvekeâeuevee ■ 5000 N/m2 lekeâ Yeej kesâ efueS ØeejbefYekeâ ef[peeFve kesâ Devegmeej
 x muewye keâer ceesšeF& efkeâleveer ceeveer pee mekeâleer nw–
nesiee– σ st A st  d - 
4 mesceer./ceeršj uecyeeF&
 3 
■ JeemleefJekeâ Goemeerve De#e Ùee JeemleefJekeâ yeue MetvÙe jsKee keâer efmLeefle ■ I.S.I. Code kesâ Devegmeej Skeâ Ûehešer muewye keâer ceesšeF& Fmemes keâce
bx 2 veneR nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 12.50 mesceer
%eele keâer peeleer nw– = mAst ( d - x ) ■ hegue kesâ efueS muewyeeW ceW DevegØemLe Øeyeueve keâe heefjceeCe jKee peelee
2
■ Ùeefo keâesF& Glkesâeqvõle Yeej P efkeâmeer mlecYe kesâ ceOÙe efleneF& #es$e ceW nw– mece«e kebâ›eâerš #es$eheâue keâe 0.3³
keâeÙe& keâj jne nes, lees mlebYe heefjÛÚso keâe meceleguÙe #es$eheâue nesiee– ■ yeengOejve (cantilever) muewyeeW ceW heeš/ceesšeF& Devegheele keâe
bd +(m – 1)Ad DeefOekeâlece Deveg%esÙe ceeve neslee nw– 12
■ Skeâue Øeyeefuele Oejve kesâ meblegefuele keâeš kesâ efueÙes heÙee&hle Øeyeueve keâer ■ kesâeqvõle YeejeW ceW ceeheer ieF& ØeYeeJeer ÛeewÌ[eF& muewye keâer JeemleefJekeâ
oes iegveer cee$ee Oejve ceW ueieeves mes Gmekesâ ØeeflejesOeer DeeIetCe& ceW cee$e ÛeewÌ[eF& mes– keâce Yeer nes mekeâleer nw
22³ keâer Je=efæ nesleer nw~ Ùeefo Fme Deefle Øeyeueve keâer cee$ee keâes Gmeer ■ Øeyeef u ele meer c es v š keb â ›eâer š muew y e keâer vÙet v elece ceesšeF& Deeceleewj hej
Oejve kesâ mebheer[dÙe Yeeie ceW mebheer[ve Øeyeueve kesâ ™he ceW ueiee efoÙee nes leer nw – 9 mesceer.
peeÙes lees Oejve kesâ ØeeflejesOeer DeeIetCe& ceW Je=efæ nesieer– 36³ ■ Skeâ ieesueerÙe muewye ceW yeenj kesâ Yeej kesâ keâejCe Fmekeâer yeveeJeš ceW
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW Ûejce efJeke=âefle 0.3³ mes 0.5³ lekeâ nesleer nw Deewj Fmheele efJe#esheCe neslee nw– hejJeueÙeekeâej
ceW Ûejce efJeke=âefle keâe ceeve neslee nw– 20³ mes 30³ lekeâ ■ ef É -ow e f M ekeâ muew y e ceW ceg K Ùe Øeyeueve ueieeÙee peelee nw – oesveeW
■ efpeme Oejve kesâ efMeKej hej ÛeewÌ[eF& Goemeerve De#e kesâ veerÛes keâer efo MeeDeeW kes â Deveg efoMe
■ efkeâmeer Oejve hej Yeej ueieeves kesâ heMÛeeled Skeâ ner jsMes ceW efkeâmeer
ÛeewÌ[eF& keâer leguevee ceW DeefOekeâ nes, Gmekeâe heefjÛÚso keânueelee nw–
mebiele heefjÛÚso hej efJeefYevve Øeefleyeue Glhevve nesles nQ~ Ùen Øeefleyeue
šer-heefjÛÚso heefjJele&ve hejJeueÙe neslee nw, efpemekeâer DeefOekeâlece keâesefš ........ hej
■ Ùeefo Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW Øeyeueve kesâ efueÙes meeoer ce=og nesleer nw– Goemeerve De#e
Fmheele ÚÌ[s GheÙeesie keâer ieF& nes lees leveve ceW Fmheele keâer cee$ee Oejve ■ efjy[ muewye ceW Thejer muewye keâer ceesšeF& nesieer– 5 mesceer.
kesâ heefjÛÚso kesâ #es$eheâue keâer efkeâleveer ØeefleMele nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 0.3³
■ Deej.meer.meer. ceW Devegceesefole ceecetueer šskeâ hej oes efoMeeDeeW ceW Ietceleer ■ Jesmš muewye keâer ceesšeF& meeOeejCele: nesleer nw– 10 mesceer.
ngF& heefnÙeeW keâer DeefOekeâlece heeš Deewj ienjeF& keâe Devegheele neslee nw– ■ muew y e ceW ceg K Ùe Øeyeueve ÚÌ [ eW keâe Devlejeue muew y e keâer ØeYeeJeer ceesšeF&
30 kesâ 3 iegvee DeLeJee....... pees Yeer keâce nes mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee
■ efkeâmeer Oejve keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& b leLee ienjeF& d nw~ Ùeefo Gme hej yebkeâve ÛeeefnÙes– 300 efceceer. Ùee 30 mesceer.
keâe ceeve Qbd2 mes DeefOekeâ nes lees efceleJÙeÙeer efJeefOe nesieer– ■ oes efoMeeDeeW ceW efJemle=efle Jeeues Megæ Deeuecye muewyeeW ceW heeš/ceesšeF&
oesnjer Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Oejve keâe GheÙeesie keâjvee Devegheele keâe DeefOekeâlece Deveg%esÙe ceeve neslee nw– 35
164
■ Skeâ R.C.C. heâMe& muewye ceW efJelejCe Øeyeueve cegKÙe Øeyeueve keâe Devegmeej Ieškeâ kesâ De#e hej Gvekeâe ceehee ieÙee DeefOekeâlece Deblejeue
Fmemes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 10³ (cegKÙe Øeyeueve keâe) efkeâmemes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 0.75 d
■ Skeâ heäuewš muewye ceW mlecYe Ùee nw[ keâe JÙeeme Fmekesâ yejeyej nesvee
RCC muewye ceW, meceeblej cegKÙe ØeyeueveeW kesâ yeerÛe #eweflepe otjer,
heeš ( Span ) efkeâmemes pÙeeoe veneR nesieer–
ÛeeefnÙes– Ùee 0.25 × heeš
4 muewye keâer ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& mes 3 iegveer
■ Skeâue owefMekeâ muewye keâer ceesšeF& ....... mes keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnÙes–
9 mesceer. RCC muewye ceW HYSD Øeyeueve keâce veneR neslee–
■ efkeâme Øekeâej keâer muewye šskeâ Øeoeve keâjves Jeeues mlebYeeW kesâ meeLe 0.12 (bD)/100mes
DeKeefC[le ™he ceW efveefce&le nesleer nw Deewj efyevee keâesF& Oejve ueieeS oes muewye keâes efÉowefMekeâ muewye kesâ ™he ceW yeveeÙee peelee nw Ùeefo oerIe&
Ùee DeefOekeâ efoMeeDeeW ceW Øeyeefuele nesleer nw– Ûehešer muewye efJemle=efle keâe ueIeg efJemle=efle kesâ meeLe Devegheele DeefOekeâ nes–
■ Skeâ owefMekeâ muewye ceW Gmekeâer uecyeeF& Je ÛeewÌ[eF& keâe Devegheele nesvee 2.0 mes DeefOekeâ
ÛeeefnÙes– 2 mes DeefOekeâ
■ Øeyeefuele FËšeW kesâ muewye (reinforced brick slab) ceW FËšeW ceW kebâ›eâerš muewye ceW efmekegâÌ[ve mes keäÙee neslee nw– leveve ojejW
Devegcele mecheer[ve Øeefleyeue neslee nw– 25 kg/cm2 meYeer efkeâveejeW mes jeskesâ ieS ‘št-Jes’ (oes efoMeeDeeW ceW hewâues) muewye keâer
■ pees muewye efyevee efkeâmeer Oejve keâer meneÙelee kesâ meerOee mlecYeeW hej ef[peeFve ceW, DeeJeMÙekeâ IetCeeaÙe Øeyeueve nw– Gmeer efoMee ceW,
DeeOeeefjle neslee nw, Jen nesleer nw– yeerÛe-heeš hej Øeoeve mšerue kesâ #es$eheâue keâe 0.75 iegvee
13.5 mesceer. ceesšer (vÙetvelece)
■ kewâvšerueerJej muewye ncesMee– yeng efoMeeDeeW Jeeues muewye keâer lejn Ùeefo efÉowefMekeâ muewye keâle&ve kesâ efueS Demegjef#ele ceevee peelee nw, lees
yeveeÙee peelee nw efkeâmekeâer efme]heâeefjMe keâer peeÙesieer–
muewye keâer ceesšeF& yeÌ{evee
■ leveve kesâ keâejCe kebâ›eâerš ceW Glhevve nesves Jeeues ojejeW keâes jeskeâves kesâ
efueS kebâ›eâerš ceW vÙetvelece leveve Øeefleyeue keäÙee ceevee pee mekeâlee nw– efÉowefMekeâ muewye kesâ keâesveeW ceW cegnwÙÙee keâer ieF& leej–
12 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2 keâesveeW ceW ojej Deeves mes jeskeâleer nw
■ Skeâ meleled muewye ceW Deebleefjkeâ DeeuecyeeW hej muewye kesâ Skeâ Yeeie keâer Skeâ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš muewye ceW ojej heÌ[sieer Ùeefo Goemeerve De#e kesâ
heeš veerÛes yeveeÙee ieÙee leveve Øeefleyeue neslee nw–
cegÌ[er ngF& cegKÙe ÚÌ[eW keâes otmejs Yeeie ceW yeÌ{eÙee peelee nw–
4 Devegcele Øeefleyeue mes DeefOekeâ
■ Skeâ meleled muewye kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW muewye keâer mechetCe& vÙetvelece
heeš Megæeueefcyele Úle ceW Skeâevlej ÚÌ[eW keâes meceehle (curatailed)
ceesšeF& nesveer ÛeeefnS–
40 1
■ muewye ceW DevegØemLe Øeyeueve muewye kesâ heeš kesâ ......... hej ueieeÙee efkeâÙee peelee nw– heeš keâe hej
7
peelee nw– 90o ■ Skeâ R.C.C. Megæeueefcyele muewye ceW heeš leLee ienjeF& kesâ yeerÛe
■ Skeâ efjy[ muewye ceW oes Deeme-heeme Ùee yejeyej keâer efjyme kesâ yeerÛe DeefOekeâlece Devegheele neslee nw (Skeâ efoMee ceW)– 30
kesâvõ mes kesâvõ lekeâ keâer Megæ otjer nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– ■ Skeâ R.C.C. muewye ceW cegKÙe leveve Øeyeueve keâer spacing Fmemes
Thejer muewye keâer ceesšeF& keâer 12 iegveer Ùee 12 × t (peye ÚÌ[eW keâe JÙeeme efYeVe nes) keâce veneR nesieer–
Skeâ muewye 8 mm φ keâer ÚÌ[eW mes Øeyeefuele efkeâÙee peelee nw Deewj yeÌ[s JÙeeme Jeeueer ÚÌ[ kesâ JÙeeme mes
DeeJeMÙekeâ efJekeâeme uecyeeF& 548 mm nw~ Deeuecye keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& ■ R.C.C. muewye keâer Mešefjbie keâer Thejer melen hej ØeÙegòeâ DeefOekeâlece
nesveer ÛeeefnS– 208 mm kewâcyej nesiee– Øeefle ceeršj heeš hej 4.5 mesceer.
■ I.S. : 456 kesâ Devegmeej efÉowefMekeâ muewye keâer ceOÙe heóer keâer ÛeewÌ[eF&
veerÛes keâer Deesj keâesves efkeâS ngS št Jes muewye ceW, cejesÌ[ Fmheele efoÙee
peelee nw– Meer<e& Deewj leue oesveeW hej ØelÙeskeâ heeš kesâ meeLe-meeLe– Gme efoMee ceW heeš keâer
3/4 nesveer ÛeeefnÙes
muewye keâe vÙetvelece DeeJejCe ve lees ÚÌ[ kesâ JÙeeme mes keâce nesvee ■ efÉowefMekeâ muewye ceW Øeyeueve peeue kesâ Jeie& keâer uecyeeF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes–
ÛeeefnS Deewj ve ner– 15 efceceer mes keâce
Úesšs heeš keâer 1/5
meheeš muewye keâer mlebYe heóer keâer ØeYeeJeer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw– ■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer Ûehešer muewye ceW PegkeâeJe ve [eueer ieF& nes, lees mlebYe heóer
[^e@he hewveue keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& keâe DeeOee keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– hewveue keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& keâe 1/2
efÉ–owefMekeâ muewye kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW, muewye keâer ienjeF& efvekeâeueves ■ efÉ owefMekeâ muewye kesâ kesâme ceW muewye keâe efJe#eshe–
kesâ efueS keäÙee peevevee pe™jer nw– Úesše heeš cetuele: Úesšer efJemle=efle keâe Heâueve neslee nw~
meheeš muewye keâes meneje osves Jeeues Skeâ mlebYe kesâ efmejs keâe JÙeeme ■ muewye keâes Jeve Jes keâer lejn Øee™efhele efkeâÙee peelee nw, Ùeefo uecyeer
keäÙee nesiee– heeš keâe 0.25 iegvee heeš mes Úesšer heeš keâe Devegheele: 2 mes pÙeeoe nes
■ Skeâ Ûehešer muewye keâer efmLeefle ceW, muewye keâer vÙetvelece ceesšeF& nesieer–
oes lejheâe muewye keâer efmLeefle ceW, muewye kesâ veerÛes keâe meerefcele PegkeâeJe 125 efceceer.
neslee nw– uebyes Ùee Úesšs heeš (mhewve) mes mJeleb$e ■ Skeâ efÉ-owefMekeâ muewye hewveue ceW, efkeâveejer heóer keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& keäÙee
ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& 'd' kesâ Deej.meer.meer. Keb[ ceW, Ùeefo Dehe™heCe jeskeâves L
kesâ efueS TOJee&Oej Úuues ueieeS peeles nQ, lees IS 456-2000 kesâ nw? peneB 'L' hewveue keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nw–
8
165
■ 100 efceceer ceesšeF& keâer Skeâ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš muewye ceW Øeyeefuele ÚÌ[eW IS:456–2000 kesâ Devegmeej efkeâmeer mlecYe ceW DeefOekeâlece Øeyeueve
keâer DeefOekeâlece ceehe nesleer nw– 12mm neslee nw– 6%
■ Skeâ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Heäuewš muewye keâes DeeOeej osves Jeeues mlecYe kesâ
efJemleeefjle Meer<e& keâes keânles nQ– kewâefhešue Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš keâer Skeâ oerJeej keâer ueIeglece ceesšeF& nesveer ÛeeefnS–
■ Skeâ Úle ceW, Øeoeve efkeâÙee ieÙee vÙetvelece ce=og Fmheele neslee nw– 10 mesceer.
Fmekesâ kegâue DevegØemLe keâeš Skeâ kewâvšerueerJej Oejve kesâ cegKÙe leveve ÚÌ[eW keâe yeæ Deeuecye ceW
#es$eheâue keâe 0.15% efmLejCe– Ld
7. De#eerÙe Yeeefjle keâeuece SJeb veeRJe Skeâ ueIeg mlecYe ceW heeMJe& Øeyeueve [eueves keâer Jepen–
(Axially loaded Column and Foundation) cegKÙe Øeyeueve ÚÌ[eW keâes yenkeâves mes yeÛeevee neslee nw
Skeâ mlecYe Ssmee mebheer[ve DeJeÙeJe nw efpemekeâer ØeYeeJeer uebyeeF& Gmekeâer
■ meefhe&ue Øeyeueve Ùegòeâ Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš mlebYeeW ceW meefhe&ue kesâ
mebheke&â ceW DevegowOÙe& ÚÌ[eW keâer vÙetvelece mebKÙee keâce veneR nesieer– 6 mes ueIegòece DevegØemLe ceehe kesâ leerve iegves mes DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~ Ùen ueeiet
■ Úesšs KebYeeW keâer leguevee ceW uecyes KebYeeW keâe Yeej G"eves keâer o#elee neslee nw– DeeÙeleekeâej SJeb Je=lleekeâej heefjÛÚso hej
keâce nesleer nw, KebYeeW hej– ef›eâheefuebie kesâ ØeYeeJe mes yebOes ngS keâe@uece kesâ cegkeâeyeues efkeâmeer kegbâ[ueeroej Øeyeefuele keâe@uece keâer
■ mlecYe ceW meefhe&ue ÚÌ[eW keâer efheÛe keâer vÙetvelece otjer nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– Yeej Jenve #ecelee ueieYeie nesieer– DeefOekeâ 5%
2.5 mesceer. Ùee meefhe&ue ÚÌ[ kesâ JÙeeme keâe
RCC keâe@uece ceW Øeyeueve keâe vÙetvelece Deewj DeefOekeâlece ØeefleMele
efleiegvee ceW pees vÙetvelece nes
›eâceMe: nesvee ÛeeefnS– 0.8% mes 6%
■ keâesF& mlebYe oerIe& mlebYe ceevee peelee nw, Ùeefo Gmekeâe leveglee Devegheele–
12 mes DeefOekeâ nes peye efkeâmeer mlebYe ceW leveglee Devegheele 32 mes 120 kesâ yeerÛe ceW nes, lees
■ mlebYe ceW DevegowOÙe& Fmheele keâe DevegØemLeerÙe keâeš keâe #es$e (a)– Gmes keânles nQ– ceOÙece mlebYe
0.8% mes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes
Jen keâe@uece uecyee keâe@uece keânueeSiee Ùeefo Gmekeâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF&
■ Skeâ Jeiee&keâej mlecYe ceW ueeefcyekeâe Øeyeueve keâer ÚÌ[ keâe JÙeeme 20
Gmekesâ heeMJe&ceehe keâe Devegheele nes– 15
mm nw lees heeMJe& leeve keâe JÙeeme nesiee– 5 mm mes keâce veneR
■ heâekesâoej muewye ceW oes mebiele hesšeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer DeefOekeâ veneR IS:456-1978 kesâ Devegmeej, heeFueeW hej Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš heeo
nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– efMeKej muewye keâer ceesšeF& keâe 12 iegvee mes (footing) keâer ceesšeF& Gmekesâ efkeâveejeW hej keâce jKeer peeleer nw–
■ heleues Ùee leveg mlebYe keâe DeLe& nw– oerIe& mlebYe 15 cm mes
■ mlebYe ceW ÚÌ[eW keâe ÛeÌ{eJe nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– mlebYe meeoer kebâ›eâerš mes yeveeS pee mekeâles nQ, Ùeefo Fvekeâer Deveeuebefyele
heleueer ÚÌ[ kesâ JÙeeme keâe 24 iegvee mes keâce veneR uebyeeF& Gvekeâer vÙetvelece heeMJe& ceehe kesâ.......mes DeefOekeâ ve nes–
■ mlecYe ceW meefhe&ue leeve Ùee ÚÌ[eW keâer kesâvõ mes kesâvõ (pitch) keâer leerve iegCee
DeefOekeâlece otjer nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 7.5 mesceer. Ùee
mlecYe cesW keâesj keâe JÙeeme Skeâ Je=lleekeâej mlecYe ceW Go«e ob[eW keâer vÙetvelece mebKÙee nw– Ún
6

ceW pees vÙetvelece nesiee

Skeâ mebheer[ve DeJeÙeJe, pees efkeâ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš meerceWš keâe yevee nw,
■ Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš kesâ mlebYe ceW Ùeefo ÚÌ[eW keâes mlebYe keâer hetjer kesâ efueS leveglee Devegheele 12 mes keâce nw, lees Fmes keânWies–
uecyeeF& kesâ yejeyej yeveeves kesâ efueS ÛeÌ{eJe ueieevee nes, lees ÚÌ[eW kesâ Úesše Ùee ueIeg mlecYe
yeerÛe ÛeÌ{eJe efkeâmeer Yeer efmLeefle ceW keâce veneR neslee nw–
24 × ÚÌ[ keâe JÙeeme efmejs kesâ ØeefleyevOeeW kesâ yeerÛe Skeâ mlecYe keâer DemeceefLe&le uebyeeF& mlecYe
■ Skeâ R.C.C. mlecYe, efpemekeâe KeC[ DeeÙeleekeâej nw Glkesâefvõle keâer meyemes Úesšer heeefM&Jekeâ ceehe kesâ ......iegves mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer
Yeefjle keâes men jne nw~ Fmemes keâesF& Yeer leveve (tension) veneR nesiee ÛeeefnS– 60
mlecYe keâer ÛeewÌ[eF & peye Skeâ TOJe& meomÙe cegKÙele: De#eerÙe Yeej Jenve keâj jne nw, Ùen
6

Ùeefo Glkesâefvõlee– mes keâce nesieer keânueelee nw– keâe@uece

■ mlebYe kesâ ÛeejeW Deesj Ûehešer muewye keâe ceesše Yeeie ef[peeFve efkeâÙee mebjÛeveelcekeâ meomÙe efpemes Gvekesâ DevegowOÙe& De#e kesâ meceeveeblej efoMee
peelee nw– [^e@he hewveue keâer YeeBefle ceW mecheer[ve yeue kesâ DeOeerve jKee peelee nw, keânueelee nw–
■ Ùeefo Ûehešer muewye ceW [^e@he GheÙeesie ve efkeâÙes peeÙes, leye mlebYe heóer keâe@uece, heesmš Ùee mLegCekeâe
keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesieer– hewveue ÛeewÌ[eF& keâer 1/2
■ 12 šeBiees Jeeues efjbieeW keâes Deeueefcyele keâjves kesâ efueÙes Thej leLee veerÛes peye R.C.C. hegâefšbie keâe efJemleej yeieue Jeeues Iej kesâ YetKeb[ hej
oesveeW lejheâ DeeJeMÙekeâ vÙetvelece Fmheele keâer ÚÌ[W nesleer nQ– 14
veneR efkeâÙee peelee lees efkeâme Øekeâej keâer hegâefšbie yesnlej nesleer nw–
■ mlecYe heeo kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW heeo keâer ienjeF& kesâ efueÙes Devegcele mebÙegòeâ heeo Jeeueer veeRJe
hebefÛebie keâòe&ve Øeefleyeue, kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueÙes Devegcele keâòe&ve Øeefleyeue kesâ efkeâmeer mlecYe keâe leveglee Devegheele efkeâlevee nesves hej Gmes ceOÙece
meboYe& ceW nesveer ÛeeefnS– oesiegvee Deekeâej keâe ceevee peelee nw– 32 mes 120
■ Jen mlecYe ueIeg mlecYe keânueelee nw peye ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& leLee
vÙetvelece heefjYeüceCe ef$epÙee keâe Devegheele neslee nw– Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš kesâ mlecYe heefjÛÚso keâe meceleguÙe #es$eHeâue
32 Ùee Fmemes keâce neslee nw– Ac+mAsc

166
 Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš mlecYe keâe leveglee Devegheele Gmekeâer uecyeeF& Je ___ ■ Ùeefo veeRJe kesâ veerÛes ce=oe meceebie nes leLee veeRJe ueÛeerueer nes lees veeRJe
kesâ veerÛes oeye efJelejCe nesiee– meceeve
keâe Devegheele neslee nw– mlecYe keâer meyemes Úesšer Yegpee
■ Ùeefo Skeâ hebefòeâ ceW Deveskeâ mlebYeeW keâe efvecee&Ce efkeâÙee peevee nes, lees
Ùeefo Skeâ mlebYe kesâ Thejer Keb[ keâer ienjeF& Úesšs mlebYe keâer leguevee ceW Fmekesâ efueS Deeceleewj hej hemebo keâer peeves Jeeueer veeRJe nesleer nw–
keâeheâer Úesšer nesleer nw, leye– efheâuej huesš Deewj yesÙeefjbie huesš efmš^he heeo veeRJe
mlebYe peesÌ[ hej GheueyOe keâjeÙee peelee nw ■ I.S. : 456 kesâ Devegmeej ce=oe hej Kemekesâ Ùee heeo kesâ efkeâveejs keâer
IS : 456-2000 kesâ Devegmeej mlebYe ceW cegKÙe Øeyeueve kesâ efueS ceesšeF& keâce vener nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 15 mesceer. mes
vÙetvelece DeeJejCe (mm ceW) efkeâlevee neslee nw– 40 efceceer. ■ ÂÌ{ DeeOeej hej kebâ›eâerš veerJeeW kesâ mebyebOe ceW ce=oe hej oeye keâe
efJelejCe neslee nw– Demeceeve
Øeeme mlebYe keâe ØeYeeJeer leveglee Devegheele keäÙee nw– 2 L/r ■ 12 ceeršj mes DeefOekeâ uecyeer heeFue keâes ÛeÌ{eles Ùee Gleejles meceÙe
mlecYe keâes huesve kebâ›eâerš mes Yeer yeveeÙee pee mekeâlee nw Ùeefo Gmekeâer Gmes ueškeâeÙee peevee ÛeeefnÙes– oes efyevogDeeW mes
DemeceefLe&le uecyeeF& leLee keâce mes keâce heeÕe& ÛeewÌ[eF& keâe Devegheele nes– ■ 16 ceeršj uecyeer hetJe& efveefce&le heeFue ceW oesveeW efmejeW ceW ueškeâeves Jeeues
3 iegvee ngkeâ ueieeÙes peeves ÛeeefnÙes– 3.30 ceeršj otjer hej
mlebYe keâer uebyeeF& efkeâleveer nesves hej leveglee Devegheele MetvÙe neslee nw– ■ Ùeefo mlebYe kesâ mJeÙeb kesâ Yeej meefnle Gme hej Yeej ueieeÙeW, lees Kemekesâ
Hetjer uebyeeF& keâes meYeer Deesj mes Deeuebefyele nesves hej keâe Yeej ceevee peelee nw– 0.1 w
■ Ùeefo efkeâmeer Jeiee&keâej mlebYe kesâ Kemekesâ keâer uecyeeF& l leLee ÛeewÌ[eF& b
efkeâmeer ØeYeeJeer ienjeF& d kesâ efJemle=efle kebâ›eâerš heeo kesâ efueS, yebkeâve nes leLee Megæ Thej keâer Deesj keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeuee oeye P nes lees
DeeIetCe& keâer ieCevee keâe ›eâebeflekeâ heefjÛÚso, efkeâmekesâ leue Éeje Øekeâš
P( l - b)2
efkeâÙee peelee nw– mlebYe-heâuekeâ DeefOekeâlece yebkeâve DeeIetCe& nesiee–
8
Deej.meer.meer. mlebYe ceW DevegowOÙe& ÚÌ[eW keâe JÙeeme keâYeer Yeer .......mes ■ mebjÛeveeDeeW keâer veerJeW Fme Øekeâej mes lewÙeej keâer peeleer nw, efkeâ Skeâ ner
keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 12 mm mebjÛevee kesâ efJeefYeVe YeeieeW keâe efve<eove Skeâ meceeve nes, keäÙeeWefkeâ–
Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keâer YetkebâhejesOeer mebjÛevee yeveeves kesâ efueÙes mlebYe ieewCe Øeefleyeue efJekeâefmele neWies
keâer Skeâ efJecee DeLeJee JÙeeme efvecveefueefKele mes keâce veneR nesvee ■ efkeâmeer mebÙegòeâ heeš Ùee Kemekesâ ceW, peneB Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue 5
ÛeeefnÙes– 200 mm efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2 mes keâce nes, JeneB ØeeÙe: ueieeÙes peeles nQ–
8 hewj Jeeues Úuues
oes lejheâe DeeÙeleekeâej Øeyeefuele veeRJe ceW uecyeer efoMee ceW neslee nw–
DeefOekeâ Øeyeueve ■ Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš mebjÛeveeDeeW ceW efMeKej Je leueer hej 2 hewj
Jeeues ÚuueeW keâes mebYeeueves kesâ efueS vÙetvelece ÚÌ[eW keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee
RCC mlebYe keâer heefjjsKee hej ceeheer ieF& DevegowIÙe& ÚÌ[eW keâe nesieer– 14
DeefOekeâlece Deblejeue pÙeeoe veneR nesiee– 300 mm mes ■ heeFueeW kesâ efueÙes ØeeÙe: kebâ›eâerš GheÙeesie keâer peeleer nw–
■ peye mlebYe keâer efmLeefle oesveeW efmejeW hej "erkeâ Øekeâej mes efveÙeb$eCe ceW M 200 «es[ keâer
nesleer nw Deewj Fmekeâer TBÛeeF& (L) Skeâ cebefpeue kesâ yejeyej nesleer nw, ■ ce=oe hej Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš keâe Kemekeâe lewÙeej keâjles meceÙe efkeâveejeW hej
leye Gmekeâer ØeYeeJekeâejer uecyeeF& nesieer– 0.75 L vÙetvelece mece«e ienjeF& ØeeÙe: jKeer peeleer nw– 15 mesceer. kesâ yejeyej
■ Jen mlecYe uecyee mlecYe neslee nw peye Fmekeâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& Deewj ■ heeFue ieeÌ[ves kesâ efueS nLeewÌ[s keâe Yeej heeFue kesâ Yeej keâe DeeOee
vÙetvelece heefjYeüceCe DeOe&JÙeeme keâe Devegheele neslee nw– leLee nLeewÌ[e efiejeves keâer TBÛeeF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 120 mesceer.
120 Ùee Fmemes DeefOekeâ ■ efkeâmeer heeš keâer ienjeF& keâe ef[peeFve keâjles meceÙe Deveg%esÙe yesOeve
■ heeefM&Jekeâ yebOekeâ ÚÌ[eW keâe Devlejeue DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– Øeefleyeue keâe ceeve Deveg%esÙe Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue keâe ceevee peevee
DevegowOÙe& Øeyeueve kesâ JÙeeme keâe 16 iegvee mes ÛeeefnÙes– 2 iegvee
■ Skeâ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš heeo ceW heeo muewye JÙeJenej keâjlee nw– ■ Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš heeš Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš oerJeej ceW DeefOekeâlece
Skeâ Guše keWâšerueerJej keâer lejn yebkeâve DeeIetCe& GlheVe nesiee– oerJeej keâer melen hej
■ Skeâ mlecYe heeo kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW heeo keâe kegâue Yeej, mlecYe hej
mebÛeeefjle kegâue Yeej (efpemeceW mlecYe Yeej Yeer Meeefceue nes) keâe– ■ meceleue kebâ›eâerš veeRJe, efpemekeâe Kemekeâe oerJeej kesâ oesveeW Deesj a
10% efueÙee peelee nw mesceer. Øeef#ehle nw, ceW Ùeefo GheefjcegKeer oyeeJe P efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2 nes lees
■ mlebYe Øeyeueve ceW heeefÕe&keâ yebOekeâ ÚÌ[eW keâe Devlejeue Ùee efheÛe DeefOekeâ veeRJe keâer ienjeF& d %eele keâer pee mekeâleer nw–
veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– DevegØemLe Øeyeueve kesâ JÙeeme d = 0.00775a P met$e Éeje
keâe 48 iegvee mes ■ jeheäš veeRJe hej yebkeâve DeeIetCe& kesâ meeLe-meeLe ØelÙe#e Yeej Yeer ueielee
■ DevegowOÙe& heÇyeueve keâe vÙetvelece Megæ DeeJejCe DeefOekeâlece ÚÌ[ keâe nes, lees Fmheele Je kebâ›eâerš kesâ Øeefleyeue keâes–
JÙeeme DeLeJee– 40 efceceer. pees Yeer DeefOekeâ nes nesvee ÛeeefnÙes 33.33% yeÌ{e osvee ÛeeefnÙes
■ kebâ›eâerš kesâ Jes mebheer[Ÿe DeJeÙeJe, efpemekeâer efyevee šskeâ Ùee menejs kesâ ■ Úuuees keâer vÙetvelece Deehemeer otjer nesleer nw– 6 cm
uecyeeF& vÙetvelece ceehe keâer leerve iegvee mes nes, GvnW keâne peelee nw–mlebYe ■ Skeâ mlecYe ceW heeÕe& yevOekeâeW keâe JÙeeme efvecveevegmeej efueÙee peelee nw–
■ M 150 kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS kebâ›eâerš keâer FkeâeF& JesOeve Dehe™heCe meyemes yeÌ[er DevegowOÙe& ÚÌ[ kesâ JÙeeme keâe 1/4 Ùee 6
meeceLÙe& ceeveer peeleer nw– 10 efkeâ«ee./mesceer.2 efceceer. ceW pees DeefOekeâ nes~
■ I.S. : 456 kesâ Devegmeej Yetefce efceóer hej DeeOeej mLeue kesâ efkeâveejeW ■ ce=oe hej efškeâer RCC veeRJe keâer vÙetvelece ceesšeF& efoÙee ieÙee nw–
keâer ceesšeF& keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 2 mesceer. mes 150 mm
167
■ R.C. mlecYeeW ceW vÙetvelece mhe° DeeJejCe nesiee– ■ efkeâmeer mlebYe ceW vÙetvelece Øeyeueve kesâ mebyebOe ceW IS-456 efmeheâeefjMeW
40 efceceer Ùee ÚÌ[ keâe JÙeeme pees Yeer DeefOekeâ nes ueeiet veneR nesieer~ Ùeefo uecyeeF& Deewj vÙetvelece IetCe&ve ef$epÙee keâe
■ IS:456 kesâ Devegmeej Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš mlecYe kesâ efueS Devegheele– 12 mes keâce nes
vÙetvelece Glkesâvõlee nesleer nw– ■ hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš DeefOekeâ JeebÚveerÙe nw efkeâmeer yesueveekeâej heeFhe
ℓ D kesâ efueS, efpeme hej ueiee nes– Deevleefjkeâ lejue oeye
+ Deewj 20 efceceer keâe DeefOekeâlece ■ hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele mebjÛeveelcekeâ lelJeeW cebs GÛÛe meeceLÙe& keâer kebâ›eâerš keâe
500 30
■ Skeâ mebheer[ve DeJeÙeJe keâer meeceLÙe& pees meefhe&ue Øeyeueve ceW nw, Jen ØeeLeefcekeâ ™he mes GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ– ØelÙeemLelee
Gmeer pewmeer heeMJe& šeF& Jeeueer mebheer[ve DeJeÙeJe kesâ meeceLÙe& keâer iegCeebkeâ DeefOekeâ peyeefkeâ ›eâerhe keâce neslee nw~
efkeâleveer iegvee ueer peeÙesieer– 1.05 ■ hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele mšerue keâer Deefvlece (DeefOekeâlece) Meefkeäle nesleer nw
■ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš heeo kesâ DeefYekeâuheve kesâ efueS–Skeâ ueÛeeruee ueieYeie– 1500 N/mm2
DeeOeej Je jsKeerÙe oeye efJelejCe ceevee peelee nw ■ hetJe& leveve Oejve ØeCeeueer ceW ØeÙeesie keâer pee mekeâves Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš keâe
■ efkeâmeer DeeÙeleekeâej keâeš kesâ Øeyeefuele meercesvš kebâ›eâerš kesâ mlecYe ceW vÙetvelece «es[ nw– M40
cegKÙe ÚÌ[eW keâer vÙetvelece mebKÙee nesleer nw– 4 ■ hetJe& Øeefleyeueve keâe ØeeLeefcekeâ GösMÙe neslee nw– leveve Øeefleyeue
■ Skeâ De#eerÙe Yeeefjle meefhe&ue ueIeg mlecYe ceW keâesj kesâ Devoj kesâ kebâ›eâerš kesâ keâejCe kebâ›eâerš kesâ meboueve keâes Kelce keâjvee
hej ueielee nw– efÉ–De#eerÙe mebheer[ve ■ heejcheefjkeâ hetJe& Øeefleyeueve ceW kebâ›eâerš ceW efJekeâCe& leveve nw– heefjJeefle&le
■ Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš heeo kesâ efueS oeye efJelejCe keâes ceevee peelee nw– veneR neslee nw~
jsKeerÙe ■ Skeâ kebâ›eâerš efpemeceW Deevleefjkeâ Øeefleyeue Skeâ megefveÙeesefpele {bie mes
Glhevve efkeâÙee peelee nw, efpemes peevee peelee nw–
8. hetJe&-Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš hetJe&Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš
(Prestressed Concrete) ■ hetJe& Øeefleyeueve efkeâmeer DeJeÙeJe ceW hetJe& efveOee&efjle.........yeueeW keâes
[eueves keâer ef›eâÙee nw– mebheer[ve
■ hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš keâe DeefYeØeeÙe nw– ■ Skeâ hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele meeOeejCe meceefLe&le Oejve ceW efpemekesâ hetjs heeš hej
FmeceW kebâ›eâerš ceW YeejCe mes hetJe& mebheer[ve Skeâ meceeve efJeleefjle Yeej ueiee nw, kesâefyeue ØeesHeâeFue keâe DeeoMe&
Øeefleyeue GlheVe neslee nw Deekeâej nesiee– efmejeW hej MetvÙe Glkesâvõlee kesâ meeLe
■ Skeâ hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele DeeÙeleekeâej {eue keâer Oejve, efpemekesâ DevegØemLe hejJeueefÙekeâ Deewj ceOÙe-heeš hej DeefOekeâlece Glkesâvõlee~
keâeš keâe #es$eheâue A nw, hej Gmekesâ ieg™lJe kesâvõerÙe DevegowOÙe& De#e ■ kebâ›eâerš kesâ ØelÙeemLe keâceer (efJe™heCe) kesâ keâejCe hetJe& Øeefleyeue keâer
mes neskeâj ueieves Jeeuee yeue keâe hetJe&-Øeefleyeefuele Skeâ heóer ueieeF& ieF& neefve meyemes keâce nesleer nw– Skeâ leej Jeeueer he§e-leefvele Oejve
P
nw~ kebâ›eâerš ceW meefVeefJe° Øeefleyeue nesiee–
A hetJe& leveve Je he§e leveve keâer efJeefOeÙeeW keâer leguevee
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW leLee Fmekeâe mJe™he mebheer[Ÿe neslee nw– hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele Comparison of Pre-Tensioning
■ efkeâmeer efveefo&° Yeej kesâ DeOeerve d ceesšeF& kesâ Oejve ceW hetJe& Øeefleyeueve & Post-Tensioning Method
yeue (F) Deewj heefjCeeceer mebheer[ue yeue (C) kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer nesieer–
0.65 d hetJe& leveve heMÛe leveve
■ hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš ceW Øeyeueve Ùee Fmheele ueieeÙee peelee nw– (Pre-tensioning) (Post-tensioning)
kesâvõ cebs 1. leejeW ceW leveve Glhevve keâjves 1. meebÛes ceW kebâ›eâerš Yejkeâj
■ Øeyeueve leejeW keâes hekeâÌ[ves Jeeues leejeW keâer Ie<e&Ce yeWÛeeW ceW efmuehe ceeveer kesâ yeeo meebÛes ceW kebâ›eâerš Deewj mewš nesves kesâ yeeo ner
pee mekeâleer nw– 2.5 efceceer. Yejer peeleer nw~ leejeW keâes KeeRÛee peelee nw~
■ Ùeefo hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš DeJeÙeJe JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe ØeYeeJe kesâ mebheke&â 2. leejeW keâes KeeRÛeves kesâ efueÙes 2. leejeW keâes keâ"esj ngÙeer kebâ›eâerš
ceW Deeles nQ lees meeOeejCe DeJemLee keâer Dehes#ee DeeJejCe yeÌ{eÙee pee ÂÌ{ heesle-heeBJe mes pewkeâ mešekeâj KeeRÛee
mekeâlee nw– 16 efceceer. (Abutments) keâer peelee nw, Dele: heesle-heeBJe
■ hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueÙes kebâ›eâerš keäÙetye keâer 28 efove keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee heÌ[ leer nw ~ DeeJeMÙekeâ veneR nw~
vÙetvelece meeceLÙe& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 350 efkeâ«ee./mesceer. 2 3. kebâ›eâerš [eueles meceÙe 3. ØelÙeemLe efJeke=âefle kesâ keâejCe
■ Fmheele ceW efMeefLeueve kesâ keâejCe hetJe&-Øeefleyeueve ceW #eefle keâe heefjceeCe ØeefleyeueeW keâer #eefle keâer ØeefleyeueeW ceW keâesF& #eefle veneR
ØeejbefYekeâ Øeefleyeue kesâ 2% mes 8% lekeâ– mecYeeJevee jnleer nw ~ nesleer nw~
heefjJele&veMeerue ceevee peevee ÛeeefnS 4. keb â ›eâer š kes â ef mekeg â [
Ì ves hej 4. kebâ›eâerš kesâ efmekegâÌ[ves hej
■ hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš ceW mebkegâÛeve Je kebâ›eâerš leLee Fmheele ceW ›eâerhe Øeef leyeueeW keâer neef v e nes leer ØeefleyeueeW keâer neefve veneR
kesâ keâejCe mekeâue #eefle nesleer nw– 2000 efkeâ«ee./mesceer. 2 nw ~ nesleer nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ leejeW keâes
leveve yeeo ceW efoÙee peelee nw~
■ ØeeÙe: šW[veeW kesâ efueS GÛÛe leveve Jeeues Fmheele keâe Øeyeueve keâe
5. leejeW keâes Je›eâ keâer efmLeefle 5. keâle&ve keâes jesefOele keâjves kesâ
GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, efpemekeâe JÙeeme neslee nw– 5 mes 8 efceceer. ceW jKekeâj KeeRÛevee keâef"ve efueÙes leejeW keâes Thejer Je›eâ
■ kebâ›eâerš ceW hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele yeue GlheVe keâjves kesâ efueÙes hetJe& Øeefleyeueve heÌ[lee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ meebÛes ceW oskeâj KeeRÛee pee mekeâlee nw,
efJeefOe Deheveeves hej leejeW keâe JÙeeme nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 2 mes 3 efceceer. kebâ›eâerš leveve kesâ yeeo Yejer keäÙeeWefkeâ JeeefnkeâeÙeW
■ GÛÛe meeceLÙe& Jeeues kebâ›eâerš Deewj GÛÛe leveve Fmheele keâe GheÙeesie peeleer nw~ (Ducts) Je›eâ ceW henues ner
keâjvee ÛeeefnÙes– hetJe&-Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš DeJeÙeJe ceW yevee ueer peeleer nw~
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 6. heefjJenve JÙeÙe DeefOekeâ 6. heefjJenve JÙeÙe keâce neslee Ans. (a) kebâ›eâerš keâer Deeveceve meeceLÙe& = 0.7 f ck
Deelee nw~ Dele: Úesšs ceehe nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ Øeyeueve keâe
kesâ DeJeÙeJeeW kesâ efueÙes ner keâeÙe&mLeue hej ner mechevve fck = kebâ›eâerš keâer DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ meeceLÙe&
"erkeâ jnleer nw~ efkeâÙee peelee nw~ uecyes heešeW = 0.7 50
kesâ efueÙes Ùen efJeefOe = 4.949
mevlees<epevekeâ jnleer nw~ ≃ 4.9
7. Hewâkeäš^er Glheeove mecYeJe nw, 7. efvecee&Ce ceW DeefOekeâ Ûeewkeâmeer 3. The minimum yield stress for a Fe 415 is :
Dele: iegCe efveÙev$eCe yevee jKeveer heÌ[leer nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ Skeâ Fe 415 kesâ efueS vÙetvelece hejeYeJe Øeefleyeue neslee
jnlee nw~ yeÌ[s JÙeeheeefjkeâ mLeue hej Hewâkeäš^er pewmeer nw–
hewceeves hej Glheeove efkeâÙee Gòece keâeÙe& efmLeefleÙeeB
(a) 415 MPa (b) 395 MPa
pee mekeâlee nw~ GheueyOe veneR nes heeleer nQ~
(c) 500 MPa (d) 550 MPa
8. «eeTefšbie keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee 8. JeeefnkeâeDeeW (Ducts) ceW
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015
veneR nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ leejW meerOeer «eeTefšbie keâjveer heÌ[leer nw,
Ans. (a) mebjÛevee ceW Fmheele keâer hejeYeJe meeceLÙe& ner ueer peeleer nw
kebâ›eâerš efheC[ ceW oyeer pees Skeâ keâef"ve keâeÙe& nw~
jnleer nQ~ Dele: Fe–415 keâer hejeYeJe meeceLÙe& 415 MPa nesleer nw~
9. Fme efJeefOe ceW ØeefleyeueeW keâer
Fme efJeefOe ceW ØeefleyeueeW keâer
9. 4. The minimum time before striking the props to
#eefle DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~
#eefle Dehes#eeke=âle keâce nesleer slabs (less than 4.5 m) as per IS 456 is :
nw~ IS 456 kesâ Devegmeej muewye (4.5 mm heeš mes keâce) mes
10. Ùen efJeefOe heMÛe leveve 10. Ùen Skeâ cenbieer efJeefOe nw~ šskeâ nševes keâe keâce mes keâce meceÙe nesvee ÛeeefnS~
efJeefOe mes kegâÚ cenbieer (a) 14-day/14 efove (b) 7-day/7 efove
heÌ[leer nw~ (c) 3-day/3 efove (d) 16-24 h/16-24 IeCše
1. In a singly Reinforced Beam, if the permissible RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015
stress in concrete reaches earlier than the Ans : (b) heâjcee yevoer nševes keâer DeJeefOe meercesCš kesâ Øekeâej, DeJeÙeJe
permissible stress in steel, the Beam section is called:
Ùeefo Skeâ Skeâue Øeyeefuele yeerce ceW kebâ›eâerš ceW GlheVe keâer efmLeefle, JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oMee Deeefo hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~
DevegcevÙe Øeefleyeue keâer cee$ee mšerue ceW DevegcevÙe Øeefleyeue Oejve keâer leueer kesâ hešjs keâes nševes keâer DeJeefOe 7 efove mes keâce veneR
keâer Dehes#ee henues meercee heej keâjlee nw, lees Ssmes yeerce nesveer ÛeeefnS~
KeC[ keâes keânles nQ? muewye keâer leueer kesâ hešjs nševes keâer DeJeefOe 3 efove mes keâce veneR nesves
(a) Under Reinforced Section/Deefle Øeyeefuele KeC[ ÛeeefnS~
(b) Economic Section/efceleJÙeÙeer keâeš muewye kesâ šskeâ 7 efove mes keâce veneR~
(c) Critical Section/›eâebeflekeâ KeC[ kebâ›eâerš oerJeej, mlecYe mes hešjs nševes keâer DeJeefOe 16 mes 24 IeCšs mes
(d) Over Reinforced Section/Deefle Øeyeefuele KeC[ keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS~
RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
5. According to IS 1200, reinforcing bars used in
Ans : (d) Beam section efvecve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ–
reinforced cement concrete shall be measured in :
(i) Balanced section–peye kebâ›eâerš Je mšerue ceW DevegcevÙe
IS 1200 kesâ Devegmeej Øeyeefuele meercesCš kebâ›eâerš ceW ØeÙegòeâ
Øeefleyeue Deheveer DeefOekeâlece meercee hej Skeâ meeLe hengBÛeles nQ, lees
Ssmes Section keâes Balanced Section keânles nQ~ nesves Jeeues Øeyeefuele yeej (ÚÌ[eW) keâes ceehee peelee nw–
(ii) Under Reinforced Section–peye mšerue ceW DevegcevÙe (a) metres/ceeršj
Øeefleyeue Deheveer DeefOekeâlece meercee hej kebâ›eâerš mes henues hengBÛe (b) cubic meter/Ieve ceeršj
peelee nw, lees Ssmes Section keâes Under Reinforced (c) square meter/Jeie& ceeršj
Section keânles nQ~ Fme Øekeâej kesâ Section, Steel ceW Fail (d) litre/ueeršj
nesles nQ leLee hesâue nesves mes henues ÛesleeJeveer osles nQ~ RRB SSE Shift-II : 02.09.2015
(iii) Over Reinforced Section–peye kebâ›eâerš ceW DevegcevÙe Ans : (a) Øeyeefuele meercesCš kebâ›eâerš ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesves Jeeues Øeyeefuele ÚÌ[
Øeefleyeue Deheveer DeefOekeâlece meercee hej Steel mes henues hengBÛe peelee keâer uecyeeF& keâes ceeršj ceW ceehee peelee nw meeceevÙele: ÚÌ[eW keâer uecyeeF&
nw, lees Ssmes Section keâes Over Reinforced Section keânles
13 m nesleer nw~
nQ~ Fme Øekeâej kesâ Section efJeheâue nesves mes henues keâesF& ÛesleeJeveer
veneR osles nQ~ 6. Which of the following is not applicable to limit
2. According to IS 456, the approximate state method?
estimated flexural strength (MPa) of concrete efvecve ceW mes keâewve mee meercee DeJemLee efJeefOe ceW DevegheÙeesieer
of grade M50 (fck = 50 MPa) would be : veneR nw?
IS 456 kesâ Devegmeej «es[ M50 (fck = 50 MPa) kesâ (a) The stresses are obtained from design loads
kebâ›eâerš keâer veceveerÙe Meefòeâ (Devegceeefvele) efkeâleveer nesieer? and compared with design strengths
(a) 4.9 (b) 5.5 Øeefleyeue DeefYekeâuhe YeejeW mes Øeehle efkeâÙes peeles nw leLee
(c) 2.5 (d) 6.5
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015 Fvekeâer DeefYekeâuhe meeceLÙe& mes leguevee keâer peeleer nw
169
 (b) The method follows linear stress-strain 10. In a pre–stressed concrete member, it is
behavior of both the materials i.e. steel and advisable to use:
concrete/Ùen efJeefOe oesveeW heoeLeeX (Fmheele leLee kebâ›eâerš) Skeâ hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele keâeb›eâerš ceWyej ceW efvecve ceW efkeâmekeâe
jsKeerÙe Øeefleyeue efJeke=âefle JÙeJenej keâe DevegmejCe keâjlee nw GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS?
(c) The ultimate stresses of the materials are
used as allowable stresses (a) low strength concrete only
heoeLeeX kesâ Ûejce ØeefleyeueeW keâes Deveg%esÙe ØeefleyeueeW keâer YeeBefle kesâJeue efvecve meeceLÙe& Jeeueer keâeb›eâerš
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw (b) high strength concrete only
(d) Partial safety factors are used kesâJeue GÛÛe meeceLÙe& Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš
DeebefMekeâ megj#ee iegCekeâ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles nw (c) low strength concrete but high tensile steel
RRB SSE Shift-III : 03.09.2015 efvecve meeceLÙe& Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš hejvleg GÛÛe leveve Jeeueer
Ans : (b) meercee DeJemLee efJeefOe ceW kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueÙes Øeefyeleyeue efJeke=âefle mšerue
DeejsKe keâes jsKeerÙe ve ceevekeâj kegâÚ otjer lekeâ hejJeueÙe leLee efheâj (d) high strength concrete and high tensile steel
DeeÙeleekeâej ceeveles nw FmeceW DeebefMekeâ megj#ee iegCeebkeâ DeheveeÙes peeles nw GÛÛe meeceLÙe& Jeeueer kebâ›eâerš kesâ meeLe GÛÛe leveve Jeeueer
efpevekeâe ceeve kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueÙes 1.5 leLee Fmheele kesâ efueÙes 1.15 neslee nw~ mšerue
7. Which of the following does not fall under RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014
tensioning devices used for prestressed Ans. (d) : hetJe& Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš ceW GÛÛe meeceLÙe& keâe kebâ›eâerš leLee
concrete?
efvecve ceW mes keâewve-mee hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueÙes GÛÛe leveve meeceLÙe& keâe Fmheele ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ hetJe& Øeyeefuele
leveve ÙegefòeâÙeeW kesâ Devleie&le veneR Deeleer nw? kebâkeâjerš keâer heMÛe leveve efJeefOe ceW vÙetvelece M–30 «es[ leLee hetJe&
(a) Chemical/jemeeÙeefvekeâ (b) Thermal/leeheerÙe leveve efJeefOe ceW vÙetvelece M–40 «es[ keâer kebâkeâjerš ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~
(c) Hydraulic/peueerÙe (d) Rotating/IetefCe&le 11. Reinforced concrete is advantageious because
RRB SSE Shift-III : 03.09.2015 of its:
Ans : (d) hetJe& Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš ceW Øeefleyeue GlheVe keâjves kesâ efueÙes Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Deheveer ........... iegCe kesâ keâejCe DeefOekeâ
jemeeÙeefvekeâ leeheerÙe leLee peueerÙe efJeefOe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw peyeefkeâ yesnlej nw~
IetCeea hetJe& Øeefleyeue GlheVe keâjves keâe Øekeâej veneR nw~ jemeeÙeefvekeâ efJeefOe (a) fire resistance and durability
ceW Øemeejkeâ meercesCš keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ leeheerÙe efJeefOe ceW Fmheele keâs Deefive ØeeflejesOekeâ leLee efškeâeTheve
ØeÙeesie mes henues iece& jKee peelee nw leLee kebâ›eâerš kesâ keâ"esj nes peeves hej
(b) less maintenance cost/keâce jKe–jKeeJe KeÛe&
"C[e nesves efoÙee peelee nw~ peueerÙe efJeefOe ceW õefJele pewkeâ keâe ØeÙeesie (c) monolithic character/DeKeb[lee
keâC[jeW keâes KeeRÛeves ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (d) all of above/Ghejesòeâ meYeer
8. The maximum percentage of moment RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
redistribution allowed in RCC beams is–
R.C.C. OejveeW ceW DeeIetCe& hegve:efJeYeepeve keâe DeefOekeâlece Ans. (d) : peye kebâ›eâerš keâes Meefòeâ Øeoeve keâjeves kesâ efueS Fmheele Ùee
ØeefleMele nw– ueesns keâer ÚÌ[eW, meueeKeeW DeLeJee leej kesâ peeueeW keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw,
(a) 10% (b) 20% leye Gmes Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keânles nQ~ Gmekeâe GheÙeesie cekeâeve keâer
(c) 30% (d) 40% ÚleeW, KecYeeW, hegueeW, yeeBOeeW Deeefo kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW neslee nw~ ØeJeefuele
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015 kebâ›eâerš keâce jKe jKeeJe Jeeueer leLee Deeie&ve ØeeflejesOekeâ nesleer nw~
Ans : (c) DeeIetCe& hegve:efJeYeepeve keâe mecyevOe Ssmes R.C.C DeefveOee&jer
12. The Modulus of Elasticity (E) of concrete as
mebjÛevee (Indeterminate Structures) mes neslee nw pees ve ner hetCe&
per IS 456 : 2000 is given by (notations are
™he mes ØelÙeemLe (elastic) nesles nQ Deewj ve ner hetCe& ™he mes hueeefmškeâ conventional)
(plastic)~ R.C.C OejveeW ceW DeeIetCe& hegve:efJeYeepeve keâe DeefOekeâlece IS 456 : 2000 kesâ Devegmeej kebâ›eâerš keâer ØelÙeemLelee
ØeefleMele 30³ neslee nw~
ceeheebkeâ (Modulus of Elasticity) (E) Éeje oer ieF&
9. The grade M 25 of concrete would approx,
refer to the mix (Øeleerkeâebkeâve ™Ì{ nw) nw–
kebâ›eâerš keâe «es[ M25, meefVekeâš efkeâme efceße keâes metefÛele (a) E = 1000 fck (b) E = 5000 f ck
keâjlee nw~ (c) E = 5500 f (d) E = 10000 f
ck ck
(a) 1 : 3 : 6 (b) 1 : 2 : 4
(c) 1 : 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 4 : 8 RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014 Ans : ( b) I.S. 456 : 2000 kesâ Devegmeej
Ans. (c) : Concrete grade E = 5000 f ck
M5 = 1 : 4 : 8
M10 = 1 : 3 : 6 kebâ›eâerš keâe ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ kebâ›eâerš kesâ «es[ kesâ Devegmeej efveOee&efjle
M15 = 1 : 2 : 4 efkeâÙee peelee nw~
M20 = 1 : 1.5 : 3
E = 5000 f ck
M25 = 1 : 1 : 2
ÙeneB M efcekeäme Devegheele kesâ efueS leLee Gmekesâ Deeies efueKeer ieÙeer mebKÙee where
28 efove lejeF& kesâ yeeo kebâ›eâerš keâer meeceLÙe& oMee&leer nw~ f ck = kebâ›eâerš keâe 28 efove keâer DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ meeceLÙe& nw~

170
13. In RCC beams, as the percentage area of Ans : (c) kebâ›eâerš keâer leveve meeceLÙe& Gmekeâer mebheer[ve meeceLÙe& keâe
tensile steel increases– 10% nesleer nw~
RCC yeerce ceW pewmes pewmes levÙe Fmheele keâe ØeefleMele #es$e
kebâ›eâerš keâer mebheer[ve meeceLÙe& 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm kesâ
yeÌ{lee nw–
(a) Depth of neutral axis increases
IeveeW keâes mebheer[ve meeceLÙe& ceMeerve ceW jKekeâj %eele keâer peeleer nw~
Goemeerve De#e keâer ienjeF& yeÌ{leer nw mebheer[ve meeceLÙe& %eele keâjles meceÙe 5% mes DeefOekeâ ØeefleoMe& efJeheâue
(b) Depth of neutral axis decreases veneR nesves ÛeeefnÙes~
Goemeerve De#e keâer ienjeF& Iešleer nw 16. The stress below which a material has a high
(c) Depth of neutral axis does not change probability of not failing under reversal of
Goemeerve De#e keâer ienjeF& DeheefjJeefle&le jnleer nw stress is known as :
(d) Lever arm increases/ueerJej Deece& yeÌ{lee nw Jen Øeefleyeue efpemekesâ veerÛes heoeLe& hej Øeefleyeue kesâ
RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015 Devleie&le Gmekesâ efJehejerle DemeHeâue ve nesves keâer GÛÛe
Ans : (a) kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW Fmheele keâe ØeefleMele yeÌ{ves kesâ meeLe-meeLe ØeeefÙekeâlee jKelee nw, keânueelee nw–
Fmekeâer Goemeerve De#e keâer ienjeF& leLee DeefOekeâlece ØeeflejesOeer yebkeâve DeeIetCe& (a) Tolerance limit/Útš meercee
keâe ceeve yeÌ{lee nw~ Fmes efvecve Øekeâej efmeæ efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– (b) Elastic limit/ØelÙeemLele meercee
ceevee efkeâ 200 mm × 100 mm ØeYeeJeer ceehe keâer Oejve nw leLee FmeceW (c) Proportional limit/meceevegheeleer meercee
Fmheele keâer ØeefleMelelee 0.7% nw leye Goemeerve De#e keâer ienjeF&– (d) Endurance limit/menves keâer meercee
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015
50x 2
P= Ans : (d) menves keâer meercee kesâ Devleie&le keâesF& melen efyevee DemeHeâue
md ( d − x )
ngS Devevle Ûe›eâeW kesâ DeefOekeâlece efJehejerle veceve Øeefleyeue menve keâj
50x 2 mekeâlee nw~
0.7 = {ceevee m = 18 }
18 × 200 ( 200 − x ) hee@efueMe melen kesâ efueS Ûe›eâ 107 meeceevÙele: ueer peeleer nw~
x = 78.3mm mšerue kesâ efueS σe = 0.4σ4 keâemš DeeÙejve kesâ efueS σe = 0.4σ4
Deye Ùeefo Fmheele keâer ØeefleMelelee 0.7% mes yeÌ{ekeâj 0.8% keâj os lees, {ueJee ueesns kesâ efueS σe = 0.35 σ4
peneB σe = menve meercee Øeefleyeue
50x 2
P= σ4 = heoeLe& keâe DevegcesÙe Øeefleyeue
md ( d − x ) 17. For M-20 grade of concrete, the maximum
50x 2 shear stress shall not exceed :
0.8 = M-20 «es[ keâer kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece keâle&ve
18 × 200 ( 200 − x )
Øeefleyeue DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS–
x = 82.3mm
(a) 1.6 N/mm2 (b) 1.9 N/mm2
Dele: Fmemes efmeæ nes peelee nw efkeâ Fmheele keâer ØeefleMelelee P yeÌ{eves kesâ (c) 2.8 N/mm2 (d) 2.2 N/mm2
meeLe-meeLe Goemeerve De#e keâer ienjeF& (xa) yeÌ{ peeleer nw~ RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015
14. IS 800 : 2007 is based on– Ans : (c) M-20 «es[ keâer kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece keâle&ve
IS 800 : 2007 hej DeeOeeefjle nw– Øeefleyeue LSM ceW 2.8 leLee WSM ceW 1.8 mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee
(a) Elastic design method ÛeeefnÙes~
ØelÙeemLe DeefYekeâuheve efJeefOe hej 18. Minimum grade of concrete to be used in
(b) Ultimate load method/Ûejce Yeej efJeefOe hej reinforced concrete is–
(c) Working stress method/keâeÙe&keâejer Yeej Øeefleyeue Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš keâeÙe& ceW ØeÙegkeäle efvecvelece kebâ›eâerš «es[
efJeefOe hej nw–
(d) Limit state method/efueefceš mšsš efJeefOe hej (a) M 10 (b) M 15
RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015 (c) M 20 (c) M 25
Ans : (d) IS 800 : 2007 ceW meercee DeJemLee efJeefOe keâer ÛeÛee& keâer RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
ieF& nw meercee DeJemLee efJeefOe ceW DeefYekeâuheve kesâ efueÙes ØeefleyeueeW kesâ efueÙes Ans : (c) I.S. keâes[ 456 – 2000 kesâ Devegmeej Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš
DeebefMekeâ megj#ee iegCeebkeâ leLee DeefYekeâuhe Yeej efveOee&jCe kesâ efueÙes Yeej
iegCeekeâ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùen DeefYekeâuheve FmheeleeW leLee keâeÙeeX ceW efvecvelece kebâ›eâerš «es[ M20  1:1 1 : 3  keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles
 2 
kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueÙes Ûejce ØeefleyeueeW hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ Fmekesâ Éeje nw~
DeefYekeâefuhele KeC[eW keâe Deekeâej keâce neslee nw~ Deepekeâue DeefYekeâuheve I.S. keâes[ 456 – 1976 kesâ Devegmeej efvecvelece kebâ›eâerš «es[
keâer Ùener efJeefOe DeefOekeâ DeheveeÙeer peeleer nw~ Deej.meer.meer. ceW M 15 (1 : 2 : 4) ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee Lee~
15. The tensile strength of concrete is 19. The term nominal stress in stress-strain curve
approximately what percent of compressive for mild steel implies–
strength of concrete. veeefceveue mš^sme, mš^sme SJeb mš^sve Je›eâ mes vejce Fmheele kesâ
kebâ›eâerš keâer leveve meeceLÙe& Gmekeâer mebheer[ve meeceLÙe& keâer
efkeâleves ØeefleMele nesleer nw? efueS ueeiet neslee nw–
(a) 50% (b) 20% (a) Average stress/Deewmele Øeefleyeue
(c) 10% (d) 5% (b) Actual stress/JeemleefJekeâ Øeefleyeue
RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015 (c) Yield stress/hejeYeJe Øeefleyeue
171
 (d) Stress at necking/vesefkebâie hej Øeefleyeue (a) Bending moment and shear
RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015 veceve DeeIetCe& Deewj keâle&ve
Ans : (a) efkeâmeer ÚÌ[ hej yeue ueieeves mes Gmekesâ #es$eheâue ceW heefjJele&ve nes (b) Bending moment and torsion
peelee nw leLee Gmekeâer mechetCe& DevegØemLe keâeš ceW Øeefleyeue GlheVe nesles nw~ veceve DeeIetCe& Deewj cejesÌ[
efkeâmeer ÚÌ[ ceW GlheVe JeemleefJekeâ Øeefleyeue ÚÌ[ hej ueieeÙes ieÙes yeue (c) Bending moment/veceve DeeIetCe&
leLee Gmekesâ heefjJeefle&le #es$eheâue kesâ Devegheele kesâ yejeyej nesles nw~ (d) Bending moment, shear and torsion
yeue veceve DeeIetCe&, keâle&ve Deewj cejesÌ[
JeemleefJekeâ Øeefleyeue ( Actual stress ) = RRB JE Shift-I : 29.08.2015
heefjJeefle&le #es$eheâue
meeceevÙeleÙee JeemleefJekeâ Øeefleyeue keâe efveOee&jCe keâjvee keâef"ve neslee nw~ Ans : (d) Je›eâekeâej Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Oejve ceW Shear Centre Oejve
Dele: nce meeceevÙele: ieCeveeDeeW leLee hejer#eCeeW ceW Deewmele Øeefleyeue keâe kesâ yeenj keâer Deesj neslee nw~ Dele: Fmekeâe DeefYekeâuheve keâle&ve Deewj
ØeÙeesie keâjles nw pees ueieeÙes ieÙes yeue leLee ÚÌ[ kesâ yeue ueieeves mes hetJe& yebkeâve kesâ meeLe-meeLe cejesÌ[ kesâ efueS Yeer efkeâÙee peelee nw~
JeemleefJekeâ #es$eheâue kesâ Devegheele kesâ yejeyej neslee nw~ 23. Permissible shear stress in concrete is a
ueieeÙee ieÙee yeue function of–
meeOeejCe Ùee Deewmele Øeefleyeue · kebâ›eâerš ceW Deveg%esÙe keâle&ve Øeefleyeue efvecve keâe heâueve neslee
ØeejefcYekeâ #es$eheâue (yeue ueieeves mes hetJe&)
Deewmele Øeefleyeue keâes FbpeerefveÙejer Øeefleyeue Yeer keânles nw~ nw–
20. As per Indian Standard specifications, concrete (a) Grade of concrete/kebâ›eâerš kesâ «es[
is designated into– (b) Grade of steel/Fmheele kesâ «es[
YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ JeieeakeâjCe kesâ Devegmeej kebâ›eâerš keâes (c) Percentage of steel reinforcement
DeefYekeâefuhele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw– Øeyeueve Fmheele keâer ØeefleMelelee
(a) 3 grades/3 «es[ (b) 5 grades/5 «es[ (d) Percentage of steel reinforcement and grade
(c) 7 grades/7 «es[ (d) 10 grades/10 «es[ of concrete
RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015 Øeyeueve Fmheele keâer ØeefleMelelee leLee kebâ›eâerš kesâ «es[
Ans : (c) I.S. keâes[ 456–2000 kesâ Devegmeej ceevekeâ kebâ›eâerš kesâ RRB JE Shift-II : 29.08.2015
efueÙes 7 «es[ keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nw kebâ›eâerš efcekeäme ceW M25, M30, Ans : (d) kebâ›eâerš ceW Deveg%esÙe keâle&ve Øeefleyeue, Øeyeueve Fmheele keâer
M35, M40, M45, M50 leLee M55 «es[es keâes megPeeÙee ieÙee nw~ cee$ee leLee kebâ›eâerš kesâ «es[ hej efveYe&j keâjleer nw~ Fmekeâe ceeve IS 456 :
21. How is the deflection in RC beams controlled 2000 Éeje Øeoòe meejCeer kesâ DeeOeej hej %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw~
as per IS : 456 ? 24. In the conventional pre-stressing, the diagonal
IS : 456 kesâ Devegmeej Deej.meer. yeerce ceW veerÛes keâer Deesj tension in concrete–
PegkeâeJe keâes kewâmes efveÙebef$ele efkeâÙee peelee nw– heejbheefjkeâ hetJe& Øeefleyeueve ceW, kebâ›eâerš ceW efJekeâCe& leveve–
(a) By using large aspect ratio (a) increase/yeÌ{lee nw
yeÌ[s Deeke=âefle Devegheele keâe GheÙeesie keâjkesâ (b) decreases/Iešlee nw
(b) By using small modular ratio (c) does not change/heefjJele&ve veneR neslee
Úesšs cee@[Ÿetuej Devegheele keâe GheÙeesie keâjkesâ (d) may increase of decrease
(c) By controlling span/depth ratio yeÌ{ Yeer mekeâlee nw Ùee keâce Yeer nes mekeâlee nw
DeJeefOe/ienjeF& Devegheele keâes efveÙebef$ele keâjkesâ RRB JE Shift-III : 29.08.2015
(d) By moderating water–cement ratio
Ans : (b) Iešlee nw~
heeveer meerceWš Devegheele keâes keâce keâjkesâ
RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015
peye efkeâmeer mebjÛeveelcekeâ KeC[ ceW, Jee¢e Yeej heÌ[ves mes hetJe& Ssmes
Ans : (c) IS : 456 kesâ Devegmeej OejveeW leLee muewyeeW keâe efJe#eshe ØeefleyeueeW keâes Glhevve keâj efoÙee peelee nw pees Yeej heÌ[ves hej Ghepes
Devegcele meercee ceW jKeves kesâ efueÙes Fvekesâ uecyeeF& leLee ienjeF& keâe ØeefleyeueeW kesâ efJehejerle Øeke=âefle kesâ nes, lees Ùen ef›eâÙee hetJe&-Øeefleyeefuele
Devegheele Skeâ DeefOekeâlece meercee mes keâce jKee peelee nw~ pees efvecve nw– keânueeleer nw Deewj Jen KeC[ hetJe&-Øeefleyeefuele KeC[ keânueelee nw~ hetJe&
Oejve/muewJe keâe Øekeâej DeefOekeâlece ℓ/d Devegheele Øeefleyeefuele kebâ›eâerš kesâ efvecve iegCe nesles nQ–
(1) kebâ›eâerš keâer mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& leLee Fmheele keâer leveve meeceLÙe& keâe
1. Øeeme Oejve 7
hetCe& ueeYe G"eÙee peelee nw~
2. Megæeueefcyele Oejve 20
(2) ojejs heÌ[ves keâer mecYeeJevee veneR jnleer nw~
3. melele Oejve 26
(3) KeC[ vÙetvelece ceehe kesâ nesves kesâ keâejCe keâeheâer nukesâ nesles nQ~
4. Megæeueefcyele muewye 35 (HYSD kesâ efueÙes 28)
(4) KeC[eW ceW efJekeâCe& leveve Ieš peelee nw~
5. melele muewye 40 (HYSD kesâ efueS 32) (5) Je›eâekeâej Tendon kesâ ØeÙeesie mes KeC[ keâer keâle&ve meeceLÙe& yeÌ{
22. The reinforced concrete beam curved in plan is
designed for–
peeleer nw~
Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš Oejve DevegefJe#eshe ceW Je›eâekeâej nw, keâe (6) heâjceeyevoer memleer heÌ[leer nw~
DeefYekeâuheve kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw– (7) mebjÛeveeDeeW keâe efJe#eshe meercee ceW jnlee nw~
172
 keâchÙetšj DeeOeeefjle DeefYekeâuheve
(Computer Aided Design)
■ Dee@šeskewâ[ keâe meJe&ØeLece JÙeJemeeefÙekeâ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee– ■ Ellipse yeveeves kesâ efueS oerIe& leLee ueIeg De#eeW, kesâvõ efyevog leLee
efomecyej 1982 oes- De#e efyevogDees keâes keâjvee nselee nw– Specify keâjvee neslee nw~
■ Dee@šeskewâ[ ceW keâece keâjves keâer meerceeÙeW nesleer nw– Demeerefcele ■ keâesF& Yeer Dekesâuee Dee@ypeskeäš [^e@Fbie ceW mes Pick keâj efueÙee peelee nw
■ Dee@šeskewâ[, me$e keâes DeejcYe keâjves kesâ efueS DeeFkeâve ceW efkeâleveer Ùee Keyboard mes Prompt hej–
yeej efkeäuekeâ keâjles nQ– oes yeej 'Si' enter keâj osvee ÛeeefnS
■ veF& [^eFbie yeveeves kesâ efueS, keâceeC[ ueeFve ceW efkeâmekeâer meneÙelee ■ ceesšer ueeFve kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw– Trace Command
mes vÙet keâceeC[ Ùee efHeâj cesvÙet mes vÙet mesueskeäš efkeâÙee peevee ■ Deiej nce Trace line segments keâer series yeveeles Ûeueles nQ
ÛeeefnS– keâer-yees[& lees Pline command keâer lejn Fmekesâ keâesves Yeer– pegÌ[ peeles nQ~
■ veF& [^eFbie yeveeves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie ceW Deeles nQ– šscheuesš ■ Text Command keâer meneÙelee mes nce [^e@Fbie ceW keâesF& Yeer
■ efkeâmeer Yeer [^eFbie keâes šscheuesšdme keâer lejn ner mesJe (Save) keâj šskeämš– efJeefYeVe lejerkeâeW ceW efueKe mekeâles nQ~
mekeâles nQ Ùen keâLeve nw– melÙe ■ veF& uesÙej (Layers) yeveeves kesâ keâece Deeleer nw–
■ x Reference Point mes x-axis keâer efoMee ceW– otjer nesleer nw~ Layers Command
■ W.C.S (World Cordinate System) efkeâmeceW ØeÙeesie neslee ■ Zoom Command keâer meneÙelee mes nce [^e@Fbie keâes–
nw– Dee@šes-kewâ[ ceW Úesšer Ùee yeÌ[er keâj mekeâles nQ~
■ W.C.S ceW keâesCe meowJe– ef[«eer ceW nesleer nw~ ■ 2D leLee 3D keâer Polylines keâes Shape keâes Modify keâjleer
■ keäuee@keâJeeFme efoMee ceW ceehee ieÙee keâesCe neslee nw– Oeveelcekeâ nw– Pedit Command
■ SefCškeäuee@keâJeeFme efoMee ceW ceehee ieÙee keâesCe efkeâmeceW uesles nQ– ■ Jen keâceeC[ pees efkeâmeer kesâ mecetneW kesâe Skeâ peien mes nšekeâj
$e+Ceelcekeâ otmejer peien jKeves keâe keâeÙe& keâjleer nw– cetue keâceeC[
■ Smooth curve polyline keâes efHeâj mes straight line
■ [^e@Fbie ncesMee kewâmeer yeveeÙeer peeleer nw–
JeemleefJekeâ FkeâeF& keâes ueskeâj segment ceW yeouelee nw– Decurve
■ Offset Command efmeHe&â– Object keâes Offset keâjlee nw
■ [^e@Fbie yeveeves mes henues efkeâmekeâes efmeueskeäš efkeâÙee peelee nw–
FkeâeF& keâes ■ Jen keâewve-mee keâceeC[ nw pees efkeâmeer Object kesâ mecetneW keâes efkeâmeer
■ [^e@Fbie yeveeles meceÙe mšwC[[& meele jbieeW keâes efceueekeâj yeveeSb peeles Yeer efoÙes ngS keâesCe ceW Ietcelee nw– Rotate Command
■ Object kesâ Size keâes yeoueves kesâ keâece Deeves Jeeuee keâceeC[–
nQ– 255mes[dme
Scale command keânueelee nw~
■ Ùen meeOeejCe Entity nes pees [^e@Fbie ceW ØeÙeesie nesleer nw–
hJee@Fbš keâceeC[ ■ Jen keâceeC[ pees oes Non-Parallel Lines keâes Intermediate
arc Éeje pees[ Ì leer nw– Fillet Command
■ ÛelegYeg&pe yeveeves kesâ efueS keäÙee keâceeC[ nw– ■ oes Non-Parallel Lines keâes Deeheme ceW pees[Ì er peeleer nw–
Rectangale Command
■ ef$e-efJeceerÙe ef[peeFveW Yeer keâchÙetšj hej yeveeF& pee mekeâleer nw– beval Éeje
Dee@šes-kewâ[ keâer meneÙelee mes ■ Jen keâceeC[ pees Skeâ meeLe keâF& Text keâes keâF& Lines ceW leLee
■ Dee@šes-kewâ[ keâe Skeâ efJeMes<e mebmkeâjCe cewkesâefvekeâue [skeämše@he nw, pees Gmes Drawing area ceW efoKeeves keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw–
efkeâ efJeMes<e ™he mes efkeâmekesâ efueS GheÙeesieer nw– Dtext command
cewkesâefvekeâue FbpeerefveÙeefjbie kesâ efueS ■ "Auto-CAD" keâer Full form keäÙee nw?
Autodesk Computer Aided Drafting.
■ efkeâmeer Yeeie keâes Skeâ mLeeve mes otmejs mLeeve hej nševes kesâ efueS ■ "CAM" keâer Full form keäÙee nw?
keäÙee keâjles nQ– cetJe keâceeC[ Computer Aided Manufacturing.
■ [^e@Fbie keâer Deeke=âefle ceW efkeâmeer Yeer Øekeâej mebmeesOeve DeLeJee ■ Input Devices kesâ veece yeeleeFÙes~
ceesef[efHeâkesâMeve keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâme keâceeC[ keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ– Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Scanner, Digitizer.
Sef[efšbie keâceeC[ ■ Output devices kesâ veece yeeleeFÙes~
■ Fjs]pe keâcee@C[ heeF& peeleer nw– cee@[erHeâeF& cesvÙet ceW Monitor, Plotter, Printer
■ oes Cross Lines kesâ Skeâ Deesj keâer Line efceševes kesâ efueÙes keäÙee
■ efkeâmeer efyevog keâer x, y, z keâes-Deeef[&vesš keâes oMee&lee nw– FbkeäJeeÙejer keâjesies? Trim Command
■ keâewve-mee keâceeC[ Ùen yeleelee nw efkeâ Dee@ypeskeäš Skeâ yegkeâ nw Ùee ■ hebÛeYegpe (Pentagon), <ešdYegpe (Hexagon) keâes efkeâme
efHeâj šskeämš– efuemš keâceeC[ Command Éeje yeveeDeesies? Polygon Command.
■ Demeceeve Deeke=âefleÙeeW kesâ Je›eâ (curves) keâes yeveeves ceW ØeÙeesie keâer ■ Polygon Command mes keâce-mes-keâce efkeâleveer YegpeeDeeW keâe
peeleer nw– Spline Command Polygon yevee mekeâles nQ? leerve YegpeeDeeW keâe
■ efkeâmeer Deeypeskeäš keâes Spline ceW Convert keâjves kesâ efueS Point ■ Polygon Command mes pÙeeoe-mes-pÙeeoe efkeâleveer YegpeeDeeW keâe
keâes– Specify efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Polygon yevee mekeâles nQ? 1024 YegpeeDeeW keâe
■ DeefOekeâlej jÛeveelcekeâ jsKeeDeeW keâes yeveeves ceW neslee nw– ■ efkeâmeer jsKee keâes yejeyej YeeieeW ceW yeeBšves kesâ efueÙes keäÙee keâjesies?
Ray keâceeC[ keâe ØeÙeesie Divide command
173
■ efkeâmeer jsKee keâes efkeâmeer uecyeeF& ceW yejeyej-yejeyej yeeBšves kesâ efueÙes ■ keâchÙetšj kesâ keâeÙe& ØeJeen keâes efveÙebef$ele keâjves kesâ efueS GheÙeesie
keäÙee keâjesies? Measure command efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee mee@HeäšJesÙej, Fmekesâ [sše keâes JÙeJeefmLele keâjlee nw
■ efkeâmeer Rectangle kesâ efkeâveejeW keâes ieesue keâjves kesâ efueÙes keäÙee Deewj neGme keâerefhebie HebâkeäMevme kesâ ™he ceW peevee peelee nw–
command nQ? Fillet command Dee@hejsefšbie mee@HeäšJesÙej
■ efkeâmeer Drawing kesâ efkeâmeer Yeeie keâes Zoom keâjkesâ osKeves kesâ ■ mee@HeäšJesÙej pees efkeâ efpeÙeescesefš^keâ cee@[efuebie Deewj efvecee&Ce keâjves kesâ
efueÙes keäÙee keâjesies? Zoom-Toolbar ceW Zoom-Window ~ efueS efJeefYeVe keâeÙeeX kesâ meeLe Ùetpej keâes Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS
■ efkeâmeer Drawing keâes hetjs Screen hej osKeves kesâ efueÙes keäÙee GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, efkeâmekesâ ™he ceW peevee peelee nw–
ØeÙeesie keâjesies? Zoom-Toolbar ceW Zoom-Extent ~ «eeefHeâkeäme mee@HeäšJesÙej
■ keâchÙetšj S[s[ ef[peeFve ceW ne[&JesÙej Meeefceue veneR nw– ■ keâewve-mee Skeâ Dee@hejsefšbie efmemšce mee@HeäšJesÙej vener nw–
keâchÙetšj Øees«eece IDEAS/DeeFef[Deepe
■ kewâ[ efkeâleves Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ– 5 ■ meceeveevlej jsKeeSb, mebkesâefvõle Je=òe Deewj meceeveevlej Je›eâ ØeÙeesie
■ cees[ce kewâ[ efmemšce efkeâme hej DeeOeeefjle nw– ICG efkeâÙee peelee nw– Offset
■ keâchÙetšj GheÙeesiekeâlee& efkeâmekesâ ceeOÙece mes mebÛeej keâjlee nw– ■ X Deewj Y oesveeW efoMeeDeeW ceW ef[Heâe@uš ef«e[ mhesefMebie nw– 10
«eeefHeâkeäme ■ Dee@ypeskeäš keâes hetJe&efveOee&efjle uecyeeF& Jeeues KeC[eW ceW efJeYeeefpele keâjves
■ ef[peeFve keâer Øeef›eâÙee ceW henÛeeve ÙeesiÙe mšshe Meeefceue nw– 6
kesâ efueS efkeâme keâceeC[ keâe GheÙeesie keâjles nQ– Measure/cespej
■ kewâ[ keâes ueeiet keâjves mes mebÛeej ceW megOeej neslee nw Ùen keâLeve nw– ■ Dee@šeskewâ[ ceW Skeâ Ùeebef$ekeâ [^eFbie mLeeefhele keâjles meceÙe keâewve meer
melÙe FkeâeF& keâes mesš efkeâÙee peelee nw– Decimal
■ kewâ[ SefhuekesâMeve kesâ keâeÙe&#ecelee #es$eeW keâes ßesefCeÙeeW ceW Jeieeake=âle ■ keâesF& Yeer [^eFbie kewâmeer nesleer nw– 2D
efkeâÙee ieÙee nw– 4
■ keâewve-mee DeeKejer erase keâer ngÙeer [^eFbie keâes Unerase keâjkesâ
Jeeheme ueeves kesâ keâece Deelee nw– OOPs
■ CRT m›eâerve hej jbie efkeâmekesâ mebÙeespeve mes Øeehle neslee nw–
■ efkeâme keâceeC[ keâer meneÙelee mes nce [^eFbie ceW keâesF& Text Yeer
ueeue, nje, veeruee efJeefYeVe lejerkeâeW ceW efueKe mekeâles nQ– Text command
■ «eeefHeâkeäme mee@HeäšJesÙej ef[peeFve keâjves ceW efmekeäme «eeGC[ efveÙece ■ ceesšer ueeFve (thick lines) kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw–
efkeâmeves lewÙeej efkeâS– Schaffer G Trace command
■ ceW Fvehegš ef[JeeFmesme keâes efJeYeeefpele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– 3 ■ Jen keâewve-mee keâceeC[ nw pees efkeâmeer Dee@ypeskeäš keâer uecyeeF& keâes
■ efJeefMe° DeeF& meer peer ØeCeeueer ceW mee@HeäšJesÙej Ieškeâ nesles nQ Ùen yeÌ{elee nw– Extend
keâLeve nQ– DemelÙe ■ Pedit Command efkeâme Øekeâej keâer Plylines keâer Shape keâes
■ Dee@šeskewâ[ mee@HeäšJesÙej keâe veJeervelece mebmkeâjCe keâewve-mee nw– 2018 Modify keâjleer nw– 2D Deewj 3D
■ Dee@šeskewâ[ ceW Øeehešea hewuesš Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâme kegbâpeer keâe ■ Offset command efmeHe&â–
GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– Ctrl + 1 Single object keâes ner offset keâjlee nw
■ Dee@šeskewâ[ henueer yeej efkeâme Je<e& peejer efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee– 1982 1. Which of the following is not a DBMS
■ Dee@šeskewâ[, me$e (session) keâes DeejcYe keâjves kesâ efueS DeeFkeâve software?
(icon) ceW efkeâleveer yeej efkeäuekeâ keâjles nQ– 2 yeej FveceW keâewve mee DBMS mee@HeäšJesÙej veneR nw?
■ veF& [^eFbie yeveeves kesâ efueS šscheuesš (Templates) ØeÙeesie ceW (a) ORACLE/Dee@jskeâue (ORACLE)
ueeÙes peeles nQ Ùen keâLeve nw– melÙe (b) SYBASE/ meeFyesme (SYBASE)
■ [^eFbie ncesMee yeveeF& peeleer nw– Real unit keâes ueskeâj (c) COBOL/keâesyeesue (COBOL)
■ Dee@šeskewâ[ ceW efkeâleveer FkeâeF&ÙeeB GheueyOe nw– 5 (d) SQL Server/ SQL meJe&j
■ keâewve-mee cees[ Ùet]pej keâes 900 meerOeer jsKeeSB KeeRÛeves keâer Devegceefle RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014
osleer nw– Ortho Ans. (c) : Data Base Management System ([eryeerSceSme)
■ keâewve-mee keâceeC[ Deueie-Deueie ueeFveeW keâes Skeâ meeLe Skeâ mecetn Skeâ keâchÙetšj mee@heäšJesÙej SefhuekesâMeve nw, pees GheÙeesie keâlee& kesâ meeLe
ceW Skeâue Dee@ypeskeäš kesâ ™he ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS neslee nw– mecheke&â keâjlee nw~ pewmes–Dee@jskeâue, meeFyesme SQL meJe&j~
heesueerueeFve keâceeC[ peyeefkeâ COBOL Skeâ Øees«eeefcebie Yee<ee nw~
2. .............is the process of finding errors in
■ Dee@šes kewâ[ ceW efkeâleves Jeke&âmhesme GheueyOe nw– 3
software code.
■ šeFefhebie keâjkesâ keâceeC[ keâes Deemeeveer mes Skeämesme efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee mee@HeäšJesÙej keâes[ kesâ $egefšÙeeW keâes peeBÛeves keâer Øeef›eâÙee
nw– SC ............ keânueeleer nw~
■ efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ keâceeC[ keâe ØeÙeesie DeefOekeâlej jÛeveelcekeâ jsKeeDeeW (a) Compiling/kebâheeFefuebie
keâes yeveeves ceW neslee nw– Ray command (b) Assembling/SmeWyeefuebie
■ Skeâ meke&âue ceW efkeâleves ef«ehe hJee@Fbš nesles nQ– 5 (c) Interpreting/FbšjØesefšbie
■ keâewve mes oes efJe<eÙeeW keâes Skeâ Deece [sšeyesme mes peesÌ[e ieÙee nw– (d) Debugging/ef[yeefiebie
kewâ[ Deewj kewâce RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
■ pÙeecesefš^keâ cee@[efuebie pewmes mee@efue[ cee@[efuebie, JeeÙej øesâce cee@efuebie Ans. (d) : mee@heäšJesÙej keâes[ kesâ $egefšÙeeW keâes peeBÛeves keâer Øeef›eâÙee
Deewj [^eefHeäšbie kesâ efueS Fmlesceeue nesves Jeeues Meyo efkeâmekesâ ™he ceW ef[yeeEieie (Debugging) keânueeleer nw~ mee@heäšJesÙej ‘yeie’ efkeâmeer
peevee peelee nw– mee@HeäšJesÙej hewkesâpe keâchÙetšj Øees«eece Ùee ØeCeeueer keâer Ssmeer $egefš, oes<e, ieueleer, efJeheâuelee
■ keâewve-mee GhekeâjCe ne[& keâe@heer keâe Glheeove veneR keâjlee nw– Ùee Keesš (heâe@uš) keâes Jee|Cele keâjves kesâ efueS Fmlesceeue efkeâÙee peeves
CRT šefce&veue Jeeuee Skeâ šce& nw~
174
 heÙee&JejCe FbpeerefveÙeefjbie
(Environmental Engineering)
ef[mšuejer SJeb Megiej Hewâkeäš^er mes efvekeâueves Jeeues DeJeefMe<š,
1. heÙee&JejCe SJeb Øeot<eCe efveÙeb$eCe peueeMeÙe ceW peue kesâ iegCe keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjles nQ–
(Environmental and Pollution Control) COD leLee BOD
JeeleeJejCe ceW Øeot<ekeâeW keâe efyeKejeJe DeefOekeâlece nesslee nw peye–
JewefMJekeâ peueJeeÙeg keâer meebõlee ceW Je=efæ nesves mes Keleje nw– JeeleeJejCeerÙe uewhme oj ®æes<ce uewhme oj mes DeefOekeâ nes
«eerve neGme iewmeeW Éeje oes ØeeLeefcekeâ JeeÙeg Øeot<ekeâ nw– meuheâj DeekeämeeF&[ leLee
efheÚues oMekeâ keâer meyemes YeÙebkeâj JeeÙeg Øeot<eCe $eemeoer osKeer ieF&– neF[^eskeâeye&ve
Yeesheeue (ce.Øe.) ceW JeeÙegceC[ue ceW leeheceeve heefjJele&ve kesâ oewjeve, JeeÙeg Øeot<eCe ØeJe=efòe
meyemes DeefOekeâ meuHeâj [eFDee@keämeeF[ (SO2) Øeot<eCe neslee nw– nesleer nQ– heefjJele&ve hejle kesâ veerÛes mebefÛele nesvee
keâuekeâòee ceW meyemes DeefOekeâ cenlJehetCe& iewmeerÙe JeeÙegJeerÙe Øeot<ekeâ nw–
JeeleeJejCeerÙe Øeot<ekeâ veneR nw– CO2 SO2 (meuheâj [eF& DeekeämeeF[)
Øeot<eCe keâjves Jeeueer iewmeW nQ– CO, SO2 keâeye&ve ceesvees Dee@keämeeF&[ mJeemLÙe kesâ efueÙes neefvekeâejkeâ nesleer nw,
yeÌ[s MenjeW ceW (80³) JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe Øeot<eCe keâe cegKÙe keâejCe nw– keäÙeeWefkeâ– Ùen jòeâ keâer Dee@keämeerpeve Jenve #ecelee keâes Iešeleer nw
mJeÛeeefuele-JeenveeW Éeje heefjJenve DeewÅeesefiekeâ leLee veiejerÙe DeheefMe<š peue keâes Øeeke=âeflekeâ melener peue
yecyeF&, keâuekeâòee FlÙeeefo ceneveiejeW ceW ØecegKe JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe ceW ÚesÌ[ves kesâ efJe<eÙe ceW kesâvõerÙe Øeot<eCe efveÙeb$eCe yees[& Éeje BOD
Øeot<ekeâ iewmeW nQ– CO SJeb SO2 ØemleeefJele keâer ieF& nw– < 30 ppm
efÉleerÙekeâ Øeot<ekeâ nw– (Deespeesve) O3 peueeMeÙeeW ceW [eues peeves Jeeues Jeeefnle ceue (Sewage) kesâ keâejCe
ceesšj ieeefÌ[ÙeeW kesâ Sskeäpeemš mes efvekeâueves Jeeuee heoeLe& pees ceeveefmekeâ ceÚefueÙeeB cej peeleer nQ keäÙeeWefkeâ–
jesie Glhevve keâjlee nw, nw– (ues[) Pb FmeceW Iegefuele Dee@keämeerpeve nsleg ceÚefueÙeeW
mcee@ie (OegDeeB) Gve mLeeveeW keâe meeceevÙe Øeot<ekeâ nw, peneB neslee nw– mes mheOee& ceW Je=efæ nesleer nw
efvecve leehe›eâce Jen peueerÙe Oeeleg Øeot<ekeâ efpememes ceveg<ÙeeW ceW yevOÙelee nesleer nw– Mn
keâeye&ve ceesvees Dee@keämeeF[ (CO) ceveg<Ùe kesâ efueÙes neefvekeâejkeâ nw JeeÙeg keâer iegCeJeòee keâe metÛekeâ nw– ueeFkesâve
keäÙeeWefkeâ– Ùen O2 keâer leguevee ceW nerceesiueesefyeve Øeotef<ele Peerue ceW Øeot<eCe keâe meeceevÙe metÛekeâ nw–
mes DelÙeefOekeâ leer›elee mes pegÌ[ peeleer nw BOD SJeb [sefheveÙee
jsef[Ùees SefkeäšJe Heâe@ue DeeGš kesâ heefjCeecemJe¤he Øeehle jsef[Ùees OJeefve oeye mlej kesâ efveOee&jCe ceW ØeÙegòeâ mevoYe& oeye neslee nw–
SefkeäšJe mš^e@efMeÙece nw– Sr90 20µpa
«eerve neGme ØeYeeJe......... GheefmLeefle kesâ keâejCe nQ– peue leLee ce=oe Øeot<eCe keâe cegKÙe œeesle nw–
JeeÙegceC[ue ceW CO2 hejle ke=âef<e GÅeesie, Keveve, Lece&ue hee@Jej mšsMeve
jemeeÙeefvekeâ heoeLe& JeeÙegceC[ue ceW Deespeesve keâer cee$ee keâes keâce keâjves JeeÙeg Øeot<eCe kesâ ØeYeeJe DeefOekeâlej heeS peeles nQ– heefòeÙeeW hej
kesâ efueS GòejoeÙeer nw– keäueesjesHeäueesjes keâeye&ve (CFC) JeeÙegceC[ue ceW meJee&efOekeâ «eerve neGme iewmeW cegkeäle keâjves kesâ efueS
JeeÙegceC[ue kesâ cegKÙe Øeot<ekeâ, pees O3 uesÙej keâes leesÌ[les nQ– GòejoeÙeer nw– Decesefjkeâe (USA)
NO Je CFC nefjle jmeeÙeve mes leelheÙe& nw–
yeenjer JeeleeJejCe ceW pesš nJeeF& penepe Éeje ÚesÌ[e ieÙee Øeot<ekeâ neefvekeâejkeâ jmeeÙeveeW keâe GheÙeesie leLee Glheeove keâce keâjvee
heoeLe& keânueelee nw– Ssjesmeesue mš^sšesefmHeâÙej ceW hejeyeQieveer efkeâjCeeW keâe DeJeMees<eCe neslee nw–
Gve iewmeeW keâe mecetn pees Heâesšeskesâefcekeâue mcee@ie keâe keâejCe nw– Deespeesve Éeje
O3, PAN leLee NO2 Thejer JeeleeJejCe ceW Deespeesve mlej keâe Dehe#eÙe, iewmeeW Éeje nes
JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe OetuekeâCe, peueJee<he, Deespeesve, keâeye&ve mekeâlee nw– ceerLesve
[eFDee@keämeeF[ Deeefo Éeje hegve: efJeefkeâjefCele G<cee keâes DeJe®æ efJe<ece Øeot<ekeâ nw– Decue Je<ee&
keâjvee, keânueelee nw– nefjle ie=n ØeYeeJe peue kesâ FkeâeF& DeeÙeleve ceW, Skeâ meceÙe DeJeefOe ceW Dee@keämeerpeve kesâ
Deespeesve efÚõ keâe efvecee&Ce meJee&efOekeâ neslee nw– Debšeke&âefškeâe ceW GheÙeesie kesâ oj keâe ceeheve efkeâÙee peelee nw, helee ueieeves kesâ efueS–
JeeÙegceC[ue kesâ Øeot<eCe keâe metÛekeâ nw– SefheHeâeFefškeâ ueeFkesâvme pewefJekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie
uew[ (Pb) mes neslee nw– JeeÙeg Øeot<eCe peye efkeâmeer veoer ceW ceue Ùegkeäle peue keâer Yeejer cee$ee ØeJeeefnle keâj oer
leepecenue keâes Keleje yevee ngDee nw– meuHeâj [eFDee@keämeeF[ mes peeleer nw leye Gmekeâe BOD– yeÌ{ peeSiee
ØeeosefMekeâ Øeot<eCe kesâ GoenjCe nQ– Decue Je<ee&, OegbOe SO2 Øeot<eCe kesâ efueÙes mebJesoer nw– ueeFkesâve
peue Øeot<eCe DeÛÚer lejn mes jeskeâe pee mekeâlee nw– peye meerJespe, peue ceW cegkeäle efkeâÙee peelee nw lees Dee@keämeerpeve keâe ---
peueOeejeDeeW kesâ neefvekeâejkeâ jmeeÙeveeW keâe GheÛeej keâjkesâ -- veneR heeÙee peelee nw– yeÌ{vee
175
 pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie (BOD) ceW ceeheer peeleer nw– melener peue kesâ Devleie&le Deelee nw– Peerue keâe peue
peue ceW keâeye&efvekeâ Øeot<ekeâeW keâe yeÌ{vee heeveer keâe meyemes cegKÙe œeesle neslee nw– Je<ee& peue
Deeves Jeeues Je<eeX ceW Deespeesve hele& ceW neefve kesâ keâejCe DeefveÙeefceleleeÙeW heeleeueleesÌ[ kegâSB keâe heeveer melen hej Hetâšlee nw–
DeefOekeâ neWieer– lJeÛee mecyevOeer õJeerÙe oeye kesâ keâejCe
keâeye&ve ceesveesDee@keämeeF[ Skeâ Øeot<ekeâ nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ Ùen– Ssmes JesOÙe mlej efpeveceW peue Skeâef$ele jnlee nw GvnW keânles nQ–
nerceesiueesefyeve mes ef›eâÙee keâjleer nw peueJeener mlej, peueYe=le (Aquifer)
nefjle ie=n ØeYeeJe mecyeefvOele nw– he=LJeer kesâ iejce nesves mes meeOeejCeleÙee veueketâhe Fme ce=oe ceW yengle GheÙegkeäle jnles nQ–
yeenjer JeeÙegceC[ue ceW Deespeesve hejle keâe #eÙe mecYeJele: efkeâme peueesÌ{ efcešdšer ceW (Alluvial soil)
yeerceejer keâe keâejCe nw– lJeÛee keQâmej mecemle jbOeÇ DeeÙeleve Je meece«eer kesâ mekeâue DeeÙeleve keâe Devegheele
he=LJeer kesâ JeeleeJejCe ceW Deespeesve (O3) keâer GheefmLeefle– keânueelee nw– mejbOeÇlee (porosity)
hejeyeQieveer efkeâjCeeW keâes he=LJeer hej hengBÛeves ceW jeskeâleer nw efpeme efJeefOe mes pevemebKÙee yeÌ{esòejer keâe mener Devegceeve Ùee hetJe&
Øeot<eCe mecyeefvOele DeefveÙeefcelelee nw– efmeefuekeâesefmeme keâLeve efkeâÙee pee mekesâ, Gmes keâne peelee nw–
neue ner ceW kegâÚ DeewÅeesefiekeâ MenjeW ceW JeeÙegceC[ue Øeot<eCe kesâ pÙeeefceleerÙe Je=efæ efJeefOe
ØeYeeJe mes Decue Je<ee& kesâ meceeÛeej efceues nQ, Øeot<eCe keâe keâejCe nw– (Geometrical increasing mehtod)
DelÙeefOekeâ NO2 Deewj SO2 pees peerJeeMceerÙe meeOeejCe GLeues kegâDeeW keâer ienjeÙeer nes mekeâleer nw–
FËOeve kesâ peueves mes JeeÙegceC[ue ceW cegkeäle nesleer nw 6 mes 8 ceeršj lekeâ
DDT nw– DepewJeefvecveerkeâjCe Øeot<ekeâ peue mecYejCe JÙeJemLee keâe DeefYekeâuhe veneR neslee nw–
Jele&ceeve pevemebKÙee
peue DeeOeeefjle yeerceeefjÙeeB ØeejefcYekeâ keâce ueeiele leLee efkeâmeer efyevog hej efvemmejCe Je oeye
(Water Born Diseases) mejuelee mes %eele keâer peeves Jeeueer ØeCeeueer nw–
›eâ. peue DeeOeeefjle keâejCe yevo efmeje ØeCeeueer (Dead end System)
yeerceeefjÙeeB veueketâheeW keâer heeveer osves keâer #ecelee ueieYeie nesleer nw–
1 Deeflemeej (diarrohea) DepewefJekeâ DeMegefæÙeeB 50 ueeršj Øeefle mes0
2 keâype (constipation) ’’ ’’ DeOeesYetefce peue keâes Ùen Yeer keâne peelee nw– DeeOeej ØeJeen
3 pe"jeb$eMeesOe pewefJekeâ DeMegefæÙeeB heejiecÙelee iegCeebkeâ Fmekesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece neslee nw– «esJeue
(gastro enterites) HeâeÙej neF[^svš hej heeveer keâe vÙetvelece oeye nesvee ÛeeefnS–
4 meb›eâecekeâ nshewšeFefšme ’’ ’’ 1 kg/cm2 mes 1.5 kg/cm2 (0.1N/mm2-0.15N/mm2)
(infectious hepatitis)
5 hesefÛeme (dysentery, hewjemeeFefškeâ DeesJee efkeâmeer peue mecYejCe JÙeJemLee keâe DeefYekeâuheve kesâ efueS
yellow fever) DeefYekeâuheve keâeue nesvee ÛeeefnS– 25 mes 30 Je<e&
6 nwpee (cholera) met#ce jesiepevekeâ peerJeeCeg kegâSB kesâ ceOÙe mes Gme otjmLe efyebog lekeâ keâer #eweflepe otjer, peneB lekeâ
7 ceesleerPeje (typhoid) ’’ ’’ Yeewce peuemlej kegâSB kesâ keâejCe ØeYeeefJele neslee nw, keânueeleer nw
– ØeYeeJeer ef$epÙee
2. meeJe&peefvekeâ peue efJelejCe Yeejle ceW Deeie yegPeeves kesâ efueÙes Øeefle JÙeefkeäle heeveer keâer cee$ee ueer
(Public water Supply) peeleer nw– 15 ueeršj
veueketâheeW mes Øeehle peue keânueelee nw–
efkeâleves ienjeÙeer lekeâ GheÙeesie keâjves kesâ efueÙes Keesos ieÙes kegâSB
DeOe: he=<"erÙe peue (Sub surface water)
DeefOekeâ GheÙeesieer heeÙes ieÙes nQ– 20 ceer0
heeveer GheueyOe keâjeves kesâ efueS meyemes henueer TOJe&uebefIekeâe yeveeF& Deeceleewj hej Øeehle peue he=<"erÙe peue keânueelee nw– veefoÙeeW
ieÙeer Leer– jesce ceW peueehetefle& ceW peue keâer neefve keâe Devegceeve efkeâÙee peelee nw– 15³
Keesos ieÙes kegâDeeW keâe efvemmejCe neslee nw– 20 ceer3 ØeefleIeCše Yetefce kesâ peueleue mes heeveer keâes yeerÛe ceW DeJe®æ keâjkesâ Øeehle keâjves
pece&veer ceW peue mecYejCe kesâ efueS meyemes henuee Jeešj Jekeäme& kesâ efueS efkeâmeer veoer leš kesâ meeLe-meeLe keâce ienjeF& hej efveefce&le
mLeeefhele efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee meved– 1412 #eweflepe megjbies keânueeleer nQ– Deble:œeJeCe KeeFÙeeb
veueketâhe keâer ueefyOe Ùee hejeYeJe (yield) ØeeÙe: neslee nw– Meg<keâ ceewmece ceW Yetefce mes peue Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS veoer kesâ lešeW
200 lit/sec kesâ meeLe-meeLe TOJee&Oej Keesos kegâSB keânueeles nQ–
keâ"esj ÛešdševeeW, keâ"esj ce=oe Je yeesu[j #es$eeW ceW yesOeve keâjves Deble:œegle kegâSB (Infilteration well)
(boring) keâer meJeexòece efJeefOe nw–
pevemebKÙee Je=efæ keâe DeeuesKeerÙe Je›eâ neslee nw–
DeeIeele efJeefOe (Percussion method)
S Deeke=âefle keâe Je›eâ
peue mecYejCe JÙeJemLee keâe DeLe& nw– heeveer keâe œeesle ÛeÙeve
keâjkesâ Gmekeâe GheÛeej keâjkesâ Fkeâªe efkeâÙes Yetefceiele peue keâes efvekeâeueves kesâ efueS Yetefce ceW OebmeeÙee ieÙee heeFhe
ieÙes heeveer keâe efJelejCe keânueelee nw– veueketâhe
Jen heeveer pees he=LJeer keâer melen mes veerÛes GheueyOe nw, keânueelee nw– veoer-peue ceW Skeâ cenlJehetCe& iegCe neslee nw, efpemes keânles nQ–
DeOeesYetefce peue (Sub-soil water) mJele: MeesOeve (Self purification)
176
.S. 1172 (1993) leLee je<š^erÙe YeJeve mebefnlee Ùeefo Skeâ heefj®æ peueOeejer hejle ceW yeveeÙes ieÙes ketâhe keâe
peueeJeleueve oesiegvee efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees efvemmejCe 'Q' nes peeÙesiee–
N.B.C kesâ Devegmeej heeveer keâer meeceevÙe ceeBie 2.0 Q
Deble: mÙebove oj meowJe nesleer nw–
1 heerves kesâ efueS 5 ueeršj Deble: mÙebove #ecelee kesâ yejeyej Ùee Gmemes keâce
2 keâheÌ[e Oeesves kesâ efueÙes 20 ueeršj GLeueW kegBâS keâer Dehes#ee ienjs kegâSB nesles nbw–
3 veneves kesâ efueÙes 55 ueeršj DeefOekeâ ienjer Deewj DeefOekeâ efvemmejCe
4 HeäueefMebie (ceue yeneves) kesâ efueÙes 30 ueeršj Yeejle ceW meeOeejCeleÙee ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues veueketâhe kesâ Øekeâej
5 meHeâeF& leLee HeâMe& Oeesves kesâ efueS 10 ueeršj nw– (Strainer Type) peeueeroej Øekeâej
6 yele&ve meeHeâ keâjves kesâ efueS 10 ueeršj PeerueeW ceW KejheleJeejeW kesâ yeÌ{ves keâe cegKÙe keâejCe keâer yeÌ{esòejer nw–
7 Yeespeve yeveeves kesâ efueS 5 ueeršj hees<ekeâ lelJeeW (Nutrients)
efkeâmeer mLeeve hej nesves Jeeueer Jeeef<e&keâ Je<ee& kesâ Deewmele keâe ceeve Skeâ meeheâ peue ceW mebueive peerJe Ùee veerÛes leue ceW efmLele Ùee veerÛes
efvecve DeJeefOe kesâ oewjeve keâer Jeeef<e&keâ Je<ee& kesâ ceeOÙe Deewmele kesâ leueÚš ceW jnves Jeeues, peevee peelee nw– yesvLeesme
yejeyej neslee nw– 35 Je<e&
Jen Ùegefkeäle efpemes Œeesle mes peue efvekeâeueves kesâ efueS mLeeefhele keâjles nQ,
keânueelee nw– Devle&«eener (Intake)
met$e Pn = P + {Ia + Ii } × n ceW n JÙekeäle keâjlee nw–
Skeâ melener Oeeje keâer ueefyOe kesâ Éeje Øeehle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
DeefYekeâuheve keâeue
jemeeÙeefvekeâ efJeefOe
ØeeÙe: peueeMeÙeeW kesâ efMeKej hej njer Ieeme kesâ uee@ve yeveeÙes peeles nQ~ mš^svej Øekeâej keâe šŸetyeJesue efkeâmekesâ efueS DevegheÙegòeâ nw–
efpememes heeveer hej ieceea Je meoea keâe ØeYeeJe keâce jns leLee Ùes uee@ve ceesše «esJeue
peueeMeÙeeW hej yeveeÙes peeles nQ– ce=oe peueeMeÙeeW
n
Iejsuet heeveer kesâ Devegcele ievoueeheve nesvee ÛeeefnS–
 Ip  10 p.p.m. mes keâce (efmeefuekeâe mkesâue hej)
Pn = P 1 +  mecyeefvOele nw– pÙeeefceleerÙe Je=efæ efJeefOe mes kewâefuMeÙece Deewj cewieefveefMeÙece keäueesjeF[ keâer GheefmLeefle peue ceW
 100 
(Geometrical Increase Method) Glhevve keâjleer nw– keâ"esjlee
Jen efJeefOe pees pevemebKÙee keâe hetJee&vegceeve efyeukegâue heefjMegæ osleer nw– Skeâ Megæ heeveer ceW Devegcele mJeeo nesvee ÛeeefnS–
uesKeeefÛe$eerÙe efJeefOe (Graphical Method) heerves ceW mJeeefo<š leLee ceer"e nes
meeJe&peefvekeâ peue ØeoeÙe kesâ efueÙes Úesšs keâmyeeW ceW GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peue kesâ ieboueeheve keâes hewceeves hej JÙekeäle efkeâÙee peelee nw–
peelee nw– Keesos ieÙes kegâSB efmeefuekeâe hewceevee
peye pevemebKÙee Je=efæ keâer oj keâce nesvee Meg¤ nes peeleer nw lees Fmes Megæ heeveer ceW Devegcele iebOe nesveer ÛeeefnS–
keâne peelee nw– meble=efhle efyevog heerves ceW iebOe Deeheefòe ÙeesiÙe ve nes
peue keâe jbie hewceeves hej Skeâ mebKÙee kesâ ¤he ceW JÙekeäle efkeâÙee peelee
mJeÛÚ hesÙe peue keâe leehe neslee nw- 40C mes 100C kesâ ceOÙe nw– huewefšvece keâesyeeuš hewceevee
peue keâer DeefOekeâlece ØeefleIeCše ceeBie Deewj DeefOekeâlece efove keâer peue keâe iebOe efveOee&efjle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– Deesmceesmkeâeshe
ØeefleIebše Deewmele ceeBie kesâ yeerÛe Devegheele neslee nw- 1.5 (Osmoscope)
Iejsuet ØeÙeesie kesâ efueS heeveer keâer Devegcele keâ"esjlee nesveer ÛeeefnS–
efkeâmeer veÙes veiej keâer peue Deehetefle& keâer Ùeespevee yeveeles meceÙe keâewve-meer 200 p.p.m. lekeâ
efJeefOe DeheveeÙeer peeleer nw- ceemšj hueeve efJeefOe
yegmšve keâe met$e nw- Q = 5663 P meeJe&peefvekeâ GheÙeesie kesâ efueS heeveer keâer ceeBie
Skeâ Menj kesâ leerve Gòejesòej Je<eeX keâer pevemebKÙee ›eâceMe: 5000, (Public use of Water)
7000, 8400 nw~ Menj keâer Gòejesòej ÛeewLes Je<e& ceW pÙeeefceleerÙe
yeÌ{le efJeefOe kesâ Devegmeej pevemebKÙee nw– 10,920 keâeÙee&ueÙe 45 ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefòeâ Øeefle efove
Skeâ Menj ceW peue keâer Deewmele Iejsuet Kehele, meeceevÙe MeleeX kesâ mketâue leLee efJeÅeeueÙe 135 ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefòeâ Øeefle efove
DeOeerve nw– 135 L.P.C.D (Úe$eeJeeme meefnle)
heeveer keâer cee$ee peueYe=le ceW õJeerÙe Meer<e& ceW Øeefle Ùetefveš efiejeJeš kesâ peueheeve ie=n leLee 70 ueeršj Øeefle meerš Øeefleefove
YeespeveeueÙe
meeLe Skeâ$e neslee nw lees peueYe=le (Aquifer) kesâ Øeefle Ùetefveš #es$e keâes
nesšue (Øeefle MewÙÙee) 180 ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefòeâ Øeefle efove
keâne peelee nw– efmLejlee
DeeJeeme ie=n 135 ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefòeâ Øeefle efove
efmLej ceewmece keâer heefjefmLeefle Jeeues Skeâ #es$e ceW efkeâmeer kegbâS keâer yeme, jsueJes mšsMeve 70 ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefòeâ Øeefle efove
efveef§ele #ecelee nw– nJeeF& Deñe 70 ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefòeâ Øeefle efove
hebhe kesâ Meg™ nesves kesâ yeeo meceÙe keâe Skeâ HebâkeäMeve
GÅeeve, heeke&â efmebÛeeF& 3.5 ueeršj Øeefle Jeie& ceeršj #es$eHeâue
[Ÿetefheš kesâ DeeOeej hej Deheefj®æ peueOeejer ceW veueketâhe keâe kesâ efueS
πk ( H12 - H 22 ) efmevescee ceveesjbpeve ie=n 15 ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefòeâ Øeefle efove
efvemmejCe nesiee– mketâue efJeÅeeueÙe 45 ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefòeâ Øeefle efove
R
2.303log10
r (Úe$eeJeeme ve nes)
177
Megæ heeveer ceW Devegcele keäueesjeF[ keâer cee$ee nesveer ÛeeefnS– peue mes ueewn Deewj ceQieveerpe keâes Deueie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
200 p.p.m. mes keâce Jeeleve kesâ yeeo mkebâove
Iejsuet peueehetefle& kesâ efueS peue keâe DeefOekeâlece Deveg%esÙe leehe›eâce heeveer cebs Decuelee keâe meyemes Deece Œeesle keäÙee nw–
neslee nw– keâeye&ve[eF& DeekeämeeF[
350C mes keâce Iejsuet peue Deehetefle& ceW meuhesâšes keâer DeefOekeâlece megjef#ele Deveg%esÙe
Iejsuet GheÙeesie kesâ efueS peue ceW DeefOekeâlece Deveg%esÙe kegâue "esme meercee nesleer nw– 200mg/L
keâCeeW keâer GheefmLeefle DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– SsMejerefÛeÙee keâesueer (E-coli) kesâ efueÙes heerves kesâ heeveer keâe
1500 p.p.m. mes keâce peerJeeCegJeerÙe hejer#eCe DeeÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ– Ùes
DeÛÚs heeveer ceW DeceesefveÙee keâer cee$ee DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– jesiepevekeâ peerJeeCegDees keâer ØeeefÙekeâ GheefmLeefle kesâ efueÙes
0.15 p.p.m. metÛekeâ peerJeesb keâer YeeBefle ØeÙegòeâ nesles nw
heeveer ceW ieboueeheve nesves keâe keâejCe nw– hesÙepeue ceW kegâÚ heoeLeeX/iegCeeW kesâ efueÙes Skeâ DeefOekeâ cee$ee/ceeve
efmeuš leLee ce=efòekeâe kesâ keâCeeW keâer GheefmLeefle neslee nw~ efvecve ceW mes efkeâmekesâ efueÙes DeefOekeâlece meercee kesâ meeLe-meeLe
yesefueme ieboueeheveceeheer keâe hejeme nw– 0-2 ppm vÙetvelece meercee Yeer nw– pH
peue mlej efmLej nesves hej GheÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer Devle«ee&ner ceÚefueÙeeW keâes cejves mes yeÛeeves kesâ efueÙes Skeâ veoer Oeeje kesâ efueÙes
keânueeleer nw– heeFue ef›eâye Devle«ee&ner (pile crib intake) efveefo&° vÙetvelece Iegefuele Dee@keämeerpeve nesleer nw– 4 ppm
Ieesue #eejerÙe neslee nw Ùeefo Fmekesâ pH keâe ceeve neslee nw– megjef#ele hesÙe peue keâer BOD nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– kegâÚ veneR
7 mes 14 peue keâer DeefOekeâlece #eejkeâlee kesâ efueÙes pH ceeve nesvee ÛeeefnÙes–14
pees Devle«ee&ner (intake) yeÌ[er peueØeoeÙe heefjÙeespeveeDeeW, veefoÙeeW ceevekeâ efmeefuekeâe hewceeves hej ieboueeheve, meerefcele nesveer ÛeeefnS–
DeLeJee peueeMeÙeeW kesâ efueÙes GheÙegkeäle ve neW leLee kesâJeue LeesÌ[s heeveer 10ppm
kesâ efueÙes ner GheÙeesie keâer pee mekesâ, GvnW keâne peelee nw– keâ"esjlee keâe keâejCe neslee nw– efÉ OeeeflJekeâ DeeÙeve
Peerue Devle«ee&ner (Lake intake) heeveer ceW #eejerÙelee kesâ efce«ee/ueer0 (mg/litre) keâer efkeâme meboYe& ceW
meb«en ketâhe Devleie&«eener (Sump well Intake) keâe Jen efveÛeuee JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw– kewâefuMeÙece keâeyeexvesš
Yeeie nw efpemeceW hesvemšekeâ mes heeveer ØeJesMe keâjlee nw, Ssmeer šguesjsefceÙee jesie neslee nw– peerJeeCeg mes
Devle«ee&ner keânueeleer nw– IS : 10500 : 1991 kesâ Devegmeej hesÙepeue ceW heäueesjeF[ keâer
veoer Devle«ee&ner (River Intake) DevegcevÙe meercee nw– 1.5 PPM
DeÛÚs heeveer ceW ueesns leLee ceQiveerpe keâer cee$ee nesveer ÛeeefnS– Skeâ 100 efce«ee./ueer. cee$ee meceleguÙe nw– 100 PPM
0.15 mg/litre peue GheÛeej kesâ efueS DelÙeefOekeâ Jeeleevegketâueve ceW heefjCeece nes
Menj mes otj œeesle mes heeveer heefjJenve keâjves kesâ efueÙes yeveeÙeer ieÙeer mekeâleer nw– Oeeleg keâe #eÙe
mebjÛevee keânueeleer nw– veefuekeâe (conduit) megjef#ele peue Jen nw efpemeceW veneR nesles–
venj ieg®lJe veefuekeâe (Gravity Conduit) ceW Deewmele Jesie neslee jesiepevekeâ peerJeeCeg
nw–
0.5 mes 0.9 ceeršj/meskeâC[
yee@Ùeuej YejCe peue keâer keâ"esjlee mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS–
50 efce«ee./ueer.
Iejsuet heeveer ceW B-Coli metÛekeâebkeâ nesvee ÛeeefnS– 3 mes keâce
hesÙepeue ceW Iegefuele "esme keâe DevegcevÙe ceeve nw–
......... kesâ efueÙes meceuecyeekeâej heefjÛÚso meJeexòece nw–
500 mes 1500 efce«ee./ueer.
venj ieg®lJe veefuekeâe (Gravity Conduit)
Iejsuet heeveer ceW hewLeespesefvekeâ keâeršeCeg keâer cee$ee nesveer ÛeeefnS– MetvÙe ceevekeâ EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid)
efJeueÙeve keâe ØeÙeesie %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw–
oeye heeFhe veefuekeâe ceW Deveg%esÙe Jesie neslee nw–
peue keâer keâ"esjlee
0.6 mes 0.9 ceeršj/meskeâC[
heeveer keâe jbie efkeâme meercee lekeâ DeMegefæÙeeW kesâ keâejCe jnlee nw– meeJe&peefvekeâ ØeoeÙeeW kesâ efueS peue keâe pH ceeve meerefcele nw–
6.5 to 8.5
keâesueeÙe[ kesâ keâejCe
hesÙepeue ceW veeFš^sš keâer DeefOekeâlee mes yeÛÛeeW ceW keâewve-mee jesie nesves
Iejsuet leLee Úesšs GÅeesieeW keâes heeveer osves kesâ efueÙes GheÙeesie efkeâÙes
peeves Jeeues ceeršj nesles nQ– DeOe& Oeveelcekeâ ceeršj keâe Keleje jnlee nw-
yuet yesyeer veecekeâ jesie (Blue Baby Syndrome)
heeveer keâer mLeeÙeer keâ"esjlee nesleer nw– keâeyeexvesšeW kesâ keâejCe
efšbšes ceeršj keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâme ceeheve ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw– jbie
10 keâ"esjlee keâe DeLe& neslee nw– 14.3 p.p.m.
efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ heeveer keâe ueieeleej ØeÙeesie keâjves mes oeBle Deewj
peue ceW Iegueer ngÙeer DeMegefæ nw– kewâefuMeÙece keâeyeexvesš
nef[d[ÙeeW hej og<ØeYeeJe neslee nw–
heeveer keâer #eejkeâlee keâe keâejCe nw– Na Deewj K2CO3
DeefOekeâ HeäueesjeF[ Jeeuee heeveer
peue ceW efveueefcyele DeMegefæÙeeW ceW Meeefceue nw– peerJeeCeg yeÛÛeeW ceW ceerveceelee jesie (Methae mog-lobinaemia) efkeâmekesâ
peue ceW Iegueer ngF& DeMegefæÙeeW ceW Meeefceue nw– ueewn yeÌ{ves kesâ keâejCe neslee nw– veeFš^sš
peue ceW peerJeeCegDeeW keâer GheefmLeefle mes Glhevve nesleer nw– yeerceeefjÙeeB WHO kesâ Devegmeej heerves kesâ peue ceW Deemexefvekeâ keâer ceevÙe meercee
meeJe&peefvekeâ peueehetefle& kesâ efueS peue ceW keäueesjerve keâer DeefOekeâlece nw– 0.01
Deveg%esÙe efveefnle cee$ee kesâ yeerÛe nesveer ÛeeefnS– 0.1 mes 0.2 ppm PO keâe ceeve 3 nw lees Fmekeâe DeLe& nesiee–
meef›eâÙe keâeye&ve keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ– iebOe otj keâjves ceW peue ceW efJeefMe<š iebOe efceuee nw
178
 ienjs kegâSB mes GheueyOe peue kesâ efueS Jeeleve keâer keâewve-meer efJeefOe meyemes DeÛÚe mkeâvokeâ neslee nw– efHeâškeâjer
DeheveeÙeer peeleer nw– mkeâvove ef›eâÙee DeheveeÙeer peeleer nw–
meesheeveer heele efJeefOe (Cascades Method) peye heeveer ceW 40 PPM mes DeefOekeâ DeeefJeuelee nesleer nw~
JeeÙegefceßeCe Øeef›eâÙee mes keäÙee ueeYe efceuelee nw– heeveer keâe Skeâ DeJemeeove šQkeâ ceW ueIeg-heLeve Iešvee kesâ Éeje ØeoefMe&le nw–
mJeeo leLee iebOe "erkeâ nes peelee nw efJemLeeheve o#elee
keäÙee neslee nw peye Ûetves keâes heeveer Ùee iebos heeveer ceW efceueeÙee peelee Jen keâle&ve Øeefleyeue efpeme hej DeJemeeo keâer ØeejefcYekeâ ieefle GlheVe
nw– keâesueeF[ Dee@Ùeue Deewj nesleer nw, efkeâmekesâ meceevegheeleer neslee nw– keâCe heefjceehe
keâeye&efvekeâ heeÙeme efveuecyeve keâes DeefmLej keâjlee nw šQkeâ pees meeoe DeJemeeove kesâ efueÙes meeceevÙele: ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
mkeâvokeâ heoeLe& (Coagulants) pewmes efkeâ Suece kesâ GheÙeesie mes nw, neslee nw– DeeÙeleekeâej Deekeâej keâe
neslee nw– peue keâer pH ceW keâceer DeeÙeleekeâej DeJemeeove šQkeâ (Sedimentation Tank), efpemekeâer
Skeâ ienjs kegbâS mes Øeehle peue kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ peue GheÛeej ÛeewÌ[eF& B nw, keâer uecyeeF& efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS–
neslee nw– efvemÙebove (filtration) 4B
DeJemeeove šQkeâ (Sedimentation Tank) ceW heeveer kesâ yeneJe keâer DeJemeeove šQkeâ (Sedimentation Tank) keâer DeefOekeâlece ienjeF&
ieefle meeceevÙele: nesleer nw–30 mes 60 mesceer./efceveš mes DeefOekeâ meerefcele nw– 3 mes 4 ceer.
veneR Skeâ Dekeâeye&efvekeâ keâCeeW keâe yew"eJe Jesie (Sedimentation
peue mes PeeÌ[-PebKeeÌ[, Je=#eeW keâer MeeKeeDeeW, ceueyee Deeefo Velocity) 0.1 efceceer. JÙeeme mes keâce nw, JÙeeme yeouelee nw
efvekeâeueves kesâ efueS DeheveeF& ieÙeer efJeefOe keânueeleer nw– m›eâerefvebie Devegheele ceW– d2
Skeâ DeeÙeleekeâej DeJemeeove šQkeâ keâer uecyeeF& leLee ÛeewÌ[eF& keâe Skeâ DeJemeeove šQkeâ ceW Ieefšle ueIeg-heefjheLe kesâ Éeje ØeoefMe&le nw–
Devegheele neslee nw– 4 :1 mes keâce veneR efJemLeeheve o#elee (Displacement efficiency)
DeJemeeove šQkeâ ceW Jener keâCe Deemeeveer mes yew" peeles nQ efpemekeâe meJee&efOekeâ meeceevÙe mkebâokeâ nw– efHeâškeâjer
Deehesef#ekeâ IevelJe neslee nw– 1.20 kesâ ueieYeie heeveer kesâ GheÛeej keâer henueer DeJemLee nesleer nw– DeJemeeove
meeOeejCe DeJemeeove efkeâmeer Skeâ yesefmeve ceW peue keâes Oeeefjle keâjves heeveer kesâ GheÛeej keâer efÉleerÙe DeJemLee nesleer nw–
keâer Øeef›eâÙee nw efpemeceW peue ceW efveuebefyele keâCe heefjCeecemJe¤he veerÛes mkebâove meefnle DeJemeeove (Sedimentation with
yew" peeles nQ– ieg®lJe Deewj yeueeW keâer ef›eâÙee Coagulation)
mkeâvove ef›eâÙee mes B-coli index nšeÙes pee mekeâles nQ– heeveer kesâ GheÛeej keâer leermejer DeJemLee nesleer nw– efHeâuš^sMeve
70 ØeefleMele kesâ ueieYeie
peue keâes efpeme ceeOÙece mes Úevee peelee nw, Gmekesâ Ghejer mlej hej
Skeâ DeJemeeove šQkeâ ceW keâCeeW keâe jemlee neslee nw– JeueerÙe peue ceW GheefmLele Dekeâeye&efvekeâ DeMegefæÙeeW keâer Skeâ hejle yeve peeleer
nw, efpemes keânles nQ– ieboer hejle
Yeejer "esme keâCeeW keâes Skeâ šQkeâ ceW heeveer mebÛeÙe keâjkesâ yew"eves keâer
ef›eâÙee keâes keânles nQ– DeJemeeove peue keâes cenerve keâefCekeâeceÙe heoeLeeX kesâ Skeâ mebmlej mes efvekeâeue keâj
Megæ keâjves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw– Úevevee (Filtering)
mkeâvove ef›eâÙee (Coagulation)ceW yeves HeäueeskeâeW mes peerJeeCeg nšeÙes
pee mekeâles nQ ueieYeie– 65 ØeefleMele
Úeveves kesâ heoeLe& ceW efjkeäle mLeeve keâeÙe& keâjles nQ–
Úesšs efve:meeove yesefmeve
mkeâvove (Coagulation) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw peye heeveer
heeveer keâe Jeeleve efkeâÙee peelee nw–
keâe ieboueeheve neslee nw– 50 p.p.m. mes DeefOekeâ
DeefOekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve uesves kesâ efueS
GCe&ve (Floc) heeveer kesâ efueS DeJemeeove ceW jeskeâkeâeue uesles nQ–
....... keâes otj keâjves kesâ efueS cebo yeeuet kesâ efHeâušj DeefOekeâ o#e
3 mes 4 IeCšs
nQ– peerJeeCeg
GefCe&keâe (Floc) yeveeves keâer ef›eâÙee keâes lespe keâjves kesâ efueS meyemes
cebo yeeuet kesâ efHeâušj (Slow sand Filter) keâer meHeâeF& keâer peeveer
DeÛÚe GlØesjkeâ nw– GlØesefjle efmeefuekeâe (Activated silica)
ÛeeefnS, Ùeefo Meer<e& #eefle ...... DeefOekeâ nes– 15 mes 75 mesceer.
heeveer keâer ieefle hej Heäueekeâ veerÛes yew" peeles nQ–
12 mesceer. Øeefle meskeâC[
õgle yeeuet efHeâušj (Rapid Sand Filter) ceW efHeâušj meHeâeF& keâe
keâeue neslee nw– 24 IeCšs
Skeâ melele ØeJeen heeveer DeJemeeove šQkeâ ceW, efveÙele keâCeeW keâes
nševes kesâ efueÙes Jesie nesvee ÛeeefnS– Yejs ngÙes šQkeâ keâer melen cebo yeeuet kesâ efHeâušj keâer meHeâeF& efkeâS peeves kesâ yeeo ....... Úeves
mes DeefOekeâ ieS peue keâe GheÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS–
peue GheÛeej meÙeb$e kesâ Skeâ DeJemeeove šQkeâ ceW Dekeâeye&efvekeâ 24 Iebšs mes 48 Iebšs keâer DeJeefOe lekeâ
keâCeeW kesâ leueÚš keâe Jesie efkeâmemes efveÙebef$ele neslee nw– Deeõ&lee meesKeves keâer ce=oe keâer Ùen #ecelee keânueeleer nw–
mšeskeâ kesâ efveÙece mes DeblemÙebove (Infiltration)
DeJemeeove šQkeâ ceW keâCeeW kesâ veerÛes yew"ves keâer oj, efveYe&j keâjlee Fme ef›eâÙee mes keâeye&efvekeâ DeMegefæÙeeB meeOeejCe leLee efnlekeâj ÙeewefiekeâeW
nw– šQkeâ keâer melener #es$eHeâue hej ceW yeoue peeleer nQ– pewJe ef›eâÙee
mkeâvove šQkeâ (Coagulation Tank) ceW DeJe#esheCe keâeue õgle yeeuet kesâ efHeâušjeW (Rapid sand Filter) kesâ efueS yeeuet kesâ
meeOeejCeleÙee efueÙee peelee nw– keâCeeW keâe ØeYeeJeer Deekeâej (Effective Size) neslee nw–0.35 mes
2 mes 6IeCšs lekeâ 0.60 efceceer. lekeâ
meeOeejCe DeJemeeove šQkeâ kesâ efueS jeskeâ keâeue keâer DeJeefOe ueer cebo yeeuet efHeâušj (Slow sand Filter) ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw
peeleer nw– 4 mes 8 IeCšs peye heeveer keâe ieboueeheve Fmemes DeefOekeâ veneR neslee– 50 p.p.m.
179
cebo yeeuet kesâ efHeâušjeW (Slow sand Filter) keâer leguevee ceW õgle ....... keâes otj keâjves kesâ efueS peue ceW JeeÙeg keâe efceßeCe efkeâÙee peelee
yeeuet kesâ efHeâušjeW keâe meceevelee (Cu) iegCeebkeâ neslee nw– keâce nw– iebOe
Úeveves keâer Øeef›eâÙee ceW peeueer keâes efkeâme keâesCe hej ueieeÙee peevee yueerefÛebie heeG[j efceueeves mes heeveer keâe pH ceeve– yeÌ{ peelee nw
ÛeeefnS– 450 mes 600 efHeâškeâjer Je=efæ keâjlee nw– peue keâer Decuelee ceW
õgle yeeuet kesâ efHeâušj (Rapid sand Filter) mes Øeeefhle cebo yeeuet heeveer ceW Suieer keâes yeÌ{ves mes jeskeâe peelee nw–
kesâ efHeâušj mes Øeeefhle keâer --------- nesleer nw– 30 iegvee keâe@hej meuHesâš Éeje
peeueer ceW cegKe keâe #es$eHeâue Flevee heÙee&hle nesvee ÛeeefnS efkeâ Gmemes heeveer ceW oeBleeW keâer yeerceejer mes yeÛeves kesâ efueS pees heoeLe& efceueeÙee
neskeâj ØeJeen keâe Jesie ------- DeefOekeâ ve nes– peelee nw Jen nw– HeäueesjeF[
0.75 mes 1 ceeršj/meskeâC[ Dee@keämeerpeve kesâ efyevee peerefJele jn mekeâves Jeeuee peerJeeCeg keânueelee
Oeerces yeeuet efHeâušj (Slow sand Filter) keâer Skeâ Ùetefveš keâe nw– DeJeeÙegJeerÙe peerJeeCeg (Anaerobic bacteria)
ceehe neslee nw– iece& heeveer efJeleefjle keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeuee heeFhe neslee
30 m × 60 m lekeâ nw– leeByes leLee ues[ kesâ heeFhe
cebo yeeuet kesâ efHeâušj (Slow sand Filter) mes Úeveves keâer ieefle heeveer ceW Deespeesve iewme keâer GheefmLeefle ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw–
keâe hejeme nw– nukeâe heeruee jbie
100 mes 200 ueeršj/ceeršj2/IeCšs Iejsuet peueehetefle& nsleg peue ceW meermes keâer DeefOekeâlece Deveg%esÙe cee$ee
oevesoej heoeLe& keâer melen mes heeveer keâes efvekeâeue keâj Megæ keâjves nesveer ÛeeefnS– 0.1 ppm lekeâ
keâer efJeefOe keäÙee keânueeleer nw– efHeâušjve keâeršeCeg MeesOekeâ o#elee– heeveer kesâ GÛÛe pH ceeve
ieg®lJe efHeâušjeW (Gravity Filter) ceW heeveer keâe ØeJeen efkeâmekesâ hej keâce nesleer nw
DeeOeej hej Thej mes veerÛes keâes neslee nw–ieg®lJeekeâ<e&Ce kesâ DeeOeej he hesÙepeue keâe jesieeCegveeMeve efkeâmes otj keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee
efHeâušj yeeuet kesâ Thej Yejs heeveer kesâ peue-mlej leLee efvekeâeme keâ#e nw– peerJeeCeg (Bacteria)
ceW peue-mlej keâe Devlej keânueelee nw– efHeâušjve Meer<e& peue keâes efJemeb›eâefcele (Disinfection) keâjvee neslee nw–
õgle yeeuet efHeâušj keâes efkeâme veece mes peevee peelee nw– jesiepevekeâ peerJeeCegDeeW keâes ceejvee
ÙeeBef$ekeâ efHeâušj heeveer keâe [er-keäueesjervesMeve keäÙee efceueekeâj hetje efkeâÙee peelee nw–
cebo yeeuet efHeâušj (Slow sand Filter) heeveer keâer DeeefJeuelee meesef[Ùece LeeÙeesmeuHesâš
(Turbidity) keâes efkeâleves ØeefleMele lekeâ otj keâjlee nw– 99% peue ceW kegâue "esme õJÙe efkeâmekeâer ceewpetoieer kesâ keâejCe nesles nQ–
efHeâušj ceW ØeÙeesie kesâ efueÙes efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ helLej keâe yeeuet Gòece efveueefcyele Deewj Iegues ngÙes keâCe
jnlee nw– keäJeeš&peeFš (Quartzite) efHeâškeâjer nesleer nw– mkeâvokeâ
oeye efHeâušj neslee nw– hesÙepeue ceW keäÙee otj keâjves kesâ efueS DeespeesveerkeâjCe ceoo keâjlee
ÙeeBef$ekeâ efHeâušj (Mechanical Filter) nw– met#ce peerJe
oeye efHeâušj mes ueieYeie efkeâlevee ueeršj peue Øeefle IeCše Øeefle Jeie& keäueesjerve iewme heeveer ceW efkeâleveer iegvee Yeejer nesleer nw– 1.5 iegvee
ceeršj efHeâušjve #es$eHeâue efceue mekeâlee nw– 5000 mes 15000 keäueesjerve keâe ØeYeeJe efveYe&j keâjlee nw– peue kesâ pH ceeve hej
õgle yeeuet efHeâušj (Rapid sand Filter) ceW efHeâušjve oj heeveer mes DeefOekeâ HeäueesjeF[ nševes kesâ efueS Fmekeâe efkeâÙee peelee
nesleer nw– nw– efJekeäueesjerveerkeâjCe (Dechlorination)
2000 mes 6000 ueeršj/ceer02/IeCše peue ceW keäueesjerve efceueeves keâer meeceevÙe ceevekeâ efJeefOe nw–
JeeÙeg meeheâ keâjves keâer Ùegefòeâ pees efkeâ met#ce keâCeeW keâes nšeleer nw– he§e keäueesjerveerkeâjCe (Post Chlorination)
hewâefyeÇkeâ efHeâušj (Fabric Filter) jesieeCegveeMeve kesâ efueÙes meeceevÙele: ØeÙegòeâ nesves Jeeues keäueesjerve kesâ
Skeâ õgle yeeuet efheâušj (Rapid sand Filter) mes efvemÙevove keâer Ùeewefiekeâ nw– yueerefÛebie heeG[j leLee keäueesjesHeâece&
ceevekeâ oj meeOeejCeleÙee nesleer nw–80-100 ueeršj Øeefle efceveš lewjekeâer leeueeye kesâ jesieeCegveeMeve kesâ efueÙes ØeÙegòeâ efJeefOe nesleer nwä-
Øeefle m2 hejeyeQieveer efkeâjCe GheÛeej (UV Rays Treatment)
cevo yeeuet efheâušj (Slow sand Filter) ceW ØeÙegòeâ yeeuet keâe heerves ÙeesiÙe peue keâe efJemeb›eâceCe efkeâmes nševes kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee
ØeYeeJeer ceehe neslee nw– 0.25 to 0.35 mm nw– peerJeeCeg (Bacteria)
Skeâ õgle ieg®lJe efheâušj ceW– heeveer keâe leehe›eâce yeÌ{ves mes, keäueesjerveerkeâjCe mes, keâeršeCegDeeW keâer
mkeâvokeâ šQkeâ mes heeefjle peue efveJesMe neslee nw~ ce=lÙeg oj– yeÌ{ peeleer nw~
cevo yeeuet efheâušj (Slow sand Filter) keâer leguevee ces leer›e DeeLeex-šesueer[erve hejer#eCe keâe ØeÙeesie... %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
efheâušj oslee nw– peerJeeCeg peelee nw– DeJeMes<e keäueesjerve (Residual Chlorine)
keâes nševes ceW efvemÙebove oj DeefOekeâ uesefkeâve keâce o#elee peue GheÛeej ceW keäueesjerve Éeje jesieeCegveeMeve keâer o#elee kesâ Éeje
peue GheÛeej ceW, leer›e ieg™lJe efHeâušj keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmes efvekeâeueves kesâ yeÌ{leer nw– hetJe& keäueesjesveerkeâjCe (Pre Chlorination)
efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw– yewkeäšerefjÙee Deewj keâesueeF[er "esme Skeâ venj Ùee kegâC[ keâer Fvešskeâ ceW heeFhe kesâ cegBn hej Skeâ peeueer
Skeâ ceeF›eâeve keâCeeW keâe Deekeâej GefÛele lejerkesâ mes ueieYeie nšeÙee ueieer jnleer nw efpemes keânles nQ–
peelee nw– efvemÙevove Ùee efheâušjve IeCšecegKeer Øekeâej keâer peeueer (Bell Type)
heeveer kesâ GheÛeej kesâ efueS pees meHesâo heeG[j ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw Fmheele heeFhe Deevleefjkeâ oyeeJe menve keâj mekeâles nQ– 7 kg/cm2
Gmes keânles nQ– yueerefÛebie heeG[j Smyesmšme heeFheeW keâes peesÌ[e peelee nw– efmechegueskeäme peesÌ[ mes
180
heer.Jeer.meer. heeFhe heeveer keâe oeye Meer<e& men mekeâles nQ– 100 ceeršj Skeâ neF[^svš mes Ùeefo heeveer meerOee Øeehle efkeâÙee peelee nw lees
uekeâÌ[er kesâ heeFhe Deevleefjkeâ oyeeJe menve keâj mekeâles nQ– GheueyOeerÙe oeye nesiee– 3 kg/cm2 mes 5 kg/cm2
11 kg/cm2 lekeâ efJeMJe kesâ meYeer osMeeW ceW Fme heeFhe keâes heeveer kesâ efJelejCe kesâ efueS
{ueJeeB Fmheele kesâ heeFhe ceW peesÌ[ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– {ueJeeB ueesns kesâ heeFhe
mheeF&iee@š leLee mee@efkeâš peesÌ[ (Spigot and Socket Skeâ heefchebie mesš keâer o#elee ceeveer peeleer nw, ØeeÙe:– 65%
Joint) Skeâ neF[^svš hej DeefOekeâlece oyeeJe Glhevve efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
peneB heeFheeW kesâ oeye DeefOekeâ leLee leehe›eâce ceW heefjJele&ve yengle 10 kg/cm2
DeefOekeâ jnlee nw lees JeneB peesÌ[ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– yengle yeejerkeâ efveueefcyele keâCeeW keâes nševes kesâ efueS meerJespe ceW
HeäueQpe peesÌ[ (Flanged Joint) mkeâvokeâ efceueekeâj, šQkeâ keâes ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
heeveer kesâ cegKÙe heeFhe ceW oeye efJeceesÛeve JeeuJe (Pressure Relief jemeeÙeefvekeâ DeJe#eshe šQkeâ
Valve) efoÙee peelee nw– heeFhe efyevee efkeâmeer efnmeeye kesâ menve keâj mekeâlee nw– hejer#eCe oeye
muegFme kesâ Thejer Oeeje ceW DeJemeeove šQkeâ (Sedimentation Tank) ceW Devegcele jeskeâkeâeue
peye efkeâmeer cegKÙe ueeFve kesâ 90 hej keâesF& ueeFve peesÌ[er peeleer nw
0
(Detention period) efveYe&j keâjlee nw–
lees Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– T-yeÇebÛe šQkeâ keâer uecyeeF& leLee ÛeewÌ[eF& hej
mesvš^erHeäÙetieue hecheeW keâe cegKÙe oes<e nw– {ueJeeB ueesne kesâ heeFhe–
heeveer keâe efve:mmejCe heeveer kesâ Yeej kesâ meeLe yeouelee nw, meb#eejCe keâe meblees<epevekeâ ØeeflejesOe keâjles nQ,
FmeceW ØeeFefcebie keâer pe¤jle heÌ[leer nw veiejerÙe peueehetefle& ceW DeefOekeâ ØeÙegkeäle nesles nQ
peue ØeoeÙe ceW ØeÙegkeäle ØeeÙeesefiekeâ heefchebie oeye neslee nw– efkeâmeer peueeMeÙe keâe DeefOeYeej YeC[ejCe heefj#es$e nw–
20 mes 25 kg/cm2 GheÙeesieer YeC[ejCe kesâ Thej
hecheeW keâe meskeäMeve efueHeäš efveYe&j keâjlee nw– efkeâmeer yeeBOe ceW meyemes efveÛeuee muetFme efoÙee peelee nw–
heeveer kesâ leeheceeve hej, JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oeye hej yeeBOe kesâ yeerÛe ceW
heeFhe ceW DeefOekeâlece efvemmejCe ceW heeveer keâe Jesie nesvee ÛeeefnS– 2 efkeâmeer mLeeve kesâ efueS peue efJelejCe ØeCeeueer ef[peeFve keâjves keâe
ceeršj/mes. mes DeefOekeâ veneR DeeOeej neslee nw– Yeejer ceeBie kesâ IebšeW keâer Kehele leLee
efkeâmeer Menj ceW DeefveÙeefcele heeveer ØeoeÙe kesâ efueS efJelejCe JÙeJemLee Deefive yegPeeves kesâ efueS peue keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee oesveeW keâe Ùeesie
DeheveeÙeer peeleer nw– yebo efmeje ØeCeeueer (Dead end System) ¢etce Fmheele heeFhe nesles nQ– Deej.meer.meer. heeFhe, Fmheele heeFhe
peueeMeÙe keâer melen mes Jee<heerkeâjCe keâes vÙetvelece jKeves kesâ efueS GhemlecYe heeFheeW (Stand pipe) ceW kesâJeue ueiee neslee nw–
efÚÌ[keâeJe efkeâÙee peelee nw– SefmešeFue Deukeâesnue Skeâue ØeJesMe Je efvekeâeme heeFhe
Yeejle ceW meJee&efOekeâ ØeÙeesie veueketâhe nw– ØeeÙe: GhemlecYe heeFhe keâer TBÛeeF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes–
mš^svej kegâDeeB (Strainer Tubewell) 15 ceer. mes DeefOekeâ
Ùeefo ØelÙe#e #es$e Ùee yemleer kesâ efueS Deueie-Deueie peueeieej nes lees DeefveÙeefcele ¤he mes efJekeâefmele keâmyeeW Ùee MenjeW kesâ efueS meJee&efOekeâ
heeveer keâer efJelejCe ØeCeeueer nesieer– ef«e[ DeeÙejve ØeCeeueer GheÙeg&keäle ØeCeeueer nw–yebo efmeje ØeCeeueer (Dead end System)
hetjer ÛeewÌ[eF& Deewj ienjeF& ceW heeveer keâes ØeJeeefnle keâjves Jeeues ce=eflekeâe Ghe mlecYe ØeeÙe: Fmheele DeLeJee meercesCš kebâ›eâerš kesâ yeveeÙes peeles nQ
efheC[ keâer #ecelee keâes keâne peelee nw– heejiecÙelee leLee hueeve ceW nesles nQ– Je=òeekeâej
Skeâ kegâDeeB DeÛÚe ceevee peelee nw, Ùeefo Jen Keesoe ieÙee nw– Jen ØeCeeueer efpemekeâer ØeejefcYekeâ ueeiele keâce nesleer nw leLee efpememes
ceesšs yeeuet hej (Coarse sand) ØeCeeueer kesâ efkeâmeer efyevog hej efvemmejCe Deewj oyeeJe keâe efveOee&jCe
ØelÙe#e leLee DeØelÙe#e ØeCeeueer kesâ meeLe ueeYeoeÙekeâ efJelejCe ØeCeeueer Deemeeveer mes efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, keânueeleer nw–
nesleer nw– DejerÙe ØeCeeueer yebo efmeje ØeCeeueer (Dead end System)
efkeâmeer efJelejkeâ heeFhe ueeFve ceW kesâJeue Skeâ efoMee ceW ner heeveer mšwC[ heeFheW Fmheele Ùee Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš keâer yeveer nesleer nQ leLee
ØeJeen nesves osves kesâ efueÙes JeeuJe ueieeÙee peelee nw– DeeÙeespevee ceW nesleer nw– Je=òeekeâej
DeJejesOe JeeuJe Ùee Ûeskeâ JeeuJe (Reflux valve) TBÛes leue hej heeveer kesâ œeesle mes peue ØeoeÙe kesâ efueÙes DeheveeÙeer
Fme Øekeâej kesâ JeeuJe yeneJe yevo keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles ieÙeer ØeCeeueer keânueeleer nw–
nQ– efveef[ue JeeuJe (Needle Valve) ieg®lJe ØeCeeueer (gravity system)
peue Ieele oeye keâes keâce keâj mekeâlee nw– kegâue #ecelee Deewj DeÛeue YeC[ejCe keâe Devegheele jKee peelee nw– 4
oeye efJeceesÛeve JeeuJe (Pressure Relief Valve)
efJelejCe ØeCeeueer kesâ GÛÛelece efyevog hej JeeuJe ØeÙegkeäle efkeâÙee peelee peueehetefle& Ùeespevee keâer DeefYekeâuheve keâer DeJeefOe jKeer peeleer nw–
50 Je<e&
nw– JeeÙeg JeeuJe (Air Valve)
efkeâmeer mLeeve hej peue leue keâer ienjeF& Oejeleue mes 45 ceeršj veerÛes ØelÙe#e Je DeØelÙe#e ØeCeeueer kesâ efueÙes meyemes DeÛÚer peue efJelejCe
nw~ Skeâ ienjs veueketâhe mes heeveer G"eves kesâ efueS heche keâes ueieeÙee ØeCeeueer nw– efjbie ØeCeeueer (Ring System)
peeSiee– ienje ketâhe šjyeeFve heche Gvvele Ùee efMejesheefj šQkeâ (Overhead tanks) keâer Oeeefjlee mes
efJelejCe ØeCeeueer kesâ yevo efmejeW Je cegKÙe heeFhe ueeFve kesâ mecemle DeefOekeâ veneR jKeer peeleer nw– 25 mes 50 ueeKe ueeršj mes
DeJeheele efyevogDeeW hej ueieeÙee peeves Jeeuee JeeuJe keânueelee nw– Gvvele šQkeâ meeceevÙe Yetefceleue mes efkeâleves ceeršj TBÛes jKes peeles nQ–
[^sve JeeuJe (Drain Valve) 20 ceeršj mes 30 ceeršj

181
 peue efJelejCe ØeCeeueer keâer meyemes Deefle Gòece Je efceleJÙeÙeer leLee Skeâ G.I. heeFhe hej Øeuesheve neslee nw– efpebkeâ keâe
efJeMJemeveerÙe ØeCeeueer nw– ieg®lJe ØeCeeueer [^ehe cewvenesue heeÙes peeles nw–
peue efJelejCe heeFheeW keâes efJelejCe #es$e ceW efyeÚeves keâer ØeCeeefueÙeeB efJeefYevve mlejeW hej peue efvekeâeme nesves hej
nesleer nQ– efjbie ØeCeeueer, DejerÙe ØeCeeueer, TOJee&Oej yeneJe veue kesâ efueS meeceevÙele: ØeÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer
Je=#e ØeCeeueer, ef«e[ peeue ØeCeeueer meece«eer nw– {ueJee ueesne
mheeFiee@š SJeb mee@kesâš peesÌ[ cegKÙele: efoÙes peeles nw– jmeesF& IejeW leLee mveeve IejeW mes Deeves Jeeuee DeheefMe° peue
{ueJee ueesne heeFhe (Cast iron pipes) meeceevÙele: peevee peelee nw– muepe efJemepe&ve kesâ ™he ceW
peue cegKÙe kesâ efueS meeceevÙeleÙee ØeÙeesie heoeLe& pees efkeâ cepeyetle nw,
cegKÙe peue ØeoeÙe cebs peue G"eves kesâ efueS meeOeejCeleÙee heche keâesF& #ejCe veneR, yengle-yengle efškeâeT (100 Je<e& DeLeJee DeefOekeâ)
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– DehekesâvõerÙe heche uesefkeâve Yeejer Deewj Yebiegj nw–
hesÙe peue keâer iegCelee kesâ ceevekeâ {ueJee@ ueesne (Cast Iron)
keâF& cegKÙe meerJejeW keâe meerJespe Fkeâšd"e keâjves Jeeueer meerJej ueeFve
(Standards for Potable Water) keâes keânles nQ– efJeÛÚsokeâ meerJej (Trunk sewer)
iebOe (odour) leLee mJeeo (Taste) Deeheefòepevekeâ ve nes~ IejeW kesâ Devoj efyeÚer heeFhe ueeFveeW mes meerJespe Fkeâšd"e keâjves Jeeues
heeveer keâe jbie huesefšvece-keâesyeeuš mkesâue hej 25P.P.M mes meerJejeW keâes keânles nQ– heeMJe& meerJej (Lateral Sewer)
DeefOekeâ veneR nes~ (mJeerkeâeÙe& 5P.P.M)~ meerJej ueeFve ceW efove kesâ 12 yepes ueieYeie ØeJeen Deewmele ØeJeen keâe
ieboueeheve (Turbidity) efmeefuekeâe mkesâue hej 10P.P.M mes neslee nw– oes iegvee
DeefOekeâ ve nes~ (mJeerkeâeÙe& 2.5P.P.M) cegKÙe meerJej Ùee š^bkeâ meerJej keâer Jen uecyeeF&, efpemeceW keâesF& yeÇebÛe
leehe›eâce · 40C mes 100C lekeâ meerJej Deekeâj veneR efceueleer Deewj meerJespe keâes meerOee MeesOeMeeueeDeeW ceW
mechetCe& "esme heoeLe& (Total Solids) ues peeleer nw, keânueeleer nw– efveheele meerJej (Out Fall sewer)
· 500 mes 1500mg/lit. meerJej ueeFve ceW ceue ØeJeen Jesie efkeâleves mes keâce veneR nesvee
pH ceeve · 7 mes 8.5 (mJeerkeâeÙe&) ÛeeefnÙes– DeeOee
heeveer keâer keâ"esjlee (Hardness) · 200mg/lit.(mJeerkeâeÙe&) meerJej ueeFve ceW, meerJespe keâe Jen Jesie, efpeme hej meerJespe meerJej kesâ
keäueesjeF[ (Chloride) · 200mg/lit.(mJeerkeâeÙe&) leueer ceW veneR yew"lee nw, keânueelee nw–
meuHesâšdme (Sulphates) · 200mg/lit.(mJeerkeâeÙe&) mJeMeesOeer Jesie (Self Cleansing velocity)
meermee (Lead) · 0.1mg/lit.(mJeerkeâeÙe&) peye meerJej ceW Je<ee& kesâ heeveer kesâ efyevee kesâJeue ceuecet$e Je iebos heeveer
HeäueesjeF[(Fluorides) · 1.5mg/lit.(DeefOekeâlece) keâe meerJespe ner yen jne nes lees ØeJeen keânueelee nw–
leeByee (Copper) · 0.05PPM(mJeerkeâeÙe&) Meg<keâ $e+leg ØeJeen (Dry weather flow)
ueesne (Fe) leLee ceQiveerpe (Mn) meefcceefuele (Iron and Jes peerJeeCeg pees Deheveer Je=efæ kesâ efueÙes jesMeveer leLee Dee@keämeerpeve uesles
Manganese) · 0.15mg/lit.(mJeerkeâeÙe&) nQ, keânueeles nQ– JeeÙegJeerÙe peerJeeCeg (Aerobic bacteria)
cewiveerefMeÙece (Magnesium) · 150mg/lit.(mJeerkeâeÙe&) mebÙegkeäle meerJej ØeCeeueer ceW Skeâ meerJej ØeCeeueer ceW ues peelee nw, oesveeW
Deemexefvekeâ (Arsenic) · 0.05mg/lit.(mJeerkeâeÙe&) Øekeâej kesâ– Meg<keâ $e+leg ØeJeen leLee Je<ee& peue ØeJeen
(DWF and Storm Water flow)
mesuesefveÙece (Selenium) · 0.01mg/lit.(mJeerkeâeÙe&) Iejsuet heeveer ceW pewJe jmeeÙeve Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie (B.O.D.) keâer
pemlee (Zinc) · 5.0mg/lit.(mJeerkeâeÙe&) Deveg%esÙe cee$ee nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– MetvÙe
F&-keâesueer keâe MPN · Skeâ peye meerJej hetje yen jne nes lees meerJej keâer uecyeeF& Deewj meerJespe
yeneJe keâer ieefle keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw– yeneJe keâeue
3. peue mehueeF&, Devegj#eCe efkeâmeer ceue JÙeJemLee keâe ef[peeFve keâjles meceÙe Iejsuet ceue keâer cee$ee
(Water supply and maintenance) Øeefleefove ØeefleJÙeefkeäle ueeršj ceW oMeeF& peeleer nw, peyeefkeâ DeewÅeesefiekeâ
#eÙe oMee&F& peeleer nw–
Iejsuet Deehetefle& Jeeues heeveer ceW keäueesjerve kesâ efueÙes DeefOekeâlece Øeefle Jeie& ceeršj Øeefleefove ueeršj ceW
Deveg%esÙe meercee keäÙee nw– 1.5 PPM mJeMeesOeer Jesie meeOeejCeleÙee efueÙee peelee nw– 0.5 efceveš/mes.
YeJeve kesâ Yeerlej meefJe&me heeFhe keâer mecemle efpeccesoejer efkeâmekeâer ceuepeue ØeCeeueer keâe ef[peeFve keâjles meceÙe Gmekeâer DeeÙeg ØeeÙe:
nesleer nw– YeJeve mJeeceer keâer ceeveer peeveer ÛeeefnÙes– 30 Je<e&
Deefive Meceve šbkeâer keâer Oeeefjlee (Capasity) nesveer ÛeeefnS–100 efkeâ MeeKee meerJej kesâ ØelÙeskeâ Thejer efmejs hej mebJeeleve mlebYe yeveeÙes peeles
Yetefceiele šbkeâer keâe Meer<e&, #es$e kesâ yeeÌ{-leue mes vÙetvelece efkeâleveer nQ leLee Fvekeâe Devlejeue ØeeÙe: neslee nw– 300 ceeršj
Thej jKevee ÛeeefnS– 30 mesceer. Meg<keâ $e+leg yeneJe keâer leguevee ceW mšesce& Jeešj keâer cee$ee (Skeâ
OeeJeve hee$e yeves nesles nQ– Ûeerveer efcešdšer Ùee meerJejspe ØeCeeueer ceW) nesleer nw– DeefOekeâ nesleer nw
Oeeleg keâer heesefme&uesve Fvesefceue kesâ meerJej ceW efJemHeâesš neslee nw, GheefmLeefle keâe keâejCe– ceerLesve
MenjeW ceW Skeâ cebefpeuee YeJeveeW kesâ efueÙes meerOeer Deehetefle& kesâ efueÙes ØeeÙe: vecekeâ keâeBefÛele helLej kesâ veueeW keâe JÙeeme 60 mesceer. mes 75
hesâ®ue efyevog (Ferrule Point) hej DeheefMe° oeye nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– mesceer. lekeâ yeveeÙee peelee nw leLee Gvekeâer uecyeeF& nesleer nQ–
7m 0.6 mes 0.9 ceeršj
182
 jele keâes meerJej ceW meerJespe yenlee nw, kegâue meerJespe keâe– Skeâ cewvenesue keâe Deekeâej nesvee ÛeeefnS–
ueieYeie DeeOee 1.35 m × 1.00 m × 1.50 m
Skeâ meeOeejCe meerJej ceW meerJespe ceW yeneJe keâer ieefle nesveer ÛeeefnS– DeefOekeâ ØeJeen kesâ efueÙes õJeerÙe Âef<škeâesCe Je efceleJÙelee keâer Âef<š mes
0.60 ceeršj/meskeâC[ mes keâce veneR meerJej keâe meJeexòece heefjÛÚso .............. Deeke=âefle Jeeuee nw–
Skeâ DeÛÚs š^whe keâes–meYeer ueeFvees hej heÙee&hle peue meerue Je=òeekeâej
Øeoeve keâjvee ÛeeefnÙes efkeâmeer meerJej Ùee [^sve ueeFve ceW ØeJesMe keâjves DeLeJee yeenj Deeves kesâ
ef«eš keâ#e kesâ efueÙes meeceevÙele: DeheveeÙee peeves Jeeuee jeskeâ keâeue efueÙes GmeceW yeveeÙes ieÙes efÚõ keânueeles nQ– cewvenesue
neslee nw– 60 meskeâC[ uewche nesue keâe JÙeeme neslee nw– 22.5 mes 30 mesceer.
Jen š^whe pees MeewÛehee$e kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw, keânueelee nw– p- Skeâ meerOeer meerJej ueeFve hej cesve nesue kesâ kesâvõ mes kesâvõ keâer otjer
š^whe nesveer ÛeeefnS– 75 ceeršj mes 300 ceeršj c/c
jesMeveoeve keâe@ueceeW kesâ meeLe meerJejeW ceW efoÙes peeles nw, Ùen keâe@uece meerJej kesâ JÙeeme kesâ Devegmeej
Øeoeve efkeâÙes peeles nw– ieboer iewmeeW kesâ cegefòeâ ceW ceoo yesefmeve meefnle ØeJesMe Éeje, pees jsle, kebâkeâj Je keâÛejs Deeefo keâes
heäueMe MeewÛeeueÙe ceW peue meerue ØeÙegòeâ nesleer nw, jeskeâves kesâ efueS– meerJej ueeFve ceW ØeJesMe keâjves mes jeskeâlee nw, Gmes keâne peelee nw–
otef<ele iewmeW kewâÛe yesefmeve
. Skeâ Devle:jesOeer š^whe pebkeäMeve hej Øeoeve efkeâÙee peelee nw– iešj DeLeJee mš^erš keâyeÇ ceW yeveeÙee ieÙee cegKe Ùee efÚõ, pees Je<ee&
Skeâ Iejsuet meerJej Deewj veiejheeefuekeâe meerJej peue Deeefo keâe efJeÛÚsove keâjlee nw, Gmes keâne peelee nw–
heeFhe pees efkeâ Iejsuet efvekeâeme ceW mLeeefhele nw š^whe kesâ peue-meerue keâes mš^erš ØeJesMe Éej (Street Manhole)
jeskeâlee nw keânueeleer nw– veeueer heeFhe Skeâ cesve nesue keâer keâeÙe&keâejer Ûescyej keâer vÙetvelece TBÛeeF& nesveer
š^whe keâe keâeÙe& nw–Iej kesâ yeenj Deewj Devoj ogieËOeÙegòeâ iewmeeW ÛeeefnS– 1.75 ceeršj
keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueS meerJej keâer meHeâeF& keâjves kesâ efueS meHeâeF& šQkeâ keâer efmLeefle nesveer
meerJejeW ceW mes ieboer iewme leLee nJee yeenj efvekeâeueves kesâ efueS ueieeÙee ÛeeefnS– meerJej kesâ Meer<e& hej
ieÙee heeFhe keânueelee nw– mebJeeleve heeFhe (Vent pipe) peye oes Deueie-Deueie leueeW keâer meerJejeW keâes peesÌ[vee neslee nw lees
Skeâ «eerJeekeâ š^she neslee nw– meeFHeâve ØeeflejesOeer š^she Ùen mebjÛevee efvecee&Ce keâer peeleer nw leLee efceueve keâesCe mes 600 keâe
Úesšs JÙeeme kesâ meerJej kesâ efueS, meerJej ueeFve ceW cesvenesue kesâ kesâvõ keâesCe nes leye– [^e@he-nesue
mes kesâvõ keâer otjer nesveer ÛeeefnS– 150 ceeršj c/c meerJej ueeFveeW kesâ Skeâ-otmejs keâes .......... kesâ keâesCe hej efceueves kesâ
IejeW ceW ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeues meerJej heeFheeW keâe JÙeeme nesvee ÛeeefnS– mLeeve hej pebkeäMeve Ûewcyej yeveeÙes peeves ÛeeefnÙes– 300
10 mesceer. mes 15 mesceer. peye peien keâer keâceer nesleer nw lees meerJej keâer ueeFve ceW Ùen yeveeÙee
š^whe (Trap) ceW heeveer keâer ienjeF& keâes keânles nQ– meerue (Seal) peelee nw– uewche-nesue
DeefOekeâ Je<ee& peue keâes Øeeke=âeflekeâ veeueer ceW yeneves keâer meJee&efOekeâ heeveer ceW ceewpeto DeMegælee heeveer ceW efJe#egyOelee kesâ keâejCe Petueleer
ØeYeeJekeâejer JÙeJemLee nw– meeFHeâve efmheueJes jnves keâe efmeæevle keânueelee nw– leueÚšerkeâjCe
meguuespe (Sullage) keâes meerJej heeFhe ceW [eueves mes henues FmeceW mes W.C. kesâ HeäueefMebie efmemšve& keâer #ecelee meeceevÙele: nesleer nw–
iegpejvee ÛeeefnS– ieueer š^she (Gully trap) 10 mes 15 ueeršj
efvekeâeme ØeCeeueer kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW meerJespe keâer cee$ee efvekeâeueer peeleer [^e@he cewvenesue keâe ØeeJeOeeve meerJejeW ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw–
nw– Øeefle JÙeefkeäle (Per capita) heneÌ[er #es$eeW ceW
efkeâmeer #es$e kesâ meyemes otjer Jeeues efyevog mes Je<ee& keâer ØeLece yetBo keâe veeueer keâe Deveguecye {eue nesvee ÛeeefnS– 1 im 60 mes keâce veneR
meerJej kesâ Meer<e& lekeâ hengBÛeves keâe meceÙe .......... peevee peelee nw–
HeäueefMebie efmemšve& (Flushing Cistern) keâes W.C. kesâ Thej
ØeJesMe Éeje meceÙe
ueieeves keâer vÙetvelece TBÛeeF& nesleer nw– 1.83 ceeršj
meerJej keâe ÛeÙeve Fme hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw–
heeFhe keâer DeeJeMÙekeâ meeceLÙe& Jen Yeeie efpemeceW ØeJesMe keâjves Jeeues Yeeie keâe heeveer meceeve ¤he mes
meerJej kesâ hetCe& ØeJeeefnle nesves hej meerJej keâer uecyeeF& Je ØeJeen Jesie leueÚš šbkeâer keâer hetCe& ÛeewÌ[eF& ceW efJeleefjle neslee nw Gmes keâne peelee
keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw– ØeJeen meceÙe nw– ØeJesMe peesve (inlet)
efkeâmeer ceue peue efvekeâemeer JÙeJemLee ØeCeeueer ceW Meg<keâ ceewmece ØeJeen mebÙegkeäle ØeCeeueer kesâ meerJej ceW efpeme mLeeve mes Je<ee& keâe heeveer meerJej
keâer Dehes#ee Je<ee& peue keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– DeefOekeâ ceW Iegmelee nw, Jen keânueelee nw– meÌ[keâ Fveuesš
efkeâmeer peue efvekeâemeer #es$e kesâ meyemes otj Jeeues efyevog mes yeeÌ{ kesâ leueÚš šQkeâ ceW keâCeeW keâe ceeie& nesiee–
DeefOekeâlece ØeYeeJe Jeeues efyevog lekeâ hengBÛeves ceW efkeâmeer heeveer keâer cee$ee hejJeeueefÙekeâ (parabolic)
Éeje efueÙee ieÙee DeefOekeâlece meceÙe keâne peelee nw–mebkesâvõCe meceÙe Skeâ meerJej ceW HeäueefMebie šQkeâ ueieeÙee peelee nw, Fmekesâ– Meer<e& hej
keâce efvemmejCe kesâ efueS veeueer keâe meyemes DeÛÚe meerJej keâe keâeš Gušs meeFHeâve meerJejeW ceW oyeeJe neslee nw–
neslee nw– V-Deekeâej JeeÙegceC[ue oeye kesâ yejeyej
efkeâmeer meerJej ueeFve ceW ceveg<ÙeeW kesâ ØeJesMe keâjves DeLeJee yeenj peue ØeoeÙe keâer Dehes#ee meerJespe keâe leehe›eâce neslee nw– DeefOekeâ
efvekeâueves kesâ efueÙes cewvenesue keâe Deekeâej efkeâlevee nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– kesâJeue leueÚšerkeâjCe kesâ efueÙes GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee šQkeâ
50 mes 55 mesceer. nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– DeeÙeleekeâej
183
 heche peye Skeâoce mes jeskeâ efoÙee peelee nw lees yeneJe Gušer efoMee ceW meerJespe kesâ GheÛeej ceW Fvekeâes ve<š keâjvee Deefle DeeJeMÙekeâ neslee
yenves ueielee nw~ Fmes jeskeâves kesâ efueS meskeäMeve heeFhe efveÛeues efmejs nw– jesiepevekeâ peerJeeCeg (Pathogenic Bacteria)
hej JeeuJe ueieeÙee peelee nw– meerJespe keâe ieboueeheve meerJespe ceW GheefmLele "esme cee$ee hej efveYe&j
Ûeskeâ JeeuJe Ùee efjHeäueskeäme JeeuJe keâjlee nw– efveueefcyele DeJemLee ceW
heeveer ceW iebouesheve keâe ceeve efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ nesves hej mkeâvove jesiepevekeâ peerJeeCeg ve<š nes mekeâles nQ– keäueesjerefvekeâjCe Éeje
heoeLe& (coaulants) GheÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves ÛeeefnÙes– Jeele efmLeefle keâes yeveeÙes jKeves kesâ efueS meerJespe keâes heeveer keâer
50 ppm
efkeâmeer DeÛÚs š^whe ceW peue meerue keâer vÙetvelece ienjeÙeer nesveer DeefOekeâ cee$ee ceW efceueeves keâer efJeefOe keâes keânles nQ– DeJeefceßeCe
ÛeeefnS– 6 mes 7.5 mesceer.
keâJekeâ kesâ meboYe& ceW leLÙe ueeiet neslee nw–
meerJejspe ØeCeeueer keâe DeefYekeâuheve keâjles meceÙe DeewÅeesefiekeâ DeheefMe° Ùen metÙe& kesâ ØekeâeMe keâer GheefmLeefle ceW efJekeâefmele neslee nw
Ùee meerJespe efueÙee peelee nw– ueeršj Øeefleefove Øeefle ceeršj2 pewefJekeâ MeesOeve keâer Øeef›eâÙee ceW, pewefJekeâ cenerve hejle yeve peeleer nw–
meerOeer veeefueÙeeW Ùee meerJej ceW efvejer#eCe Ûewcyej ueieeS peeles nQ– JeeÙegpeerJeer peerJeeCeg
30 ceeršj kesâ Devlejeue hej ceuepeue ceW GheefmLele DeefOekeâebMe peerJeeCeg nesles nQ– ce=lepeerJeer
pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie (B.O.D.) keâes efve<keâeefmele keâjves
4. Jeeefnle-ceue keâer cee$ee keâer DeefOekeâlece o#elee Øeehle keâer peeleer nw–
(Quantity of Sewage) Dee@keämeerkeâjCe kegâC[ ceW (Oxidation Pond)
DemheleeueeW keâes Oeesves hej efvekeâueves Jeeuee peue, efpemeceW heÙee&hle cee$ee
Skeâ mesefhškeâ šQkeâ ceW mJeleb$e Dee@keämeerpeve keâer cee$ee ueieYeie nesleer ceW pewJe DeheefMe<š efveefnle neslee nw, keânueelee nw–
nw– MetvÙe Yetmeewje DeJeceue
cevo yeeuet efHeâušj keâe GheÙeesie heeveer keâe ieboueeheve nesves hej heeveer B.O.D. keâer oj ØeYeeefJele veneR nesleer nw–
Úeveves kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee peelee nw– 50 ppm mes DeefOekeâ veneR JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe oeye hej meerJespe
meerJespe ceW keâeye&efvekeâ ÙeewefiekeâeW keâe, Dee@keämeerpeve leLee otmejer iewmeW Dee@keämeerpeve keâer GheefmLeefle ceW hetJe&MeesefOele ceuepeue ceW mes veerÛes yew"
keâeye&ve [eF-Dee@keämeeF[, ceerLesve Deeefo ceW DeJeeÙeJeerÙe peerJeeCegDeeW kesâ peeves Jeeuee DeJeceue keânueelee nw– meef›eâefÙele DeJeceue
Éeje yeBš peeves keâer ef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw– jemeeÙeefvekeâ DeJemeeove mes B.O.D. keâer cee$ee keâce nesleer nw–
efJeIešve (Dispuration) 60% kesâ ueieYeie
DeJeefceßeCe peue keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– Suece jemeeÙeefvekeâ leewj hej neslee nw– SsuÙetefceefveÙece meuHesâš
0.14 ceeršj3/meskeâC[ mes 0.22 ceeršj3/meskeâC[ lekeâ Glhevve efkeâÙes ieÙes DeJeÙeJeeW pewmes–veeFš^espeve, keâeye&ve, meuHeâj Deeefo
ceuepeue ceW GheefmLele "esme keâCeeW ceW ueieYeie .......... keâeye&efvekeâ keâer efmLej Je mJeerkeâeÙe& ÙeewefiekeâeW pewmes–veeFš^sš, meuHesâš,
heoeLe& neslee nw efpemeceW pevleg Deewj Jevemheefle DeheefMe<š leLee Øeesšerve keâeyeexneF[^sš Deeefo ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw–
Deeefo efveefnle neslee nw– 45³ Dee@keämeerkeâjCe
meerJespe kesâ B.O.D. Øeefleef›eâÙee kesâ keâejCe Iegueer ngF& Dee@keämeerpeve kesâ pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie kesâ hejer#eCe 5 efove lekeâ leehe›eâce
efjefkeälekeâjCe keâes keânles nQ– ef[-Dee@keämeerkeâjCe hej efkeâÙes peeles nQ– 200C
Jen peerJeeCeg pees keâeye&ve kesâ œeesle ¤he ceW keâeye&ve [eF&Dee@keämeeF[ keâe ceuepeue kesâ GheÛeej ceW ve<š keâjvee DeefveJeeÙe& nw–
GheÙeesie keâjlee nw, keânueelee nw– mJeheesef<ele jesie pevekeâ peerJeeCeg (Pathogenic Bacteria)
B.O.D. mebleg<š keâer peeleer nw– pewJe GheÛeej ef›eâÙee mes
Jeeefnle ceue (meerJespe) ceW heeveer keâe ÙeLeesefÛele ØeefleMele nw– 99.90%
leepes ceuepeue keâe Devegceeefvele pH ceeve neslee nw– 6 mes 8
šQkeâeW mes DeesJejHeäuees oj ueieYeie 500 mes 1000 ueeršj Øeefle IeCše meerJespe (iebos heeveer) keâe efJeefMe<š ieg™lJe keäÙee nw–
Øeefle ceeršj2 nesleer nw– DeeÙeleekeâej DeJemeeove šQkeâ 1 mes LeesÌ[e DeefOekeâ
mkeâvokeâ efceuee nesves hej meeos DeJemeeove šQkeâeW keâe Deefle yeneJe oj Ùeefo efkeâmeer Menj keâer pevemebKÙee P keâe Deewmele ceue ØeJeen q nes,
neslee nw– 1000 mes 1250 ueeršj/IeCše/ceeršj2  (18 + P ) 
ceuepeue keâe meeceevÙe leehe›eâce peue mehueeF& leehe›eâce mes neslee nw– lees DeefOekeâlece ceue ØeJeen nesiee– Q= q
DeefOekeâ  (4 + P ) 
ceuepeue ceW keâeye&efvekeâ heoeLe& mekeâue "esme keâCeeW keâe ......... neslee ceue peue ceW cegòeâ DeceesefveÙee kesâ oyeeJe keâe helee kewâmes Ûeuelee nw–
nw leLee Ùen Jevemheefle Je heMegDeeW kesâ Øeesšerve Je #eÙe heoeLeeX keâe Gyeeueves mes
yevee neslee nw– 15³ ceuepeue keâe ieboueeheve, "esme heoeLe& keâer cee$ee hej efveYe&j keâjlee
Yeejle ceW meerJespe keâe meeceevÙe Deewmele leeheceeve neslee nw– 200C nw– efveuecyeve DeJemLee
Fcne@Heâ Mebkegâ keâe JÙeJenej efvecveefueefKele keâes efveOee&efjle keâjves kesâ ceue ceW "esme kesâJeue nesles nQ– 0.1%
efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw– efmLej "esme (Stable Solids) heeveer kesâ GheÛeej keâer ØeLece DeJemLee nw–
mesefhškeâ ceuepeue (4 mes 5 Iebšs hegjevee) ceW cegkeäle Dee@keämeerpeve keâer efceueevee Je mkeâvove (mixing & coagulation)
cee$ee ueieYeie nesleer nw– MetvÙe efce«ee./ueeršj muepe ceW otef<ele peue Meeefceue veneR nw– še@Ùeuesš keâe
hetCe&le: Dee@keämeerke=âle pewefJekeâ heoeLe& Jeeues meerJespe ceW N keâer GheefmLeefle heeveer kesâ GheÛeej keâer otmejer DeJemLee nw– leueÚšerkeâjCe
nw– HNO2 (Sedimentation)
184
 Ùeefo ues[ Sefmešsš mes efYeieeskeâj keâeiepe keâe Skeâ šgkeâÌ[e meerJej kesâ peneB meerJejeW kesâ efueS mJele: MeesOeer Jesie GheueyOe keâjevee mecYeJe ve
cegBn hej jKeves mes Jen keâeuee nes peelee nw, lees meerJej ceW GheefmLele nes, JeneB Øe#eeueve Ùee OeeJeve šbefkeâÙeeB ueieeÙeer peeleer nQ efpeveceW
iewme nw– neF[^espeve meuHeâeF[ (H2S) vÙetvelece GheueyOe Meer<e& neslee nw– 5–7 ceeršj
BOD5 keâe Deewmeleve owefvekeâ ØeefleJÙeefòeâ menÙeesie neslee nw–
IejeW ceW ceuecet$e, ieboe heeveer leLee Hewâefkeäš^ÙeeW mes efvekeâuee Jesmš Deeefo,
45 grams
heeveer keâer keâeye&efvekeâ DeMegælee mejue Je ueeYeoeÙekeâ keâejkeâ ÙeewefiekeâeW efpeme Yetefceiele heeFhe ceW Menj kesâ yeenj ues peeÙee peelee nw, Gmes
ceW -------- GheÙeesie mes yeoueer pee mekeâleer nw– keânles nQ– meerJej
pewJe ef›eâÙee (biological action) efmeJejspe ØeCeeueer Meg¤ nesleer nw– ie=n meerJejeW ceW
Ùeefo meerJej kesâ Thejer melen ceW Keefvepe kesâ megj#ee uewche keâer ueew ues efJeefYevve Deeke=âefleÙeeW kesâ oes meerJej neF[^esefuekeâ ¤he mes meceleguÙe keâns
peeves mes efJemHeâesš neslee nw, lees meerJej ceW DeJeMÙe ner GheefmLele nw– peeles nQ~ Ùeefo meceeve «es[ hej hetje Yejkeâj yeneJe kesâ meceÙe Gvekesâ
CH4 cesLesve iewme efve:mmejCe keâer oj nesleer nw– meceeve
5. Jeeefnle-ceue efvekeâemeer leLee meerJej Yeejle pewmes osMeeW ceW peneB Je<ee& cegKÙeleÙee Skeâ ceewmece ceW nesleer nw,
(Sewerage System and Sewers) JeneB kesâ efueÙes GheÙegkeäle ceuekeâ peue JÙeJemLee nesieer–
he=Lekeâ JÙeJemLee
efkeâmeer DevegØemLe heefjÛÚso hej efkeâmeer meerJej Ùee [^sve kesâ DeYÙevlej
keâe efvecvelece efyevog keânueelee nw– leueer DebMele: hetjs Yej jns Je=òeekeâej meerJej kesâ efueS, Deevegheeeflekeâ Yeeriee
efpeme meerJej ceW oes Ùee DeefOekeâ cegKÙe meerJejeW mes efvemmejCe neslee nw, heefjceehe efkeâmekesâ Éeje efve™efhele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
p
=
α
Gmes keânles nQ– ØecegKe meerJej (Main Sewer) P 3600
ieueer ceW efyeÚeÙee ieÙee meerJej efpemeceW IejeW keâer Dehepeue efvekeâeme- 100 ceW mes 1 ØeJeCelee Jeeueer [eueer ieF& Iejsuet veefuekeâe keâe JÙeeme
veeefueÙeeW mes pegÌ[s meerJej Deekeâj efceueles nQ, keânueelee nw– nesves keâer meueen oer peeleer nw– 150 mm
heeefMJe&keâ meerJej
mebÙegkeäle ØeJeen kesâ efueS meerJej keâe GheÙegkeäle Deekeâej neslee nw– oeyeuebefIekeâe efJejesOeer veefuekeâe (Antisyphone Pipe), efkeâmemes
DeC[s kesâ Deekeâej keâe pegÌ[er nesleer nw–
õJeerÙe meerJespe kesâ meeLe "esme keâCeeW keâes Yeer efvekeâeueves Jeeuee Deewj heer š^whe [yeuÙet.meer. kesâ Meer<e& (Top of P-Trap)
peece veneR nesves Jeeuee heche nw– mesvš^erHeäÙetieue Je=òeerÙe Ùee DeJe=òeerÙe ceue peue Jeeefnkeâe peue-efJe%eeveerÙe ®he mes
keâeGue efoÙee peelee nw– Jesefvšuesefšbie keâeuece kesâ Thejer Úesj hej
meceeve nw peye– oesvees keâer peueerÙe Deewmele ienjeF& meceeve nw~
mesefhškeâ šQkeâ keâer efveÙeefcele ¤he mes meHeâeF& keâer peeveer ÛeeefnS Deewj
Fmekeâe Devlejeue DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 3 Je<e& Skeâ cewvenesue ceW ØeJesMe keâjves mes henues Skeâ ceesceyeòeer keâes cewvenesue
Gušs meeFHeâve keâe ef[peeFve efkeâÙee peelee nw– S heeFheeW kesâ efueS ceW Gleeje peelee nw– Dee@keämeerpeve keâer GheefmLeefle keâe helee
Úesšs jepÙeeW Deewj keâeueesefveÙeeW kesâ ceuepeue keâe MeesOeve keâjves kesâ ueieeves kesâ efueS
efueS GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– Dee@keämeerkeâjCe kegâC[ mveeveeieej, jmeesF& Deeefo pewmeer mJeÛÚlee efheâefšbie mes efvemmejCe keâe
Ùeefo letHeâeveer peue [^sve kesâ Ûejce efve:mmejCe kesâ 150 keäÙetceskeâ mes Jenve keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ heeFhe keâes keânles nQ – DeJepeue heeFhe
DeefOekeâ nesves keâer DeeMee nes, lees cegkeäle yees[& efoÙee peelee nw–
100 mesceer.2 mJeÙeb MeesOeve Jesie neslee nw– Jen Jesie efpeme hej veeueer ceW keâesF&
Ùeefo meerJej ceW hetCe&le: ØeJeen nes jne nes, lees meerJej keâer uecyeeF& mebÛeÙe veneR nes
Deewj ØeJeen kesâ Jesie keâe Devegheele keânueelee nw– ØeJeen-meceÙe mebÙegkeäle ØeCeeueer ceW Skeâ meerJej Éeje Skeâ meeLe ØeJeeefnle efkeâÙes peeles
MeeKee [^sve efpememes mebÙeespeve mes hetJe& ØeJesMeer [^sve keâer Deefvlece heeFhe nQ– Meg<keâ ceewmece ØeJeen Je Je<ee& peue
uecyeeF& TOJee&Oej nesleer nw, keânueelee nw– [^e@he mebÙeespeve yesefmeve, efpememes pegÌ[e ØeJesMe Éej kebâkeâÌ[, jsle Ùee keâÛejs keâes yeenj
Smyesmšme meercesCš heeFhe efyeÚeS peeles nQ, ØeeÙe:– TOJee&Oej ner jeskeâ oslee nw Deewj Fme Øekeâej Ùes JemlegSb meerJej ceW ØeJesMe veneR
meerJejeW kesâ efueS vÙetvelece Jesie keâj heeleer nQ, keânueelee nw– mebÛeÙe yesefmeve
ef«eš Ûewcyej meeceevÙeleÙee keâCeeW kesâ Fme JÙeeme kesâ DeefYekeâuheve efkeâÙee
›eâ. heeFhe meerJej keâe JÙeeme vÙetvelece Jesie peelee nw– 0.2 mm
1 15 mes 25mesceer lekeâ 1.0ceeršj Øeefle meskeâC[ ceuepeue ØeCeeueer keâes ef[peeFve keâjles meceÙe ef[peeFve DeJeefOe
2 30 mes 60mesceer lekeâ 0.75ceeršj Øeefle meskeâC[ Deeceleewj hej ceeveer peeleer nw– 20 Je<e&
3 60mesceer mes DeefOekeâ 0.60ceeršj Øeefle meskeâC[ cewvenesue kesâ {keäkeâveeW keâes ieesueekeâej yeveeÙee peelee nw–
mesefhškeâ šQkeâ kesâ meerJespe ØeJesMe keâ#e keâer leueer keâe yeenj keâer Deesj {keäkeâve keâes cewvenesue ceW efiejves mes yeÛeeves kesâ efueÙes
{ueeJe efoÙee peelee nw, ØeeÙe:– 10 ceW 1 meerJejspe ØeCeeueer ceW heeleer efÚõ Øeoeve efkeâÙes peeles peye–
Skeâ efkeâueesceeršj uecyeer meerJej heeFhe ceW Øeefleefove peue keâe vÙetvelece Yetefce leue keâer GÛÛelee ceW
Deble:œeJeCe neslee nw– 2800 ueeršj Skeâ mebÙegòeâ meerJespe ØeCeeueer meb«eeefnle SJeb Jeeefnle keâjleer nw–
meuHeâeF[ meb#eejCe keâe ØeeflejesOe keâjlee nw– ues[ meerJej letheâeveer meerJespe Deewj Iejsuet meerJespe
185
 6. meerJejeW keâe efvecee&Ce leLee Devegj#eCe meerJespe kesâ yeÌ[s Deekeâej Jeeues "esmeeW keâes 6 efceceer. mes keâce Deekeâej
(Construction & Maintenance of Sewer) Jeeues šgkeâÌ[eW ceW leesÌ[ves kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ nesves Jeeuee GhekeâjCe
keânueelee nw– DeJeÛetefCe&$e (Comminutor)
efkeâmeer Øekeâes‰ keâe efvejer#eCe ieºe, ceue peue efvekeâemeer JÙeJemLee ceW
Yetefce YejeJe kesâ efueS megmebnefvele veiej kesâ "esme JÙeLe& DeheefMe‰ heoeLex
Øeoeve efkeâS peeves Jeeues cewvenesue nesles nQ–
ØelÙeskeâ 30 ceer. Devlejeue hej keâer IevelJe meercee kg/cum (mLeeefvekeâ) nw– 310 to 500

meerJej DeefYekeâuheve kesâ mecyevOe ceW, ØeJeen keâe Jesie efkeâme hej efveYe&j efJekeâuheer peerJeeCeg Jes nesles nQ pees–cegòeâ Dee@keämeerpeve kesâ meeLe
veneR keâjlee– meerJej keâer uecyeeF& hej Ùee Gmekesâ efyevee peerefJele jn mekeâles nQ~
meerJej ueeFve keâer mebefOeÙeeW hej [^ehe cewve nesue efkeâmekesâ efueÙes efoÙee megjef#ele heerves kesâ heeveer keâer, pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie nesleer
peelee nw– MeeKee meerJej keâe Øeefleueesefcele mlej, nw– MetvÙe
cegKÙe meerJej kesâ mlej mes 60 mes.ceer. mes DeefOekeâ nw~ keäÙee neslee nw peye Ûetves keâes heeveer Ùee iebos heeveer ceW efceueeÙee peelee nw–
meeFheâve ceW efMeKej hej, Skeâ JeeÙeg-hee$e efkeâme efueS ueieeÙee peelee keâesueeF[ue lesue Deewj keâeye&efvekeâ heeÙeme efveuebyeve keâes
nw– ØeJeen ceW yeeOee otj keâjves kesâ efueS DeefmLej keâjlee nw~
ceue peue veue kesâ DeJejesOeve keâe keâejCe neslee nw– OeeJeve kesâ mLeeve mes Glmepe&ve keâes keânles nw– ceeheebkeâ (Sludge)
meeove Je Iejsuet DeheefMe<š heoeLe& "esme DeheefMe<š kesâ efveheševe keâer efJeefOeÙeeW ceW mes keâewve meer Skeâ efJeefOe
heJe&leerÙe MenjeW ceW cewve nesue yeveeÙes peeles nw– [^ehe heeefjefmLeeflekeâerÙe mJeerkeâeÙe& nw– keâcheesefmšbie (Composting)
Skeâ ceuepeue efvekeâeme keâe {eue– peceerve kesâ Øeeke=âeflekeâ {ueeve Skeâ DeheefMe° peue GheÛeej mebÙev$e kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW ›eâefcekeâ ™he
keâer efoMee ceW nesiee mes efveÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw– «ewye ØeefleoMe&
Skeâ keâeye&efvekeâ Øeot<ekeâ kesâ efueÙes GÛÛe COD leLee BOD keâe
ceuepeue veeueer kesâ efyeÚeves kesâ keâeÙe& ceW Deeceleewj hej efkeâmekeâer ceoo Devegheele ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw–
ueer peeleer nw– ØekeâeefMekeâ hešefjÙeeB Je yeesefvebie ÚÌ[ Øeot<ekeâ keâer efvecve pewJe DeheIešveerÙelee
kebâ›eâerš keâer veeueer ceW pebie ueieves keâe keäÙee keâejCe nw– veoer kesâ peue keâe Øeot<eCe mlej efveOee&efjle keâjves kesâ efueÙes Skeâ Skeâue
mesefhškeâ keâer efmLeefle leer›e hejer#eCe nw– Iegefuele Dee@keämeerpeve (Dissolved Oxygen)
DeefYekeâuheve ceW ØeeÙe: DeheveeÙes ieÙes ceue veueeW keâe vÙetvelece leLee Skeâ DeheefMe° keâer Ûejce BOD keâe ceeve–
DeefOekeâlece JÙeeme nes mekeâlee nw– 15 cm and 300 cm meYeer leeheceevees hej meceeve jnlee nw
ØeeLeefcekeâ ™he mes, jesiepevekeâ peerJeeCeg mes DeheefMe° peue ceW ØeJesMe
meerJejeW keâer #ecelee leLee DeefYekeâuhe keâeue keâjles nw– DeewÅeesefiekeâ leLee Iejsuet oesveeW mes
(Capacity of Sewers and Design Period) keâcheesefmšbie ef›eâÙee kesâ yewbieueewj efJeefOe keâes peevee peelee nw–
DeJeeÙegJeerÙe Øeef›eâÙee
›eâ. meerJej keâe veece Deewmele ØeJeen DeefYekeâuhe
meerJespe ceW ieceea kesâ oewjeve Iegefuele Deekeämeerpeve DebMe, "b[ ceewmece
#ecelee keâeue
keâer leguevee ceW nw– keâce
1 Iejsuet meerJej 6 iegvee 40 Je<e&
Øeeke=âeflekeâ DeØeotef<ele peue ceW meeceevÙe leeheceeve hej Iegefuele
2 heeÕe& meerJej 4 iegvee 50 Je<e& Deekeämeerpeve mlej heeÙee peelee nw– 10 efce«ee./ueer.
3 MeeKee meerJej 3 iegvee 50 Je<e&
ØeJeen ceW Iegueer ngF& Deekeämeerpeve– ceOÙeenve ceW DeefOekeâlece nesieer
4 cegKÙe meerJej 2½ iegvee 30-40 Je<e&
yeneJe kesâ efueS Mewue YeeB[ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles nQ–
5 š^bkeâ leLee efveheele meerJej 2 iegvee 30 Je<e& meerJespe efveheševe
lesue Ùee «eerme nševes efkeâ efJeefOe– keäueesšsMeve šQkeâ
mJeMeesOeer Jesie kesâ efueS meerJej keâe DeefYekeâuheve efkeâÙee peelee nw– yengle yeejerkeâ efveueefcyele keâCe nšeÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
ve lees efmeefušbie Deewj ve ner mkeâesefjbie pecee nesves kesâ efueS mkeâvove meefnle DeJemeeove
mJele: MeesOeve Jesie neslee nw–Ssmee Jesie pees meerJej ceW efkeâmeer Ùeefo efkeâmeer Menj kesâ heeveer ceW Ssmes peerJeeCeg nes efpevemes ceneceejer keâes
Yeer peces ngÙes "esme keâes yeneves kesâ efueS heÙee&hle nes Hewâuee mekeâleer nes lees heeveer keâe jesieeCegveeMeve keâjves keâer meyemes
Skeâ meerJej keâe Skeâ meerOeer jsKee keâer Deesj cewvenesue Devlejeue 300 DeÛÚer Je efceleJÙeÙeve efJeefOe nw– heeveer Gyeeue keâj
ceeršj nw, meerJej keâe JÙeeme nes mekeâlee nw– > 1.5 ceeršj Jeeleehes#eer DeJemLee yeveeÙes jKeves kesâ efueÙes ceuepeue keâes heeveer kesâ
heeFhe ØeJeen kesâ efueS nspesve-efJeefueÙece met$e nw– DeefOekeâ DeeÙeleve ceW efceueeves keâer ef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw– DeJeefceßeCe
V=0.85C R0.63 S0.54 DeefOekeâ JeeÙeg ØeJeen, efpemekesâ keâejCe ceuepeue veoer kesâ heeveer ceW
neF[^espeve meuheâeF[ DeJe#ejCe keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueS meyemes GheÙegòeâ Yeueer-YeeBefle efceue peelee nw leLee ceuepeue keâer Deeheefòepevekeâ yeoyet
meerJej heoeLe& nw– keâebefÛele Mewue Yeeb[ meceehle nes peeleer nw, keânueelee nw– Oeeje
Meg<keâ ceewmece yeneJe (D.W.F.) kesâ efueS peueerÙe ™he ceW, meyemes veefoÙeeB «eer<ce $e+leg ceW meoea $e+leg keâer Dehes#ee keâce meceÙe ceW mJeÙeb
Gòece meerJej KeC[ nw– V-Deekeâej Ùegòeâ Je=òeekeâej mJeÛÚ nesves keâe keâejCe nw– leehe›eâce keâe ØeYeeJe
186
 ceuepeue kesâ GheÛeej ceW JÙeehekeâ ¤he mes ØeÙegkeäle nesves Jeeuee peye GheÛeeefjle meerJespe keâe GÛÛe oj efjmeeJe ceW hegve: mebÛejCe ve nes,
mkeâvokeâ nw– ueewn keäueesjeF[ leye hegve: mebÛejCe keâejkeâ neslee nw– Ùetefvešer
jesiepevekeâ peerJeeCeg .......... kesâ keâejCe cej peeles nQ leLee Ùen mJeÙeb
mJeÛÚlee ceW meneÙekeâ nesles nQ– metÙe& kesâ ØekeâeMe Skeâ veiejheeefuekeâe ueQ[efHeâue keâJej meece«eer kesâ efueS Keespe keâj jner
Deeheefòepevekeâ ogieËOeÙegkeäle ceuepeue keâes veefoÙeeW ceW efJemeefpe&le keâjves mes nw~ ce=oeDeeW keâes GYejves mes jeskeâves kesâ efueS, meeceevÙele: effvecve ceW mes
hetJe& GheÛeej efkeâÙee peelee nw– DeJeceue GheÛeej Je jesieeCegveeMeve efkeâme Øekeâej keâer efceóer keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS–
efÚõceÙe Kegues peesÌ[eW Jeeues heeFhe keâes Yetefce keâer melen kesâ 30 mesceer. keäues (Clay)
veerÛes peeue efyeÚevee keânueelee nw– DeOees Yetefce efmebÛeeF& efš^keâefuebie efheâušj kesâ mLeeve hej keâewve meer efJeefOe DeheveeÙeer peeleer nw–
ceuepeue kesâ GheÛeej nsleg ØeÙeesie ceW ueeÙeer peeves Jeeueer cenerve Úueveer pewefJekeâ ef›eâÙee (Biological Activity)
kesâ efÚõCe oC[eW keâe Devlejeue neslee nw– 2–3 efceceer. Skeâ DeheefMe<š kesâ efueS 200C hej 5 efove keâe BOD 200 mg/L
ceuepeue keâes Jeeleehes#eer DeJemLee ceW yeveeS jKeves kesâ efueS ceuepeue heeÙee ieÙee~ Gmeer DeheefMe<" kesâ efueS 300C hej 5 efove keâe BOD
keâes yeÌ[er cee$ee ceW peue kesâ meeLe efceefßele keâjves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keäÙee nesiee– 200 mg/L mes DeefOekeâ
keânueeleer nw– levetkeâjCe (Dillution)
ceue keâe ØeJeen meoea keâer leguevee ceW ieceea kesâ ceewmece kesâ oewjeve keâce Deekeämeerpeve keâer GheefmLeefle SJeb DevegheefmLeefle ceW peerefJele jnves Jeeues
meceÙe ceW mJele: MeesefOele nesves kesâ keâejCe nw– leehe›eâce ØeYeeJe yewkeäšerefjÙee keâes keânles nw– Jewkeâefuhekeâ (Facultative)
otef<ele heeveer ceÚueer heeueves kesâ efueÙes GheÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, pewefJekeâ veiejheeefuekeâe "esme DeheefMe° keâe DeJeeÙegJeerÙe peerJeeCeg heeÛeve
Ùeefo– keâeye&ve [eF&Dee@keämeeF[ keâer cee$ee 40 PPm mes keâce nes, Deewj meshejsMeve kesâ yeeo Deble Glheeo keâes keâne peelee nw– ¢egceme
Iegueer Dee@keämeerpeve keâer cee$ee 3 mes 5 PPm mes DeefOekeâ nes DeJeeÙegJeerÙe Deehebkeâ heeÛekeâ mes cegòeâ nesves Jeeueer cegKÙe iewme nw–
ceuepeue keâer B.O.D. (pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie) CH4 ceerLesve
Øeefleef›eâÙee kesâ keâejCe Iegues Dee@keämeerpeve keâe efve:Mes<eCe keânueelee nw–
efJeDee@keämeerpeveerkeâjCe mebÛeÙe meerJej ØeCeeueer ceW keâewve mee meerJej meerJespe keâes Fkeâªe keâjkesâ
keâeye&efvekeâ heoeLe& pees peerJeeCegDeeW keâe Yeespeve yeveekeâj ve<š keâer peeleer MeesOeve mebÙeb$e lekeâ hengBÛeelee nw– DeeGšHeâeue meerJej
nw– DeJeceue GheÛeej šQkeâ hetCe&le: Dee@keämeerke=âle ceuepeue (meerJespe) ceW, veeFš^espeve efkeâmekesâ ™he ceW
lesue Je «eerpe nšeÙes pee mekeâles nQ– lewjles šQkeâeW ceW nesleer nw– veeFš^sšdme
efkeâmeer ceuepeue MeesOekeâ šQkeâ Ùee mebÙeb$e mes yeenj efvekeâueves Jeeuee meerJej ceW yen jns DeheefMe° peue keâe mJele: MeesOeve Jesie nesvee
DebMele: Ùee hetCe&le: MeesefOele ceuepeue keânueelee nw– ceueefveœeeJe ÛeeefnS– DeefOekeâlece ØeJeen hej DeefOekeâlece Jesie 0.90 m/s
muepe kesâ Skeâ$e nesves keâer oj Øeefle JÙeefkeäle ØeefleJe<e& nesleer nw– jKee peeS~
30 ueeršj
peue leLee DeheefMe° GheÛeej ceW meJee&efOekeâ meeceevÙele: MeesOekeâ neslee
ef«eš Ûewcyej ........... JÙeeme Jeeues keâCeeW keâes otj keâjves kesâ efueÙes nw– 0.1 mes 2 efceceer. kesâ keâCeesb Jeeuee meef›eâÙe keâeye&ve
ef[]peeFve efkeâÙes peeles nQ– 2 × 10–2 mesceer.
Skeâ meef›eâÙe muepe (Activated Sludge) Øe›eâce efjÙeskeäšj ceW
ef«eš Ûewcyej ............ Deehesef#ekeâ ieg®lJe Jeeues keâCeeW keâes otj keâjves DeefOekeâebMele: met#cepeerJeeCeg nesles nw– JeeÙegJeerÙe hejhees<eer
kesâ efueÙes ef[peeFve efkeâÙes peeles nQ– 2.65
efJemleeefjle Jeeleve meef›eâÙe muepe ØeCeeueer ceW õJeerÙe jeskeâkeâeue neslee
meeceevÙe šhekeâve efHeâušj (Trickling Filter) .......... otj keâjles nw– 12–24IeCšs
nQ– 90% B.O.D.
Skeâ muepe heeÛeve šQkeâ keâe keâeÙe&keâejer meblegef° kesâ efueS, heeefÛele
meerJespe ceW GheefmLele pewefJekeâ heoeLe& kesâ DeheIešve kesâ henues ÛejCe ceW muepe keâe pH hejeme heesef<ele nw– 6.0 mes 8.0
yevelee nw– NH3 mewæeefvlekeâ Deekeämeerpeve ceeBie (TOD), pewJe jeÙeeÙeefvekeâ
ceuepeue kesâ DeeOegefvekeâ GheÛeej Jekeäme& ceW efHeâušj GheÙeesie efkeâÙee Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie (BOD) Deewj jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie
peelee nw– šhekeâve efHeâušj (Trickling Filter) (COD) kesâ yeerÛe mener mecyevOe nw– TOD > COD > BOD
cenerve efveueefcyele heoeLe& nšeÙes/otj efkeâÙes pee mekeâles nQ– COD hejer#eCe ceW heesšwefMeÙece [eF›eâescesš ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
leueÚšerkeâjCe mes Deekeämeerke=âle keâejkeâ
leueÚšerkeâjCe Jesie efveYe&j veneR keâjlee– šQkeâ keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& otef<ele peue keâe COD/BOD Devegheele nw– Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ
heeveer kesâ ØeefleoMe& ceW ueesn, ceQieveerpe, veeFš^sš Deeefo DeMegefæÙeeB ve meerJespe GheÛeej kesâ oewjeve, jsle Deewj ef«eš keâe nšeJe efkeâÙee peelee
nesves hej DeJeefMe<š keäueesefjve kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee hejer#eCe nw– keâleje šQkeâ (Detritustank)
keânueelee nw– Dee@Leexšeefue[erve hejer#eCe Ùeefo oj efmLejebkeâ (K) 20 C hej 0.1 d–1 nw~ BOD keâe
0

Sjesefyekeâ yewkeäšerefjÙee Éeje Kehele keâer peeves Jeeueer cee$ee, efpemekesâ ØeefleMele 5 efoveeW ceW GlheVe nesiee– 68%
keâejCe meerJespe keâe yeeÙeesueesefpekeâue DeheIešve neslee nw, keâner peeleer mkeâvokeâ pees efkeâ meeOeejCeleÙee meerJespe GheÛeej kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie veneR
nw– pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceebie efkeâÙee peelee– hesâefjkeâ meuhesâš
keâeF& kesâ keâejCe B.O.D. keâer yeesleue ceW Iegueer Dee@keämeerpeve keâer cee$ee veoer ceW ceÚefueÙeeW kesâ peerefJele jnves kesâ efueS Iegefuele Deekeämeerpeve keâer
ØekeâeMe keâer GheefmLeefle ceW– yeÌ{sieer vÙetvelece cee$ee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw– 4 efce«ee./ueer.
Skeâ efjSkeäšj, efpemeceW pewJe hejle keâer yeÌ{esòejer kesâ efueS melener
Jes iewmeW nQ, pees meeceevÙele: meerJespe kesâ DeJeeÙegJeerÙe DeheIešve ceW #es$eheâue yeslejleerye {bie mes yebOes "esmeeW kesâ ™he ceW Øeoeve efkeâÙee peelee
Meeefceue nesleer nQ– CO2 + NH3 + H2S + CH4 nw, keânueelee nw– efš^keâefuebie efheâušj
187
 muepe heeÛeve keâer Øeeke=âeflekeâ Øeef›eâÙee keâe henuee ÛejCe neslee nw– mewefhškeâ šQkeâ keâer meHeâeF& keâe Devlejeue efvecve mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee
Decue keâe yevevee ÛeeefnS– 2 Je<e&
pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie peerJe jmeeÙeve GheÛeej ceW .........
mes mebleg<š nesleer nw– efHeâuš^sMeve Iejsuet mewefhškeâ šQkeâ keâe jeskeâ keâeue efkeâlevee neslee nw– 24 Iebšs
pevemecetn keâes yeerceeefjÙeeW mes yeÛeeves kesâ efueÙes efve<›eâceve efyevog Jen FkeâeF&, efpemeceW ceue keâer DeJemeeove leLee heeÛeve Øeef›eâÙeeÙeW oesveeW
(break point) mes DeefOekeâ keäueesefjve efceueevee keânueelee nw– Skeâ meeLe nesleer nw, keânueeleer nw–Fcenewheâ šbkeâer (Imhoff Tank)
Deefle keäueesefjveerkeâjCe (super chlorination)
Úesšer yeefmleÙeeW kesâ Iejsuet meerJespe kesâ efueS leLee heleues meerJespe kesâ mewefhškeâ šbkeâer (šQkeâ) keâe jeskeâkeâeue (Detention Period) meceÙe
efueS Ùes leeueeye Ùee šQkeâ meHeâue efmeæ nesles nQ~ FvnW keânles nQ– ceevee peelee nw–
uewietve (Lagoon) 12 – 24 Iebšs
meHeâeF& Ùeebef$ekeâer keâer Jen MeeKee, efpemekesâ Devleie&le IejeW mes cetuecet$e Skeâ mewefhškeâ šQkeâ neslee nw–
ieboe heeveer Je ketâÌ[e-keâjkeâš Fkeâšd"e keâjkesâ Menj kesâ yeenj meceehle mLeue meerJespe GheÛeej keâer DeeJeeÙegJeerÙe efJeefOe
efkeâÙee peelee nw, keânueeleer nw– meerJejspe Skeâ efoÙes ieÙes efJemepe&ve kesâ efueÙes, efvecveefueefKele ceuepeue GheÛeej
keâCe yew"ves keâer ieefle efveYe&j nesleer nw– kesâ efJekeâuheeW ceW mes efkeâme kesâ efueÙes meyemes yeÌ[s YetKeC[ keâer
šQkeâ keâer uecyeeF& leLee ÛeewÌ[eF& hej DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesieer–
Øeefle 1000 ceeršj keâeye&efvekeâ heoeLeeX kesâ efJeIešve kesâ efueS
3
Dee@keämeerkeâjCe kegâC[ (Oxidation Pond)
B.O.D. keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw–
Fcne@heâ šQkeâ ceW keâeÙe&keâejer oMee nw–efveÛeues ceW JeeÙegJeerÙe Deewj
150 efkeâ«ee. mes 300 efkeâ«ee. kesâ ueieYeie
efkeâmeer Menj kesâ keâÛejs ceW meefcceefuele neslee nw– ceuecet$e Thejer ef[yyeeW ceW JeeÙegJeerÙe
ceuepeue kesâ ØeejefcYekeâ MeesOeve ceW mebef›eâÙee Deeceleewj hej DeheveeF& mewefhškeâ šQkeâeW ceW Meeefceue nw– DeJemeeove Deewj muepe heeÛeve
veneR peeleer nw– ceuepeue keâe keäueesjerveerkeâjCe meerJespe ™iCelee kesâ Éeje GlheVe nesleer nw–
ceuepeue kesâ MeesOeve kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle ceesšer Úueveer ceW Fmheeleer ÚÌ[eW ce=oe jvOeÇeW keâe peece nesvee
kesâ yeerÛe Devlejeue neslee nw– 50 efceceer. DeheefMe° efmLejerkeâjCe leeueeye ceW, meerJespe GheÛeeefjle kesâ Éeje efkeâÙee
ceuepeue ceW keâeye&efvekeâ heoeLe& keâer cee$ee yeÌ{ves mes Dee@keämeerpeve keâer peelee nw–
ceeBie nesieer– DeefOekeâ MewJeeue Deewj JeeÙegJeerÙe peerJeeCeg kesâ oesnjs ØeYeeJe mes
efpelevee DeefOekeâ leeheceeve nesiee, Glevee ner DeefOekeâ pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ efjmeve iele& (Soak Pit) mes peg[Ì e ngDee nw– mewefhškeâ šQkeâ
ef›eâÙee nesieer, hejvleg efkeâleves DeefOekeâ leeheceeve hej peerJeeCeg cej mewefhškeâ šQkeâ keâe DeefYekeâuheve
peeÙeWies– 400C
B.O.D. keâer oj efveÙebef$ele nesleer nw– ceuepeue kesâ oeye mes (Design of Septic Tank)
Deepekeâue meyemes DeefOekeâ ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeuee efHeâušj neslee nw– mebjÛevee- peuejesOeer efÛeveeF& keâer oerJeejW leLee kebâ›eâerš keâe HeâMe& ~
efš^keâefuebie efHeâušj
šQkeâ kesâ Thej Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keâer Úle muewye~ HeâMe& keâes
meeceevÙe efš^keâefuebie efHeâušj nše oslee nw, ueieYeie–90% B.O.D. 1 ceW 10 keâer {eue~
7. mewefhškeâ šQkeâ, FcenewHeâ šQkeâ leLee Deekeâej- DeeÙeleekeâej, efpemeceW oes Ùee leerve keâ#e nesves ÛeeefnÙes~
uecyeeF&- ÛeewÌ[eF& keâe 2 mes 4 iegvee~ šQkeâ keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& 75mesceer0
DeekeämeerkeâjCe kegâC[ (Septic Tank, mes keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnÙes~
Imhoff and Oxidation Pond) ienjeF&- Skeâ mes oes ceeršj lekeâ~
šQkeâ keâer õJe Oeeefjlee- 0.093 mes 0.115ceer3 Øeefleefove Øeefle
mewefhškeâ šQkeâ keâe yeefn:œeeJe– efkeâmeer Yeer Kegueer veeueer ceW JÙeefòeâ~ õJe-Oeeefjlee meYeer Øekeâej kesâ otef<ele peue kesâ GheÛeej kesâ
efveJe&nve kesâ efueS ÙeesiÙe neslee nw~ efueÙes 90 mes 115ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefòeâ Øeefleefove leLee kesâJeue
mewefhškeâ šQkeâ efkeâmekeâes oMee&lee nw– DeJeeÙeJeerÙe ØeCeeueer MeewÛeeieej kesâ efueÙes 45ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefòeâ Øeefleefove ueer peeleer nw~
jeskeâkeâeue- 12IeCšs mes 24IeCšs lekeâ~
mewefhškeâ šQkeâ keâer vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF& efkeâleveer nesleer nw– 75 cm
Deehebkeâ kesâ efueÙes heeÛeve Deewmele mLeeve- 0.0425ceer3 JÙeefòeâ
DeJejesOeve keâ#e mes meerJespe Øeehle keâjves kesâ GösMÙe nsleg Skeâ Je=òeekeâej Øeefleefove efueÙee peelee nw~
Ùee DeeÙeleekeâej šQkeâ kesâ ™he ceW Yetefceiele mebjÛevee FveceW mes keäÙee keâner 1. Government stipulates limit of concentration of
peeleer nw– Ghekeâj hetue sulphur dioxide in ambient air at 50 unit.
muepe heeÛekeâ šbkeâer (Sludge digestion Tank) mes iewme cegKÙele: mejkeâej Éeje mJemLe nJee ceW SO2 iewme keâer cee$ee (meercee)
Fmekeâer yeveer nesleer nw– cesLesve 50 FkeâeF& efveefMÛele (efveOee&efjle) keâer nw~ Fmekeâer ceehe
FkeâeF& nw–
YeejleerÙe Øekeâej kesâ MeewÛeekegbâ[ (W.C.) keâer JÙeJemLee keâjves kesâ efueS (a) g/cc (b) mg/litre
MeewÛeIej Jeeues Yeeie ceW Øeyeefuele meerceWš kebâ›eâerš kesâ muewye– (c) mg/m3 (d) mg/m2
50 cm OeBmes nesves ÛeeefnS RRB SSE Secunderabad : 21-12-2014
188
Ans : (c) mejkeâej Éeje mJemLe nJee ceW SO2 iewme keâer cee$ee 50 5. Particular compound of sodium helps to reduce
FkeâeF& efveefMÛele keâer nw~ Fmekeâer ceehe keâer FkeâeF& nw efceueer«eece hej ceeršj acidity in the stomach. Which one is it?
keäÙetye (mg/m3) meesef[Ùece kesâ efkeâme Ùeewefiekeâ keâer meneÙelee mes hesš keâer
DecueerÙelee (Acidity) otj keâer pee mekeâleer nw?
2. Approximate quantity of CO2 in the
(a) Sodium Chloride/meesef[Ùece keäueesjeF[
atmosphere in PPM (parts per million) is:
JeeÙegceC[ue ceW CO2 keâer Devegceeefvele cee$ee (in PPM) (b) Sodium Carbonate/meesef[Ùece keâeyeexvesš
efkeâleveer nesleer nw? (c) Sodium bicarbonate/meesef[Ùece yeeFkeâeyeexvesš
(a) 2 (b) 20 (d) Sodium Acetate/meesef[Ùece Smeeršsš
(c) 200 (d) 400 RRB JE : 04.09. 2015 Shift-II
RRB SSE Secunderabad : 21-12-2014 Ans : (c) hesš keâer DecueerÙelee (Acidity) meesef[Ùece yeeFkeâeyeexvesš mes
Ans : (d) JeeÙegceC[ue he=LJeer kesâ ÛeejeW Deesj nJee kesâ efJemle=le Yeb[ej yeves Ùeew e i
f ekeâ meesef[Ùece yeeFkeâeyeexvesš Éeje GheÛeeefjle keâer pee mekeâleer nw~
keâes keânles nQ~ Ùen meewj efJeefkeâjCe keâer ueIeg lejbieeW keâes he=LJeer keâer Oejeleue meesef[Ùece yeeFkeâeyeexvesš keâe meeceevÙe met$e NaHCO3 neslee nw~ Fmes
lekeâ Deeves oslee nw Deewj heee|LeJe efJeefkeâjCe keâes uecyeer lejbieeW kesâ efueS Keeves Jeeuee mees[e Yeer keânles nw~
DeJejesOekeâ yevelee nw~ 6. The minimum concentration levels of iron and
JeeÙegceC[ue ceW CO2 keâer cee$ee 400 PPM (0.03%) efveOee&efjle keâer manganese that may cause colour problem in
ieÙeer nw~ water are–
3. The most ideal disinfectant used for drinking
ueew n leLee ceQieveerpe Keefvepe heoeLeeX keâer vÙetvelece meevõlee
water is:
keâe Jen mlej efpememes peue ceW jbie keâer mecemÙee Glhevve nes
hesÙe peue nsleg meyemes DeeoMe& keâeršeCegveeMekeâ nw? mekeâlee nw–
(a) Alum/efheâškeâjer (b) Chlorine/keäueesjerve (a) 0.5 mg/l and 0.05 mg/l
(b) 0.5 mg/l and 0.03 mg/l
(c) Lime/Ûetvee (d) Nitrogen/veeFš^espeve
(c) 0.3 mg/l and 0.05 mg/l
RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014 (d) 0.3 mg/l and 0.03 mg/l
Ans : (b) peye keäueesjerve keâes heeveer ceW efceueeÙee peelee nw lees Ùen RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015
keâeršeCegDeeW keâes ve° keâjleer nw leLee heeveer ceW ueesns leLee ceQiveerpe keâe Ans : (c) heeveer ceW ceQieveerpe keâer cee$ee 0.05 mg/ℓ mes DeefOekeâ nesves
Dee@keämeerkeâjCe keâjleer nw~ keäueesjerve keâes heeveer ceW efceueeves keâer ef›eâÙee keâes hej jbie, mJeeo Deeefo mes mebyebefOele mecemÙeeSb GlheVe nesleer nw~
keäueesjerveerkeâjCe keânles nw~ heeveer kesâ jesieeCegveeMeve kesâ efueS ØeeÙe: meYeer
osMeeW ceW keäueesjerve keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ heeveer ceW DeeÙejve keâer cee$ee 0.3 mg/ℓ mes DeefOekeâ nesves hej ueeue,
4. The perescribed per bed water demand for Yetje, heeruee Deeefo jbieeW keâer mecemÙeeSB GlheVe nesleer nw~
hospitals including laundry facility having less 7. The taste and odour in surface water may be
than 100 beds– controlled by–
keâheÌ[s Oeesves keâer megefJeOee keâes Meeefceue keâjles ngS, 100 mes melener peue ceW mJeeo leLee ogieËOe keâes efveÙebef$ele keâjles nQ–
keâce yes[ Jeeues Demheleeue kesâ efueS efveOee&efjle Øeefle yes[ (a) Disinfection of water/peue keâes efJemeb›eâefcele keâjkesâ
peue ceeBie nw– (b) Reverse osmosis/Øeefleueesceer hejemejCe
(a) 340 litres per bed per day (c) Coagulation and flocculation
340 ueeršj Øeefle yew[ Øeefle efove mkebâove leLee GCe&ve Éeje
(b) 450 litres per bed per day (d) Aeration/Jeeleve
450 ueeršj Øeefle yew[ Øeefle efove RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015
(c) 250 litres ped bed per day Ans : (d) Jeeleve Skeâ Ssmeer ef›eâÙee-efJeefOe nw, efpemekesâ Éeje melener peue
250 ueeršj Øeefle yew[ Øeefle efove ceW mJeeo leLee ogieËOe keâes efveÙebef$ele efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Jeeleve kesâ Éeje ueewn
(d) 280 litres per bed per day leLee cewiveerpe keâe Dee@keämeerkeâjCe nes peelee nw~
280 ueeršj Øeefle yew[ Øeefle efove
8. The exposure of high concentration of nitrogen
RRB JE : 04.09. 2015 Shift-II
dioxide may cause–
Ans : (a) meeJe&peefvekeâ mebmLeeveeW kesâ efueS peue keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee I.S. veeFš^espeve [eFDeekeämeeF[ kesâ GÛÛe meevõCe kesâ JeeleeJejCe
1172 kesâ Devegmeej efvecve nesleer nw–
kesâ keâejCe neslee nw–
(i) mketâue leLee efJeÅeeueÙe (Úe$eeJeeme meefnle) = 135 ueeršj Øeefle
(a) coughing, choking and breathing problems
JÙeefòeâ Øeefleefove Keebmeer, oce Iegšvee leLee MJeeme mebyebOeer mecemÙeeSB nes
(ii) mketâue leLee efJeÅeeueÙe (Úe$eeJeeme jefnle) = 45 ueer Øeefle JÙeefòeâ
mekeâleer nw
Øeefle efove
(b) acute bronchitis/iebYeerj yeÇesvkeâeFefšme nes mekeâlee nw
(iii) nesšue (Øeefle yew[) = 180 ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefòeâ Øeefle efove
(c) irritation to nasal cavity
(iv) keâeÙee&ueÙe = 45 ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefòeâ Øeefle efove
(v) Demheleeue (100 yew[ lekeâ) = 340 ueeršj Øeefle yew[ Øeefle efove
veeefmekeâe efJeJej ceW Kegpeueer nes mekeâleer nw
(d) suffocation and headache
Demheleeue (100 yew[ mes DeefOekeâ) = 450 ueeršj Øeefle yew[ Øeefle oce Iegšves leLee efmejoo& keâer efMekeâeÙele nes mekeâleer nw
efove RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015
189
Ans : (b) veeFš^espeve [eFDeekeämeeF[ kesâ GÛÛe meebõCe kesâ keâejCe 13. One unit NTU is equal to :
MJemeve mecyebOeer mecemÙeeSb GlheVe nes peeleer nw~ Skeâ FkeâeF& NTU yejeyej nw?
veeFš^espeve [eFDeekeämeeF[ kesâ GÛÛe meebõCe kesâ keâejCe hesâheâÌ[eW lekeâ (a) 1.0 mg/l farmazin
(b) 1.0 meg/l SiO2
meebme ues peeves Jeeueer veefueÙeeW (yeÇesefvkeâÙeue šdÙetye) keâer Debo™veer hejle hej (c) 1.0 mg/l SiO2
metpeve nes peeleer nw efpemes yeÇesvkeâeFefšme (Bronchitis) keâne peelee nw~ (d) 1.0 meq/l kaolin
9. A "socket and spigot" joint– RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015
meekesâš leLee mheeF&iee@š meefvOe (peesÌ[) nw– Ans : (c) N.T.U. heeveer keâe ievoueeheve ceeheves keâer Skeâ FkeâeF& nw~
(a) is a "rigid joint"/Skeâ ÂÌ{ (meKle) peesÌ[ ievoueeheve ceeheves kesâ meYeer GhekeâjCeeW keâe DebMeebkeâve N.T.U. kesâ
(b) permits only oscillation about the joint DeeOeej hej ner efkeâÙee peelee nw~ N.T.U. 1mg/l heâe@jceefpeve kesâ
peesÌ[ kesâ Fo& efieo& kesâJeue oesueve keâer Devegceefle oslee nw efJeueÙeve kesâ yejeyej neslee nw~ ievouesheve keâes P.P.M. ceW Yeer JÙeòeâ
(c) permits only displacement about the joint efkeâÙee peelee nw~ P.P.M. ievoueeheve 1mg/l efmeefuekeâe kesâ efJeueÙeve
peesÌ[ kesâ Fo& efieo& kesâJeue efJemLeeheve keâer Devegceefle oslee nw kesâ yejeyej neslee nw~
(d) permits oscillation and displacement both
oesueve leLee efJemLeeheve oesveeW keâer Devegceefle oslee nw 14. The turbidity in surface water is due to
presence of :
RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015
ieboueeheve melen keâer melen GheefmLeefle kesâ keâejCe–
Ans : (a) mee@kesâš Deewj mheeF&iee@š peesÌ[ Skeâ ÂÌ{ peesÌ[ nw~ FmeceW oes (a) dissolved organics/efJeIeefšle Deeiexefvekeâ
ÚÌ[eW keâes peesÌ[ves kesâ efueS Skeâ keâe@šj keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (b) colloldal material/keâesueeF[Ùeve Oeeleg
pegÌ[ves Jeeues Skeâ ÚÌ[ hej mee@kesâš leLee otmejs hej mheeF&iee@š (yeÌ[e JÙeeme (c) dissolved inorganics/efJeIeefšle Dekeâe&yeefvekeâ
nesvee) yevee neslee nw~ (d) dissolved colors/efJeIeefšle jbie
→ Ùen peesÌ[ mecheer[ve leLee leveeJe yeue oesveeW kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015
neslee nw~ Ans : (b) ieboueeheve melen keâer melen GheefmLeefle keâesueeF[ Oeeleg kesâ
10. The prescribed per seat water demand for keâejCe neslee nw~ keâesueeF[ efJeueÙeve keâes kegâÚ meceÙe kesâ efueÙes
restaurant is– keâesueeF[ue DeJe#eshe kesâ veece mes peevee peelee nw~ keâesueeFÌ[ efJeueÙeve
ØemleeefJele Øeefle meerš peue keâer efkeâmeer jsmšesjsCš ceW ceebie õJe ceW "esme kesâ keâCe meceeve ™he mes DeJe#eshe ™he ceW neslee nw~
nesleer nw–
15. Nitrous oxide is a :
(a) 100 litres per day/100 ueeršj Øeefle efove veeFš^me DeekeämeeF[ Skeâ.............nw~
(b) 70 litres per day/70 ueeršj Øeefle efove (a) bad absorber of infrared radiations
(c) 180 litres per day/180 ueeršj Øeefle efove DeJejòeâ efJeefkeâjCe keâe Kejeye DeJeMees<ekeâ
(d) 45-90 litres per day/45-90 ueeršj Øeefle efove (b) good reflector of ultraviolet radiations
RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015 hejeyewieveer efJeefkeâjCe keâe DeÛÚe hejeJele&keâ
Ans : (b) efkeâmeer jsmšesjWš ceW Øeefle meerš peue keâer cee$ee 70 ueer./efove (c) good absorber of ultraviolet radiations
ueer peeleer nw~ hejeyewieveer efJeefkeâjCe keâe DeÛÚe DeJeMees<ekeâ
11. The hardness that is equivalent to alkalinity is (d) good absorber of infrared radiations
known as– DeJejòeâ efJeefkeâjCe keâe DeÛÚe DeJeMees<ekeâ
Jen keâ"esjlee pees #eeefjlee kesâ legueveelcekeâ nw, keânles nQ? RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015
(a) total hardness/šesšue (mebhetCe&) keâ"esjlee Ans : (d) veeFš^ me Deekeäm eeF[ DeJejòeâ efkeâjCeeW keâe DeÛÚe DeJeMees<ekeâ
(b) carbonate hardness/keâeyeexvesš keâ"esjlee neslee nw~ veeFš^me DeekeämeeF[ keâes ueeefhebâie iewme kesâ veece mes peevee peelee
(c) non carbonate hardness/veeve keâeyeexvesš keâ"esjlee nw, JeeleeJejCe ceW keâce cee$ee neslee nw, ™ce leeheceeve hej jbienerve SJebce
(d) psendo hardness/Úodce keâ"esjlee DepJeueveMeerue iewme neslee nw~
RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015 16. In potable water, the permissible limit of
Ans : (b) keâeyeexvesš keâ"esjlee peue ceW keâeyeexvesš Ùee yeeF&keâeyeexvesš kesâ nitrate nitrogen is :
DeeÙeve kesâ keâejCe GlheVe #eejkeâlee keâe ceehekeâ nw~ heerves kesâ heeveer ceW veeFš^sš veeFš^espeve keâer Devegcele meercee
12. The symptoms of water from diseases nw–
transmitted by pathogenic bacteria are : (a) 10 mg/lit (b) 25 mg/lit
jesie pevekeâ peerJeeCegDeeW Éeje peue meb›eâefcele jesieeW keâe (c) 40 mg/lit (d) 15 mg/lit
ØemeejCe keâjves keâe ue#eCe efoKeeles nQ? RRB SSE Shift-III : 02.09.2015
(a) gastrointestinal disorders/DeeceeMeÙe Deeble kesâ Ans : (a) heerves kesâ heeveer ceW veeFš^sš veeFš^espeve keâer Devegcele meercee 10
efJekeâej mg/ℓ nw~ veeFš^espeve meejs peerJeOeeefjÙeeW kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~
(b) kidney failure/iegox keâer efJeheâuelee
(c) liver damage/Ùeke=âle #eefle
veeFš^espeve Øeesšerve keâe Skeâ DeJeÙeJe (Component) nw~
(d) cardiac disease/ùoÙe jesie 17. The alkalinite is expressed in terms of :
RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015 #eejer Ùelee kesâ heoeW ceW JÙeòeâ neslee nw~
Ans : (a) DeeceeMeÙe DeeBle keâe efJekeâej jesie pevekeâ peerJeeCegDeeW Éeje (a) mg/ℓ equivalent CaCO3
peue meb›eâefcele jesieeW keâe ØemeejCe keâjves kesâ ue#eCe efoKeelee nw~ mg/ℓ leguÙeebkeâ CaCO3
190
 (b) mg/ℓ equivalent N/50 H2SO4 20. In pre-industrial era the concentraton of
carbon dioxide, CO2, was–
mg/ℓ leguÙeebkeâ N/50 H2SO4 hetJe& DeewÅeesefiekeâ Ùegie ceW CO2 keâer meevõlee Leer–
(c) mg/ℓ equivalent phenolphthalein (a) 200 ppm (b) 360 ppm
(c) 265-290 ppm (d) 300 ppm
mg/ℓ leguÙeebkeâ efheâvewheäLeueerve RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015
(d) mg/ℓ equivalent bromocresol green Ans : (c) hetJe& DeewÅeesefiekeâ Ùegie ceW CO2 keâer meevõlee 260–270
mg/ℓ leguÙeebkeâ nje yeÇesceesef›eâmee@ue ppmv Leer hejvleg meeceevÙeleÙee Fme ceeve keâes 290 ppmv Devegceeefvele
RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Ans (a) : CaCO3 keâes #eejerÙe heoeW kesâ ™he ceW JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee pee 21. With reference to water pollution, BOD means.
mekeâlee nw~ keäÙeeWefkeâ H2SO4 Skeâ meuheâÙetefjkeâ Decue nw peyeefkeâ peue Øeot<eCe kesâ mebyebOe ceW, BOD keâe DeLe& nQ?
efheâvewheäLeueerve Deewj nje yeÇesceesef›eâmee@ue Skeâ keâeye&efvekeâ ÙeewefiekeâeW kesâ (a) Biochemical Oxygen Dilution
pewJe jmeeÙeveer legvekeâjCe
DecueerÙe leLee #eejerÙe Øeke=âefle keâes metefÛele keâjles nw FmeerefueS FvnW metÛekeâ (b) Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(Indicator) Yeer keânles nw~ pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Deekeämeerpeve ceebie
18. Cast iron pipes are cast by– (c) Bio Organic Dissolutes/pewJe keâeye&efvekeâ efJeuesÙe
{ueJee@ ueesns keâer heeFheeW keâes {euee peelee nw– (d) Basic Organic Dissolutes/cetue pewJe keâeye&efvekeâ
(a) Die casting process/[eF& keâeefmšbie Øeef›eâÙee Éeje efJeuesÙe
(b) Centrifugal casting process RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014
Dehekesâvõer keâeefmšbie Øeef›eâÙee Éeje Ans. (b) : BOD Deekeämeerpeve keâer Jen cee$ee nw, pees efkeâmeer efJeefMe<š
(c) Investment casting process meceÙe DeJeefOe ceW Skeâ efveefMÛele leeheceeve hej efoÙes ieÙes heeveer kesâ vecetveeW
FvJesmšcesvš Øeef›eâÙee Éeje ceW ceewpeto keâeye&efvekeâ meece«eer keâes DeheIeefšle keâjves kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ
(d) Vacuum Moulding process nesleer nw~ BOD cetuÙe Deeceleewj hej 20 ef[«eer mesefumeÙeme leeheceeve hej
efveJee&le ceesefu[bie Øeef›eâÙee Éeje 5 efoveeW kesâ oewjeve Øeefle ueeršj Dee@keämeerpeve kesâ efceueer«eece ceW JÙeòeâ neslee
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015
nw~
Ans : (b) {ueJeeB ueesns kesâ heeFhe Dehekesâvõer keâeeEmšie Øeef›eâÙee Éeje
22. What is the value of total hardness acceptable
{eues peeles nQ~ Dehekesâvõer keâeeEmšie Øeef›eâÙee Éeje KeesKeueer yesueveekeâej
is potable water as per Indian Standards?
JemlegDeeW keâer {ueeF& keâer peeleer nw Ùee Gvekeâer Yeerlejer meleneW hej Oeeleg keâer YeejleerÙe ceeheoC[ kesâ Devegmeej hesÙepeue ceW mJeerkeâeÙe& kegâue
hejle ÛeÌ{eF& peeleer nw~ Fme efJeefOe keâe efJeMes<e iegCe Ùen nw efkeâ Oeeleg keâ"esjlee keâe ceeve keäÙee nw?
Ietceles ngS KeeBÛes ceW Fmekesâ De#e hej GÌ[sueer peeleer nw, pees Dehekesâvõer yeue (a) 0.3 P.P.M. (b) 3 P.P.M.
Éeje meeBÛes ceW peceleer nw~ FmeceW keâesj keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR heÌ[leer nw~ (c) 30 P.P.M. (d) 300 P.P.M.
19. The amount of oxygen required by RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014
microorganisms to decompose the Ans. (d) : hesÙe peue kesâ ceevekeâ Fme Øekeâej nQ–
biodegradable organic is called– (i) pH Value 6 to 8.5 lekeâ mJeerkeâeÙe&
met#ce peerJeeW Éeje pewJeefJeIešveerÙe pewefJekeâ heoeLeeX kesâ (ii) keâ"esjlee 300 P.P.M.
DeheIešve kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve keâer cee$ee keâes (iii) kegâue "esme 1500 mg/lit
keânles nQ– (iv) E-coli 1
(a) oxygen demand/Dee@keämeerpeve ceebie hes Ù e peue keâer keâ"es j lee 300 P.P.M. lekeâ ueer peeleer nw~ hesÙe peue keâer
(b) oxygen deficiency/Dee@keämeerpeve keâer keâceer keâ"esjlee kewâefuMeÙece leLee cewiveerefMeÙece kesâ yeeF&keâeyeexvesš, meuhesâš leLee
(c) biochemical oxygen demand keäueesjeF[ kesâ keâejCe nesleer nw~ peue keâer kegâue keâ"esjlee kewâefuMeÙece
pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceebie keâeyeexvesš kesâ meceleguÙe ceeveer peeleer nw~ kewâefuMeÙece Je cewiveerefMeÙece kesâ
(d) chemical oxygen demand yeeF&keâeyeexvesš kesâ keâejCe peue ceW DemLeeF& keâ"esjlee leLee meuhesâš SJeb
jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceebie keäueesjeF[ kesâ keâejCe peue keâer mLeeF& keâ"esjlee nesleer nw~
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015 23. Fluoride pollution mainly affects:
Ans : (c) meeceevÙe ™he mes peue keâer iegCeJeòee keâe efveOee&jCe pewJe HeäuetDeesjeF[ Øeot<eCe cegKÙe ™he mes ØeYeeefJele keâjlee nw:
Dee@keämeerpeve ceebie (BOD), jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceebie (COD), (a) teeth/oeBleeW keâes (b) kidney/Je=keäkeâ keâes
Iegefuele Deekeämeerpeve (DO) kesâ DeeOeej hej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ meeceevÙe (c) brain/ceefmle<keâ keâes (d) heart/ÜoÙe keâes
leehe hej efkeâmeer peue kesâ Skeâ ueeršj Yeeie keâes 5 efove ceW met#ce peerJeeW ceW RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014
GheeheÛeÙeer ef›eâÙee kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve keâer cee$ee pewefJekeâ Ans. (a) : heäueesjeF[ Øeot<eCe cegKÙe ™he mes oeBleeW keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjlee
Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie DeLee&le BOD keânueelee nw~ Ùen hejer#eCe peue ceW nw~ keäueesjeF[ SJeb heäueesjeF[ Øeot<eCe kesâ keâejCe oeBleeW hej heerues jbie keâe
GheefmLele pewJe Dee@keämeerkeâjCeerÙe keâeye&efvekeâ heoeLeeX keâer cee$ee keâe Deekeâueve Oeyyee heÌ[ peelee nw leLee oeBleeW keâe #ejCe nesves ueielee nw~ oeBleeW SJeb
keâjlee nw~ BOD, peue Øeot<eCe kesâ ceevekeâ efveOee&jCe keâe cenlJehetCe& nef[d[ÙeeW ceW kewâefuMeÙece keâe cenlJehetCe& jesue nw~
Ieškeâ nw~ peueerÙe peerJe Iegefuele Dee@keämeerpeve DeLee&le DO kesâ keâejCe ner heerves Jeeues heeveer ceW heäueesjeF[ keâe meerceevle ceeve 1 mg/lit mes 1.5
peerefJele jnles nQ~ mg/lit lekeâ nes mekeâlee nw~

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24. BOD (Bio Chemical Oxygen Demand) of safe (b) has no relationship with concentration of
drinking water must be: oxygen in water/keâe peue ceW Dee@keämeerpeve keâer meebõlee
megjef#ele hesÙe peue keâe pewJe–jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceebie mes keâesF& mebyebOe veneR nw~
(BOD) nesvee ÛeeefnS: (c) gives a measure of Salmonella in the water
(a) 0/MetvÙe (b) 50 ppm/50 heerheerSce
peue ceW efmLele meeuceesvesuee keâer GheefmLeefle keâer ceehe Øeoeve
(c) 100 ppm/100 heerheerSce (d) 200 ppm/200 heerheerSce
keâjlee nw~
(d) increases when sewage gets mixed with river
RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014 water/ceW yeÌ{le nesleer nw peye veoer peue ceW ieboe heeveer
Ans. (a) : megjef#ele hesÙe peue keâe pewJe-jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie (sewage) efceefßele neslee nw~
MetvÙe nesvee ÛeeefnS~ RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
25. Disinfection of drinking water is done to Ans. (c) : pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie (BOD) Dee@keämeerpeve
remove: keâer Gme cee$ee keâe ceeheve nw pees peue kesâ Skeâ vecetves ceW JeeÙeJeerÙe pewefJekeâ
heerves ÙeesiÙe peue keâe jesieeCegveeMeve efkeâmes nševes kesâ efueS DeheIeškeâeW Éeje pewJe #eÙekeâejer keâeye&efvekeâ heoeLeex kesâ DeheIešve kesâ efueÙes
efkeâÙee peelee nw? DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ meeuceesvee Skeâ peerJeeCeg nw lees šeÙeHeâeF[/Deeb$e pJej kesâ
(a) Odour/ogieËOe (b) Bacterias/peerJeeCeg efueÙes efpeccesoej neslee nw leLee Ùen iebos ceefueve peue Deeefo Glhevve neslee
(c) Turbidity/ieboueeheve (d) Colour/jbie nw~ yeer.Dees.[er. keâer cee$ee yeÌ{ves hej meeuceesvee peerJeeCeg keâer cee$ee yeÌ{
RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014 peeleer nw~
Ans. (b) : heerves ÙeesiÙe peue keâe jesieeCegveeMeve peerJeeCeg keâes nševes kesâ 29. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a
efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ measure of
yueereEÛeie heeG[j Skeâ nukesâ heerues jbie keâer ÛetCe& nw, efpemeceW mes keäueesjerve pewJe jmeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceebie (BOD) efvecveefueefKele
keâer iebOe Deeleer nw~ yueereEÛeie heeG[j keâe ØeÙeesie keäueesjerve, keäueesjesheâece& ceW mes efkeâmekeâer ceehe keâjlee nw~
kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW, hesÙe peue keâes Megæ keâjves ceW peerJeeCeg veeMekeâ kesâ ™he ceW (a) Oxygen utilized during oxidation of organic
jbieerve keâheÌ[eW keâe jbie GÌ[ves ceW, Ûeerveer keâes mehesâo keâjves ceW ceW efkeâÙee matters/pewJe heoeLeex kesâ Dee@keämeerkeâjCe kesâ oewjeve GheÙeesie
peelee nw~ keâer ieÙeer Dee@keämeerpeve keâer
(b) Suspended particles in water
26. {ueJee ueesne Deewj mšerue keâer heeFheeW keâe meeceevÙele: peue ceW Iegues keâCe keâer
efkeâmekesâ Éeje Glheeove efkeâÙee peelee nw? (c) Suspended particles in air
(a) DeJehebkeâ {ueeF& (Slush casting) nJee ceW Iegues ngS keâCe keâer
(b) efveJesMeve {ueeF& (Investment casting) (d) Noise level in air/nJee ceW Meesj kesâ mlej keâer
(c) mener DehekesâvõerÙe {ueeF& (true centrifugal casting) RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
(d) "hhee {ueeF& (die casting) Ans : (a) pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Deekeämeerpeve ceebie (BOD) pewJe heoeLeeX kesâ
RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014 DeekeämeerkeâjCe kesâ oewjeve GheÙeesie keâer ieÙeer Deekeämeerpeve keâer cee$ee nw~
Ans : (c) {ueJeeB ueesne Deewj mšerue keâer heeFheeW keâe meeceevÙele: mener meeceevÙe ™he mes peue keâer iegCeJeòee keâe efveOee&jCe pewJe Deekeämeerpeve ceeBie,
Dehekesâvõer {ueeF& (True centrifugal casting) Éeje Glheeove efkeâÙee jemeeÙeefvekeâ Deekeämeerpeve ceebie, Iegefuele Deekeämeerpeve kesâ DeeOeej hej efkeâÙee
peelee nw~ peelee nw~ meeceevÙe leehe hej efkeâmeer peue kesâ Skeâ ueeršj Yeeie keâes 5
mener Dehekesâvõer {ueeF& ceW efheIeueer Oeeleg keâes Ietceles ngS meeBÛes kesâ De#e efove ceW met#ce peerJeeW ceW GheeheÛeÙeer ef›eâÙee kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ
hej GÌ[sueer peeleer nw leLee efheIeueer Oeeleg Dehekesâvõer yeue kesâ Éeje meeBÛeW Deekeämeerpeve keâer cee$ee pewefJekeâ Deekeämeerpeve ceebie keânueeleer nw~
keâer oerJeejeW hej peceleer nw~ 30. Biodegradable pollutants are
27. Bacteria in sewage are mostly: pewJe DeheIešveerÙe mebot<eCe (Biodegradable pollutants)
meerJespe ceW heeÙeer peeves Jeeueer yewkeäšerefjÙee DeefOekeâlej (a) quickly degraded by natural means
nesleer nw: Øeeke= âeflekeâ ceeOÙeceeW mes MeerIeÇ DeheIeefšle nesles nQ~
(b) can not be degraded
(a) Anaerobic/DeJeeÙeJeerÙe (b) Pathogenic/jesiepevekeâ DeheIeefšle veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee~
(c) Saprophytic/ce=leeshepeerJeer (d) Parasitic/hejpeerJeer (c) can be degraded by burning only
RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014 kesâJeue peueekeâj DeheIešveerÙe nesles nQ~
Ans : (b) meerJespe, Fmlesceeue keâj yene efoÙes peeves Jeeues peue keâes keâne (d) disposed in flowing water only
peelee nw~ meerJespe ceW meeceevÙele: jesiepevekeâ peerJeeCegDeeW keâer DeefOekeâlee kesâJeue yenles heeveer ceW efveheševe efkeâÙee peelee nw~
nesleer nw~ SÙejesceesveme, Jesjesveer, SÙejesceesveeme neF[^esefheâue SJeb RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
keâueeefmš^ef[Ùece kegâÚ ØecegKe yewefkeäšefjÙee nw pees meerJespe ceW heeÙes peeles nw~ Ans : (a) efpeve Øeot<ekeâ heoeLeeX keâe Øeeke=âeflekeâ ef›eâÙeeDeeW mes DeheIešve
28. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in a river neskeâj efvecveerkeâjCe (ef[«es[sMeve) neslee nw, GvnW yeeÙeesef[«es[syeue Øeot<ekeâ
water: keânles nQ~ GoenjCeeLe&–Iejsuet ef›eâÙeeDeeW mes efvekeâues peue ceue keâe
veoer peue ceW pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie (BOD): DeheIešve met#ce peerJe keânles nQ~ Fmeer Øekeâej cesšeyeesefuekeâ ef›eâÙeeDeeW kesâ
(a) remains unchanged when algal bloom occurs Gheeslheeo pewmes–CO2 veeš^sšdme SJeb leeheerÙe Øeot<eCe mes efvekeâueer T<cee
ceW keâesF& heefjJele&ve veneR neslee peye MewJeepeerÙe GlHegâuueve Deeefo keâe GheÛeej Øeke=âefle ceW ner Fme Øekeâej nes peelee nw efkeâ Gmekeâe
(bloom) neslee nw~ ØeYeeJe Øeot<ekeâ jn peelee nw~
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31. Which is NOT a cause of water pollution. (c) 250 mg/l (d) 500 mg/l
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewvemee peue Øeot<eCe keâe keâejCe RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
veneR nw? Ans : (b) peue ceW ceeheoC[ DevegcevÙe cee$ee
(a) Bacteria/yewkeäšerefjÙee keâ"esjlee 300 mg/ℓ
(b) Inorganic chemicals/DepewefJekeâ jmeeÙeve keäueesjeF[ 200 mg/ℓ
(c) Oil spills from industry/GÅeesieeW mes lesue efjmeeJe
(d) High decibels of automobiles kegâue "esme 500 PPM
JeenveeW keâer lespe DeeJeepe leehe 10º–15ºC
RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014 jbie 10–20 PPM
Ans : (d) peue Øeot<eCe mes DeefYeØeeÙe peue efvekeâeÙeeW pewmes efkeâ– PeerueeW ieboueeheve 5–10 PPM
veefoÙeeW Deewj Yetpeue kesâ heeveer kesâ mebotef<ele nesves mes nw~ peue Øeot<eCe, Fve iebOe 0–5 PPM
peue efvekeâeÙeeW kesâ heeoheeW Deewj peerJeeW keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjlee nw Deewj meJe&oe heäueesjeF[ 1.5 PPM
Ùen ØeYeeJe ve efmehe&â Fve peerJeeW Ùee heeoheeW kesâ efueS Deefheleg mechetCe& Deemexefvekeâ 0.05 PPM
pewefJekeâ leb$e kesâ efueS efJeveeMekeâejer neslee nw~ meermee 0.05 PPM
peue Øeot<eCe keâe cegKÙe keâejCe yewkeäšerefjÙee, DepewefJekeâ jmeeÙeve, GÅeesieeW ueesne Deewj cewiveerpe 0.3 PPM
mes lesue efjmeeJe Deeefo nw~ peyeefkeâ JeenveeW keâer lespe DeeJeepe OJeefve
Øeot<eCe keâe keâejCe nw~ Deveg c evÙe hes Ù epeue kes â ef ueS keâ"es j lee keâe ceevekeâ 300mg/lit nw~
35. In BOD5 deternination of sewage, the initial
32. Per capita water demand is–
dissolved oxygen is measured to be 8.3 mg/l.
Øeefle JÙeefkeäle peue keâer ceebie nw– However, after 5 day incubation at 200C
(a) average amount of daily water required by temperature, the dissolved oxygen is found to
one person be 2.3 mg/l. If the dilution factor is 1:60, the
Øeefle JÙeefkeäle DeeJeMÙekeâ peue keâer Deewmele cee$ee BOD5 of the sewage would be–
(b) monthly average amount of daily water meerJespe keâer BOD5 (pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceebie)
required by one person keâes %eele keâjves nsleg ceeheer keâF& ØeejbefYekeâ IegueveMeerue
Øeefle JÙeefkeäle Øeefle ceen peue keâer Deewmele DeeJeMÙekeâlee Dee@keämeerpeve keâer cee$ee 8.3 mg/l nw~ heeBÛe efoveeW keâer
(c) annual average amount of daily water
required by one person 200C leeheceeve hej FvkeäÙetyesMeve kesâ heMÛeeled Iegueer ngF&
Øeefle JÙeefkeäle Jeeef<e&keâ peue keâer DeeJeMÙekeâ Deewmele cee$ee Dee@keämeerpeve keâer cee$ee 2.3 mg/l heeF& ieF&~ Ùeefo leveglee
(d) weekly average amount of daily water Ieškeâ 1:60 nes lees meerJespe keâer BOD keäÙee nesieer?
required by one person/Øeefle JÙeefkeäle Øeefleefove peue (a) 360 mg/l
keâer DeeJeMÙekeâ cee$ee keâe meehleeefnkeâ Deewmele (b) 260 mg/l
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015 (c) cannot be determined/ efveOee&efjle veneR efkeâÙee pee
Ans : (c) IS keâes[–1172–1963 kesâ Devegmeej meeceevÙe DeJemLee ceW mekeâlee
Øeefle JÙeefòeâ Øeefle efove Jeeef<e&keâ peue keâer DeeJeMÙekeâ Deewmele cee$ee 135 (d) 6.0 mg/l
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
ueeršj efueÙee peelee nw~
Ans : (a) efoÙee nw–
33. The continuous exposure of high concentration
of carbon monoxide may cause– Di = 8.3mg/lit
keâeye&ve ceesveesDee@keämeeF[ keâer GÛÛe meevõlee kesâ efvejblej D0 = 2.3mg/lit
D.F = 1 in 60
ØeYeeJe ceW jnves hej keäÙee neefve nes mekeâleer nw?
BOD5 = ( D1 − D 0 ) D.F.
(a) damage of alveoli/hesâheâÌ[eW kesâ JeeÙeg Øekeâes<"eW keâer #eefle
(b) kidney damage/iegoeX keâer #eefle 60
= ( 8.3 − 2.3) ×
= 6 × 60 = 360mg / lit
(c) failure of respiratory system 1
MJemeve leb$e keâer efJeheâuelee BOD5 = 360mg/lit
(d) coma followed by death/keâescee kesâ heMÛeele ce=lÙeg 36. In house water connection, ferrule is provided,
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015 which is a :
Ans : (d) keâeye&ve ceesvees Dee@keämeeF[ keâer GÛÛe meeboÇlee ceveg<Ùe SJeb Iejes ceW heeveer kesâ keâveskeäMeve ceW Skeâ Hesâ™ue Øeoeve efkeâÙee
peeveJejeW keâs efueS efJe<eekeäle nesleer nw~ Ùen jkeäle cesb GheefmLele peelee nw, pees neslee nw–
nerceesiueesefyeve keâs meeLe ef›eâÙee keâjkeâs Dee@keämeerpeve Deehetefle& keâes yeeefOele keâj (a) small sized curved pipe made of a flexible
oslee nw~ efpeme keâejCe heÇYeeefJele JÙeefòeâ keâs keâescee cesb peeves Je ce=lÙeg nesves material/Skeâ Úesšs meeFpe keâe cegÌ[e ngDee heeFhe pees
keâer mebYeeJevee yeÌ{ peeleer nw~ ueÛeerues heoeLe& keâe yevee neslee nw
34. The permissible desirable drinking water (b) right angled sleeve made of brass or gun
standard for total hardness is– metal/heerleue Ùee ieve Oeeleg keâe yevee uecyekeâesCeerÙe mueerJe
kegâue keâ"esjlee kesâ efueS peue keâer DevegcevÙe Deehesef#ele (c) galvanised iron pipe of size less than 50 mm
hesÙepeue keâe ceevekeâ nw– diameter
(a) 200 mg/l (b) 300 mg/l 50 efceceer. mes keâce JÙeeme kesâ iewuJesveeFp[ ueewn heeFhe
193
 (d) flexible connection between the water main (d) desalination of water
and the service pipe heeveer ceW GheefmLele meeuš keâes nševes hej
Jee@šj cesve leLee meefJe&me heeFhe kesâ yeerÛe ueÛeeruee peesÌ[ RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015 Ans : (a) Megæ peue ceW peuemeb›eâecekeâ yeerceejer jesiepevekeâ peerJeeCegDeeW
Ans : (b) Hesâ™ue keâe ØeÙeesie meeceevÙele: Heâemšsefvebie, pJeeFefvebie, kesâ keâejCe nesleer nw~ Fmekeâesnševes kesâ efueS peue keâe efkeâšeCegveeMeve Ùee
meerefuebie Ùee megÂÌ{erkeâjCe kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Iejes ceW heeveer kesâ jesieeCegveeMeve efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keâveskeäMeve ceW ØeÙegòeâ Hesâ™ue heerleue Ùee ieve Oeeleg keâe Skeâ mueerJe keâer 41. The colour in water is determined using
lejn neslee nw~ instrument called–
37. The prescribed permissible limit of chloride in peue ceW jbie keâes %eele keâjves kesâ efueS GheÙeesieer GhekeâjCe
drinking water is : keânueelee nw–
heerves kesâ heeveer ceW keäueesjeF[ keâe efveOee&efjle DevegcesÙe meercee (a) spectrophotometer/mheskeäš^esheâesšesceeršj
neslee nw– (b) photometer/heâesšesceeršj
(a) 150 mg/l (b) 200 mg/ l (c) tintometer/efšbšesceeršj
(c) 250 mg/ l (d) 300 mg/ l
(d) atomic adsorption spectrophotometer
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015
hejceeCeg DeJeMees<eCe mheskeäš^esheâesšesceeršj
Ans : (c) keäueesjeF[ kesâ keâejCe heeveer ceW Keejeheve Deelee nw Deewj heeveer RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
heerves ÙeesiÙe veneR jnlee nw, pees heeveer mecegõ kesâ meceerhe leLee ueJeCeerÙe Ans : (c) efšvšesceeršj (Tintometer) jbie ceeheves keâe GhekeâjCe nw~
ÛešdševeeW kesâ mecheke&â ceW Deelee nw, GmeceW keäueesjeF[ DeefOekeâ heeÙes peeles
nQ~ keäueesjeF[ keâe hejer#eCe ceesnj efJeefOe mes efkeâÙee peelee nw~ heerves kesâ 42. Angle is measured by–
heeveer kesâ efueÙes keäueesjeF[ keâer Deveg%esÙe meercee 250 mg/lit leLee keâesCe ........... kesâ Éeje ceehee peelee nw–
(a) plain scale/meeOeejCe hewceevee
DeefOekeâlece menveMeerue meercee 1000 mg/lit neslee nw~
38. The water treatment plants are generally (b) comparative scale/legueveelcekeâ hewceevee
designed for a period of : (c) scale of chords/Ûeehe keâe hewceevee
meeceevÙele: peue GheÛeej mebÙeb$e.........heerefjÙes[ (DeJeefOe) (d) diagonal scale/efJekeâCe& hewceevee
kesâ efueS ef[peeFve keâer peeleer nw– RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
(a) 50 years/50 meeue (b) 30 years/30 meeue Ans : (c) keâesCe ceeheves kesâ GhekeâjCe–
(c) 40 years/40 meeue (d) 25 years/25 meeue jsKeerÙe ceevekeâ keâesCeerÙe ceehekeâ ÙegefkeäleÙeeB–
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015 (1) Øeesšskeäšj
Ans : (b) efJeefYeVe efvecee&Ce keâeÙeeX keâe DeefYekeâuheve keâeue efvecve efueÙee (2) JeemleefJekeâ yesJesue Øeesšskeäšj
pee mekeâlee nw– melen ceevekeâ keâesCeerÙe ceeheve ÙegefkeäleÙeeB–
(i) heche/efJeÅegle ceesšj – 15 Je<e&
(ii) peue MeesOeve Jeke&âme – 15 Je<e& (1) meeFve yeej
(iii) efMejesheefj šQkeâ – 15 Je<e& (2) meeFve mesvšj
(iv) peue efJelejCe ØeCeeueer – 30 Je<e& Peg k eâeJe keâes ceeheves keâer ÙegefkeäleÙeeB–
(v) peue Jenve heeFhe`` – 30 Je<e& (1) efmØeš uesJeue
(vi) yeeBOe-peueeMeÙe ceW peue meb«en – 50 Je<e& (2) efkeäueveesceeršj
39. The value of peak factor considered in the keâesCeerÙe legueefve$e–
estimation of water demand for the population
of 1,00,000 is– (1) Deešesefkeäueveesceeršj
Skeâ ueeKe pevemebKÙee kesâ peue ceebie kesâ Deekeâueve kesâ 43. The average water consumption for
efueS DeefOekeâlece iegCeebkeâ efueÙee peelee nw– government offices ranges from–
(a) 2.25 (b) 2.50 mejkeâejer keâeÙee&ueÙeeW kesâ efueS Deewmele heeveer keâer meercee nw
(c) 2.75 (d) 3.00 (a) 45-90 litres per capita per day
RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015 45-90 ueeršj Øeefle efove Øeefle JÙeefkeäle
Ans : (b) pevemebKÙee kesâ DeeOeej hej DeefOekeâlece iegCeebkeâ d keâe ceeve (b) 30-60 litres per capita per day
efvecve efueÙee peelee nw– 30-60 ueeršj Øeefle efove Øeefle JÙeefkeäle
Population Peak factor (c) 75-100 litres per capita per day
50000 lekeâ 3.0 75-100 ueeršj Øeefle efove Øeefle JÙeefkeäle
5000–200000 lekeâ 2.5 (d) 25-50 litres per capita per day
200000 mes DeefOekeâ 2.0 25-50 ueeršj Øeefle efove Øeefle JÙeefkeäle
40. A water borne disease may be controlled by– RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015
peue peefvele jesieeW keâer jeskeâLeece keâer pee mekeâleer nw– Ans : (a) efkeâmeer JÙeefkeäle Éeje Øeefleefove Deewmeleve GheYeesie keâer ieF&
(a) disinfection of water/peue kesâ jesieeCegveeMeve Éeje peue keâer cee$ee keâes Øeefle JÙeefkeäle Deewmele ceebie keânles nQ~ meeceevÙele: Ùen
(b) sterlization of water/heeveer keâer efJemeb›eâceCe Éeje 135 lpcd nesleer nw~ efJekeâefmele osMeeW ceW Ùen 270 lpcd leLee «eeceerCe
(c) demineralization of water #es$eeW ceW 70 ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefkeäle Øeefleefove ueer peeleer nw~ mejkeâejer
heeveer keâer efJeKeefcepeeskeâjCe Éeje (Keefvepe ueJeCeeW keâes keâeÙee& ueÙeeW kesâ efueÙes Deewmele heeveer ceebie 45-90 ueeršj Øeefle JÙeefkeäle
nševee) Øeef le ef ove nesleer nw~
194
44. In water treatment, the manual screens are Ans : (a) pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceeBie, Dee@keämeerpeve keâer Gme
kept inclined at an angle of– cee$ee keâe ceeheve nw pees peue kesâ Skeâ vecetves ceW JeeÙeJeerÙe pewefJekeâ
heeveer kesâ GheÛeej ceW, cewvegDeue m›eâerve keâes Skeâ keâesCe hej DeheIeškeâeW Éeje pewJe #eÙekeâejer keâeye&efvekeâ heoeLeeX kesâ DeheIešve kesâ efueÙes
Pegkeâe keâj jKee peelee nw– DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ Iej kesâ ievoer veeueer kesâ peue ceW BOD keâer cee$ee 200–
(a) 30-500 with the horizontal 400 ppm lekeâ leLee heerves kesâ mJeÛÚ heeveer ceW BOD keâer cee$ee 1
#eweflepe kesâ meeLe 30-500 ppm mes keâce Ùee MetvÙe nesveer ÛeeefnS~
(b) 45-600 with the horizontal
#eweflepe kesâ meeLe 45-60 0 48. The function of sluice valve provided in pipe
0 line is :
(c) 50-70 with the horizontal
#eweflepe kesâ meeLe 50-70 0 heeFhe ueeFve ceW efoS ieS muetme JeeuJe keâe keâeÙe& nw–
(d) 45-800 with the horizontal (a) to reduce the chances of pollution reaching
into the pipe
#eweflepe kesâ meeLe 45-800 Øeot<eCe kesâ heeFhe ceW hengBÛeves keâer mebYeeJevee keâes keâce keâjvee
RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015
(b) to reduce the pressure on pipes
Ans : (b) yenles heeveer ceW Úesšer yeÌ[er, efveueefcyele meYeer Øekeâej keâer heeFhe hej oyeeJe keâce keâjvee
DeMegefæÙeeB nesleer nw efpevnW treatment plant ceW peeves mes jeskeâves kesâ (c) to regulate the flow of water through the
efueÙes heeveer keâer m›eâerefvebie keâer peeleer nw ceesšs Úvvekeâ 25 mm mes 75 pipes
mm lekeâ kesâ nesles nQ ÚvvekeâeW keâes 450 mes 600 kesâ keâesCe hej Pegkeâekeâj heeFhe kesâ ceeOÙece mes heeveer kesâ ØeJeen keâes efveÙebef$ele keâjvee
ueieeÙee peelee nw~ (d) to allow the air to enter the pipe
45. The water distribution networks are normally heeFhe ceW nJee keâes ØeJesMe keâjves keâer Devegceefle osvee
designed for a period of– RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015
peue efJelejCe vesšJeke&â meeceevÙe ™he mes efkeâme DeJeefOe kesâ Ans : (c) heeFhe ueeFve ceW muetme JeeuJe keâe keâeÙe& peue kesâ ØeJeen keâes
efueS DeefYekeâuheve efkeâS peeles nQ– efveÙebef$ele keâjvee nw~
(a) 40 years/40 Je<e& (b) 30 years/30 Je<e& 49. Which one of the following does not react with
(c) 25 years/25 Je<e& (d) 50 years/50 Je<e& concrete-
RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015 efvecve ceW mes keâewve kebâ›eâerš kesâ meeLe Øeefleef›eâÙee veneR keâjlee
Ans : (b) peue efJelejCe heeFheeW keâes efyeÚeves keâer 4 ØeCeeefueÙeeB nQ– nw?
(i) Je=#e Ùee yevo efmeje ØeCeeueer (a) Sewage water/meerJespe keâe heeveer
(ii) Ûe›eâerÙe Ùee eEjie ØeCeeueer (b) Sulphuric acid/meuheäÙetefjkeâ Decue
(iii) ef«e[ peeue ØeCeeueer (c) Vegetable oil/Jevemheefle lesue
(iv) DejerÙe ØeCeeueer (d) Alcohol/Mejeye
peue efJelejCe heefjÙeespevee keâe DeefYekeâuheve meeceevÙele: heefjÙeespevee kesâ RRB JE Shift-III : 28.08.2015
hetCe& nesves kesâ heMÛeele 30 Je<e& efueÙee peelee nw~ Ans : (d) Deukeâesnue kebâ›eâerš mes ef›eâÙee veneR keâjlee nw~
46. The undesirable taste and odours caused by 50. The prescribed water consumption for
dissolved gases may be removed by : restaurants is
Iegueer ngF& iewmeeW keâer Jepen mes DeJeebÚveerÙe mJeeo Deewj iebOe peueheeve ie=n kesâ efueS efveOee&efjle peue GheYeesie nw–
keâes Fmemes nšeÙee pee mekeâlee nw– (a) 100 litres per seat per day
(a) chemical treatment/jemeeÙeefvekeâ GheÛeej 100 ueeršj Øeefle meerš Øeefleefove
(b) aeration/Jeeleve (b) 125 litres per seat per day
125 ueeršj Øeefle meerš Øeefleefove
(c) disinfection/ jesieeCegveeMeve
(c) 70 litres per seat per day
(d) reverse osmosis/efJehejerle hejemejCe
70 ueeršj Øeefle meerš Øeefleefove
RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015
(d) 50 litres per seat per day
Ans : (b) Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW peue Øeot<eCe keâer mecemÙee YeÙebkeâj ™he 50 ueeršj Øeefle meerš Øeefleefove
uesleer pee jner nw~ peue Øeot<eCe mes Fmekesâ mJeeo, jbie, iebOe Deeefo ceW RRB JE Shift-I : 29.08.2015
heefjJele&ve nes peelee nw~ peue kesâ DeJeebÚveerÙe mJeeo SJeb iebOe keâes Jeeleve Ans : (c) IS. 1172 kesâ Devegmeej meeJe&peefvekeâ mebmLeeveeW kesâ efueS peue
Øeef›eâÙee Éeje Megæ efkeâÙee peelee nw~ keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee efvecve Øekeâej nesleer nw–
47. The biochemical oxygen demand of treated (1) peueheeve ie=n leLee YeespeveeueÙe – 70 ueeršj Øeefle meerš Øeefleefove
water should be :
GheÛeeefjle heeveer keâer pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve keâer (2) efmevescee leLee ceveesjbpeve ie=n – 15 ueeršj Øeefle meerš Øeefleefove
(3) (a) Demheleeue 100 yes[ lekeâ – 340 ueeršj Øeefle yes[ Øeefleefove
ceebie nesveer ÛeeefnS– (b) Demheleeue 100 yes[ mes DeefOekeâ – 450 ueeršj Øeefle yes[
(a) nil/MetvÙe Øeefleefove
(b) less than 30 mg/1/30 efce«ee/ueer mes keâce
51. The permissible/desirable drinking water
(c) less than 150 mg/1/150 efce«ee/ueer mes keâce
standard for total dissolved solids is–
(d) always more than 9 mg
ncesMee 9 efce«ee mes DeefOekeâ ceevekeâ heerves Jeeues peue kesâ efueS kegâue Iegefuele Deveg%esÙe/
RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015 DeeJeMÙekeâ "esme nw–
195
 (a) 600 mg/ℓ (b) 500 mg/ℓ (d) chronic bronchitis followerd by asthma
DemLecee kesâ yeeo ›eâesefvekeâ yeÇeskeâeFefšme
(c) 400 mg/ℓ (d) 1000 mg/ℓ
RRB JE Shift-II : 29.08.2015
RRB JE Shift-I : 29.08.2015
Ans : (c) keâeye&ve ceesvees
Dee@keämeeF[ (CO) Skeâ ØecegKe JeeÙeg Øeot<ekeâ
Ans : (b) peue ceW Iegefuele "esme keâCe 500 mg/ℓ mes DeefOekeâ veneR iewme nw~ Ùen Skeâ jbienerve SJeb yengle efJe<ewueer iewme nw pees ceveg<Ùe leLee
nesvee ÛeeefnS~ peerJeOeeefjÙeeW kesâ efueS neefvekeâejkeâ nesleer nw~ CO meeBme kesâ ceeOÙece mes
52. In BOD3 determination of sewage, the initial Mejerj ceW hengBÛekeâj jòeâ ceW GheefmLele nerceesiueesefyeve keâer Dee@keämeerpeve Jenve
dissolved oxygen is measured to be 8.9 mg/l,
however, after 3 days incubation at 270C #ecelee keâes efyeukegâue keâce keâj osleer nw~ FmeefueS DeefOekeâ keâeye&ve ceesvees
temperature, the dissovled oxygen is found to Dee@keämeeF[ Ùegòeâ JeeÙeg ceW meebme uesves ceW keâef"veeF& nesleer nw Deewj Devle ceW
be 1.9 mg/l. If the dilution factor is 1:50, the MJeemeejesOe neskeâj ce=lÙeg Yeer nes mekeâleer nw~ JeeÙeg ceW Ùeefo CO keâe
BOD5 of the sewage would be– meevõCe 100 ppm nw, lees Jen efmejoo&, omle, Ieyejenš mes efÛeblee,
BOD3 ceW meerJespe kesâ efveOee&jCe ceW, ØeejefcYekeâ Yebie
SW"ve, Ûekeäkeâj Deevee leLee yesnesMeer GlheVe keâjleer nw~ 100 ppm mes
Deekeämeerpeve keâes 8.9 efceueer«eece/ueeršj ceehee peelee nw, DeefOekeâ meevõCe nesves hej Ùen ceeveJe peeefle kesâ efueS Ieelekeâ nw~
neueebefkeâ 27 ef[«eer mesefumeÙeme leeheceeve hej 3 efove kesâ
54. In surface waters, the presence of taste and
T<ceeÙeve kesâ yeeo Dee@keämeerpeve keâes 1.9 efceueer «eece/ odour due to dissolved gases may be removed
ueeršj heeÙee ieÙee~ Ùeefo efceßeCe keâe Devegheele 1 : 50 nw by–
lees, meerJespe keâe BOD5 nesiee– melener peue ceW, Iegueer iewmeeW kesâ mJeeo Deewj iebOe keâer
(a) 350 mg/l (b) 35 mg/l ceewpetoieer keâes efkeâmemes nšeÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
(c) cannot be determined (d) 7.0 mg/l
RRB JE Shift-I : 29.08.2015 (a) filteration/MeesOeve
Ans : (c) efoÙee nw– Di= 8.9mg/l D0= 1.9mg/l (b) coagulation/mkebâove
leveglee Devegheele = 50 (c) aeration/JeeÙeg mebÛejCe
meceÙe Devlejeue = 3 efove (d) disinfection/keâeršeCegMeesOeve
Dele: RRB JE Shift-III : 29.08.2015
B.D.D3 = ( Di − D o ) .D.f. Ans : (c) melener peue ceW , Ieg ueer iewmeeW kesâ mJeeo Deewj iebOe keâes JeeÙeg
= (8.9–1.9)×50 = 7×50= 350mg/lit mebÛejCe Éeje nšeÙee peelee nw~ Jeeleve ef›eâÙee ceW heeveer keâes JeeÙeg kesâ
BOD5 %eele keâjves kesâ efueS– Ieefve<" mecyevOe ceW ueeÙee peelee nw~ efpememes Ùen DeefOekeâ cee$ee ceW
BOD t = B.O.D ultimate (1 − 10− kt ) Dee@keämeerpeve «enCe keâj ues, GheefmLele keâeye&efvekeâ heoeLeeX keâe
Dee@keämeerkeâjCe nes peeÙes leLee keâeye&ve [eF& DeekeämeeF[ yeenj efvekeâue
t = 3 jKeves hej–
peeÙes~ Jeeleve mes neF[^espeve [eF& meuheâeF[ (H2S) efvekeâue peeves mes
BOD3 = B.O.D ultimate (1 − 10− k×3 ) iebOe otj nes peeleer nw leLee ueewn Je cewiveerpe keâe Yeer DeekeämeerkeâjCe nes
350 = B.O.D ultimate (1 − 10 −3k ) .......(i) peelee nw~
t = 5 jKeves hej– 55. The amount of oxygen required to decompose
BOD5 = B.O.D ultimate (1 − 10 )
−5k the organics under strong acid conditions is
....... (ii)
called–
meceer. (ii) ÷(i) mes– keâ"esj DecueerÙe efmLeefleÙeeW ceW pewefJekeâ efJeIešve kesâ efueS
BOD5 B.O.D ultimate (1 − 10 ) 1 − 10
−5k −5k DeeJeMÙekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve keâer cee$ee keâes keâne peelee nw
= =
BOD3 B.O.D ultimate (1 − 10−3k ) 1 − 10−3k (a) chemical oxygen demand
jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceebie
 (1 − 10−5k )  (b) biochemical oxygen demand
BOD5 = BOD3 =   pewJe jemeeÙeefvekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceebie
 (1 − 10−3k ) 
  (c) biological oxygen demand
Dele: k kesâ ceeve kesâ DeYeeJe ceW BOD5 keâer ieCevee veneR keâer pee pewefJekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceebie
mekeâleer nw~ (d) theoretical oxygen demand
53. The carbon monoxide causes– mewæebeflekeâ Dee@keämeerpeve ceebie
keâeye&ve ceesveesDee@keämeeF[ keâe keâejCe nw– RRB JE Shift-III : 29.08.2015
(a) coughing and choking problem in respiratory Ans : (a) meerJespe ceW GheefmLele keâeye&efvekeâ heoeLeeX keâe lespe jemeeÙeefvekeâ
system/MJemeve leb$e ceW Keemeves Je efnÛkeâer keâer mecemÙee
DeekeämeerkeâejkeâeW Éeje Dee@keämeerkeâjCe keâjves kesâ efueÙes DeeJeMÙekeâ
(b) broncho-constriction/MJemeve veefueÙeeW ceW mebkegâÛeve
Dee@keämeerpeve keâer cee$ee jemeeÙeefvekeâ Deekeämeerpeve ceeBie keânueeleer nw~ Fme
(c) headace, vomiting, slurring of speech
convulsions, coma and death hejer#eCe ceW keâeye&efvekeâ heoeLeeX kesâ meeLe-meeLe Dekeâeye&efvekeâ heoeLeeX keâe Yeer
efmejoo&, Gušer, yesnesMeer Je SW"ve, keâescee Je ce=lÙeg Dee@keämeerkeâjCe nes peelee nw~ Ùen 5 Iebšs ceW ner mecheVe nes peelee nw~
196
 YeJeveeW Je efmeefJeue efvecee&Ce kesâ Øeekeäkeâueve,
ueeiele SJeb cetuÙeebkeâve (Estimating, Costing
& Valuation of Building & Civil Works)
■ FËšeW mes yeveer efkeâveejer (meÌ[keâ kesâ efkeâveejs keâer) kesâ efueS Yegieleeve keâer
1. ceeheve FkeâeF& (Measurement Unit) FkeâeF& nw– Øeefle ceeršj
■ 100 Ieveceeršj efÛeveeF& keâeÙe& kesâ efueÙe 20 mesceer.×10 mesceer.×10 ■ ØeJesMe ceeie&, Oejve Deeefo ceW keâšs helLej kesâ keâeÙe& ceW helLej-keâeÙe& kesâ
mesceer. kesâ Deekeâej keâer efkeâleveer FËšeW keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesieer– 50000 efueS Yegieleeve keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw– Øeefle Ieve ceeršj
■ D.P.C. keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw– Øeefle Jeie& ceeršj ■ 10 Jeie& ceeršj, 25 efceceer. ceesšs 1:2:4 meerceWš kebâ›eâerš kesâ heâMe& ceW
■ Ssmyesmšme Ûeodoj keâer Úle kesâ efueÙes Yegieleeve keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw– meerceWš keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw– 79 efkeâ«ee.
Jeie& ceeršj ceW ■ MeerMes keâe heâuekeâ ueieeves Ùee meheâeF& keâjves kesâ efueS Yegieleeve keâer
■ leer›e yeue«eener meerceWš keâe Yeej efueÙee peelee nw– 1200 kg/cum FkeâeF& nw– Øeefle mebKÙee
■ veeRJe KeeFÙeeW, [^sveeW Deeefo ceW ce=oe keâeÙe& kesâ efueS efJeefveefo&eq<šÙeeW keâes ■ Ûešdševe keâes efJemheâesefšle keâjves kesâ efueS Yegieleeve keâer FkeâeF&
lewÙeej keâjles meceÙe ueer[ keâe ceeve efveOee&efjle efkeâÙee peelee nw– (efJemheâesefšle helLej keâe henues {sj ueieeÙee peelee nw Deewj leye Gmekeâer
30 ceeršj
■ Øeekeäkeâueve ceW heefjMegælee efveYe&j keâjleer nw– ceoeW keâer oj keâer ceehe keâer peeleer nw) nw– Øeefle Ieve ceeršj
Megælee hej ■ 25 iespe kesâ Ûeodoj keâer ceesšeF& Deeceleewj hej nesleer nw–
■ Ûetves Ùee meerceWš cemeeues mes FËš efÛeveeF& Ùee helLej kesâ {eskeâeW keâer 1 efceceer. mes keâce
efÛeveeF& Jeeues YeJeveeW keâe peerJeve keâeue neslee nw– ■ efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâe hebtpeerke=âle cetuÙe neslee nw–
t 100 Je<e& Je DeefOekeâ kegâue Jeeef<e&keâ DeeÙe × Je<e& ueefyOe
■ Deeceleewj hej ojeW keâe efJeMues<eCe keâjves kesâ efueÙes cemeeues kesâ efueS
■ Smyesmšme meerceWš keâer veeueeroej Ûeodoj keâer ceevekeâ ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw–
mebIeškeâ heoeLeeX kesâ mekeâue DeeÙeleve keâer leguevee ceW ieerues efceefßele
cemeeues kesâ DeeÙeleve ceW keâceer ceeveer peeleer nw– 25³ 1.05 ceeršj

ceeheve keâer Yegieleeve keâer FkeâeF&ÙeeB (Unit of Measurements and payments)

ceo MKS ØeCeeueer ceW
ceo keâe veece
mebKÙee ceeheve FkeâeF&
1 helLej keâer efieóer (Deueie-Deueie ceehe ceW) Ieve ceeršj
2 FËš keâer jesÌ[er (Deueie-Deueie ceehe ceW) Ieve ceeršj
3 leej keâer peeueer (Wire ) Jeie&ceeršj
4 mLeue meHeâeF&, PeeÌ[-PebKeeÌ[, Ieeme-Hetâme GKeeÌ[vee leLee meceleue keâjvee (15mesceer. ienjeF& lekeâ) Jeie&ceeršj
5 veeRJe KegoeÙeer {erueer meeceevÙe ce=oe, kebâkeâj yepejer Ùegòeâ ce=oe {erueer (keâ"esj ce=oe, Deeefo GlLeeve (Lift) 1.5 Ieveceeršj
ceer. leLee {gueeF& (Lead) 30 ceer. meefnle
6 Ûeóeve-helLej, KegoeF&-keâšeF& Ieveceeršj
7 ce=oe keâeÙe& keâer [jsmeer (Dressing) Ieveceeršj
8 oeieyesue ueieevee (Dag elling) efkeâceer.
9 Ieeme ueieJeeÙeer keâeÙe& Jeie&ceeršj
10 Ûeóeve keâšeF& Ieveceeršj
11 veeRJe ceW Ûetvee kebâ›eâerš (Ûetvee:megKeea:FËš keâer jesÌ[er) Ieveceeršj
12 meercesvš kebâ›eâerš (meercesvš:yeeuet:efieóer) Ieveceeršj
13 {tuee Deewj leKlee yevoer Jeie&ceeršj
14 meercesvš kebâ›eâerš keâe meerue jeskeâ jöe (ceesšeF& os jKeer nw) Jeie&ceeršj
197
 15 Øemeej peesÌ[eW keâe GheÛeej leLee efyešgceve yeeuet YejeÙeer ceeršj
16 helLej efÛeveeF& Ûetvee/meercesvš cemeeues ceW Ieveceeršj
17 veeRJe SJeb DeefOejÛevee ceW helLej efÛeveeF& Ieveceeršj
18 helLej kesâ efuevšue, Oejve (keâšeF&/meheâeF& meefnle) Ieveceeršj
19 helLej heefšÙee keâe Úppee, keâeefve&me Deeefo Jeie&ceeršj
20 helLej keâe peeueer keâeÙe& Jeie&ceeršj
21 veeRJe SJeb kegâmeeR& leue lekeâ FËš efÛeveeF& meercesvš/Ûetvee cemeeues mes Ieveceeršj
22 DeefOejÛevee ceW oerJeejeW ceW FËš efÛeveeF& keâeÙe& (DeeOeer FËš mes DeefOekeâ ceesšer oerJeejW) Ieveceeršj
23 DeeOeer FËš ceesšer efÛeveeF& (Øeyeueve meefnle/jefnle) Jeie&ceeršj
24 [ešW, FËš efÛeveeF& ceW (ieeje/cemeeues ceW) Ieveceeršj
25 keâefve&me SJeb ceÌ{eF& jöe ceeršj ceW
26 efmØebie jöe/ef[^he jöe ceeršj ceW
27 Øeyeefuele FËš keâeÙe& (Fmheele keâe ØeefleMele os jKee nw~) Ieveceeršj
28 pewkeâ [eš keâer ceevekeâ Úle Thejer mechetefle& meefnle Jeie&ceeršj
29 DebleMÚo keâeÙe&– Jeie&ceeršj
30 Ûetvee kebâ›eâerš keâe HeâMe&/Ke[bpee keâeÙe& Jeie&ceeršj
31 ojJeepes/efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW keâer osnue ceW kebâ›eâerš/hueemšj keâeÙe& Jeie&ceeršj
32 ojJeepes/efKe[efkeâÙeeW kesâ heuues (meYeer Øekeâej kesâ hewveue Ùegòeâ) Jeie&ceeršj
33 yeeref[bie ceeršj
34 uekeâÌ[er keâer efÛejeF& Jeie&ceeršj
35 uekeâÌ[er/ueesns kesâ keâeÙe& hej jbie-jesieve (keâesš keâer mebKÙee os jKeer nw) Jeie&ceeršj
36 Jeeefve&Me keâeÙe& Jeie&ceeršj
37 meercesvš/Ûetvee/ce=oe hueemšj, šerhe Jeie&ceeršj
■ veiejheeefuekeâe keâj mecheefòe mes Øeehle DeeÙe keâe efkeâlevee ØeefleMele
2. YeJeve cetuÙeebkeâve leLee efkeâjeÙee efveOee&jCe efveOee&efjle efkeâÙee peelee nw– 10 mes 12³
(Valuation and Rent Fixation) ■ R.C.C. kesâ kebâ›eâerš keâeÙe& kesâ ceehe keâer FkeâeF& nw– Ieve ceeršj
■ Deæ& veeueeroej Ùee š^eheâ[&Meerš keâer ceevekeâ ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw– ■ Kegues yeepeej ceW efkeâmeer mecheefòe Ùee YeJeve keâe GefÛele cetuÙe Gme
1.10 ceeršj mecheefòe Ùee YeJeve keâe hetbpeerke=âle keânueelee nw– efkeâjeÙee cetuÙe
■ mecheefòe kesâ efvejvlej GheÙeesie keâjves mes Gmekeâer GheÙeesefielee Oeerjs-Oeerjs ■ keâj ÙeesiÙe cetuÙe keânueelee nw– Je<e& Yej keâe Megæ efkeâjeÙee
meceehle nesleer peeleer nw leLee Gmekesâ cetuÙe ceW keâceer Dee peeleer nw~ Fme ■ 30 ceeršj ueer[ kesâ Yeerlej 30 Ieve ceeršj DeefOeMes<e ce=oe kesâ
keâceer keâes keânles nQ– DeJecetuÙeve efvemleejCe kesâ efueS efove ceW efkeâleves cepeotjeW keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesieer–
■ efkeâmeer YeJeve keâer Jeeef<e&keâ cejccele kesâ mebyebOe ceW Øeekeäkeâueve yeveeles Deewj 10
Gmes cebpetjer keâjles meceÙe ØeeÙe: mekeâue JÙeÙe jeefMe keâe ...... Fceejle ■ oerJeejeW ceW FËš efÛeveeF& kesâ ceehe keâer FkeâeF& Ieve ceeršj nw, peyeefkeâ
1 Thejer mechetefle& meefnle [eš Jeeues Úle kesâ efueS ceehe keâer FkeâeF& nw–
kesâ efueS jKee peelee nw– 1 % Jeie& ceeršj
2 ■ Yetefce mecheefòe leLee YeJeveeW hej nesves Jeeues mecYeeefJele JÙeÙe ceW Ùen veneR
■ mJeerke=âle Øeekeäkeâueve ceW DeheÙee&hle ojeW Ùee DevÙe efkeâmeer keâejCeJeMe Deelee nw– efkeâjeÙee
......... mes DeefOekeâ Je=efæ nes peeves keâer mebYeeJevee nesves hej mebMeesefOele
■ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ 1200 kesâ Devegmeej ceeheW uesles meceÙe, ceeheW ceeheer
Øeekeäkeâueve lewÙeej keâjkesâ Øemlegle efkeâÙee peelee nw– 5³
peeleer nw– 0.01 ceeršj kesâ vepeoerkeâ
■ efkeâmeer YeJeve keâer cetue ueeiele keâer leguevee ceW Gmekeâer Jeeef<e&keâ cejccele
Deesj efJeMes<e cejccele hej mekeâue JÙeÙe ....DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâe kegâue ŒeesleeW mes Øeehle DeeÙe keâes keânles nQ-
ÛeeefnS– 2.5³ mes mekeâue DeeÙe
■ 1 Ieve ceeršj meerceWš kesâ efueS meerceWš keâer efkeâleveer yeesefjÙeeW keâer efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâes ceeefuekeâevee nkeâ ceW yeveeÙes jKeves keâes keânles nQ-
DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesieer– 30 mecYeeefJele KeÛex
198
efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâer ueeiele keâe meceÙeyeæ efkeâmleeW ceW Yegieleeve keâer jeefMe kegâue Jeeef<e&keâ DeeÙe keâe efkeâleves ØeefleMele veiej heeefuekeâe keâj kesâ ™he
keânueeleer nw- Jeeef<e&keâer ceW efoÙee peelee nw- 20³
efkeâmeer mecheefòe kesâ ceeefuekeâ keâer DeeJeMkeâlee kesâ ceeheve keâes keânles nQ- kegâue Jeeef<e&keâ DeeÙe keâe efkeâlevee ØeefleMele mecheefòe keâj kesâ ™he ceW
cetuÙe efoÙee peelee nw- 5³
Kegues yeepeej ceW mecheefòe kesâ ›eâÙe kesâ efueS me#ece Ùee FÛÚgkeâ JÙeefòeâ efkeâmeer YeJeve keâer kegâue Jeeef<e&keâ DeeÙe keâe efkeâlevee ØeefleMele ØeyevOeve ceW
mes Øeehle OevejeefMe keânueeleer nw- yeepeej cetuÙe JÙeÙe efkeâÙee peelee nw- 5³
ceewmeceer ØeYeeJe, efvejvlej GheÙeesie leLee DeeÙeg yeerleves hej mecheefòe kesâ efkeâmeer YeJeve keâer kegâue Jeeef<e&keâ DeeÙe keâe efkeâlevee ØeefleMele yeercee nsleg
cetuÙe ceW keâceer keâer oj keâes keânles nQ- cetuÙeÜeme 1
JÙeJeefmLele efkeâÙee peelee nw- ³
yeepeej cetuÙe kesâ Deefleefjòeâ DevÙe JewOe KeÛex pewmes oueeueer, mšeche 2
[Ÿetšer DeefOe«enCe JÙeÙe FlÙeeefo keâer kegâue jeefMe keânueeleer nw- ueeiele cejccele kesâ efueS YeJeve keâer efvecee&Ce ueeiele keâe efkeâlevee ØeefleMele
efkeâmeer mecheefòe kesâ JeemleefJekeâ efveJesMe ceW mes Jele&ceeve DeJeefOe lekeâ 1
efueÙee peelee nw- 1³ mes 1 ³
cetuÙeÜeme keâes Ieševes kesâ yeeo pees cetuÙe yevelee nw, Gmes keânles nQ- 2
yener Ùee Keelee cetuÙe 3. YeJeve Ùeespevee, DeefOeefveÙece leLee keâeÙe& "skesâ
mejkeâejer DeefYeuesKe ceW keâj efveOee&jCe kesâ efueS mecheefòe keâe ope& cetuÙe (Building Planning, by Laws and
keânueelee nw- Debefkeâle cetuÙe
Contracts)
efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâer efyevee efiejeÙes Ùee leesÌ[s SJeb Gmekeâer KeÌ[er efmLeefle ceW
ueeYekeâejer DeeÙeg kesâ Devle hej cetuÙe keânueelee nw- keâyeeÌ[ cetuÙe ■ cetuÙe Üeme keâe DeLe& nw– mecheefòe keâer GheÙeesefielee
efkeâmeer YeJeve keâer Gmekeâer ueeYekeâejer DeeÙeg hetCe& nesves hej efiejeves hej meceehle nes peeves kesâ Ghejevle cetuÙe ceW DeeF& efiejeJeš
SJeb efiejeves keâe KeÛee& Ieševes kesâ yeeo ceueyes keâe ›eâÙe cetuÙe keânueelee ■ Fme efJeefOe ceW mecheefòe keâe cetuÙe Üeme ØeefleJe<e& meceeve neslee nw leLee
nw- ceueyes keâe cetuÙe FmeceW mecheefòe keâer cetue ueeiele keâe Skeâ efveefMÛele Yeeie nj Je<e& Ieše
efoÙee peelee nw~ Fmes keânles nQ– cetuÙeÜeme keâer mejue jsKee efJeefOe
ceueyes kesâ cetuÙe keâes Deewj Yeer veeceeW mes peevee peelee nw pees nw-
Scrap value, junk value or Demolition value
■ mlecYeeW kesâ efueS R.C.C. ceW Øeyeueve keâer cee$ee Øeefle Ieve ceeršj
kebâ›eâerš ceW ueer peeleer nw– 160 efkeâ«ee.
efkeâmeer YeJeve kesâ ceueyes keâe cetuÙe Fmekeâer efvecee&Ce ueeiele keâe efkeâlevee ■ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ cees[tuej keâe FËš keâe Deekeâej neslee nw–
ØeefleMele efueÙee peelee nw- 10³
19 mesceer. × 9 mesceer. × 9 mesceer.
meeceevÙele: efkeâmeer mecheefòe kesâ Jele&ceeve cetuÙe keâe efkeâlevee ØeefleMele ■ efkeâmeer YeJeve kesâ Øeekeäkeâueve ceW peue ØeoeÙe leLee mesvesš^er efheâefšbie keâer
$e+Ce efoÙee peelee nw- 50 mes 70³
ØeefleMele ueer peeleer nw (peyeefkeâ efJemle=le ceehe GheueyOe veneR nesleer
efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâe heóe osves Jeeues Deewj uesves Jeeues keâes ›eâceMe: keäÙee nw)– 4³
keâne peelee nw- heóeoelee SJeb heóeOeejer ■ efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâe Jen cetuÙe pees efkeâmeer Yeer meceÙe Kegues yeepeej ceW
heós keâer DeefOekeâlece DeJeefOe efkeâleves Je<e& ueer peeleer nw- 99Je<e& mecheefòe keâes efye›eâer kesâ efueS Øemlegle keâjkesâ Øeehle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee
nw– yeepeej cetuÙe
peye efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâe veÙeer efvecee&Ce lekeâveerkeâer kesâ DeheveeÙes peeves hej
ØeÙeesie ceW yeoueeJe kesâ keâejCe DeLeJee meeceeefpekeâ OeejCeeÙeW yeoue peeves ■ efpeme OevejeefMe keâe Jeeef<e&keâ yeepeej YeeJe hej yÙeepe keâer OevejeefMe Gme
hej, peye mecheefòe keâe cetuÙe efiej peelee nw keânueelee nw- ueghleØeeÙelee mecheefòe mes DeeÙe kesâ yejeyej nesleer nw Gmes keâne peelee nw–
hebpeerke=âle cetuÙe
efpeme mecheefòe hej Jele&ceeve mJeeceer keâe hetCe& SJeb JewOe DeefOekeâej neslee ■ 1 : 2 : 4 efcekeäme keâer meerceWš kebâ›eâerš ceW meerceWš keâer cee$ee (efkeâ«ee.
nw keânueelee nw- hetCe& ceeefuekeâevee mecheefòe ceW) ueer peeleer nw–
efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâer kegâue Jeeef<e&keâ DeeÙe ces mes Jeeef<e&keâ cejcceleeW keâe Je 290 efkeâ«ee. mes 320 efkeâ«ee. lekeâ
mLeeveerÙe keâj Ieševes hej Øeehle Megæ DeeÙe keânueelee nw- ■ meerceWš kebâ›eâerš peye nQ[ efceefkeämebie kesâ Éeje lewÙeej keâer peeleer nw lees
Megukeâen& cetuÙe ceMeerve, efceefßele efJeefOe keâer Dehes#ee FmeceW meerceWš keâer cee$ee DeefOekeâ
peye mejkeâej efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâe meeJe&peefvekeâ keâeÙe& kesâ efueS mejkeâej ueer peeleer nw– 10³ ueieYeie efceefßele efJeefOe
efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ/heešea mes GefÛele cegDeeJepee oskeâj DeefOe«enCe keâjvee ■ efJeMues<eCe keâer oj meeOeejCeleÙee efvekeâeueer peeleer nw–
keânueelee nw- Yet-Depe&ve Ùee Yetefce DeefOe«enCe cepeotjer mes meece«eerÙeeW mes
efkeâmeer YeJeve keâe Jeeef<e&keâ efkeâjeÙes keâe efkeâlevee ØeefleMele cejcceleer keâeÙe& meeceevÙeleÙee keâcejeW kesâ Devoj Je yeenj ØeLece ßesCeer kesâ YeJeve kesâ
JÙeÙe efkeâÙee peelee nw- 10 mes 15³ efueÙes efkeâleveer ceesšer hueemšj keâer peeleer nw- 12 efceceer.
MeesOeve efveefOe Ûe›eâJe=efæ yÙeepe meefnle mecheefòe keâer ueeYekeâejer DeeÙeg ØeLece ßesCeer kesâ YeJeve efvecee&Ce kesâ efueS meercesvš yeeuet keâe Devegheele
lekeâ cetue ueeiele kesâ efkeâleves ØeefleMele kesâ yejeyej nes peevee ÛeeefnS- efueÙee peelee nw-
90³ (1:6) (meercesvš:yeeuet)
199
 ÛeewKešW meeue keâer uekeâÌ[er keâer yeveer nesleer nw~ osJeoej, šerkeâ uekeâÌ[er Hegâškeâj Ùee Deeveg<eebefiekeâ JÙeÙe Smšercesš keâer jeefMe keâe efkeâlevee
kesâ heuues keâer ceesšeF& efkeâleveer nesveer ÛeeefnS- 40 efceceer. mes keâce veneR ØeefleMele ueer peeleer nw- 3 –5 ³
ØeLece ßesCeer kesâ YeJeve kesâ ÛeejeW Deesj meeceevÙeleÙee efkeâlevee efhuebLe Øeekeäkeâueve jeefMe ceW keâeÙe&-ØeYeeefjle mLeehevee keâe efkeâlevee ØeefleMele
ÚesÌ[e peelee nw- 1 ceeršj ÛeewÌ[e 1
efveOee&efjle neslee nw- 1 –2³ lekeâ
KeeF& keâer YejeÙeer meeceevÙeleÙee hejleeW ceW keâer peeleer nQ- 2
20 mesceer. keâer hejleeW ceW efJeYeeieerÙe DeefOeYeej Ùee ØeefleMele JÙeÙe keâe Øeekeäkeâueve jeefMe ceWs efkeâlevee
ØeefleMele meefcceefuele jnlee nw- 10 mes 15³
4. oj efJeMues<eCe (Analysis of Rate)
meeceevÙele: YeJeve keâer kegâue ueeiele keâe efkeâlevee ØeefleMele efkeâjeÙes kesâ
■ 8 šve #ecelee Jeeues š^keâ ceW efkeâleveer FËšW ues peeF& pee mekeâleer nw– ™he ceW mejkeâej keâes Øeehle nesvee ÛeeefnS- 6³
2500 ØeefleYetefle jeefMe Ùee peceeveleer jeefMe efvecee&Ce keâeÙe& keâer ueeiele keâe
■ efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâer GheÙeesefielee ceW ›eâefcekeâ ™he mes nesves Jeeueer keâceer efkeâlevee ØeefleMele efueÙee peelee nw- 10³
keânueeleer nw– cetuÙe-Üeme
■ efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâe Jen cetuÙe, efpemekeâe GÛÛelece ØeÛeefuele yÙeepe oj 5. Øeekeäkeâueve kesâ cetue efmeæevle leLee
hej Jeeef<e&keâ yÙeepe Gme mecheefòe mes nesves Jeeueer mekeâue DeeÙe kesâ Øeef›eâÙee (Basic Principles and
yejeyej nes, keânueelee nw– hebtpeerke=âle cetuÙe
■ mecheefòe keâer cetue ueeiele mes cetuÙe Üeme Iešekeâj Øeehle neslee nw– Procedure of Estimating)
yener cetuÙe
■ keâeÙe& Meg™ keâjves mes henues efkeâmeer mebjÛevee keâe mecYeeefJele cetuÙe %eele
■ mecheefòe Ùee YeJeve keâe Jeeef<e&keâ efkeâjeÙee efvekeâeuee peelee nw– keâjves keâes keânles nQ– Øeekeäkeâueve
kegâue hetBpeer keâe 6³ ■ meyemes heefjMegæ Øeekeäkeâueve neslee nw– efJemle=le Øeekeäkeâueve
■ efkeâmeer ueesns keâer heeFhe ceW ÛetÌ[er keâešves kesâ efueS Yegieleeve keâer FkeâeF& ■ veeRJe Deeefo keâer KegoeF& kesâ efueÙes ØeeÙe: ueer[ efveOee&efjle keâer peeleer nw–
nesleer nw– Øeefle mesceer. 30 m
■ 1 : 2 : 4 efcekeäme ceW Skeâ Ieve ceeršj kebâ›eâerš Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueÙes ■ CPWD kesâ Devegmeej Jenve otjer keâer meercee nesleer nw– 50 ceeršj
ceesšs efceueeJes keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee heÌ[leer nw– 0.88 cum ■ KeeF& ceW ce=oe YejeF& keâjles meceÙe ØeeÙe: ØelÙeskeâ hejle keâer ceesšeF& nesveer
■ Skeâ meerceWš kesâ yewie keâe DeeÙeleve efueÙee peelee nw– 35 ueeršj ÛeeefnÙes– 20 mes 50 cm
■ efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâer Deeke=âefle DeLeJee ef[peeFve kesâ keâejCe Ûeueve ■ DeeÙeleve kesâ ceoeW ceW meercesvš cemeeuee yeveeles meceÙe meercesvš kesâ Lewues
meceehle nes peevee keânueelee nw– ueghleØeeÙelee keâe DeeÙeleve efkeâleves ueeršj ceevee peelee nw– 35 litre
■ štšer ngF& FËšeW Ùee helLejeW keâes peye {sj ceW efheâj mes Fkeâšd"e keâjkesâ ■ efvecee&Ce keâeÙe& kesâ ceOÙe ceW peye cetue keâeÙe& ceW kegâÚ heefjJele&ve Ùee
ceehee peelee nw lees Fmekesâ DeeÙeleve ceW Deblej Deelee nw ueieYeie– 7³ Deefleefjkeäle keâeÙe& keâer Je=efæ keâer peeleer nw lees Fme meceÙe yeveves Jeeues
■ FËšeW keâer jesÌ[er keâes 24 IeCšs heeveer ceW efYeieesves hej Fmekesâ Yeej keâe, Øeekeäkeâueve keâes keânles nQ– Deveghetjkeâ Øeekeäkeâueve
Fmemes DeefOekeâ heeveer veneR meesKevee ÛeeefnÙes– 25³ ■ efkeâmeer efvecee&Ce keâeÙe& kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ceo keâer oj %eele keâjves keâes keânles
■ ueÌ[eF&, YetÛeeue, obieeW Deeefo kesâ [j mes efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâe yeepeej nQ– ceo oj efJeMues<eCe
cetuÙe Øeehle veneR nes heelee, lees Jen mecheefòe keâe cetuÙe keânueelee nw– ■ DeeÙeleve kesâ ceoeW ceW meercesvš kebâ›eâerš yeveeves kesâ efueÙes efceueeJee ceeheves
heerefÌ[le cetuÙe kesâ efueÙes GheÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues yee@keäme keâer ceehe nesleer nw–
■ uekeâÌ[er kesâ keâeÙe& ceW ojJeepes keâes Jeie& ceeršj ceW ceehee peelee nw, 35 cm × 25 cm × 40 cm/35 litre
peyeefkeâ ÛeewKeš kesâ efueÙes ceehe keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw– Ieve ceeršj ceW ■ Skeâ YeJeve kesâ efvecee&Ce keâer kegâue cetuÙe keâer leguevee ceW ceueyes keâe
cetuÙe efueÙee peelee nw– 10³
Hegâškeâj JÙeÙe keâes efkeâmeer ceo keâe oj efJeMues<eCe keâjles meceÙe efkeâme ■ efkeâmeer mecheefòe ceW efveJesefMele hetbpeeriele OevejeefMe keâes Ûegkeâlee keâjves kesâ
™he ceW ieCevee keâer peeleer nw- Skeâ cegMle ceW efueS Jeeef<e&keâ DeeJeleea Yegieleeve keânueelee nw– Jeeef<e&keâer
cegKÙe heefjÙeespevee ceW ßeefcekeâeW kesâ DeeJeeme, hesÙepeue, jesMeveer kesâ efueS ■ YeJeve efvecee&Ce ceW efyepeueer Je heeveer kesâ Skeâ cegMle ØeYeej kesâ efueÙes
oj efJeMues<eCe ceW efkeâleves ØeefleMele keâer JÙeJemLee jnleer nw- YeJeve ueeiele keâe efkeâleves ØeefleMele peesÌ[e peelee nw– 8³
Øeekeäkeâefuele jeefMe keâe 1½³ ■ uehesšJeeB ojJeepeeW kesâ hešjeW kesâ efueÙes efveoxMekeâ Ûewveue keâer vÙetvelece
ienjeF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 60 mm
cegKÙe heefjÙeespevee ceW Deewpeej/ceMeerveeW kesâ efueS Øeekeäkeâefuele jeefMe keâe ■ kegâmeea #es$eheâue Øeekeäkeâueve keâer ieCevee keâer peeleer nw–
efkeâlevee ØeefleMele jKee peelee nw- 1½³ YeJeve keâe {keâe ngDee #es$eheâue × kegâmeea #es$eheâue oj
Øeekeäkeâefuele jeefMe keâe cegKÙe heefjÙeespevee ceW efÛeefkeâlmee ogIe&šveeDeeW kesâ ■ efJeefYeVe peerJeve kesâ efJekeâuhe keâer leguevee keâjles meceÙe, meyemes DeefOekeâ
efueS efkeâleves ØeefleMele keâe ØeeJeOeeve efkeâÙee peelee nw- JejerÙelee efkeâme efJeefOe keâes oer peeleer nw–
Megæ Jeeef<e&keâer cetuÙe efJeMues<eCe
Øeekeäkeâefuele jeefMe keâe 1½³
■ Oejesnj jeefMe Deeceleewj hej keâye pecee keâjves kesâ efueS keâne peelee nw–
efkeâmeer keâeÙe& hej JÙeÙe, cetue mebMeesefOele ØeMeemeefvekeâ mJeerke=âefle cetue efveefJeoe pecee keâjves kesâ meceÙe hej
ØemeeMeefvekeâ mJeerke=âefle mes efkeâlevee yeÌ{ peeves hej mebMeesefOele ØeMeemeefvekeâ ■ I.S. 1200 kesâ Devegmeej ceehe keâneB lekeâ mener ceeveer peeveer ÛeeefnÙes–
mJeerke=âefle uesveer heÌ[leer nw- 10³ 0.01 m
200
■ FËš efÛeveeF& ceW efuevšue, keQâÛeer, jeheäšj, mlecYe, heefue&ve Deeefo ceW meeceevÙe leLee meceefcele oerJeejeW kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer
heefjÛÚso keâer ceehe efpemekesâ efueÙes keâesF& keâšewleer veneR nesieer– efJeefOe- ceOÙe jsKee efJeefOe
0.1 Jeie& ceeršj
■ efkeâmeer mecheefòe keâe Megæ Jeeef<e&keâ DeeÙe pees mekeâue Jeeef<e&keâ DeeÙe ceW Demeceefcele oerJeejeW kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeveer Jeeueer efJeefOe nw-
mes Jeeef<e&keâ cejccele keâe KeÛe& Iešekeâj Øeehle efkeâÙee peelee nw– yeenj-mes-yeenj Je Devoj-mes-Devoj efJeefOe
■ ueeskeâ efvecee&Ce efJeYeeie ceW ØeÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer efJeefOe nw-
keâj ÙeesiÙe DeeÙe
yeenj-mes-yeenj Je Yeerlej-mes-Yeerlej efJeefOe
■ Ùeefo GlKeveve kesâ oewjeve keâesF& Kepeevee Deewj yengcetuÙe Jemleg Ùee
meece«eer Øeehle nesleer nw, lees Jen efkeâmekeâer mecheefòe keânueeSieer– 6. YeJeve, jes[ leLee venj
mejkeâej keâer (Building, Roads & Canals)
■ uekeâÌ[er kesâ keâeÙeeX ceW ojJeepeeW kesâ Mešj keâer ceehe Jeie& ceeršj ceW nesleer
nw peyeefkeâ ÛeewKeš keâer ceehe nesleer nw– ceer.3/cu m ■ Fmheeleer heefjÛÚso pewmes Sbefieue, Ûewveue, šer, huesš Deeefo kesâ Yegieleeve
■ 1:6 Devegheele kesâ meercesvš cemeeues ceW ØeefleIeveceeršj cemeeues kesâ efueÙes keâer FkeâeF& nw– kegâvleue
efkeâleves meercesvš kesâ yeesjeW keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesieer– 5.6 ■ meeOeejCe DeLeJee keâ"esj Ûešdševe ceW 1.5 m ienjeF& lekeâ heeFhe
■ ce=oe keâeÙe& keâer ceehe FkeâeF& ........ nw peyeefkeâ melen mes KegoeF& keâer efyeÚeves Ùee kesâefyeue [eueves kesâ efueÙes KegoeF& kesâ Yegieleeve keâer FkeâeF&
ienjeF& 30 cm mes DeefOekeâ ve nes– Sq. m
nw– Øeefle ceeršj uecyeeF&
■ Skeâ meeOeejCe YeJeve kesâ cetuÙe ceW heoeLeeX leLee cepeotjer keâer ueieYeie ■ Skeâ Ieve ceeršj FËšeW keâer jesÌ[er yeveeves kesâ efueÙes YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ
cee@[guej FËšeW keâer mebKÙee ueer peeleer nw– 420 mes 440 FËšW
ØeefleMele nesleer nw– 60³ leLee 40³
■ 100 Ieve ceeršj FËšeW keâer jesÌ[er keâer ceehe yejeyej nesleer nw–
■ jodoenerve {eskeâeW keâer efÛeveeF& ceW YejCe helLej keâer vÙetvelece ceehe nesveer 125 Ieve ceeršj
ÛeeefnÙes– 15 cm
■ Deeceleewj hej efkeâmeer YeJeve keâe Jeeef<e&keâ efkeâjeÙee efveOee&efjle efkeâÙee peelee
■ ÛeejoerJeejer kesâ heâeškeâ keâes ceehee peelee nw– Jeie&ceeršj ceW nw– YeJeve kesâ cetuÙe keâe 5³ mes 10³ lekeâ
■ Yegieleeve keâer Skeâ meceeve ëe=bKeuee ceW hetBpeeriele Jemetueer iegCeebkeâ Deewj ■ Jeeef<e&keâ cejccele Øeekeäkeâueve keâes lewÙeej leLee mJeerke=âefle keâjles meceÙe
MeesOeve efveefOe iegCeebkeâeW ceW mecyevOe nw–hetBpeeriele Jemetueer iegCeebkeâ · meeOeejCeleÙee YeJeve kesâ efueÙes jKee peelee nw– kegâue KeÛe& keâe 85³
MeesOeve efveefOe iegCeebkeâ ± yÙeepeoj ■ Fmheele kesâ efuehešJeeb Mešj ceW jbieeF& kesâ keâeÙe& keâe Øeekeäkeâueve keâjves
uecyeer-Úesšer oerJeej efJeefOe keâe DevÙe veeceeW mes peevee peelee nw- yeenj- Deewj heeMJeeX keâe efnmeeye ueieeves kesâ efueS meceleue #es$e keâes iegCee
mes-yeenj Je Yeerlej-mes-Yeerlej efJeefOe 1
efkeâÙee peelee nw– 1
4
meeceevÙele: pees oerJeejW yeenj-mes-yeenj ueer peeleer nQ, keâner peeleer nQ- ■ 1:2:4 Devegheele keâe meercesvš kebâ›eâerš efceßeCe yeveeves kesâ efueÙes Skeâ
(Yeues ner Jen Úesšer oerJeej mes Úesšer nes)- uecyeer oerJeej Ieveceeršj efceßeCe ceW efkeâleves meercesvš kesâ yeesjeW keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee
pees oerJeejW Devoj-mes-Devoj ueer peeleer nw, keânueeleer nw-Úesšer oerJeej nesieer– 6.6 yeesjer
■ efkeâmeer efvecee&Ce keâeÙe& ceW, peye efJeYeeie meYeer heoeLe& ØeoeÙe keâjlee nw
uecyeer oerJeej keâes DevÙe veeceeW mes peevee peelee- #eweflepe oerJeej leLee "skesâoej cepeotj Øeoeve keâjlee nw lees leye "skeâe lewÙeej efkeâÙee
Úesšer oerJeej keâes DevÙe efkeâme veece mes peevee peelee nw- peelee nw– ßece "skeâe
TOJee&Oej oerJeej ce=oe keâe heefjceeCe %eele keâjves keâer ØeÙegòeâ FkeâeF&- Ieve ceeršj
veeRJe ceW uecyeer oerJeejeW keâer kegâue uecyeeF& uesles meceÙe KemekeâeW keâer UPPWD ceW G"eF& (Lift) SJeb Jenve (Lead) keâes meefcceefuele
uecyeeF&- peesÌ[er peeleer nw~ efkeâÙee peelee nw ›eâceMe:- 1.5 ceer. SJeb 30 ceer.
veeRJe ceW Úesšer oerJeejeW keâer kegâue uecyeeF& uesles meceÙe KemekeâeW keâer CPWD kesâ Devegmeej G"eF& SJeb Jenve keâes ›eâceMe: meefcceefuele efkeâÙee
uecyeeF&- IešeÙeer peeleer nw~ ieÙee nw- 1.5 ceer. SJeb 50 ceer.
uecyeer oerJeej keâer uecyeeF& Kemekesâ Iešves kesâ keâejCe- Iešleer nw~ YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ yÙetjeW kesâ Devegmeej ce=oe keâeÙe& kesâ efueS uecyeeF&,
Úesšer oerJeej keâer uecyeeF& Kemekesâ pegÌ[ves kesâ keâejCe- yeÌ{leer nw~ÛeewÌ[eF&, TBÛeeF&/ienjeÙeer keâer Megælee ueer peeleer nw- 0.01 ceer.
YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ yÙetjeW kesâ Devegmeej #es$eHeâue kesâ efueS ce=oe keâeÙe& ceW
FËš efÛeveeF& ceW ØelÙeskeâ Kemekeâe efueÙee peelee nw- 5 mesceer0
Megælee DeheveeÙeer peeleer nw- 0.01 ceer2
FËš efÛeveeF& ceW ØelÙeskeâ keâer Kemekesâ leue hej oerJeej uecyeeF&- YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ yÙetjeW kesâ Devegmeej, ce=oe keâeÙe& kesâ efueS DeeÙeleve keâer
10 mesceer keâer keâceer Ùee yeÌ{esòejer nesleer nw~ heefjMegælee lekeâ efueÙee peelee nw- 0.001 ceer3
YeJeveeW kesâ efJemle=le Øeekeäkeâueve kesâ efueS efJeefOe pees DeefOekeâ DeheveeÙeer 15 mesceer. lekeâ keâšeF&, meHeâeF&, ieºe YejeÙeer keâes keäÙee keânles nQ-
peeleer nw- P.W.D efJeefOe, uecyeer oerJeej Úesšer-oerJeej efJeefOe, melen [jsmeer
yeenj-mes-yeenj SJeb Devoj-mes-Devoj efJeefOe meeceevÙe ce=oeDeeW ceW keâševe ceW DeheveeÙeer ieÙeer {eue-
KemekeâeW keâer efceueeve keâer efmLeefle keâes mhe° keâjves kesâ efueS Ùeefo mebiece 1/2:1 mes 2:1(H:V)
hej uecyeer SJeb Úesšer oerJeejeW kesâ Kemekesâ meceeve leue hej veneR nw leye- meeceevÙe ce=oeDeeW ceW YejeJe ceW pees {eue DeheveeÙeer peeleer nw-
uecyeer oerJeej keâe DevegØemLe keâeš SJeb Úesšer 1
oerJeej keâe DevegowOÙe& keâeš KeeRÛe keâj mhe° keâer peeleer nw~ 1 :1 mes 4:1(H:V)
2
201
1. If to, tp and tm are the optimistic; most likely
and pessimistic time estimates of an activity
respective; then the expected time 't' of the
activity will be:
Ùeefo efkeâmeer ef›eâÙeekeâueehe keâe to, tp leLee tm ›eâceMe:
DeeMeeJeeoer, efvejeMeeJeeoer SJeb DeefOekeâ mebYeeJeer meceÙe keâe
Deekeâueve oMee&lee nes lees Dehesef#ele meceÙe 't' keâe ceeve
nesiee–
3. The "Isometric view" of a circle would appear
to + tp + tm t o + t p + 3t m as :
(a) (b)
3 5 Skeâ Je=òe keâe meceefceleerÙe ÂMÙe.............kesâ ™he ceW Øekeâš
t o + t p + 2t m t o + t p + 4t m neslee nw–
(c) (d) (a) a circle of reduced diameter
4 6
RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014 keâce JÙeeme keâe Skeâ Je=òe
(b) Ellipse/oerIe&Je=òe
Ans : (d) meceÙe keâer ieCevee kesâ efueS PERT kesâ efveÙece –
(c) a circle of increased diameter
1. DeeMeeJeeoer meceÙe (Optimistic time tO )–efyevee efkeâmeer yeÌ[s JÙeeme keâe Skeâ Je=òe
keâef"veeF& kesâ meyekegâÚ yengle keâce meceÙe ceW nes peeS~ DeeoMe& efmLeefle (d) a circle of equal diameter/meceeve JÙeeme keâe Skeâ
ceW efkeâmeer Activity keâes keâjves ceW keâce mes keâce ueies meceÙe keâes ner Je=òe
DeeMeeJeeoer meceÙe keânles nw~ RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015
2. DeefOekeâ mebYeeJeer meceÙe (Most likely time tm)–Activity Ans (b) : Je=òe keâe meceefceleerÙe ÂMÙe Skeâ oerIe&Je=òe Øeehle neslee nw~
meceÙe keâe meyemes DeÛÚer ieCevee nw~ Ùen DeeMeeJeeoer leLee
efvejeMeeJeeoer kesâ yeerÛe ceW jnlee nw~
3. efvejeMeeJeeoer meceÙe (Pessimistic time tp)–meYeer efJe<eceleeDeeW
keâes mecePeves ceW ueiee meyemes uecyee meceÙe nw~ Ùeefo meye kegâÚ ieuele
nes jne nes lees Gme meceÙe keâer ieCeveelcekeâ meceÙe ner efvejeMeeJeeoer
meceÙe (tp) keânueelee nw~
Deehesef#ele meceÙe (Expected time) Ghejesòeâ leerveeW keâe meefcceefuele ⇒ Jeie& keâe meceefceleerÙe ÂMÙe mece ÛelegYeg&pe Øeehle neslee nw~
t o + 4t m + t p 4. Which of the following can be considered as a
meceÙe nw~ t e = multi-valued attribute?
6 FveceW mes keâewve-mee Skeâ yeng cetuÙe efJeMes<elee kesâ ™he ceW
ceevee pee mekeâlee nw?
(a) Date of birth/pevce efleefLe (b) Age/DeeÙeg
(c) Salary/Jesleve (d) Address/helee
RRB JE : 04.09. 2015 Shift-II
Ans : (d) efvecve efJekeâuheeW ceW pevce efleefLe, DeeÙeg leLee Jesleve keâe
ceeve Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ veneR nes mekeâlee~ peyeefkeâ helee keâe ceeve Skeâ mes
2. One "end point" of a straight line lies in First DeefOekeâ nes mekeâlee nw~
Quadrant and the other in the Third Quadrant. 5. The process of evaluting software during or at
The line passes through : the end of the development process to
determine whether it satisfies specified
Skeâ meerOeer jsKee keâe Skeâ Deefvlece efyevog ØeLece ÛelegLeeËMe ceW business requirements is called–
nw leLee otmeje le=leerÙe ÛelegLeeËMe ceW efmLele nw~ jsKee .......... mes heefjYeeef<ele keâjves kesâ efueS efJekeâeme Øeef›eâÙee keâer meceeefhle
neskeâj iegpejleer nw– kesâ oewjeve Ùee meceehle nesves Jeeues mee@heäšJesÙej keâer Øeef›eâÙee
(a) Second Quadrant/efÉleerÙe ÛelegLeeËMe mes mebyebefOele kebâheveer keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee kesâ efJe<eÙe ceW
(b) Fourth Quadrant/ÛelegLe& ÛelegLeeËMe yeleeÙee ieÙee nw–
(c) Either Second or Fourth Quadrant (a) Risk management/ peesefKece ØeyebOeve
Ùee lees efÉleerÙe Ùee ÛelegLe& ÛelegLeeËMe (b) Testing/ hejer#eCe
(d) It will not pass through either of these two (c) Verification/ melÙeeheve
Quadrants/Ùen Fve oesveeW ÛelegLeeËMe mes veneR iegpejsiee (d) Validation/ hegef°keâjCe
RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015 RRB JE : 04.09. 2015 Shift-II
Ans (c) : keâesF& meerOeer jsKee (AB) keâe Skeâ Deefvlece efyevog ØeLece Ans : (d) hegef°keâjCe (Validation) mee@heäšJesÙej keâer Skeâ Ssmeer
ÛelegLeeËMe ceW leLee otmeje Deefvlece efyevog le=leerÙe ÛelegLeeËMe ceW nes, lees Jen Øeef ›eâÙee nesleer nw, pees efkeâmeer Yeer mee@heäšJesÙej keâer efJekeâeme Øeef›eâÙee keâes
jsKee Ùee lees efÉleerÙe ÛelegLeeËMe ceW Ùee ÛelegLe& ÛelegLeeËMe ceW efmLele nesiee~ meceeefhle kesâ oewjeve kebâheveer keâes DeeJeMÙekeâlee kesâ mevoYe& ceW neslee nw~
202
6. Which of the following is a black-box testing = 25 ceer.
method?
FveceW mes keâewve meer yuewkeâ-yee@keäme hejer#eCe efJeefOe nw?
(a) API testing/API hejer#eCe 1cm
=
(b) Mutation testing/ GlheefjJele&ve keâer peeBÛe 25m
(c) Boundary value analysis/ yeeGC[^er JewuÙet efJeMues<eCe
1
(d) Static testing/ efmLej hejer#eCe R.F. =
2500
RRB JE : 04.09. 2015 Shift-II
Ans : (c) meercee cetuÙe efJeMues<eCe (Boundary value analysis) 10. A term referring to the shortest possible time
for which an activity can be schedule :
Skeâ yuewkeâ yee@keäme šsmš ef[peeFve lekeâveerkeâ nw, pees meerceeDeeW hej Fvehegš Jen vÙetvelece mecYeeefJele meceÙe efpemekesâ efueÙes mebef›eâÙeeDeeW
$egefšÙeeW keâes Keespeves kesâ efueS GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ keâes DevegmetefÛele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, keâes efvecve heo mes
7. According to IS 1200, the formwork shall be oMee&les nQ–
measured in :
(a) Crash duration/›eâwMe DeJeefOe
IS 1200 kesâ Devegmeej Heâjceeyeboer keâe Deekeâueve efkeâÙee
(b) Expansion/efJemleej
peelee nw?
(c) Slack/yegPevee
(a) Tonnage/švespe (kegâue Jepeve šve ceW)
(d) Flexibility/ueÛeerueeheve
(b) cubic m/Ieve ceeršj ceW
RRB SSE Shift-III : 02.09.2015
(c) square meter/Jeie& ceeršj ceW Ans : (a) Jen vÙetvelece DeJeefOe efpemeceW efkeâmeer heefjÙeespevee keâes heÙee&hle
(d) Linear length/jsKeerÙe uecyeeF& ceW ßeefcekeâ leLee mebmeeOeve GheueyOe keâjekeâj peuoer mes peuoer meceehle efkeâÙee
RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015 pee mekeâlee nw ›eâwMe DeJeefOe keânueelee nw~
Ans : (c) IS 1200 kesâ Devegmeej Heâjceeyeboer keâe ceehe Jeie&ceeršj ceW 11. According to IS 1200, the metal sheet roofing
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ shall be described in terms of
8. According to IS 1200, granular sub-base used IS 1200 kesâ Devegmeej Oeeleg Ûeeoj Úle efvecve heoeW ceW
in............construction shall be measured as JÙeòeâ keâer peeleer nw–
finished work in position in : (a) meter/ceeršj
IS 1200 kesâ Devegmeej, keâCeoej DeOe: DeeOeej efvecee&Ce (b) cubic meter/Ieve ceeršj
meceeheve keâeÙe&..............ceW ceehee peeÙesiee~ (c) square meter/Jeie& ceeršj
(a) Tonnage/šve Yeej (d) thickness/ceesšeF&
(b) Square m of plan area/meceleue #es$e keâe Jeie& ceeršj RRB SSE Shift-I : 03.09.2015
(c) Cubic meters/Ieve ceeršj Ans : (d) Oeeleg ÛeeojeW keâe GheÙeesie {euet ÚleeW hej DeeJejCe kesâ ™he
(d) Thickness of the layer/hejleeW keâer ceesšeF& ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fvekeâer uecyeeF& leLee ÛeewÌ[eF& ceevekeâ kesâ Devegmeej
RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015 efveefMÛele nesleer nw~ FvnW kesâJeue ceesšeF& kesâ heoeW ceW JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee
Ans : (c) keâCeoej DeOe:mlej keâes Ieve ceeršj ceW ceehee peelee nw~ nw~ uenefjÙee pemleer ÛeeojW 0.90 m. ÛeewÌ[er leLee 1.8, 2.2, 2.5, 2.8
9. A man of 12 cm × 10 cm represents an area of Je 3.2 m uecyeeF& ceW yeveeÙeer peeleer nw~ ØelÙeskeâ Ûeeoj ceW 8 Ùee 10
75000 square meter of a field. The R.F. of the uenjW nesleer nQ~ Ûeeoj keâer ceesšeF& 16 mes 24 iespe nesleer nw~
scale is : 12. Skeâ Øeespeskeäš kesâ efvecee&Ce kesâ KeÛex kesâ cetuÙeebkeâve keâer
12 mesceer × 10 mesceer keâe Skeâ Deeoceer Skeâ #es$e keâe Øeef›eâÙee keâes keânles nQ–
75000 Jeie& ceer. #es$eheâue keâes Øeoe|Mele keâjlee nw, lees (a) Deekeâueve (estimation)
ceeheveer keâe efve™hekeâ efYeVe nesiee– (b) ceesše KeÛee& (rough costing)
(a)
1
(b)
1 (c) JeemleefJekeâ KeÛee& (actual costing)
625 250 (d) JÙeeJeneefjkeâ KeÛee& (workable costing)
1 1 RRB SSE (BHOPAL) : 21.12.2014
(c) (d)
2500 6250000 Ans : (a) Skeâ Øeespeskeäš kesâ efvecee&Ce kesâ KeÛex kesâ cetuÙeebkeâve keâer
RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015 Øeef›eâÙee keâes Deekeâueve (Estimation) keânles nw~
Ans : (c) 12 mesceer. × 10 mesceer. oMee&lee nw = 75000 Jeie& ceer. Deekeâueve (Estimation) kesâ Devleie&le efkeâmeer Øeespeskeäš kesâ efvecee&Ce kesâ
75000 henues (Befor manufacturing) KeÛex keâe cetuÙeebkeâve efkeâÙee peelee
1 mesceer. oMee&lee nw =
2
Jeie& ceer.
120 nw, peyeefkeâ Costing kesâ Devleie&le Øeespeskeäš kesâ efvecee&Ce kesâ yeeo
1 mesceer. oMee&lee nw = 625 ceer. (After manufacturing) KeÛex keâe cetuÙeebkeâve efkeâÙee peelee nw~

203
 ceneceeie& FbpeerefveÙeefjbie
(Highways Engineering)
Skeâ je<š^erÙe ceneceeie& neslee nw– pees osMe kesâ jepÙeeW keâer
1. meÌ[keâ FbpeerefveÙeefjbie jepeOeeefveÙeeW keâes peesÌ[leer nw
(Road Engineering) keâeÙe&heeuekeâ DeefYeÙeblee efkeâmekesâ meerOes efveÙeb$eCe ceW keâece keâjlee nw–
DeOeer#eCe DeefYeÙeblee
heÌ[esmeer osMeeW keâes efceueeves Jeeueer meÌ[keWâ keânueeleer nQ– ceneceeie& keâe efvecee&Ce leLee Gvekeâe Devegj#eCe keâjlee nw–
je<š^erÙe ceneceeie& (N.H.) P.W.D., C.P.W.D.
efkeâmeer keâmyes kesâ Yeerlej keâer meÌ[keâ keânueeleer nw– ieueer (street) kesâvõerÙe meÌ[keâ DevegmebOeeve mebmLeeve keâer mLeehevee Jew%eeefvekeâ Deewj
meeJe&peefvekeâ efvecee&Ce efJeYeeie keâe JÙeJemeeefÙekeâ ØeOeeve Ùee cegKÙe keâewve DevegmebOeeve heefj<eod Éeje ngF&– 1954
neslee nw– cegKÙe DeefYeÙevlee (C.E.) «eeceerCe meÌ[keâeW keâer osKeYeeue keâer peeleer nw– «eece hebÛeeÙeleeW Éeje
meÌ[keâ kesâ leue keâe Jen Yeeie efpemekeâe GheÙeesie JeenveeW kesâ Deeves- Ùen mebmLee mejkeâej keâes meÌ[keâ mecyevOeer meYeer efJe<eÙeeW hej hejeceMe&
peeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw, keânueelee nw– Ùeeve heLe osleer nw– YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme
IejeW, ogkeâeveeW Je keâejKeeveeW Deeefo ceW meeceeve hengBÛeeves kesâ efueÙes
Jen meÌ[keâ, pees kesâJeue Je<ee& kesâ ceewmece ceW ner ØeÙeesie keâer pee
meyemes DeÛÚer ÙeeleeÙeele ØeCeeueer nw– ceneceeie&
mekeâleer nw, keânueeleer nw– HesâÙej Jesoj meÌ[keâ
leer›e ieefle mes Ûeueves Jeeues JeenveeW Éeje GheÙeesie ceW ueeS peeves Jeeuee
meÌ[keâ keâe kesâvõerÙe Yeeie keânueelee nw– YeejleerÙe jes[ keâeb«esme Éeje DevegMebefmele yenguesve hesJeceWš kesâ efueS
ceesšj ceeie&, SkeämeØesme ceeie& ÙeeveheLe keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& ueer peeleer nw– 3.5ceeršj Øeefle uesve
ieeBJe keâes Menj mes efceueeves Jeeueer meÌ[keâ keânueeleer nw– efÉieeceer, oes uesve keâer oes meÌ[keâeW kesâ efueÙes DeefOekeâlece mebYeeefJele
«eeceerCe meÌ[keâ mebIe<e& (Conflict) efyevog neWies– 24
efvecee&Ce meece«eer kesâ DeeOeej hej Jeieeake=âle meÌ[keâ Yeejle kesâ «eeceerCe Skeâ hesJeceWš keâes ueÛeeruee Je keâ"esj Fme DeeOeej hej Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee
#es$eeW ceW veneR heeF& peeleer nw– meercesCš kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keWâ peelee nw– DeeOeej
kesâvõerÙe meeJe&peefvekeâ efvecee&Ce efJeYeeie ceW Je=le keâe cegefKeÙee keânueelee I.R.C. kesâ Devegmeej, «eeceerCe #es$eeW ceW GefÛele efJeÛeejeLe& DeefYekeâuheve
nw– DeOeer#eCe DeefYeÙevlee efkeâÙee peelee nw– 5-10 Je<e&
ce=oe meÌ[keâeW Ùee keâce ueeiele keâer meÌ[keâeW keâe efvecee&Ce Deeceleewj hej meeOeejCeleÙee meYeer mLeeÙeer mebjÛeveeDeeW kesâ efueS DeheveeÙee peeves
neslee nw– ieeBJe keâer meÌ[keâeW Jeeuee ceevekeâ Yeej nw– ßesCeer A
meneÙekeâ DeefYeÙevlee ØelÙe#e ¤he mes efveÙeb$eCe keâjlee nw– hegCes-Meesueehegj-nwojeyeeo-efJepeÙeJeeÌ[e keâer je<š^erÙe ceneceeie& mebKÙee
keâefve<" DeefYeÙevlee nw– 10
peer.šer. jes[ ueenewj mes keâuekeâòee lekeâ DeKeC[ Yeejle ceW yevee– Yeejle ceW heefjJenve kesâ meeOeveeW keâe, Gvekesâ cenlJe kesâ ›eâce ceW nQ–
1540–1545 AD ceW peueheesle, jsueJes, meÌ[kesâ, JeeÙeg heefjJenve
efkeâmeer Yeer osMe keâer Gvveefle, Gme osMe kesâ ............ keâer iegCeJeòee DeefJeYeeefpele Yeejle ceW, ueenewj mes keâesuekeâelee G.T. meÌ[keâ kesâ
leLee vesš keâeÙe& mes ceeuetce keâer pee mekeâleer nw– ceneceeie& oewjeve efveefce&le Lee– 1540-1545 AD
I.R.T.D.A. yecyeF& yevee Lee– 1927
meÌ[keâ hueeve (Road Plans)
efJeJejCe ØeLece 20 Je<eeaÙe Ùeespevee efÉleerÙe 20 Je<eeaÙe Ùeespevee le=leerÙe 20 Je<eeaÙe Ùeespevee
(1943–1963) (1961–1981) (1981–2001)
1. Ùeespevee keâe Gheveece (Name of veeiehegj Plan yee@cyes Plan ueKeveT Plan
Plan)
2. SkeämeØesme neFJes (Express – 1600 efkeâceer. 2000 efkeâceer.
Highway)
3. meÌ[keâ IevelJe (Road density) 16 efkeâceer./ 100 efkeâceer.2 32 efkeâceer./100 efkeâceer.2 82 efkeâceer./100 efkeâceer.2
4. efJekeâeme Útš (Developement 15% 5% –
allowance)
5. meÌ[keâeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe N.H., S.H., M.D.R., N.H., S.H., M.D.R., ØeeLeefcekeâ, efÉleerÙekeâ, le=leerÙekeâ
(Classification of Roads) O.D.R., V.R. O.D.R., V.R.
6. meÌ[keâ hewšve& (Road Pattern) Radial or star and grid – –
pattern

204
2. ceneceeie& keâe pÙeeefceleerÙe DeefYekeâuheve cewoeveer #es$eeW ceW NH kesâ efueS mkeâvOe keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& ueer peeleer nw-
2.5 ceer.
(Geometrical Design of Highway)
jepÙe ceneceeie& kesâ efueS mkeâvOe keâer Ûeew[Ì eF& ueer peeleer nw- 2.5 ceer.
ÙeeleeÙeele ceeie& Ùee meÌ[keâ ceeie& keâe Jen Yeeie efpemekeâe GheÙeesie YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme Éeje keâer ieF& efmeHeâeefjMeeW kesâ Devegmeej
kesâJeue meeF&efkeâue ÛeeuekeâeW Éeje ner efkeâÙee peelee nw, keânueelee nw– je<š^erÙe ceneceeie& keâce mes keâce .......... ÛeewÌ[er oes uesve Jeeueer
meeFefkeâue ceeie& meÌ[keâ nesveer ÛeeefnS efpemekesâ oesveeW Deesj keâce mes keâce 2 ceeršj
je<š^erÙe jepeceeie& Deewj jepÙe ceneceeie& keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw– ÛeewÌ[er meÌ[keâ hešdšer (shoulder) nesveer ÛeeefnS– 9 ceer.
12 ceeršj efkeâmeer Yeer efmLeefle ceW DeeOeej keâer ceesšeF& DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer
Yeejle ceW Øeefle meew Jeie& efkeâueesceeršj meÌ[keâ uecyeeF& nw– ÛeeefnS– 30 mesceer.
35–50 efkeâceer. 1:20 keâer {eue hej Yeej Jeenve #ecelee ceW keâceer nesieer– 20%
veiej meercee kesâ yeenj keâer meYeer meÌ[keWâ keânueeleer nQ- je°^erÙe ceneceeie& efJemle=le meJex#eCe keâjles meceÙe otjer ceeheves kesâ efueÙes Ùeb$e keâe GheÙeesie
efkeâÙee peelee nw– Fmheeleer Heâerlee
jepÙe kesâ efpeuee cegKÙeeueÙeeW keâes jepeOeeveer leLee cegKÙe veiejeW keâes meÌ[keâ DeejsKeve heneÌ[eW kesâ efkeâme mLeeve mes iegpejvee Ùee efvekeâuevee
peesÌ[ves Jeeueer meÌ[keWâ keânueeleer nQ- jepÙe ceneceeie& ÛeeefnÙes– keâe"er (saddle)
ueÛeerues hesJecesvš Jeeueer meÌ[kesâ keânueeleer nQ- yepejer keâer meÌ[keWâ ØemleeefJele mebjsKeCe ceW veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– keâ"esj Ûeóeve
Yeejer ÙeeleeÙeele kesâ efueS meÌ[keWâ yeveeÙeer peeleer nQ- meercesvš kebâ›eâerš efkeâmeer Ûeej uesveeW Jeeueer meÌ[keâ hej Debefkeâle KeefC[le kesâvõerÙe jsKee
Ùee efyešgceveer meÌ[keâ keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 15 mesceer.
cegKÙe meÌ[keâ mes pegÌ[er ngF& Ssmeer Ghe meÌ[keâ pees meerOeer YeJeveeW kesâ Éej ce=oe meJex#eCe keâjles meceÙe ce=oe ØeefleoMe& uesves keâer ienjeF& nesveer
lekeâ hengBÛeleer nw keânueeleer nw- meefJe&me jes[ ÛeeefnS– 1.5 ceer. mes 3 ceer. lekeâ
veiej meercee leLee yeefmleÙeeW kesâ Devoj efmLele meYeer ceeie& keânueeles nQ- keâÛÛeer meÌ[keâ hej Deeceleewj hej oer ieF& Gòeuelee Ùee GYeej
veiejerÙe meÌ[keWâ (camber) keâe ceeve neslee nw– 25 ceW 1
YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme kesâ Devegmeej keâšeJe ceW ce=oe Ì{eue keâe ÙeeveheLe keâes efMeKej leLee kegâefóce kesâ efkeâveejeW kesâ yeerÛe oer ieF& GYeej
Devegheele nesvee ÛeeefnS– 1:1 keânueeleer nw– kewâcyej
meÌ[keâ kesâ meeLe-meeLe Gmekesâ ceeie& ceW G"eve Ùee efiejves keâer oj keâes DeheÙee&hle Je<ee& Jeeues #es$eeW ceW meÌ[keâ hej oer ieÙeer Gòeuelee Ùee
keâne peelee nw– {eue GYeej nesiee– Ûeewjme
heeÕe& Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw– 0.15 ce=oe meÌ[keâeW hej GYeej (camber) Deewj ØeJeCelee (gradient)
peueeyeæ cewkesâ[ce meÌ[keâ kesâ efueS DevegMebefmele GYeej (Camber) DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– 20 ceW 1
keâe ceeve nw– 30 ceW 1 mes 48 ceW 1 lekeâ kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâeW ceW kewâcyej neslee nw– 60 ceW 1 mes 70 ceW 1 lekeâ
10 {eue keâe DeLe& nw efvecve #eweflepe otjer ceW 1 ceeršj keâe G"eve Ùee ce=oe meÌ[keâeW hej efleÙe&keâ {eue (cross slope) keâce veneR nesveer
Gleej– 57.3 ceer. ÛeeefnS– 50 ceW 1
efjneÙeMeer #es$eeW Ùee yeefmleÙeeW ceW je<š^erÙe ceneceeie& Je jepÙe ceneceeieeX 60 efkeâ.ceer./Iebšs keâer efveOee&efjle Ûeeue Deewj FkeâlejHeâe ÙeeleeÙeele kesâ
keâer vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 24.5 ceer. efueS vÙetvelece Øeefle›eâceCe Âef<š otjer nesieer– 320 ceer.
heefnÙeeW ceW yeÇskeâ ueieeves kesâ heMÛeeled Jeenve keâe Deheves mLeeve mes DevegowOÙe& peesÌ[eW kesâ yeerÛe DeefOekeâlece Devlejeue nesvee ÛeeefnS–
mebÛeue, keânueelee nw– jhešvee Ùee efHeâmeuevee 4.5 ceer.
efkeâmeer Jeenve kesâ heefnÙeeW kesâ meÌ[keâ hej efyevee mebÛeue kesâ Ûekeäkeâj efvecee&Ce leue keâer vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF&
keânueeles nQ– Ie<e&Ce
I.R.C. kesâ Devegmeej meercesCš kebâ›eâerš hej kesâcyej keâe ceeve nesvee (Formation Width)
ÛeeefnS– 60 mes 72 lekeâ ceW
Ùeeve heLe (Carriage way) hej meyemes TBÛee efyevog keânueelee nw– ›eâ. meÌ[keâ keâer ßesCeer efvecee&Ce leue keâer mkeâvOe
efMeKej (›eâeGve) vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF& keâer
heeefkeËâie uesve yeveeÙeer peeleer nw– Menjer meÌ[keâeW hej (ceer. ceW) ÛeewÌ[eF&
Ùeefo ce=oe keâer OeejCe #ecelee keâce nes leLee ÙeeleeÙeele keâer Øeyeuelee cewoeveer heneÌ[er (ceer.ceW)
DeefOekeâ nes, lees meÌ[keâ keâer efveÛeueer melen (Soling) Deewj #es$e ceW #es$e ceW
DeOe:mlej (subgrade) kesâ yeerÛe Skeâ Deefleefjkeäle hejle ueieeF& peeleer
nw~ Ùen Deefleefjkeäle hejle keânueeleer nw– 1. je°^erÙe ceneceeie& 12.0 8.80 2.5
Devle: DeeOeej (sub-base) 2. jepÙe ceneceeie& 12.0 6.25 2.5
meÌ[keâ hej mkebâOe Ùee hešjer (shoulder) keâer Ûeew[Ì eF& nesveer 3. cegKÙe efpeuee meÌ[keWâ 9.0 4.75 2.62
ÛeeefnÙes– 1.2 ceer. mes 1.8 ceer. 4. DevÙe efpeuee meÌ[keWâ 9.0[yeue 4.75 1.87
DeeOeej mlej kesâ efueÙes ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw- uesve
yeesu[j leLee keâ"esj cetjce 7.5 efmebieue
cewoeveer #es$eeW ceW NH kesâ efueS efvecee&Ce leue keâer vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF& ueer uesve
peeleer nw- 12 ceer. 5. «eeceerCe meÌ[keWâ 7.50 4.00 1.50

205
 veeiehegj DeefOeJesMeve kesâ megPeeJeeW kesâ Devegmeej Skeâ «eeceerCe meÌ[keâ keâer meÌ[keâ keâes ÛeewÌ[e keâjves keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee leYeer nesleer nw, peye Fmekeâe
vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 2.45 ceeršj DeOe&JÙeeme neslee nw– 460 ceeršj mes keâce
jepeceeie& keâes Deefvlece ¤he osves kesâ henues meÌ[keâ kesâ efueS DeefOeie=nerle YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme kesâ Devegmeej, oes lejHeâe ÙeeleeÙeele Jeeueer
hetjer ÛeewÌ[eF& keânueeleer nw– ceeiee&efOekeâej meÌ[keâ kesâ ÙeeveheLe keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS–
efkeâme meÌ[keâ keâer keâšeF& ceW oer peeves Jeeueer DeefOekeâlece heeefMJe&keâ 7.5 ceeršj
{eue nes mekeâleer nw– TOJee&Oej heefjJenve ceeie& keâes ÛeewÌ[e keâjves keâe keâeÙe& ............ FËšeW Ùee helLejeW
efnce yeæ meskeäMeveeW ceW meÌ[keâeW hej yeenjer G"eve DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee mes yeves ceeie& hej efkeâÙee peelee nw– Devoj mes
ÛeeefnS– 7% YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme kesâ Devegmeej je<š^erÙe ceneceeie& kesâ efueS
YeejleerÙe efmLeefleÙeeW ceW peue-yeæ cewkeâs[ce meÌ[keWâ DeefOekeâlece efkeâleves DeefYekeâuheve ieefle ueer peeleer nw (cewoeveer meÌ[keâ leLee heneÌ[er meÌ[keâ
owefvekeâ š^e@efHeâkeâ Yeej kesâ efueS GheÙegkeäle nesleer nQ– 2000 kesâ efueS)– 80 mes 100 leLee 40 mes 50 efkeâceer. Øeefle Iebše
IetCeea heLe (rotary) GheÙegkeäle neslee nw– efkeâmeer mLeeve hej meÌ[keâ mebjÛevee keâer ceesšeF& %eele keâjves keâe met$e neslee nw–
Ûeej mes DeefOekeâ meÌ[keâeW kesâ Dee efceueves hej 233w
Decesefjkeâe kesâ ceneceeie& DevegmevOeeve kesâ Devegmeej Skeâ ieueer keâer d= + 0.70T 2 − 0.84T
70p
ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw– 3.6 ceeršj
jepÙe jepeceeie& meÌ[keâ kesâ efvecee&Ce leue keâer vÙetvelece Ûeew[Ì eF& nesleer
mLeeve efJeMes<e hej ieefle efveOee&efjle keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– 12.0 ceeršj
nw– Sveesmkeâeshe Ùeefo IegceeJe Je›eâ hej yee¢eeslLeeve veneR efoÙee peeS, lees ieòe& yeve
kebâ›eâerš hesJeceWš efoÙee peelee nw leye Øeefleuesve Øeefleefove š^e@efHeâkeâ peelee nw– meÌ[keâ kesâ yeenjer efkeâveejs hej
DeefOekeâ nesleer nw– 1000 šve mes
meÌ[keâ keâe yee¢eeslLeeve veneR neslee nw–
meÌ[keâ keâer melen keâe Jen Yeeie, efpeme hej ieeefÌ[ÙeeB Ûeueleer nQ Ùee ieeefÌ[ÙeeW kesâ Jesie keâe meceevegheeleer,
Jen Yeeie ØeÙeesie keâjleer nQ, keânueelee nw– ÙeeveheLe hesJeceWš keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& keâe meceevegheeleer
je<š^erÙe ceneceeie& kesâ kegâefóce keâer vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– hetCe& yee¢eeslLeeve kesâ yeeo meÌ[keâ kesâ {eue kesâ yeeo Deewj cetue mebjsKeve
12 ceeršj
kesâ yeerÛe kesâ Devlej keâes keâne peelee nw–
efkeâmeer Yeer meÌ[keâ keâe Jen peesÌ[, pees ÙeeleeÙeele heLeeW keâes Skeâ-otmejs ef[øesâefvmeÙeue «esef[Sbš
kesâ Thej Ùee veerÛes mes ›eâe@me Ùee iegpeeje pee mekesâ, keânueelee nw– vÙetvelece yee¢eeslLeeve keâe ceeve efueÙee peelee nw–
HeäueeF& DeesJej kesâcyej mes keâce veneR efoÙee peelee
Ùeefo meÌ[keâ keâer efoMee ceW SefueJesMeve yeÌ{lee nw, lees DevegowOÙe&le: heneÌ[er meÌ[keâeW kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece meghej SefueJesMeve ----- mes
meÌ[keâ keâer {ueeve keâes keâne peelee nw– Oeveelcekeâ «es[ DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 10%
I.R.C. kesâ veeiehegj DeefOeJesMeve kesâ Devegmeej Skeâ DeeoMe& je<š^erÙe heejkeâ oMe& otjer (Overtaking sight distance) meeceevÙe otjer
jepeceeie& keâe ÛeewÌ[eF&-efvecee&Ce keâÌ[s helLej-keâle&ve ceW neslee nw– mes ueer peeleer nw– oesiegveer
7.5 ceer.
efceóer mes yeveer ngF& meÌ[keâeW hej yeves ›eâe@me mkeâeshe ------ mes keâce
meÌ[keâ kesâ hesJeceWš keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& efveYe&j keâjleer nw– veneR nesves ÛeeefnS– 50 mes 1
uesveeW keâer mebKÙee hej meÌ[keâ hej yeves Ghemelen veeuee Je<ee& peue keâes ues peeves kesâ efueS
YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme kesâ Devegmeej, DeefOekeâlece Sefkeämeue Yeej neslee nesles nQ– meÌ[keâ kesâ meye-«es[ Ùee Ghemelen mes
nw– 8165 efkeâ«ee.
DeMJe heLe kesâ efueS heneÌ[er ceeieeX kesâ efueS Deveguecye {eue efueÙee
Meg¤ mes DeeefKej lekeâ meb›eâceCe Ùegkeäle mecekeâesCe ceesÌ[ Jeeueer meÌ[keâ peelee nw– 1 in 10 mes 1 in 7.5
ceW DeefOekeâlece OeÇgJeerÙe keâesCe neslee nw– 150
hewoue Ûeueves Jeeueer ueÛeerues heLe hej ceewpeto DevegowOÙe& oyeeJe Ùee
meÌ[keâ ceeie& ceW heeÕe& efoMee ceW Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ ceevee peelee nw keâeš keâes keânles nQ– ueerkeâ
(I.R.C. kesâ Devegmeej)– 0.15
heneÌ[er meÌ[keâeW keâer heleueer efyešgefceveme melen kesâ kewâcyej keâe vÙetvelece DeefOekeâlece meeceLÙe& SJeb efškeâeTheve kesâ efueS meerceWš keâe vÙetvelece
ceeve nw– 2.5%
ØeefleMele Yeej neslee nw– 30%
hewjeyeesefuekeâ (hejJeueerÙe) kewâcyej Jeeues kegâefóce hej meJeejer keâe PegkeâeJe Skeâ meÌ[keâ kesâ meeF[ hej yece& Ùee mkeâvOe keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw–
1.2 ceeršj mes 2.5 ceeršj
nesvee– efkeâveejeW hej DeefOekeâ
Ùeefo Skeâ muewye keâer efceleJÙeÙeer ienjeF& d nw lees meercesCš-kebâ›eâerš
Skeâ heneÌ[er #es$e ceW je<š^erÙe ceneceeie& kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ meÌ[keâ hesJeceWš muewye keâer ceesšeF& jKeer peeleer nw– 0.85 d
keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw– 24 ceeršj
HegâšheeLe kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece Deveguecye {eue efoÙee peelee nw–
1750
Skeâ DebMe Je›eâ yejeyej neslee nw- 1 in 5
R efkeâmeer venj kesâ Thej mes iegpejves Jeeues hegue keâe PegkeâeJe keâesCe -----
ØeJeCelee kesâ efueS heefjJele&ve hej yeveeÙes ieÙes Je›eâ keâes keânles nQ- -- mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 600
TOJee&Oej Je›eâ YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme kesâ Devegmeej, DeefOekeâlece DehekesâvõerÙe
Gòeue Je›eâ kesâ efueS Je›eâ keâe DeeoMe& ™he nw- hejJeueÙe Devegheele neslee nw– 0.217
mebjsKeve Deeheme ceW pegÌ[er ngF& heneef[Ì ÙeeW keâes ------- kesâ ceOÙe mes
V2
yee¢eeslLeeve keâe met$e neslee nw- keâešleer ngF& peevee ÛeeefnS– mew[ue
127 R kebâ›eâerš hesJecesvš leLee DeOe:mlej kesâ yeerÛe Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ efueÙee peelee
meÌ[keâ leue mes Ûeeuekeâ kesâ DeeBKe keâer TBÛeeF& nesleer nw- 1.20 ceer. nw– 1.5 mes 2 kesâ yeerÛe

206
meÌ[keâ keâer melen ceW GYeej Ùee Gòeuelee Øeoeve keâjves keâe cegKÙe Skeâ hesJecesCš kesâ DeefYekeâuheve kesâ efueÙes mebmlegle heeÕe& Ie<e&Ce iegCeebkeâ
GodosMÙe neslee nw– ÙeLee mecYeJe efpeleveer peuoer nes neslee nw– 0.15
mekesâ, meÌ[keâ keâer melen mes Je<ee& peue keâe efvekeâeme keâjvee jeskeâ oMe& otjer (Stopping Sight Distance) ncesMee nesleer nw–
meÌ[keâ meb›eâceCe kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeuee Je›eâ neslee nw– Øeefle›eâceCe oMe& otjer mes keâce
efÉheeMeer (Lemniscate) Skeâ Yet-Yeeie keâes {euet Yet-Yeeie kesâ ™he ceW Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee pee
I.R.C. kesâ Devegmeej DeefOekeâlece $e+Ceelcekeâ lJejCe neslee nw– mekeâlee nw Ùeefo Yetefce keâe DevegØemLe {eue nes–
3.42 ceeršj Øeefle Jeie& mesceer. 10³ leLee 25³ kesâ yeerÛe
ØemleeefJele mebjsKeCe ceW, ce=oe keâe ÛeÙeve veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw– IRC mebmlegefleÙeeW kesâ Devegmeej jepeceeieeX kesâ #eweflepe mebjsKeCe ceW
keâÌ[er Ûešdševe ØeÙegòeâ meb›eâceCe Je›eâ neslee nw– meefhe&ue
yeesOe keâeue ceevee peelee nw– 2 mes 3 meskeâC[ meercesvš kebâ›eâerš kesâ hesJecesvš kesâ efueS meyemes GefÛele Deeke=âefle keâe
je<š^erÙe Ùee jepÙeerÙe ceneceeie& kesâ efueS meeceevÙe meÌ[keâ keâer peceerveeW kewâcyej neslee nw– $e+peg jsKeerÙe
keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& Kegues Fueekesâ ceW nesleer nw– 45 ceeršj yee¢eeslLeeve (Super elevation) kesâ DeYeeJe ceW, meeOeejCeleÙee
Skeâ mebÙegkeäle Je›eâ kesâ oes Je=òeekeâej Je›eâeW keâer ef$epÙeeDeeW keâe vÙetvelece meÌ[keâeW hej ieºW heeÙes peeles nQ– meÌ[keâ kesâ yee¢e efkeâveejs hej
Devegheele jKee peelee nw– 1.5 v2
DeefYekeâuheve Ûeeue mes Ûeueles ngÙes efkeâmeer yeeOee Ùee DevÙe Jeenve kesâ meeceevÙe Debkeâve Éeje JÙebpekeâ ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw–
gR
keâejCe leLee škeäkeâj mes yeÛeves kesâ efueS pees otjer ÛeeefnÙes, Jen
keânueeleer nw– Deefle›eâceCe oMe& otjer DehekesâvõerÙe Devegheele
Jeenve keâer Ûeeue efpeleveer DeefOekeâ nesieer oMe& otjer Gleveer ner– mebÙegòeâ ÙeeleeÙeele efmLeefle kesâ efueS yee¢eeslLeeve kesâ DeefYekeâuheve kesâ
DeefOekeâ nesieer efueS Ûeeue Ieše oer peeleer nw– 25%
I.R.C. kesâ Devegmeej, ›eâeefmebie hej efceueves Jeeueer keâce cenlJe keâer IRC kesâ Devegmeej, W.B.M. melen kesâ efueS kewâcyej nesvee
meÌ[keâ kesâ efueÙes heeMJe& otjer ------ keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– ÛeeefnS– 2.5 to 3.0%
15 ceeršj meceleue Oejeleue hej N.H. kesâ efueS #eweflepe Je›eâ keâe vÙetvelece
ceneceeie& hej megKeo Ùee$ee kesâ efueS DehekesâvõerÙe Devegheele keâes ------ ef$epÙee efueÙee peelee nw– 350 ceeršj
--- mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 0.25 kebâ›eâerš ÙeeveheLe kesâ efueS yee¢eeslLeeve (Super elevation) keâe
mebJesove keâeue leLee yeÇskeâ-Øeefleef›eâÙee keâeue kesâ ceOÙe ieeÌ[er Éeje leÙe vÙetvelece ceeve nw–
keâer ieF& otjer keâes keânles nQ– 1 in 60
®keâves keâer otjer (Stopping Sight Distance) Ùeefo yee¢eeslLeeve (Super elevation) Skeâ #eweflepe Je›eâ hej vener
heneÌ[er #es$e ceW Je›eâeW hej meÌ[keâ keâe ÛeewÌ[erkeâjCe efkeâÙee peelee nw– efoÙee peelee nw leye yeenjer heefnÙes hej oyeeJe nesiee–
Yeerlej keâer Deesj Deevleefjkeâ heefnÙes kesâ Dehes#ee DeefOekeâ oyeeJe
meYeer Øekeâej keâer ÙeeleeÙeele keâer megefJeOee kesâ efueS yee¢eeslLeeve, keQâš vÙetvelee Ieefšle neslee nw peye Skeâ Jeenve Skeâ Je›eâ hej Ûeuelee
3 nw– DeefOekeâ Ûeeue hej
DeefYekeâuhe Ûeeue keâe efoÙee peelee nw– iegvee
4 meÌ[keâ keâe kewâcyej Devegceevele: nesvee ÛeeefnS–
Skeâ oes–uesve, oes–lejheâe ÙeeleeÙeele kesâ efueÙes jeskeâ– Âef<š otjer keâe DevegowOÙe& {ueeve kesâ DeeOes iegves kesâ yejeyej G = 2C
DeefYekeâuheve ceeve nesiee– jeskeâ Âef<š otjer kesâ yejeyej Ùeefo R cegKÙe Je›eâ keâe ef$epÙee, D PegkeâeJe keâesCe S efMeheäš nw Deewj
YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme Éeje efmeHeâeefjMe keâer ieÙeer efyevee efkeâveejeW keâes L meb›eâceCe lekeâ keâer uecyeeF& nw~ mebÙegòeâ Je›eâ keâer mechetCe& mheMeea
G"eÙes, oes uesveeW keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& (ceer) nw– 7.0 ∆ L
efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâce {eue kesâ efueS {eue #eeflehetefle& DeeJeMÙekeâ uecyeeF& efoÙee peelee nw– ( R + S ) tan +
2 2
veneR nw– 4% Skeâ meb›eâceCe Je›eâ Deewj Je=òeekeâej Je›eâ kesâ mebefOe kesâ mheMeeaÙe mes
heLeeW hej Gl›eâce Je›eâ leye efoÙee peelee nw, peye oes mejue jsKeeÙeW uecyeJele Kemekeâe yejeyej nw– 2 × efMeheäš 'S'
nesleer nQ–meceeveevlej Ùee Skeâ otmejs mes yengle Úesšs vÙetve yee¢eeslLeeve (Super elevation) keâe ceeve DeefOekeâ nesiee–
keâesCe hej efceueleer ngF& Ûeeue DeefOekeâ Deewj Je›eâlee ef$epÙee keâce nes
yee¢eeslLeeve keâe GheÙeesie meYeer keâes otj keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee peueeyeæ cewkesâ[ce (WBM) meÌ[keâ kesâ efueS efveefo&° keâwcyej nw–
nw-Fmes ÚesÌ[keâj– JeenveeW keâe lJejCe 1 in 40 mes 1 in 30
IRC kesâ Devegmeej Skeâ Ùee$eer keâej kesâ efueS PCU keâe meceleguÙe
iegCeebkeâ nw– 1.0
Menjer #es$eeW ceW 50 efkeâceer/Iebše keâer DeefYekeâuheve Ûeeue hej #eweflepe
Je›eâ kesâ efueS vÙetvelece mJeerkeâeÙe& Je›eâlee keâer ef$epÙee nw–
Skeâ meceleue #es$e ceW IRC kesâ efmeheâeefjMe kesâ Devegmeej ceneceeie& hej 100.00 ceeršj
efveÙeecekeâ DeefYekeâuheve Ûeeue nw– 100 km/h
Ùeefo V DeefYekeâuhe Ûeeue (Design speed) Km/hour ceW nw
IRC kesâ Devegmeej je°^erÙe jepeceeie& Deewj jepÙe jepeceeie& (oes uesveeW)
Deewj R Skeâ heneÌ[er meÌ[keâ kesâ Je›eâ keâer ef$epÙee nw, yeeneslLeeve nw–
kesâ efueS meÌ[keâ ceeie& keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nw– 7.5 m/ceeršj
V2
meÌ[keâ efkeâveejs hej Øeoeve efkeâÙes ieÙes mkeâvOe nesves ÛeeefnÙes– e=
225R
ÙeeleeÙeele uesvees keâer Dehes#ee DeefOekeâ ™#e heneÌ[er meÌ[keâeW hej DeefOekeâlece yee¢eeslLeeve yeÌ{vee veneR ÛeeefnS–
Skeâue uesve kesâ efueÙes ÙeeveheLe keâer Ûeew[Ì eF& megPeeÙeer peeleer nw– 10%
3.75 m Jeenve keâer uecyeeF& ØeYeeefJele veneR keâjleer– mkeâvOe keâer ÛeewÌ[eF&
207
 Ùeefo 9 ceeršj ÛeewÌ[er ÙeeveheLe kesâ efkeâveejs keâer GBâÛeeF& Deewj Fmekesâ meÌ[keâ hej yeeÙeeR Deesj (keepleft) keâes oMee&ves Jeeuee efÛevn nw–
efMeKej keâe Devlej 15 mesceer. nw, ÙeeveheLe keâe kewâcyej nw– DeefveJeeÙe& efÛevn
1 in 30 hewoue Ûeueves JeeueeW kesâ efueS ›eâe@efmebie leLee mše@he ueeFve kesâ yeerÛe
Deuhe (vÙetve) Je<e&Ce #es$eeW ceW, Øeoeve keâer ieÙeer kewâcyej nesieer– keâer otjer nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 8 mes 10 ceeršj kesâ yeerÛe
Ûeheše mebjsKeve jsKee mes meÌ[keâ kesâ Thej Ùee veerÛes nesves keâer oj keânueeleer
efkeâmeer ieeÌ[er kesâ heefnS kesâ heefjOeerÙe Ûeueve mes DeefOekeâ otjer leÙe nw– {eue (Gradient)
keâjves keâes keânles nQ– efHeâmeuevee (Skid) ieerueer meÌ[keâeW kesâ meceÙe Jeenve Ûeueeves mes nesves Jeeuee heefjceeCe–
je<š^erÙe (N.H.) Je jepÙe ceneceeieeX (S.H.) hej ieefleceeve Je yengle efKemekeâve (Skidding)
Oeerceer ieefle DeefveJeeÙe& mebkesâle -------- otjer mes hetJe& ceW ner ueies nesles I.R.C. kesâ Devegmeej meJeejer ieeÌ[er heLe keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnS–
nQ– 7.5 ceeršj]
120 ceer. Ùeefo Skeâ mJeleb$e Deewmele Ûeeue 75 efkeâceer/Iebše kesâ efueS efveefce&le
meeHeâ mhe<š Âef<š kesâ efueS DeJejesOe kesâ efyecye keâes jsefšvee hej ---- Skeâ meÌ[keâ hej peece IevelJe 100 Jeenve/efkeâceer nw, lees #ecelee
------- Mebkegâ kesâ Yeerlej heÌ[vee ÛeeefnS– 50 ØeJeen (Capacity flow) nesiee– 1875
owefvekeâ keâeue ceW efpeleveer ieeefÌ[ÙeeB Øeefle Iebše meÌ[keâ keâe ØeÙeesie keâjleer Skeâ jesšjer Deblej DevegYeeie ceW ÙeeleeÙeele mebIe<e& nesles nQ–
nw, Jen keânueelee nw– ÙeeleeÙeele IevelJe (Traffic Density) efJeueÙe Deewj Dehemeejer
efveoxMekeâ efÛevn kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues ef[mkeâ kesâ kesâvõ ÙeeleeÙeele mš^erce keâer ieefle ceW Je=efæ kesâ meeLe JeenveeW kesâ yeerÛe keâe
keâer Yetefce leue mes TBÛeeF& jKeer peeleer nw– 2.8 ceeršj vÙetvelece Deblej– yeÌ{ peelee nw~
YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme (IRC) Éeje keâer ieF& efmeHeâeefjMeeW kesâ peye ÙeeleeÙeele ØeJeen ieefle MetvÙe nes peeÙes leye– ÙeeleeÙeele
Devegmeej efkeâmeer Jeenve keâe mekeâue Yeej --------- mes DeefOekeâ veneR IevelJe keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve uesefkeâve
nesvee ÛeeefnS– ÙeeleeÙeele DeeÙeleve MetvÙe ceeve hej nesles nQ~
1525 (L + 73) – 14.7 L2 ÙeeleeÙeele #ecelee nesleer nw–Jeenve/IeCše kesâ heoes ceW
ÛesleeJeveer efÛevn (Warning sign) ceW ef$eYegpeekeâej ef[mkeâ leLee ÙeeleeÙeele DeeÙeleve keâes meceeÙeesefpele
DeeÙeleekeâej huesš kesâ leueeW ceW Devlej nesvee ÛeeefnS– 25 mesceer. keâjves keâer meÌ[keâ keâer #ecelee
efkeâmeer efveoxMekeâ efÛevn kesâ ef[mkeâ keâe JÙeeme neslee nw– 60 mesceer. meÌ[keâ kewâcyej (Road) (I.R.C kesâ Devegmeej)
JeenveeW keâe Yeej -------- keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjlee nw– ›eâ. meÌ[keâ melen keâer Øekeâej kewâcyej (DevegØemLe {eue)
hesJecesvš keâer ceesšeF&
1 kebâ›eâerš keâer meÌ[keâ 1 IN 60
peneB hej ogIe&šveeSB nesves keâer mecYeeJevee nesleer nw, Gme efÛevn keâes 2 efyešgceveer meÌ[keâ 1 IN 50
oefMe&le efkeâÙee peelee nw– ÛesleeJeveer efÛevn (Warning Sign)
3 peue-yeæ cewkesâ[ce DeLeJee 1 IN 40
ceneceeie& hej efkeâmeer mLeeve mes FkeâeF& meceÙe ceW iegpejves Jeeues JeenveeW yepejer keâer meÌ[keâ
keâer mebKÙee keânueeleer nw–ÙeeleeÙeele #ecelee (Traffic Capacity) 4 keâÛÛeer meÌ[keâ 1 IN 25
iewj Menjer #es$e ceW Deewj je<š^erÙe ceneceeie& Ùee jepÙe ceneceeie& hej 5 hesefJebie 1 IN 60
meceleue meÌ[keâ hej Kelejs kesâ efyevog mes -------- henues ÛesleeJeveer MenjeW ceW heefjJenve JÙeJemLee kesâ Jew%eeefvekeâ efveÙeespeve Deewj peve
keâe mebkesâle ueieeÙee peelee nw– 125 ceer.
heefjJenve megefJeOee keâe DeeOeej nesvee ÛeeefnS–
Skeâue uesve kesâ efueS meÌ[keâ keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& ueer peeleer nw- 3.80ceer0 Glheefòe SJeb ievleJÙe meb«enCe
leerve uesve Jeeueer meÌ[keâ keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& ceeveer peeleer nw- 10.5ceeršj meÌ[keâ yeeOeeDeeW leLee Ûeeuekeâ keâer megefJeOee keâes OÙeeve ceW jKeles ngÙes
Kegues #es$eeW ceW he=Lekeäkeâejer jKee peelee nw- 2.5 mes 5 ceeršj ÛeewÌ[e keâes CeerÙe heeefkeËâie ceW meyemes DeÛÚe keâesCe neslee nw– 45 ef[«eer
ceneceeieeX hej ‘‘DelÙeefOekeâ Oeercee’’ keâe efÛevn neslee nw–
HegâšheeLe keâer vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw- 1.5 ceeršj
efveÙev$ekeâ efÛevn
meeFefkeâue š^wkeâ keâer Deveguecye {eue oer peeleer nw- 1 IN 20 ØeefleÛÚsoeW hej ÙeeleeÙeele mebkesâlees keâe ØeeJeOeeve– mecekeâesCe hej
meeFefkeâue š^wkeâ keâer vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF& jKeer peeleer nw- 2 ceeršj škeâjeJees keâes keâce keâj oslee nw
meesef[Ùece uewche ØekeâeMe osleer nw- heerues mevlejer jbie keâer efkeâvleg efheÚues efmejs hej škeâjeJees keâes yeÌ{e mekeâlee nw~
efkeâmeer efmeiveue Jeeues Ûeewjens hej hewoue heej heLe Deewj jeskeâ jsKee kesâ Sveesmkeâeshe keâe GheÙeesie keäÙee %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw–
yeerÛe keâer otjer nesieer– 2 ceer. mes 3 ceer. kesâJeue mhee@š ieefle (mLeue ieefle)
Øeefle Iebšs JeenveeW kesâ ¤he ceW ÙeeleeÙeele DeeÙeleve (Traffic ÙeeleeÙeele IevelJe heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
Volume) Deewj Skeâue uesve Jeeueer meÌ[keâ keâer #ecelee kesâ Devegheele Øeefle Skeâebkeâ uecyeeF& ceW Jeenve keâer mebKÙee
keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve oMee&lee nw–yeveeS peeves Jeeueer uesveeW keâer IRC kesâ Devegmeej ÛesleeJeveer efÛevn (Warning Sign) ØeoefMe&le efkeâÙee
mebKÙee peelee nw–
meÌ[keâ hej Ûeej JeenveeW nsleg heeefkeËâie (Parking for vehicles) keâes Meer<e& hej ef$eYegpe
oMee&ves Jeeuee efÛevn nw– metÛekeâ efÛevn Ùeefo Jeenvees keâer kesâvõ mes kesâvõ keâer Deewmele otjer 20 ceeršj nes, leye
meÌ[keâ hej heeefkeËâie veneR keâes metefÛele keâjves Jeeuee efÛevn nw– 50 kmph kesâ Ûeeue hej ÙeeleeÙeele uesve keâer meeOeejCe #ecelee
DeefveJeeÙe& efÛevn nesieer– 2500 Jeenve ØeefleIebše
208
 heneÌ[er ceeieex kesâ efueS Deveguecye {eue efyešgefceveme efceßeCe kesâ efueS ceeMe&ue efmLejlee hejer#eCe (Marshall
Stability Test) efkeâme leeheceeve (±1 ef[«eer mesefumeÙeme) efkeâÙee
(Garadients for Hill Tracks) peelee nw– 60
DeeF&Deejmeer kesâ Devegmeej, ›ebâye jyeÌ[ mebMeesefOele efyešgefceve kesâ efueS
›eâ. ceeie& keâe Øekeâej Deveguecye {eue («esef[SCš) vÙetvelece ØelÙeemLelee hegve: Øeeefhle nw– 50%
efveÙev$ekeâ DeefOekeâlece efyešgefceveme kebâ›eâerš keâer Debeflece hejle kesâ efueS GheÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves
1 kegâueerÙeeW kesâ efueS 1 1 in 5 Jeeues mecegÛÛeÙe keâe uee@me Sbefpeume Ie<e&Ce ceeve (%) keâneB lekeâ
1 in 7
heoeefle-heLe 2 meerefcele nw– 30
2 DeÕe heLe 1 in 10 1 «eeGefšbie GösMÙe kesâ efueS šej keâer efmeHeâeefjMe keâjles nw– RT –5
1 in 7
2 leejkeâesue keâe 80/100 «es[ oMee&lee nw– yesOeve ceeve
3 šóÒ heLe 1 in 15 1 in 10 vecÙe kegâefšdšce (Flexible Pavement) kesâ DeefYekeâuheve keâer
4 TBš heLe 1 in 20 1 in 15 kewâefueheâesefve&Ùee efyeÙeefjbie Devegheele (CBR) efJeefOe DeefOekeâ heefjMegæ nw,
peye oes Skeâ yejeyej (Skeâ meceeve) cenlJehetCe& meÌ[keâ mecekeâesCe hej keäÙeeWefkeâ GmeceW meceeJesefMele nw–meÌ[keâ yeveeves keâer meece«eer keâer
Skeâ otmejs keâes heej keâjles nw, kesâvõerÙe Éerhe keâe GheÙegòeâ Deekeâej efJeMes<eleeSW~
nw– Je=òeerÙe CBR hejer#eCe ceW, CBR kesâ ceeve keâer ieCevee keâer peeleer nw–
DeefOekeâlece mebKÙee ceW Jeenve keâye& kesâ meeLe heeke&â efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee 2.5 mm Deewj 5.0 mm oesveeW DevleJexMeveeW hej~
nw– 900 keâesCe heeefkeËâie šej cewkesâ[ce keâer DeeOeej melen ceW hetJe& efceßeCe ceW meeOeejCeleÙee
ÙeeleeÙeele DeeÙeleve yejeyej nw– Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– RT–4
ÙeeleeÙeele IevelJe × ÙeeleeÙeele Ûeeue Úuuee leLee ieesuee (Ring and Ball apparatus) GhekeâjCe
Traffic Volume = Traffic Density × Traffic Speed efyešgefceve kesâ efvecve hejer#eCe kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles nw–
Skeâ ÙeeleeÙeele jesšjer (Traffic Rotary) keâneb GefÛele nw– ce=ogkeâejer efyevog
ØeefleÛÚsove meÌ[keâ keâer mebKÙee 4 Deewj 7 kesâ yeerÛe nw~ efceueeJes kesâ meceeIeele hejer#eCe (Impact Test) ceW cewkesâ[ce kesâ
Ûeej uesve keâer #ecelee, pees «eeceerCe ceneceeie& keâes yeeBšleer nw–30,000 hejer#eCe kesâ efueÙes ceevekeâ keäÙee nw–14 efkeâ«ee Yeej, 38 mesceer
pcu heele, 15 DeeIeele
Skeâ meÌ[keâ efÛevn ‘vees-heeefkeËâie’ Fbefiele keâjlee nw– "C[s efcekeäme kesâ efueÙes efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ heoeLe& keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee
DeeosMeelcekeâ efÛevn peelee nw– FceuMeve
meÌ[keâ keâer uesve ÛeewÌ[eF& (Lane Width) keâewve mee helLej meÌ[keâ efvecee&Ce kesâ efueÙes meyemes DeÛÚe nw–
›eâ. uesve keâer mebKÙee meÌ[keâ keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& mebIeó ceeve 18% Jeeuee efceueeJee
efyešgefceve keâer MÙeevelee keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw– o
C
1 Skeâue uesve Jeeueer meÌ[keâ 3.80ceer.
efyešgefceve keâer levÙelee efvecve hejeme ceW nesleer nw– 50-100 cm
(vÙetvelece 3.75ceer.)
"C[er peueJeeÙeg kesâ efueÙes ØeÙegòeâ efyešgefceve keâe «es[ neslee nw–
2 oes uesve Jeeueer meÌ[keâ 7.0ceer.
180/120
3 oes uesve leLee keâye& Jeeueer meÌ[keâ 7.5ceer. efyešgefceve keâe efJeefMe° ieg®lJe neslee nw– 0.97 to 1.03
4 leerve uesve Jeeueer meÌ[keâ 10.5ceer. GÛÛe iegCelee melen kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece DevegcevÙe uee@me Sbefpeume
5 Deefleefjkeäle uesve 3.5 ceer. DeheIe<e&Ce ceeve nw– 30%
efyešgefceve hej yesOeve hejer#eCe keâe ØeÙeesie %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙes
3. meÌ[keâ hesJeceWš keâe efvecee&Ce SJeb heoeLe& peeles nw– «es[
(Construction of road pavement and c1 - a1
material) efyešgefceve keâe efJeefMe° ieg®lJe nw– S=
ÛeóeveeW kesâ efJeIešve kesâ heMÛeeled Øeehle meece«eer keânueeleer nw– ce=oe (b 1
)(
- a1 d1 - c1 )
mebIe<e&Ce Deewj uee@me Svpeume DeheIe<e&Ce hejer#eCe keâjles meceÙe ØeÙegkeäle RC-2, MC-2 Deewj SC-2 GòejoeÙeer nw– meceeve MÙeevelee
efkeâS peeves Jeeues helLejeW (1000 C mes 1100 C lekeâ leehe›eâce ceW meÌ[keâ kesâ efueS DeÛÚs efceueeJee keâe ÛegveeJe keâjles meceÙe
Meg<keâ efkeâS ieS) keâe Yeej nesvee ÛeeefnS– efvecveefueefKele cesW mes keâewve mee iegCe efJeÛeejCeerÙe veneR nw– levÙelee
5 efkeâ«ee. Ùee 10 efkeâ«ee. DeheIe<e&Ce hejer#eCe %eele keâjves kesâ efueS DeeÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
DeheIe<e&Ce (abrasion) hejer#eCe keâjves keâe GodosMÙe neslee nw– efceueeJes keâer keâ"esjlee
efceueeJes keâer keâ"esjlee %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efyešgefceve hej efjbie Deewj yeeue hejer#eCe (Ring and ball test) keâe
ce=oe hejer#eCe keâjles meceÙe ------- %eele keâjves kesâ efueÙes Gmekeâe heefjCeece kesâ heoeW cebs efoÙee ieÙee nw– leeheceeve
Oeeiee yeveeÙee peelee nw– mebIeele hejer#eCe (Impact Test) ceW 13.5 kg to 14 kg Yeej kesâ
megIešdÙe meercee Ùee hueeefmškeâ meercee (Plastic Limit) nLeesÌ[s keâes 38 mesceer. keâer TBÛeeF& mes efceueeves hej efkeâleveer yeej
DeheIe<e&Ce hejer#eCe keâjles meceÙe ef[mkeâ kesâ Ietceves keâer ieefle nesleer nw– efiejeÙee peelee nw Ùee Ûeesš ueieeF& peeleer nw– 15 yeej
28 Ûekeäkeâj Øeefle meskeâC[ yepejer meÌ[keâ ceW ØeÙegkeäle keâer peeves Jeeueer yevOekeâ meece«eer nesleer nw–
YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme (IRC) kesâ Devegmeej peueyeæ efyešgefceve yeæ keäues
cewkeâ[ce (WBBM) meÌ[keâ kesâ efueS efceueeJes keâe DeefOekeâlece yepejer meÌ[keâ kesâ efueS yepejer efceßeCe ceW keäues keâer cee$ee nesleer nw–
ÛeerceÌ[heve (Toughnes) ceeve ³ ceW nesiee– 30 15% mes 25%
209
 mebIe<e&Ce Je ueeBme Svpeefueme (los angles) hejer#eCe kesâ efueS DeeOeej hejle ceW helLej Ùee FËš keâer meesefuebie hejle kesâ Thej HewâueeÙes
efceueeJes keâer Meg<keâ vÙetvelece cee$ee nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 5.0 efkeâ«ee. peeves Jeeues jsle keâer ceesšeF& nesleer nw ueieYeie– 25 efceceer.
ce=efòekeâe keâCeeW keâer ceehe nesleer nw- 0.002 efceceer mes keâce SsmHeâeuš keâe Deehesef#ekeâ ieg®lJe 1.26 mes 1.31 lekeâ leLee efyešgceve
keâe– 0.99
yeeuet kesâ keâCeeW keâe ceehe neslee nw- 0.06 mes 2 efceceer
efÛehekeâeT Ùee Deemebpekeâ ueshe (tack coat) kesâ efueS efyešgefceve kesâ
meÌ[keâeW kesâ meesefuebie keâesš kesâ efueS efkeâleves ceehe kesâ Yeešs ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ØeÙeesie keâer oj nesleer nw– 0.5 efkeâ«ee./ceer2
peeles nQ- 10mesceer mes 20 mesceer peue Éeje heefjJenve keâer ieÙeer cenerve keâCe Jeeueer ce=oe efpemeceW keäues,
efieóer keâe ÛeerceÌ[heve (Toughness) %eele keâjves kesâ efueS keâewve-mee jsle kesâ keâCe efceues ngÙes neW, keânueeleer nw–
hejer#eCe keâjles nQ- mebIeele hejer#eCe (Impact test) peueesÌ{ ce=oe (Alluvial Soil)
efieóer keâe efÛejmLeeefÙelJe %eele keâjves kesâ efueS keâewve-mee hejer#eCe keâjles efyešgceveer meÌ[keâeW ceW Thejer hejle kesâ ¤he ceW efyeÚeS ieS [ecej keâer
nQ- efveoex<elee hejer#eCe (Soundness Test) hejle keâer ceesšeF& nesleer nw– 2 mesceer. mes 3 mesceer.
keâš-yewkeâ ceW neslee nw- 80³ efyeštceveer 20³ Ieesuekeâ
Øeeke=âeflekeâ heeFjesefpeefveÙeme neF[^eskeâeye&ve Je Gvekesâ DeOeeeflJekeâ mepeele
keâe efceßeCe pees keâeye&ve [eF& meuHeâeF[ ceW IegueveMeerue nes, keânueelee
efyeštceve FceuMeve ceW efyeštceve keâer cee$ee nesleer nw- 60³ nw– efyešgceve
ce=oe efmLejerkeâjCe keâer memleer Deewj meyemes Deemeeve efJeefOe nw– Skeâ peueeyeæ cewkeâs[ce (WBM) meÌ[keâ ceW helLejeW kesâ šgkeâÌ[eW keâes
Ùeebef$ekeâ efmLejerkeâjCe (Mechanical Stabilization) hekeâÌ[ves kesâ efueS yebOekeâ heoeLe& ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
ce=ogkeâejer efyevog (softening point) hejer#eCe ceW FmheeleerÙe yee@ue helLej keâer Oetue (Stone Dust)
keâe JÙeeme neslee nw– 9.0 efceceer. ce=oe keâe hejer#eCe keâjles meceÙe LeÇs[ hejer#eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw,
meÌ[keâ keâer melen keâer Deefvlece hejle ceW --------- #es$eHeâue kesâ efueS efpememes ceeuetce nesleer nw–ce=oe keâer megIešdÙe meercee (Plastic
1 Ieveceeršj jsle keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– Limit)
160 Jeie& ceeršj mes 180 Jeie& ceeršj peye DeheIe<e&Ce hejer#eCe neslee nw, lees ef[mkeâ kesâ Ietceves keâer ieefle
DeOe: DeeOeej ce=oe kesâ iegCe legjvle %eele keâjves kesâ efueÙes hejer#eCe nesleer nw– 31-33 R.P.M.
efkeâÙee peelee nw– C.B.R. Keesoer ieF& ce=oe keâer cee$ee ceeheves kesâ efueÙes Keoeve ceW ÚesÌ[er ieF&
meÌ[keâ efvecee&Ce kesâ efueÙes DeeJeMÙekeâ meece«eer ceW yebOekeâ ce=oe kesâ kegâÚ ce=oe keânueeleer nw– dead man
Deefleefjkeäle DeeJeMÙekeâ nw– efieóer DeLeJee helLej keâer jesÌ[er W.B.M. meÌ[keâ keâer kegâšeF& keâjves Jeeues jesuej keâe Yeej neslee nw–
Deeceleewj hej meercesCš-kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâ hemebo veneR keâer peeleer nw, 8 mes 10 šve
keäÙeeWefkeâ– Gmekeâer ØeejefcYekeâ ueeiele DeefOekeâ nesleer nw GefÛele kegâšeF& kesâ efueÙes meÌ[keâ meece«eer keâer hejle ceesšeF& nesveer
uekeâÌ[er, keâesÙeues, lesue Deeefo kesâ ØeYeeJeer DeemeJeve kesâ yeeo yeÛeer ÛeeefnÙes– 15 mesceer.
meece«eer šej (leejkeâesue) keânueeleer nw– Yebpekeâ (destrictive) efkeâmeer Yeer efyešgefceve heoeLe& kesâ yeneJe keâe ØeeflejesOe ------ hejer#eCe
meercesCš kebâ›eâerš hesJecesvš ceW Øeyeueve jKee peelee nw– mes peevee peelee nw– MÙeevelee hejer#eCe (Viscosity Test)
Thej kesâ leue mes 5 mesceer. veerÛes
efyeštceve kesâ «es[ leLee ØeÙeesie
IS «es[ meceleguÙe «es[ ce=ogkeâejer efyevog keâeÙe& kesâ efueÙes iece& ØeÙeesie
Ùee yesOeve keâjves keâe leeheceeve
S 35 30/40 500-650 C 1700-1850 C meÌ[keâ kesâ hetJe& efceefßele Demlej leLee «eeGefšbie kesâ efueS~
S 65 60/70 400-450 C 1650-1800 C meeceevÙe peueyeæ cewkesâ[ce meÌ[keâ hej, iece& ceewmece ceW~
S 90 80/100 350-500 C 1600-1750 C he=‰ Øeuesheve, meerue keâesš Deeefo kesâ efueÙes~
A 90
S120 100/120 350-500 C 1550-1700 C nukesâ he=‰ Øeuesheve kesâ efueÙes~
memleer Ùee keâce ueeiele Jeeueer meÌ[keWâ Gve mLeeveeW hej yeveeF& peeleer nQ šskeâ keâesš ceW efyešgefceve ØeÙeesie keâjves keâer oj nesleer nw–
peneB ÙeeleeÙeele leer›elee Øeefleefove efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ ve nes– 0.5 efkeâ«ee. Øeefle Jeie& ceeršj
500m šve ØeeÙe: ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeues mšsefyeueeFpej nesles nQ–efyešgceve ueeFce
efyešgefceve kesâ ce=ogkeâejer efyevog keâer efveOee&efjle meercee nesleer nw– Deewj– meercesCš kesâ
1130F mes 1500F lekeâ keâÛÛeer meÌ[keâeW hej kesâcyej Je Ì{eue ------ DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee
meÌ[keâ kesâ Deefvlece Ùee DeeKejer hejle kesâ efueÙes 1 Ieve ceeršj jsle --- ÛeeefnS– 1 in 25
----#es$eHeâue kesâ efueÙes heÙee&hle nw– 160 mes 180 Jeie& ceer. meÌ[keâ efvecee&Ce ceW peye ce=oe keâer efkeâmce, keäues nesleer nw lees Fmekesâ
keâ"esjlee keâe JesOeveceeve neslee nw– 20/30 efueS efJeßeece keâesCe efueÙee peelee nw– 150 mes 200 lekeâ
meÌ[keâ kesâ Deefvlece heefjÛÚso kesâ heoe«e mes Keleeve keâer vÙetvelece otjer keâÛÛeer meÌ[keâ keâer DeeÙeg ØeeÙe: nesleer nw– 2 mes 4 Je<e&
nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 5 ceer DeheIe<e&Ce hejer#eCe kesâ efueS GhekeâjCe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
[esjer hejer#eCe GhekeâjCe (Dorry Testing Apparatus)
he=<" mebIeele hejer#eCe (Page Impact Test) ceW 13.5 efkeâ«ee Jeeues GefÛele peue efvekeâemeer kesâ efueÙes keâÛÛeer meÌ[keâeW ceW vÙetvelece Ì{eue keâe
nLeewÌ[s mes 3 mesceer. TBÛeeF& mes he=<" hej Ûeesš keâer peeleer nw– 25 yeej ceeve nesvee ÛeeefnS– 1 in 120
meeOeejCeleÙee ce=oe keâeÙe& kesâ efueS YejeJe ceW ce=oe kesâ efueS efve<eove JesOeve hejer#eCeeW mes efyešgefceve keâer %eele keâer peeleer nw–
mebYeej neslee nw– 10% meIevelee, keâ"esjlee
210
 meeOeejCeleÙee Yeejle ceW efØeefcekeäme keâehexš keâer ceesšeF& ueer peeleer nw– Ùeefo mebIeó ceeve 10³ mes keâce nw, lees efieóer nesieer-
2.00 mesceer. DeefOekeâ ÛeerceÌ[
meeOeejCeleÙee SsmHeâeefuškeâ kebâ›eâerš (Ashphalt Concrete) keâer keâce ueeiele mes yeveer meÌ[keâ hej ÙeeleeÙeele keâer #ecelee TBÛeer ueeiele
ceesšeF& ueer peeleer nw– mes yeveer meÌ[keâ keâer Dehes#ee– keâce nesleer nw
4.0 mesceer. ueÛeerues hewoue heLe keâer leguevee ceW keâ"esj hewoue heLe keâer ueeiele nesleer
I.R.C. kesâ Devegmeej, efceueeJes leLee yebOekeâ ceW leehe›eâce ceW Devlej -- nw– DeefOekeâ
--- mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 140C meeOeejCe ce=oe ceW ce=oe efve<eove keâe ØeefleMele ØeeJeOeeve jKee peelee
FËš Ùee helLej kesâ DeeOeej hele& ceW Gve hej efyeÚeF& peeves Jeeueer nw– 10%
jsleerueer efceóer keâer ceesšeF& ueieYeie nesveer ÛeeefnS– 25 efceceer. efyešgceerefveÙeme meÌ[keâeW keâer Dehes#ee meerceWš kebâ›eâerš keâer meÌ[keWâ nesleer
meeceevÙe YeejleerÙe heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW ceevekeâ melen keâer hesvš kesâ efueS, nQ– DeÛÚer
Fme leej keâes «es[ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– RT-2 meÌ[keâ efvecee&Ce kesâ efueÙes mLeue meHeâeF& keâjles meceÙe hesÌ[eW Deeefo keâer
meeOeejCe heesš&ueQ[ meercesCš keâe efJeefMe<šerkeâjCe pees meercesCš keâer peÌ[W efvekeâeueves kesâ efueÙes ------- ienjeF& lekeâ KegoeF& keâer peeveer
meÌ[keâ yeveeves ceW Fmlesceeue neslee nw, YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ ceW efoÙee ieÙee ÛeeefnS– 90 mesceer.
nw– 269–1967 GceÌ[s ngS IegceeJe, hegve: ØeJesMe keâjves Jeeues IegceeJeeW keâer Dehes#ee
keâesueleej kesâ «es[ RT-5 keâes keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS iece& keâjves keâe Kelejveekeâ nesles nQ– DeefOekeâ
leeheceeve neslee nw– 1400C meÌ[keâ efvecee&Ce kesâ efueÙes keâšeF& ceW DeefOekeâlece heeefMJe&keâ Ì{eue efoÙee
meÌ[keâeW hej kebâ›eâerš efyeÚeves kesâ efueS uekeâÌ[er kesâ yeves ngS neLe mes peevee ÛeeefnÙes– meerOee
Fmlesceeue efkeâS peeves Jeeues Heäueesšdme 29 mesceer. ÛeewÌ[s Deewj ceesšs kebâ›eâerš muewye keâer kegâšeF& keâer peeleer nw– JeeFyeÇsšj
nesles nQ– 4 mes 5 mesceer. kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâ ceW Ùeefo DeOe:mlej (sub-grade) keâeHeâer efvecve
Skeâ keâb›eâerš hesJeceWš ceW yebOekeâ ÚÌ[s ueieeF& peeleer nQ– iegCeJeòee keâe nes Deewj meÌ[keâ hej Yeejer ÙeeleeÙeele keâe DeeJeeieceve
DevegowOÙe& peesÌ[eW hej neslee nes, lees– Øeyeueve ueieeÙee peelee nw
henues mes DeheejiecÙe hesJecesCš hej efyešgefceve keâer melen keâer peeleer nw helLej Ùee FËš keâer meesefuebie hejle kesâ Thej jsle keâer ceesšeF& ØeeÙe:
Ùen efvecve kesâ ™he ceW peeveer peeleer nw– šwkeâ keâesš nesleer nw– 25 efceceer.
DeeF&.Deej.meer. Éeje efoÙes ieÙes Ùeeve #eefle iegCekeâ (VDF) keâe Øemeej peesÌ[eW hej heefnÙes kesâ Yeej keâes Skeâ muewye mes otmejs muewye ceW
GheÙeesie neslee nw– peue efvekeâemeer kesâ meer.yeer.Deej efJeefOe ceW Devleefjle keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw–
ÙeeveheLe ceW, meerceWš kebâ›eâerš muewye ceW yebOekeâ ÚÌ[ ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer cesKe oC[ (dowel bars)
nw– DevegowOÙe& peesÌ[ kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâeW ceW hejle ÚesÌ[er pee mekeâleer nw–
ceevekeâ oMeeDeeW ceW OeeJeve heLe keâer DeeJeMÙekeâ uecyeeF& 1500ceer. efvecve keâesš (base coat)
nw~ Gme mLeeve keâer ceeOÙe mecegõ leue mes JeemleefJekeâ TBÛeeF& YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme kesâ Devegmeej W.B.M. meÌ[keâ keâer melen hej
1100ceer. nw~ TBÛeeF& kesâ efueS mebMeesefOele OeeJeve heLe keâer uecyeeF& ØeLece ueshe ueieeves kesâ efueÙes Øeefle 10 Jeie& ceeršj melen kesâ efueS
nesieer– 1885m efyeštceve keâer cee$ee heÙee&hle nesleer nw– 17 mes 19.5 efkeâ«ee
ueÛeeruee ÙeeveheLe (Flexible Pavement) heefnÙee Yeej keâes ueesns kesâ heefnÙes Ùegkeäle ÙeeleeÙeele kesâ DeeJeeieceve kesâ efueS meJee&efOekeâ
efJeleefjle keâjlee nw– GheÙegkeäle KeÌ[bpee nw– DeevecÙe KeÌ[bpee (flexible pavement)
meye«es[ kesâ hejlees kesâ mesš mes neskeâj efÛehekeâeT Ùee Deemebpekeâ ueshe (tack coat) kesâ efueÙes Øeefle Jeie&
Meerhe hegâefšbie jesefuebie ceW cetue ef›eâÙee meefcceefuele nw– iettBLevee ceeršj melen efyeštceve keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw– 0.5 efkeâ«ee.
keâeueer melen meÌ[keâ kesâ mecetn ceW DeefOekeâlece iegCeJeòee efvecee&Ce kesâ ÂÌ{ hesJecesvš DeLee&led kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâeW ceW efpeme hejle keâes ÚesÌ[e pee
efueS efJeÛeej efkeâÙee peelee nw– efyešgefceveme kebâ›eâerš mekeâlee nw, Jen nw– efvecve hejle
šeÙej oyeeJe ØeYeeefJele keâjlee nw– melen hejle keâer iegCelee keâes efyeštceveer meÌ[keâeW ceW [ecej efyeÚeF& hejle keâer ceesšeF& nesleer nw–
Ùeefo N «es[eW keâe vesš Devlej nw, S vÙetvelece heejkeâ oMe& otjer ceeršj 2 mes 3 mesceer.
NS 2 meÌ[keâ ceeie& kesâ oesveeW Deesj heeefMJe&keâ peue-efvekeâeme veeefueÙeeB yeveeÙeer
ceW nw, efMeKej Je›eâ keâer uecyeeF& (L) nw– peeleer nw Ùeefo meÌ[keâ keâe efvecee&Ce efkeâÙee ieÙee nes– keâšeF& ceW
9.6
peye efKemekeâeJe kesâ keâejCe Yet-mKeueve (Landslides) neslee nw lees [ecej efyeÚeF& hejle kesâ efueÙes efÚ[Ì keâves kesâ efueÙes [ecej keâes iece&
Fmes keânles nQ– yeneJe efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS– 1800C
meeOeejCe heewš&ueQ[ meercesCš mes yevee veÙee hesJeceWš keâeÙe&keâejer meceeLÙe& meÌ[keâ keâer o#elee Deewj Gmekeâer DeeÙeg ceW GuuesKeveerÙe Je=efæ keâer pee
Øeehle keâj ueslee nw– 28 efove mekeâleer nw– Gòece peue efvekeâeme JÙeJemLee mes
meÌ[keâ efvecee&Ce kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle nesves Jeeueer efJeefYevve meeceef«eÙeeW ceW hetJe& efceefßele keâejhesš (Premix Carpet) Ùee HeâMe& keâer ceesšeF&
neslee nw ce=oe yebOekeâ Deewj– helLej efceueeJee, jsle, Ûetvee Yeejle ceW ØeeÙe: nesleer nw– 2 mesceer.
SmHeâeuš Øeeke=âeflekeâ ¤he mes Øeehle neslee nw– Jen ceeie&, pees Skeâ meÌ[keâ keâes efkeâmeer Yeer efvepeer mecheefòe mes
PeerueeW mes, ÛešdševeeW mes peesÌ[lee nw, keânueelee nw– [^eFJe-Jes
meÌ[keâ keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie keâce GheÙegkeäle jnlee nw– meercesCš kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâ DeefOekeâ hemevo keâjves keâe keâejCe
FceuMeve (Emulsion) nw– Fmekeâer DeeÙeg, meeceLÙe& Je efškeâeTheve DeefOekeâ neslee nw
meÌ[keâ efvecee&Ce ceW ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeues helLejeW keâes heeveer meesKevee kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâ ceW DeOe: DeeOeej Kejeye nesves leLee ÙeeleeÙeele
ÛeeefnS– 0.6 ØeefleMele (heeveer keâe) DeefOekeâ nesves hej efoÙee peelee nw– Øeyeueve
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ØeeÙe: DeOe: DeeOeej Je kebâ›eâerš KeÌ[bpes kesâ yeerÛe Ie<e&Ce 1500 šve Øeefleefove mes DeefOekeâ ÙeeleeÙeele kesâ efueS meyemes
iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw– 1.5 mes 2.0 GheÙegkeäle meÌ[keâ nesleer nw– efyešgefceve meÌ[keâ
I.R.C. kesâ Devegmeej, Skeâ meercesCš kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâ SsmHeâeuš meercesCš kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâ keâes DeÛÚer Øekeâej yeveeves Je
meÌ[keâ keâer Dehes#ee cenbieer nesleer nw– heeBÛe iegveer (ueieYeie) Devegj#eCe keâjves hej Gmekeâer DeeÙeg nesleer nw– 30 mes 40 Je<e&
jes[šej keâer ßesCeer leLee ØeÙeesie
ßesCeer ce=ogkeâejer efyevog keâeÙe& kesâ efueÙes iece& ØeÙeesie
keâjves keâe leeheceeve
RT–1 480 C 900 C "C[s ceewmece leLee TBÛeeF& Jeeues heneÌ[er mLeeveeW ceW he=‰ Øeuesheve kesâ
efueÙes~
RT–2 500 C 1000 C meeceevÙe peueJeeÙeg ceW he=<" Øeuesheve kesâ efueÙes~
RT–3 520 C 1150 C he=<" heÇuesheve veJeerke=âle keâesš kesâ efueÙes~
RT–4 540 C 1300 C hetJe& efceefßele Demlej (Carpet) kesâ efueÙes~
RT–5 560 C 1400 C Ieesue DeefYehetjCe (Grouting)kesâ efueÙes~
meercesCš kebâ›eâerš keâer Skeâ uesve keâer Ûeew[Ì eF& nesleer nw– 3 mes 4.5 ceer. Meg<keâ efÛeveeF& helLej keâer ØeefleOeejkeâ oerJeej keâer TBÛeeF& ----- mes
peue yeæ cewkeâ[ce meÌ[keâ keâer DeeÙeg ceeveer peeleer nw– 5 Je<e& lekeâ DeefOekeâ veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– 6 ceer.
ueÛeerues meÌ[keâ hesJecesvš hej Deueie-Deueie Glhevve Je=òeekeâej DelÙevle efceòeJÙeÙeer heefjÛÚso neslee nw–
DeJeheele keânueelee nw– ieefle&keâe (pot holes) DeebefMekeâ YejeF& Je DeebefMekeâ keâšeJe ceW
meercesCš kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâ keâer hejle keâer ceesšeF& nesleer nw– I.R.C. kesâ Devegmeej, heneÌ[er #es$eeW ceW je<š^erÙe ceneceeieeX kesâ
15 mes 20 mesceer. DeefYekeâuheve ieefle ueer peeleer nw–
meercesCš kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâeW ceW Øeyeueve jKee peelee nw– 40 mes 50 efkeâceer./IeCše
efMeKej melen mes 5 mesceer. veerÛes cegb[sj oerJeej Deeceleewj hej meÌ[keâ ceeie& kesâ meeLe-meeLe Ieešer keâer
SsmHeâeuš meÌ[keâ (Ashphalt Road) keâe efškeâeTheve Deesj efveefce&le keâjvee Dehesef#ele nw leeefkeâ– JeenveeW keâes meÌ[keâ
efveYe&j keâjlee nw– ceeie& hej GheÙegkeäle ¤he mes yeveeS jKee peeS
JeenveeW keâer mebKÙee hej Skeâ heneÌ[er meÌ[keâ ceW Je›eâlee keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 15 ceeršj
meÌ[keâ melen keâer oes meceeveevlej keâce ÛeewÌ[er hešjer efpeve hej heneÌ[er #es$eeW keâer meÌ[keâeW ceW IegceeJe keâe Deæ&JÙeeme veneR nesvee
yewueieeÌ[er DeLeJee DevÙe Jeenve Ûeue mekeâles nQ, keânueeles nQ– ÛeeefnS– 15 ceeršj mes keâce
›eâeršheLe Ùee ›eâerš ceeie& (crete way) DeMJe heLe ceW DeefOekeâlece efveÙeb$ekeâ Ì{eue keâe ceeve nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 1
heeuee GlLeeheve (frost heaving) keânueelee nw– in 10
hesJecesvš Jeeues Yeeie kesâ meeLe-meeLe [euee ieÙee GYeej heneÌ[er Ì{ueeveeW kesâ efkeâveejeW keâes LeesÌ[e-LeesÌ[e keâjkesâ keâešves kesâ {bie
pees meÌ[keWâ efkeâmeer osMe kesâ heneÌ[er #es$e ceW yeveeÙeer peeleer nw GvnW keâes keânles nQ– yewefÛebie
keâne peelee nw– heneÌ[er Ùee Ieešer meÌ[keWâ (Valley Roads) heneÌ[er #es$e ceW je<š^erÙe ceneceeie& kesâ efvecee&Ce kesâ ØeejefcYekeâ ÛejCe ceW
I.R.C. kesâ Devegmeej heneÌ[er #es$e keâer meÌ[keâeW ceW ¤efuebie «esef[Sbš efkeâmeer Yeer Je›eâ keâer ef$epÙee keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 30 ceer.
DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS– 5.00% hewjeefheš oerJeej keâer TBÛeeF& Deeceleewj hej hešjer kesâ leue mes--------
meÌ[keâ ceeie& kesâ meeLe-meeLe Ieešer keâer Deesj yeveeF& ieF& cegb[sj oerJeej Thej jKeer peeleer nw– 75 mesceer.
keâer ceesšeF& Deeceleewj hej jKeer peeleer nw– 60 mesceer.
heneÌ[er meÌ[keâeW hej DeefOekeâlece yeenjer G"eve (super elevation)
heneÌ[er meÌ[keâeW kesâ efueS ceeie& keâer keâševe keâer {eue (gradient) DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– 10%
jKeer peeleer nw– Ùeefo efkeâmeer heneÌ[er meÌ[keâ keâer Je›eâlee ef$epÙee R nes, lees DeefOekeâlece
efveÙeb$ekeâ Ì{eue keâer leguevee ceW 10% mes 20% keâce
75
DeeF&.Deej.meer. : 52 – 1973 kesâ Devegmeej efkeâmeer heneÌ[er meÌ[keâ keâe mlej mechetefle& (ØeefleMele ceW) nesiee–
mebjsKeCe keâjves keâe henuee ÛejCe nw– π
šesn meJex#eCe (reconnaissance survey) DeÕe heLe keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& meeceevÙele: ueer peeleer nw- 1.5 mes 2.5ceer.
heneÌ[ kesâ Deevleefjkeâ efmejs keâer Deesj Je›eâ keâer DeJeleuelee heneÌ[er meÌ[keâes ceW heie[C[er keâer Deveguecye {eue ueer peeleer nw-
(concavity) keânueeleer nw– GYeej Ùee cegKÙe Je›eâ keâesvee ceesÌ[
heneÌ[er #es$eeW ceW meÌ[keâ kesâ Je›eâ ÛeewÌ[s efkeâÙes peeles nQ– peye heneÌ[er keâer Gòeuelee yeenj keâer lejHeâ efvekeâueer nes, lees keâewve-mee
meÌ[keâ kesâ Devo¤veer efnmmes ceW ceesÌ[ yevelee nw- yeefn:#esheer ceesÌ[
«eeceerCe ›eâe@me mueeshe keâe ØeefleMele 25 mes 60 lekeâ neslees #es$e
Jeieeake=âle neslee nw– heneÌ[er yeefn:#esheer ceesÌ[ keâes DevÙe Skeâ efkeâme veece mes peeve peelee nw-
Ì{eue keâer efveÛeueer meeF[ keâer Deesj ce=oe YejeF& Je meÌ[keâ kesâ DevOee ceesÌ[
ÙeeleeÙeele keâe Yeej Jenve keâjves kesâ efueÙes yeveeÙeer ieF& Úesšer oerJeej DeÕe heLe keâes efkeâleves Øeefle efkeâuees ceeršj keâer oj Deveguecye {eue oer
keânueeleer nw– ØeefleOeejkeâ Ùee hegMlee oerJeej peeleer nw- 150 ceer.
heneÌ[er meÌ[keâeW ceW Dehesef#ele vÙetvelece ue#ekeâ otjer nesleer nw– peceeJe efyevog #es$eeW ceW heneÌ[er meÌ[keâeW kesâ efueS keâš-yeQkeâ «es[ keâer
®keâves keâer ue#ekeâ otjer Fmlesceeue efkeâÙee peelee nw- RC-3
212
Oejeleue heneÌ[er Oejeleue ceW Jeieeake=âle keâer peeleer nw Ùeefo ›eâeme {ueeve DeefOekeâlece Jeenve KeÌ[s efkeâÙes pee mekeâles nQ, Skeâ-otmejs kesâ–
nw– 25 mes 60³ kesâ yeerÛe mecekeâesCe hej
heneÌ[er #es$eeW ceW je<š^erÙe jepeceeieeX kesâ efueÙes DeefYekeâuheve ieefle nesleer Ùen [ewpej, hesÌ[, Ieveer Peeef[Ì ÙeeW leLee Je=#eeW keâes peÌ[ mes efvekeâeueves
nw– 50efkeâ.ceer./IeCše kesâ keâece Deelee nw– hesÌ[ [espej, yegue [espej
heneÌ[er meÌ[keâes ceW, vÙetvelece ØeeflejesOeer uecyeeF& mebjsKeCe hemebo efkeâÙee efyeštceveer Thejer hejle (carpet) keâer ceesšeF& nesleer nw–
peelee nw, Ùeefo– Ùeefo JeebefÚle pÙeeefceleerÙe keâer hetefle& keâjlee nw~ 2.0 mes 2.5 mesceer.
Skeâ nsÙej-efheve-cees[Ì kesâ efueS vÙetvelece DeefYekeâefuhele Ûeeue heneÌ[er š^wkeäšj pees Skeâ Jeenkeâ keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw keâer DeMJe Meefkeäle nesleer
meÌ[keâeW ceW efueÙee peelee nw– 20 kmph nw– 20 mes 200 H.P kesâ yeerÛe
oerJeej pees efkeâ meÌ[keâ kesâ heneÌ[er keâer Deesj DeeJeMÙekeâ nw peneB hej keâ"esj ce=oe Ùee heLejerueer Yetefce keâes {eruee keâjves Ùee keâešves keâe keâeÙe&
efceóer keâes efheâmeueves mes jeskeâlee nw, peevee peelee nw– keâjlee nw– ¤šj/efjhhej
yeÇsmš oerJeej (Breast Walls) Skeâ efyešgefceveer ÙeeveheLe ceW, Sueeriesšj ojej cegKÙeleÙee kesâ keâejCe
Skeâ heneÌ[er meÌ[keâ keâe mebjsKeCe efveOee&jCe keâe ØeLece ÛejCe nw– neslee nw–
DeeJeer#eCe Øeefleyeue kesâ yeej-yeej DevegØeÙeesie kesâ keâejCe heâefšbie
ueÛeerueer meÌ[keâeW keâer veeRJe Je hejleeW ceW yengle DeefOekeâ efJeke=âefle Ùee ce=oe meÌ[keâ ceW GefÛele [^svespe kesâ efueS vÙetvelece Deveguecye Ì{eue efoÙee
efJe¤heCe Glhevve nesvee, keânueelee nw– peelee nw– 1 in 120
DeeOeej hejle efJeHeâuelee (Base course failure) meÌ[keâ kesâ hegMelees kesâ heoe«e (toe) Je heeefMJe&keâ veeueer kesâ yeerÛe
ueÛeerueer Ùee DeeveceÙe meÌ[keâeW ceW DevegowOÙe&, DeJeheele vÙetvelece otjer nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 200 mesceer.
(depression), keânueelee nw– Iešdše Ùee ueerkeâ (ruts) Deeceleewj hej pewueer veeueeW keâe Deekeâej neslee nw–
meercesCš-kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâeW ceW ueieeS ieS DevegØemLe peesÌ[ nesles nQ– meceuecye ÛelegYeg&peekeâej
škeäkeâj peesÌ[, efpeåJee Je KeebÛee peesÌ[ ØeefleOeejkeâ oerJeej mes efjmeeJe peue keâes yeenj efvekeâeueves kesâ efueS
ueÛeerueer meÌ[keâeW ceW Skeâebkeâer Je=òeekeâej Glhevve nesves Jeeues ie[d{s yeveeS ieS 10 mesceer. mes 12 mesceer. JÙeeme kesâ efÚõ keânueeles nQ–
keânueeles nQ– ieefle&keâe DeheefÚõ Ùee peue efÚõ (weep holes)
kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâ ceW efHeâmeueve Dee peeves hej Gmes "erkeâ efkeâÙee peelee keâšeF& ceW yeveeF& peeves Jeeueer meÌ[keâ ceW heeefMJe&keâ veeefueÙeeB nesveer
nw– neF[^eskeäueesefjkeâ Decue [euekeâj meeHeâ keâjkesâ ÛeeefnS– meÌ[keâ kesâ oesveeW Deesj
ce=oe meÌ[keâ keâe efJemle=le Devegj#eCe efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnÙes– heeefMJe&keâ veeueer ceW vÙetvelece cegkeäleMeer<e& nesvee ÛeeefnÙes–
Je<ee& $e+leg kesâ heMÛeeled meÌ[keâ leue mes 25 mesceer. veerÛes
meÌ[keâ hesJecesvš ceW Dehe¤heCe efJeHeâuelee ojej Glhevve nesves kesâ meÌ[keâeW keâes Meg<keâ jKeves keâer Âef<š mes heeefMJe&keâ veeefueÙeeB yeveeF&
keâejCe nw– hesJecesvš ceW keâce meeceLÙe& peeleer nw~ Fve veeefueÙeeW ceW efHeâušj meece«eer [eueer peeleer nw~ Ùes
meercesCš kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâeW kesâ ojejeW keâer cejccele keâer peeveer ÛeeefnÙes– veeefueÙeeB keânueeleer nQ– pesueer [^sve (Jelly drain)
«eer<ce $e+leg kesâ legjvle heMÛeeled DeefOekeâ Je<ee& Jeeues #es$eeW ceW heeefMJe&keâ veeefueÙeeW kesâ heefjÛÚso nesves
kebâ›eâerš-muewye ceW mebjÛeveelcekeâ ojej Glhevve nesves kesâ keâejCe nQ– ÛeeefnÙes– meceuecyeekeâej heefjÛÚso
DeheÙee&hle muewye ceesšeF& heeMJe& yengcegKeer heeFhe efJeefOe ceW meÌ[keâ kesâ efkeâveejeW keâer lejHeâ Skeâ
heQÛespe (patches) keâer cejccele keâer peeveer ÛeeefnÙes– yengcegKeer heeFhe [euee peelee nw~ Fvekeâe JÙeeme neslee nw– 20 mesceer.
Je<ee& $e+leg kesâ heMÛeeled o#e melen Deewj Ghe melen [^svespe keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueS ØeYeeJeMeeueer
efyeštceveer meÌ[keâ keâer melen ceW uenefjÙeeheve nesves keâe keâejCe nw– GheeÙe nw– YetmKeueve
efceueeJes keâe Skeâmeceeve ve nesvee YejeJe ceW meeF[ [^sve leLee šes kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer nesveer ÛeeefnS–
oes<ehetCe& efvecee&Ce DeLeJee efiešdšer kesâ meÌ[keâ kesâ peesÌ[eW ceW ØeJesMe kesâ 2 ceeršj mes keâce veneR
keâejCe Úerueve Ùee efiešdšer efvekeâuevee (chipping) keânueelee nw– meÌ[keâ kesâ Ì{eBÛes kesâ Kejeye nesves keâe cegKÙe keâejCe neslee nw–
Glejvee (spalling) meye-«es[ ceW heeveer keâe Iegmevee
kebâ›eâerš ceW mebjÛeveelcekeâ ojej Glhevve nesves keâe keâejCe nw– meeF[ [^sve ceW øeâer yees[& nesvee ÛeeefnS–
muesye keâer ceesšeF& DeheÙee&hle nesves kesâ keâejCe meÌ[keâ keâer melen mes 25 cm veerÛes mes keâce veneR
meercesCš kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâeW ceW Øemeej peesÌ[ --------- otjer kesâ peneB hej yengle DeefOekeâ yeeefjMe nesleer nw, Ssmes mLeeveeW hej meÌ[keâ hej
Devlejeue hej ueieeÙes peeves ÛeeefnÙes– 18–21 ceer. meeF[ [^sve yeveeÙeer peeleer nw– keâeš ceW meceuecyeekeâej
ueÛeerues hesJeceWš ceW pees ieesueekeâej efJemebheke&âve ie[dÌ{s heÌ[ peeles nQ– kewâefheuejer jeFpe keâes hetjer lejn Kelce keâj osves kesâ efueS pe¤jer cenerve
heesš nesue yeeuet keâer hejle keâer vÙetvelece ceesšeF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 76 mesceer.
meÌ[keâ kesâ hegMleeW kesâ efueÙes GheÙegkeäle ce=oe nesleer nw–keâCeoej ce=oe efkeâmeer Yeer meÌ[keâ keâe DeOe:mLeue Meg<keâ jKeves kesâ efueS meÌ[keâ kesâ
Skeâ meercesCš kebâ›eâerš meÌ[keâ ceW ojejeW keâer cejccele keâer peeleer nw– DeOe:mlej mes DeOeesYetefce peue mlej veerÛes jnvee ÛeeefnS–
«eer<ce $e+leg kesâ yeeo 1 mes 1.20 ceeršj mes keâce veneR
cewoeveer #es$eeW ceW YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme kesâ Devegmeej je<š^erÙe Jeerhe nesue keâe JÙeeme neslee nw– 10 mes 12 mesceer.
ceneceeie& hej efveÙebef$ele ef[]peeFve ieefle nesveer ÛeeefnS– 100 kmph hegMles ceW heeefMJe&keâ peue efvekeâeme veeefueÙeeW Deewj hegMles kesâ De«e
Skeâ hewJeceWš ceW keâle&ve DemeHeâuelee ojejW heÌ[leer nQ– DeeOeeefjkeâ Yeeie (toe) keâer keâer otjer keâce mes keâce nesveer ÛeeefnS–
hesJeceWš ceW keâcepeesjer kesâ keâejCe 200 mesceer.
meÌ[keâ kesâ Devegj#eCe kesâ Devleie&le yeeleW Deeleer nQ– Yetleue mes veerÛes peue leue keâer ienjeF& efveYe&j keâjleer nw–
peesÌ[eW, efÛehheÌ[eW, ojejeW keâer cejccele YetJew%eeefvekeâ heefjefmLeefleÙeeB
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 Yeejer Je<ee& Jeeues mLeeveeW ceW meÌ[keâ hej yeveeF& ieF& heeefMJe&keâ veeefueÙeeB (b) Crushing test / meboueve hejer#eCe
nesveer ÛeeefnS– efJe<ece ÛelegYeg&pekeâej heefjÛÚso Ùegkeäle (c) Hardness test / keâ"esjlee hejer#eCe
DeOe:mLeue peue efvekeâeme ceW, kesâvõerÙe yengcegKeer heeFhe efJeefOe ceW (d) Impact test / ÛeerceÌ[ hejer#eCe
heeMJe& heeFhe veeefueÙeeW keâe JÙeeme neslee nw– 7 mes 10 mesceer. lekeâ RRB JE Allahabad : 04.01. 2015
heeMJe& heeFhe ueeFveeW Ùee veeefueÙeeW keâes meÌ[keâ keâer ceOÙe jsKee mes Ans. (b) : meÌ[keâ - efceóer keâer mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& (Compressive
efyeÚeÙes peeles nQ– 600 kesâ keâesCe hej strength) %eele keâjves keâ efueS meboueve meeceLÙe& hejer#eCe (cursing
DeOe:mlej meece«eer keâe efHeâušj meece«eer ceW ØeJesMe ve nesves osves kesâ strength test) efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efueÙes DeOe:mlej meece«eer Je efHeâušj meece«eer keâe DeejiecÙe Devegheele ÂÌ{ efceóer keâe meboueve ceeve keâce neslee nw~ hewJescesvš kesâ DeeOeej keâesš kesâ
nesvee ÛeeefnS– 5 mes DeefOekeâ efueS Ùen ceeve 45% leLee Thejer keâesš kesâ efueS 30% efueÙee peelee nw~
Yetefce ceW ØeJesMe keâjves Jeeuee heeveer Gme meceÙe lekeâ ØeJeeefnle neslee 3. Which of the following is an unmetalled road?
jnsiee peye lekeâ efkeâ Jen efkeâmeer DeheejiecÙe hejle mes veneR efceuelee~ efvecveefueefKele ceW mes keâewve meer Skeâ keâÛÛeer meÌ[keâ nw?
Fme Yetefceiele heeveer keâer efMeKej melen keânueeleer nw– (a) Cement concrete roads only/kesâJeue meerceWš kebâ›eâerš
peue leue (water table) keâer meÌ[keWâ
meÌ[keâ kesâ DeOe:mLeue keâes keâeHeâer cee$ee ceW Meg<keâ jKeves keâer Âef<š mes (b) Earthen roads only/kesâJeue efceóer keâer meÌ[kesâ
DeOe: peue leue meÌ[keâ kesâ DeOe: DeeOeej (sub grade) mes veerÛes (c) All of the above/Ghejesòeâ meYeer
jnvee ÛeeefnÙes– 100 mes 120 mesceer. (d) Bituminous roads only/kesâJeue [ecej (efyešgefceveme)
Je=#e ueieevee Je Gvekeâer osKe-Yeeue keâjvee keânueelee nw– keâer meÌ[keWâ
Je=#e mebJeOe&ve (Arboriculture) RRB JE Mumbai : 04.01. 2015
Deece, peecetve, iegueceesnj Deewj cewefuevee kesâ Je=#eeW keâes Gieeves kesâ efueS Ans. (b) : keâÛÛeer meÌ[keâ keâer ßesCeer ceW kesâJeue efceóer mes yeveeÙeer ieÙeer
meJee&efOekeâ GheÙegkeäle ce=oe nw– keäuesÙegkeäle ce=oe meÌ[keâ Deeleer nw~ FmeceW Fmekesâ melen mes Je<ee& keâe peue keâe MeerIeÇ yen
peuee›eâevle #es$eeW ceW Je=#eeW keâes ueieeÙee peevee ÛeeefnS– peeves kesâ efueS Fmes 1IN20 keâe {eue efoÙee peelee nw~ keâÛÛer meÌ[keâ
keâeHeâer TBÛeer Yetefce hej keâer ÛeewÌ[eÙeer 4.5 ceer. mes 5.5 ceer. lekeâ nesleer nw~ Je<ee& nesves hej
MeerMece Je keâebpeer Deeefo Je=#e Gieeves kesâ efueÙes GheÙegkeäle ce=oe nw– keâÛÛeer meÌ[keâeW ceW heeveer Yej peelee nw FmeefueS Fmekeâes ceewmeceer meÌ[keâ
jsleerueer (Fair weather road) Yeer keâne peelee nw~
Je=#eeW keâes ueieeves kesâ efueS Deeceleewj hej Keesos peeves Jeeues ieºs keâe 4. The width of National & State Highways in
Deekeâej nesvee ÛeeefnS– 1 ceer. × 1 ceer. × 1 ceer. plain and rolling terrain for single lane is
veerce, Fceueer, yeyetue Je šerkeâ Gieeves kesâ efueÙes GheÙegkeäle ce=oe nw– cewoeve Deewj Gleej-ÛeÌ{eJe Jeeues #es$e ceW eEmeieue uesve kesâ efueS
yebpej je°^erÙe Je jepÙe jepeceeieeX keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& efkeâleveer nesleer nw?
efkeâmeer Je=#e kesâ leves Deewj meÌ[keâ kesâ ÙeeveheLe kesâ kesâvõ kesâ yeerÛe keâer (a) 12.0 m (b) 6.25 m (c) 14.0 m (d) 8.80 m
otjer nesveer ÛeeefnS– 10 ceer. mes 15 ceer. kesâ yeerÛe RRB JE RANCHI : 26.08. 2015
ØeeÙe: Je=#eeW kesâ yeerÛe DevegowOÙe& Devlejeue nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– Ans. (a) : cewoeve Deewj Gleej-ÛeÌ{eJe Jeeues #es$e ceW Skeâue uesve kesâ
10 mes 15 ceer. efueS je°^erÙe Je jepÙe ceneceeieex keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& 12.0 ceeršj nesleer nw~
Je=#e ueieeves kesâ heMÛeeled Gvekeâer osKe-Yeeue keâye lekeâ keâer peeveer peyeefkeâ cegKÙe efpeuee meÌ[keâeW kesâ efueS Fmekeâe ceeve 9 ceeršj leLee
ÛeeefnS– 2 Je<e& mes 3 Je<e& lekeâ DevÙe efpeuee meÌ[keâeW Deewj «eeceerCe meÌ[keâeW kesâ efueS Fmekeâe ceeve 7.5
heewOes ueieeves kesâ heMÛeeled ------- ienjeF& lekeâ efcešdšer Yej oer peeleer ceeršj neslee nw~
nw– Yetleue mes 15 mesceer. veerÛes 5. According to Highway Research Board, soils
hesÌ[eW mes metKeer MeeKeeÙeW, štšer MeeKeeÙeW, heerÚs keâer Deesj cegÌ[er are classified into _____ types.
DeLeJee yengle meceerhe Jeeueer meceeveevlej MeeKeeDeeW keâes keâešvee, neF&Jes efjmeÛe& yees[& kesâ Devemeej, ce=oe keâes _____ ØekeâejeW
keânueelee nw– keâešÚeš keâjvee (Pruning) ceW Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
peue«emle Yetefce kesâ efueS GheÙegkeäle Je=#e nesles nQ– RRB JE Jammu : 26.08. 2015
Deece, peecegve FlÙeeefo (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 10 (d) 7
1. As per Indian Road Congress, the slope of Ans : (d) neF& Jes ef j meÛe& yees [ & 1945 ceW Deces e f j keâe keâer meÌ[keâ
earth in cutting should be Deveg meb O eeve heef j<eo ves FmeceW JÙeehekeâ meb M ees O eve ef k eâÙes leLee Fmekeâe veece
YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme kesâ Devegmeej, keâševe ceW ce=oe keâer meÌ[keâ DevegmebOeeve heefj<eod (HRB) Jeieeake=âle heæefle jKee~ Yeejle cebs
{ueeve nesveer ÛeeefnS- Ùen heæefle IRC kesâ veece mes peeveer peeleer nw~ neFJes efjmeÛe& yees[& kesâ
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 :4 (d) 2 : 3 Devegmeej ce=oe keâes 7 JeieeX ceW Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ peyeefkeâ
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015 ie"veelcekeâ JeieeakeâjCe Ûeeš& kesâ Devegmeej ce=oe keâes 12 JeieeX ceW Jeieeake=âle
Ans : (a) IRC kesâ Devegmeej meÌ[keâ keâer heeÕe& {eues meeceevÙele: YejeJe efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
1 6. What are particularly provided in the case of
ceW 1 :1 leLee keâševe ceW 1 :1 ueer peeleer nw~
2 urban roads?
2. The compressive strength of stone is found out Menjer meÌ[keâ kesâ ceeceues ceW efJeMes<e ™he mes keäÙee GheueyOe
by : keâjeÙee peelee nw?
helLej keâer mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& efkeâme hejer#eCe kesâ Éeje veeheer RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
peeleer nw (a) footpaths/HegâšheeLe
(a) Attrition test / mebIe<e&Ce hejer#eCe (b) express way/ÛeewÌ[e ceeie& (SkeämeØesme Jes)
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 (c) carriage way/heefjJenve ceeie& (kewâefjpe Jes) 9. In India the first preference is given to roads
(d) highway/jepeceeie& (neF&Jes) for what purposes?
Ans : (a) veiej meercee kesâ Devoj efmLele meÌ[kesâ veiejerÙe meÌ[kesâ meÌ[keâ keâes henueer ØeeLeefcekeâlee efkeâve GösMÙeeW kesâ efueS oer
keânueeleer nw~ Fvekesâ efvecee&Ce leLee Devegj#eCe ceW efJeMes<e meeJeOeeveer jKeveer peeleer nQ?
heÌ[leer nw keäÙeeWefkeâ Kegues #es$eeW keâer leguevee ceW veiejerÙe #es$eeW hej ÙeeleeÙeele RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
yengle DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ Fme Øekeâej kesâ meÌ[keâes hej efJeMes<e ™he mes HegâšheeLe (a) transportation/heefjJenve
GheueyOe keâjeÙee peelee nw~ (b) safety aids/mebkesâle
(c) signal/megj#ee meneÙelee
7. Which of the following statements is/are
correct with respect to Lucknow Road (d) pedestrian signal/hewoue Ùeeef$eÙeeW kesâ mebkesâle
Plan?/ueKeveT jes[ hueeve kesâ mecyevOe ceW keäÙee mener nw? Ans : (a) ceveg<ÙeeW, keâÛÛes ceeue, lewÙeej ceeue Deeefo keâes Skeâ mLeeve mes
(1) Expressways of total length 2000 km should otmejs mLeeve hej ues peeves ceW pees mebjÛevee yeveeÙeer peeleer nw, meÌ[keâ
be developed for fast travel. keânueeleer nw~ meÌ[keâ keâer henueer ØeeLeefcekeâlee heefjJenve
leer›e DeeJeeieceve kesâ efueÙes SkeämeØesme Jes keâer GheueyOelee (Transportation) kesâ efueS oer peeleer nw~
2000 efkeâueesceeršj nesveer ÛeeefnS~
10. What is the road within a city or town is called as?
(2) Total length of National Highways in the Skeâ Menj Ùee veiej kesâ Yeerlej kesâ meÌ[keâ keâes keäÙee keâne
country should be 66000 km/je°^erÙe jepeceeie& keâer
kegâue uecyeeF& 66000 efkeâueesceeršj nesveer ÛeeefnS~ peelee nw? RRB JE: 26.08. 2015
(3) Total length of State Highways in the country (a) urban road /Menjer meÌ[ keâ
should be 145000 km./jepÙe ceneceeie& keâer kegâue (b) town road/keâmyee keâer meÌ[keâ
uecyeeF& 145000 efkeâueesceeršj nesveer ÛeeefnS~ (c) country road/je<š^erÙe meÌ[keâ
Select the answer from the codes given (d) rural road/«eeceerCe meÌ[keâ
below/veerÛes efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW mes mener Gòej ÛegveW: Ans : (a) efkeâmeer Menj DeLeJee keâmyes kesâ efJeefYeVe ceeieeX keâes efceueeves
RRB JE Patna : 04.01. 2015 Jeeueer meÌ[keâ Menjer meÌ[keâ kesâ veece mes peeveer peeleer nw~ Ùes meÌ[kesâ ieeBJe
(a) Only 1/kesâJeue 1 (b) 1 & 3 keâes Menj Je keâmyes mes efceueeleer nw~ Ùes meÌ[kesâ MenjeW keâes je<š^erÙe
(c) 2 & 3 (d) 1, 2 & 3
jepeceeieeX mes Yeer efceueeleer nQ~
Ans : (d) YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme ves HeâjJejer 1985 ceW ueKeveT ceW
11. The longest road was constructed during the
DeeÙeesefpele Deheveer 45JeeR meYee ceW meÌ[keâeW kesâ efJekeâeme keâe leermeje 20 time of ______ (Note: from Lahore to Delhi).
Je<eeaÙe hueeve hesMe efkeâÙee~ efpemekesâ Devegmeej 27 ueeKe efkeâceer meÌ[keâes kesâ meyemes uebyeer meÌ[keâ keâe efvecee&Ce_____kesâ Meemevekeâeue kesâ
efvecee&Ce keâer mebmlegefle keâer ieÙeer~ Fme hueeve kesâ Devegmeej oesnjs uesve Jeeues oewjeve keâjeÙee ieÙee Lee (OÙeeve oW : ueenewj mes efouueer lekeâ)~
je°^erÙe ceneceeieex keâer uecyeeF& 47500 efkeâceer leLee Skeâue uesve Jeeues RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
ceneceeieex keâer uecyeeF& 18500 efkeâceer efveOee&efjle efkeâÙee ieÙee~ jepÙe ceeie& (a) Shershah Suri/MesjMeen metjer
keâer kegâue uecyeeF& 145000 efkeâceer efveOee&efjle efkeâÙee ieÙee leLee je°^erÙe (b) Deepak Suri/oerhekeâ metjer
ceneceeie& keâer kegâue uecyeeF& 66000 keâjves keâe ue#Ùe efveOee&efjle efkeâÙee (c) Santosh Suri/meblees<e metjer
ieÙee~ leer›e DeeJeeieceve kesâ efueS SkeämeØesme Jes keâer GheueyOelee 2000 (d) Suresh Suri/megjsMe metjer
efkeâceer efveOee&efjle efkeâÙee ieÙee~ Ans : (a) meyemes uecyeer meÌ[keâ keâe efvecee&Ce MesjMeen metjer kesâ Meemeve
8. Which road pattern was assumed to prepare keâeue ceW yeveer pees efkeâ ueenewj mes megveej ieeBJe (heefMÛece yebieeue) lekeâ
the formula of Nagpur Road Plan?/veeiehegj jes[
hueeve kesâ met$e efkeâme ceeie& heæefle hej DeeOeeefjle Les? peeleer nw~ Ùen iewÇC[ š^bkeâ jes[ (G.T. Roads) kesâ veece mes Yeer Øeefmeæ
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
nw~ Deye Ùen Gòejer Yeejle keâer cegKÙe meÌ[keâ nw~ Ùen meÌ[keâ ueieYeie
(a) Rectanglar or block pattern 1545 F&mJeer kesâ oewjeve yeveeÙeer ieÙeer Leer~
DeeÙeleekeâej leLee yueekeâ heæefle 12. Name of the department which was formed to
(b) Star and grid pattern/mšej leLee peeue heæefle look after the work of road construction during
(c) Star and block pattern/mšej leLee yueekeâ heæefle the period of Lord Dalhousie.
(d) Star and circular pattern/mšej leLee Je=òeekeâej heæefle
uee[& [uenewpeer kesâ Meemeve kesâ oewjeve meÌ[keâ efvecee&Ce kesâ
keâece osKeves kesâ efueS efpeme efJeYeeie keâe ie"ve efkeâÙee ieÙee
Ans : (b) veeiehegj meÌ[keâ hueeve YeejleerÙe meÌ[keâ keâeb«esme keâer meueen
hej 1943 ceW meYeer Øeeblees kesâ cegKÙe DeefYeÙebleeDeeW keâe Skeâ meccesueve Lee, Gmekeâe veece yeleeSb?
RRB JE Kolkata: 04.01. 2015
ngDee~ Fme meccesueve ceW me[keâes kesâ efJekeâeme kesâ efueS 20 Je<eeaÙe (a) Public works/ueeskeâ efvecee&Ce efJeYeeie
Ùeespevee yeveeÙee ieÙee Lee pees mšej leLee peeue heæefle hej DeeOeeefjle Lee~ (b) Private works/efvepeer efvecee&Ce efJeYeeie
Fme hueeve kesâ Devegmeej 1963 kesâ Deble lekeâ Øeefle 100 Jeie& efkeâceer
(c) state works/jepÙe efvecee&Ce efJeYeeie
#es$eHeâue kesâ efueS 16 efkeâceer uecyeer meÌ[keâeW kesâ efvecee&Ce keâer Ùeespevee
(d) central Public works Department
yeveeÙeer ieÙeer~ Fmeer hueeve kesâ Devegmeej osMe keâer meÌ[keâeW keâes heeBÛe veÙeer
ßesefCeÙeeW ceW yeeBše ieÙee pees Fme Øekeâej nw– keWâõerÙe ueeskeâ efvecee&Ce efJeYeeie
(1) je°^erÙe jepeceeie& (National Highway) Ans : (d) 1865 F&mJeer ceW uee[& [uenewpeer ves kesâvõerÙe ueeskeâ efvecee&Ce
(2) jepÙe ceeie& (State Highway) ef JeYeeie (CPWD) keâer mLeehevee efkeâÙee~ Fme efJeYeeie ves «eQ[ š^bkeâ jes[
(3) cegKÙe efpeuee meÌ[kesâ (Major District Road) (G.T. Road) keâe efvecee&Ce Deheves neLe ceW efueÙee leLee jsueJes mšsMeveeW
(4) DevÙe efpeuee meÌ[kesâ (Other District Road) keâe mecheke& â meÌ[keâes Éeje veiejes Menjes keâes peesÌ[ves keâe keâece efkeâÙee~
(5) «eeceerCe meÌ[kesâ (Village Roads) 1885 ceW ØeevleeW ceW Yeer ueeskeâ efvecee&Ce efJeYeeie keâer mLeehevee keâer ieF&~
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 heefjJenve FbpeerefveÙeefjbie
(Transportation Engineering)
YeejleerÙe jsueJes keâe henuee jsue meskeäMeve ef[peeFve efkeâÙee ieÙee–
1. jsueJes FbpeerefveÙeefjbie (Railway oesnjs Meer<e& keâe
Engineering) (iespe, P-Way jsueJes ØeLece YeejleerÙe jsue 16 DeØewue, 1853 F&. keâes ÛeueeF& ieF&–
LeeCes leLee cegcyeF& kesâ yeerÛe
š^wkeâ, mšsMeve leLee Ùee[&, š^wkeâ Devegj#eCe, FbiuewC[ kesâ pewcme Jee@š ves Yeehe Fbpeve yeveeÙee– 1784 F&.
pÙeeefceleerÙe ceeve) Jen jsueJes pees he=LJeer leue mes ueieYeie 15 mes 50 ceeršj veerÛes
efJeefYevve Øekeâej keâer heefjJenve JÙeJemLee ceW meyemes memleer, megueYe leLee efveefce&le efkeâÙee peelee nw, Gmes keânles nQ– šdÙetye jsueJes
me#ece JÙeJemLee nesleer nw– jsueJes heefjJenve Fme meceÙe Yeejle ceW jsue ueeFve keâer uecyeeF& nw–
meÌ[keâ keâer Dehes#ee jsueJes heLe keâe keâ<e&Ce ØeeflejesOe neslee nw– keâce 65000 efkeâceer. kesâ ueieYeie
meÌ[keâ heefjJenve keâer Dehes#ee jsue heefjJenve keâer Devegj#eCe oj nesleer jsue meskeäMeve keâes ØeeÙe: veeefcele efkeâÙee peelee nw–
nw– keâce Øeefle ceeršj uecyeeF& kesâ Yeej kesâ
JÙeJeefmLele SJeb ØeYeeJekeâejer ØeMeemeve kesâ efueS jsueJes ØeCeeueer keâes Yeejle Je<e& ceW 50³ iespe Jeeueer ueeFve keâes keânles nQ– yeÌ[er ueeFve
peesve ceW yeeBše ieÙee nw– 17 DeefOekeâlej š^wefHeâkeâ Yeej Jeeues yeÇe@[ iespe keâer cegKÙe ueeFveeW ceW jsue
Yeejle ceW ceeršj iespe DeheveeÙee ieÙee– 1871 F&. keâe meskeäMeve yesnlej neslee nw–
efJeMJe keâer ØeLece jsueieeÌ[er ÛeueeF& ieF&– 1825 F&. 44.7 mes 56.8 efkeâ«ee./ceeršj

jsue iespe Ùee hešjer keâer ÛeewÌ[eF&

■ yeÌ[er iespe Ùee ceevekeâ iespe (Broad Gauge or Standard- Gauge) · 1.676 ceer. (5'-6''), Fmekeâes yeÌ[er ueeFve keânles nQ~
3"
■ ceeršj iespe (Meter Gauge) - 1.00 ceer. (3'–3 ) Fmekeâes Úesšer ueeFve kesâ veece mes peevee peelee nw~
8
■ mebkeâjer iespe (Narrow Gauge) - 0.762 ceer. (2'–6") Fmekeâes heleueer ueeFve keânles nQ~
30 ceeršj uecyes jsueeW keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw– Decesjerkeâe ceW Skeâ ceeršj ueeFve pees 35 R Øekeâej keâer nw, keâe Yeej Øeefle ceeršj
YeejleJe<e& ceW Úesšer ueeFve kegâue jsueJes ueeFve keâe efkeâleves ØeefleMele neslee nw– 35 efkeâ«ee./ceeršj
nw– 10³ YejeJe Ùee keâšeJe hej efceóer-keâeÙe& mes hetjer keâer ieÙeer leLee lewÙeej
HeäueQpees kesâ Yeerlejer HeâuekeâeW kesâ ceOÙe otjer jKeer peeleer nw– melen hej yeveeS ieS jsue-heLe keâes keânles nQ– efvecee&Ce
iespe otjer mes LeesÌ[e-mee DeefOekeâ keâšeJe ceW Devegceesefole meeF[ mueeshe V : H yejeyej neslee nw– 1 : 1
jsue heLe kesâ š^wkeâ ceW jsueeW keâes mLeeefhele efkeâÙee peelee nw– yeÌ[er ueeFve leLee Úesšer ueeFve kesâ efueS kesâvš vÙetvelee keâe ceeve
(YeejleerÙe jsueeW ceW) nesvee ÛeeefnS–
Yeerlej keâer Deesj 20 ceW 1 kesâ {ueeve hej
›eâceMe: 7.5 mesceer. leLee 5.1 mesceer.
jsueeW ceW DeeJeMÙekeâ PegkeâeJe osves kesâ efueS uekeâÌ[er kesâ mueerhejeW keâe YeejleerÙe jsueJes ceW yeÇe@[ iespe ceW mJeerke=âle keâsvš vÙetvelee 100
S[^efuebie efkeâÙee peelee nw– Ûeewjme heeo jsueeW ceW efkeâceer./IeCše keâer ieefle lekeâ nesleer nw 76 efceceer.
cegKÙe MenjeW Deewj DeefOekeâlece YeerÌ[-YeeÌ[ Jeeues ceeieeX kesâ efueS DemLeeÙeer ¤he mes š^sve Ùee ef[yyeeW keâes KeÌ[e keâjves kesâ efueS pees jsue
efyeÚeÙeer ieF& jsue ueeFve nesleer nw– yeÌ[er ueeFve ueeFve cegKÙe ueeFve mes Deueie yeveeÙeer peeleer nw, keânueeleer nw–
jsue heLe hej heefnS Éeje oer ieÙeer jwefKekeâ Ûeeue ceW nes jns DeJejesOe meeFef[bie
keâes keânles nQ– jeskeâ cegKÙe jsueJes heLe keâer ueeFve keâer pees ›eâe@efmebie kesâ veespe keâes yeveeleer
efkeâmeer yeÌ[er Hewâkeäš^er Ùee DeewÅeesefiekeâ keâcheveer keâes keâÛÛee ceeue nw, keânles nQ– hJeeFËš jsue
hengBÛeeves kesâ efueS iespe ueeFve ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw– Heâer[j iespe peue mlecYe keâer jsueieeÌ[er mes TBÛeeF& nesleer nw– 4.45 ceeršj
YeejleerÙe ceeršj iespe š^wkeâ ceW jsue meskeäMeve ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee efJebie ueeFveW yeveeF& peeleer nQ– ›eâe@efmebie ceW
nw– 40 R Jen efyevog, peneB mes keâesF& veF& jsue ueeFve Meg¤ keâer peeleer nw,
meBkeâjer iespe keâer ceehe nesleer nw– 0.762 ceeršj keânueeleer nw– yesme
DeheÙee&hle efJelejCe Deblejeue kesâ keâejCe jsueeW keâe Dehevee cetue efmLeefle oesveeW efkeâveejeW hej cegKÙe ueeFve mes pegÌ[s Deefleefjkeäle jsue-heLe keâes
mes nš peevee keânueelee nw– yekeâefuebie keânles nQ– uethe ueeFve, efjHeäÙetpe ueeFve
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efkeâmeer Yeer meceÙe, Jen efyevog, efpeme lekeâ veF& jsue ueeFve efyeÚeF& Fme JÙeJemLee keâes Deheveekeâj ogIe&šveeSB jeskeâer pee mekeâleer nw–
ieF& nQ, keânueelee nw– jsue Meer<e& Deble: heeMeve JÙeJemLee
heerš-mueerhej kesâ peerJe Deewj keâešj keâes yeoueves kesâ efueS iespe keâes jsueceeie& hej Jen efveefMÛele mLeeve, peneB hej ieeefÌ[ÙeeB ®keâleer nQ leLee
{eruee efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– 3.2 efceceer. Ùee$eer Glejles Je ÛeÌ{les nQ leLee ceeue Gleeje Ùee ÛeÌ{eÙee peelee nw,
Jen mechetCe& jsueJes ueeFve efpeme hej heefnÙesoej ieeefÌ[ÙeeB Fbpeve Éeje keânueelee nw– jsueJes mšsMeve
KeeRÛeer peeleer nQ– jsueheLe Skeâ yeÌ[er ueeFve kesâ efueS huesšHeâece& keâer uecyeeF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes–
DeefJekeâefmele #es$eeW kesâ efueS efyeÚeÙeer ieF& jsue ueeFve nesleer nw– 200 ceeršj
ceeršj ueeFve Jen keâewve-meer Ùegefkeäle jsueieeefÌ[ÙeeW keâes šefce&veueeW hej hešjer kesâ
cewoeveer FueekeâeW ceW leLee Ieveer Deeyeeoer Jeeues #es$eeW ceW Fmlesceeue nesves Deefvlece efmejs mes Deeies yeÌ{ves mes jeskeâleer nw– škeäkeâj-jeskeâ
Jeeues jsueheLe keâes keânles nQ– yeÇe@[ iespe veF& ceeueieeefÌ[ÙeeW keâes lewÙeej keâjvee, ceeue ef[yyeeW Deeefo keâes ÚeBšvee
peye heÙee&hle leLee meerOee ceeie& Yetefce hej GheueyOe veneR nes, lees efpeme efkeâme Ùee[& ceW neslee nw– Jeke&âMee@he
jsueceeie& keâe efvecee&Ce neslee nw, Jen keânueelee nw– GlLeeefhele jsueJes mebkesâleve keâer DelÙevle DeeOegefvekeâ ØeCeeueer nw– C.T.C. heæefle
efJeMJe ceW DeefOekeâlej jsueJes yeveeF& peeleer nw– melener jsueJes Fbpeve keâer efoMee yeoueves kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle leerve š^wkeâeW Jeeueer
jsue ueeFveeW ceW Dehe 55R efJeefMeef<škeâjCe nw– JÙeJemLee keânueeleer nw– ef$eYegpe
Øeefle ceeršj ueeFve keâe Yeej 55 efkeâ«ee. meece«eer ef[hees mes jsueMeer<e& lekeâ keâer #eweflepe otjer keânueeleer nw–
iespe keânueelee nw– oesveeW meceeveeblej jsue ueeFveeW kesâ De«elee
Yeerlejer HeâuekeâeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer yeÌ[er ueeFve hej huesšHeâe@ce& keâer vÙetvelece uecyeeF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes–
yeÇe@[ iespe kesâ efueS jsue-meskeäMeve nes mekeâles nQ– 180 m
55 R, 45 R, 35 R Øekeâej kesâ
mLeeF& jsueceeieeX hej ......... yeoueves kesâ efueS hJeebFš Deewj ›e@âeefmebie
efkeâmeer Yeer jsueceeie& ceW iespe keâe ÛeÙeve keâjles meceÙe OÙeeve jKee peelee yeveeS peeles nQ– efoMee
nw– DeefOekeâlece Ûeeue yeÌ[er ueeFve hej š^wkeâ keâer ceOÙe jsKee mes huesšHeâe@ce& keâer oerJeej keâer
vÙetvelece otjer nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 1.68 m
ceeršj iespe kesâ efueS jsue meskeäMeve nes mekeâles nQ cegKÙe ueeFve kesâ oesveeW efkeâveejeW hej Deefleefjkeäle peesÌ[er ieÙeer ueeFve Ùee
35 R, 30 R, 25 R Øekeâej kesâ
heLe keânueeles nQ– uethe ueeFve
me@keâjer iespe kesâ efueS jsue-meskeäMeve nes mekeâles nQ– 25 R Øekeâej kesâ
Skeâ oesnjs ceeie& keâer yeÌ[er ueeFve (keâšeJe ceW) kesâ efueS efvecee&Ce leue
meece«eer ef[heeW mes jsue Meer<e& kesâ yeerÛe keâer #eweflepe otjer keânueeleer nw– ÛeewÌ[er nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 10.20 ceeršj
ueer[ Ùee Deb«elee mes Jenve otjer
Jen jsue, pees meceleue heejkeâ ceW cegKÙe jsue kesâ meeLe Gmekesâ
efkeâmeer meceÙe Jen efyevog peneB lekeâ veÙee jsue heLe efyeÚe efoÙee ieÙee meceeveeblej ueieeÙeer peeleer nw, keânueeleer nw– iee[& jsue
nes, keânueelee nw– jsueMeer<e& Jen jsue, pees meceleue heejkeâ hej cegKÙe jsue ueeFve kesâ meeLe ueieeÙeer
#es$e ceW GÛÛelece yeeÌ{ leue mes vÙetvelece TBÛeeF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– peeleer nw, keânueeleer nw– Ûeskeâ jsue
60 cm
lewÙeej mlej keâer peue efvekeâemeer kesâ efueÙes efkeâlevee DevegØemLe {eue efoÙee Skeâ yeÌ[er ueeFve kesâ efueS Øeefle efkeâceer. ceW jsueeW keâer mebKÙee ueieYeie
peevee ÛeeefnÙes– 1 in 30 nesleer nw– 157
Skeâ kesâ yeeo Skeâ oes yuee@keâ-mšsMeveeW kesâ yeerÛe yeves jsueJes mšsMeveeW Skeâ oesnjs ceeie& keâer yeÌ[er ueeFve (YejeJe ceW) kesâ efueS efvecee&Ce leue
keâes keânles nQ– vee@ve/yuee@keâ mšsMeve keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 10.70 ceeršj
nesce efmeiveue keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw– YeejleJe<e& ceW mebkesâleve keâer ØeÛeefuele heæefle keânueeleer nw–
meer, yeer, S-keäueeme mšsMeveeW hej hetCe&yuee@keâ heæefle
YeejleerÙe yeÌ[er ueeFve ceW DeefOekeâlece Je›eâlee DebMe Ùee ef[«eer nesveer Jen jsueJes mšsMeve efpeme hej š^wkeâ ueeFveW cegKÙe ueeFve mes efceueleer
ÛeeefnÙes– 100
nw, keânueelee nw– pebkeäMeve
Yeejle Je<e& ceW jsue hešjer efyeÚeves keâe keâeÙe& ØeeÙe: efkeâme efJeefOe mes yeÌ[er ueeFve hej huesšHeâece& keâer vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes–
3.67 m
efkeâÙee peelee nw– otjyeerve efJeefOe mes Øeefle efkeâceer. jsue hešjer kesâ efueS mueerhejeW keâer mebKÙee (yeÌ[er ueeFve
Jen mšsMeve efpeme hej Skeâ Ùee Deveskeâ MeeKee ueeFveW efJeefYevve ceW) nesleer nw– 1319 ueieYeie
efoMeeDeeW mes Deekeâj efceueleer nQ, lees Gmes keânles nQ– jsueheLe kesâ Devegj#eCe mebie"ve kesâ Skeâ ieQie ceW ueesieeW keâer mebKÙee
pebkeäMeve mšsMeve nesleer nw– 12
jsueieeefÌ[ÙeeW kesâ DeeJeeieceve hej efveÙeb$eCe jKeves kesâ efueS, jsueceeieeX YeejleerÙe jsueJes Devegj#eCe efJeYeeie ceW DevegYeeie DeefOekeâejer kesâ heo keâe
hej pees JÙeJemLee keâer peeleer nw, Gmes keânles nQ– mebkesâle DeefOekeâejer keânueelee nw– meneÙekeâ mLeeÙeer ceeie& efvejer#ekeâ
jsue hešjer kesâ meeLe pees mebkesâle ueieeÙes peeles nQ, Jes keânueeles nQ– jsueheLe Devegj#eCe ceW meskeäMeve keâe FbÛeepe& neslee nw– A.P.W.I.
efmLej mebkesâle jsueheLe kesâ owefvekeâ Devegj#eCe ceW Ùen ieQie jKee peelee nw–
huesšHeâece& kesâ efmejeW keâer {eue hej jwche yeveeÙeer peeleer nw– mLeeF& ieQie
1:6 Skeâ ieQiej kesâ efveÙeb$eCe ceW jsueheLe keâer uecyeeF& nesleer nw–
ueeue Ùee njer PebefÌ[Ùee Ùee njs/ueeue keâeBÛe Jeeueer ueeuešsve Fme 5 mes 6 efkeâceer.
mebkesâle kesâ Devleie&le Deeleer nw– nmle mebkesâle Yeejle ceW jsue štš-Hetâš keâer mJeerke=âle #ecelee nw–
meYeer iespeeW keâer jsue ueeFveeW kesâ efueÙes huesšHeâece& keâer uecyeeF& efkeâmemes jsue kesâ JeemleefJekeâ Yeej keâe 5³
keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 180 ceeršj jsueheLe kesâ Devegj#eCe kesâ efueS ieWie keâe cegefKeÙee neslee nw– ieQiej
217
 YeejleerÙe jsueJes ceW jsueheLe keâe Devegj#eCe Fmekesâ Éeje ner DeefOekeâlej oes mueerhejeW kesâ yeerÛe efcešdšer keâer hewefkebâie kesâ efueS keâce mes keâce
efkeâÙee peelee nw– ßeefcekeâeW kesâ Éeje efvecve Devlejeue jKee peelee nw– 30 mesceer. mes 35 mesceer.
jsueJes š^skeâ keâer Devegj#eCe šesueer keâe cegKÙe keânueelee nw– ieQie cesš yeÇe@[ iespe uecyeeF& ceW uekeâÌ[er kesâ mueerhejeW keâe Jepeve neslee nw–
jsueeW ceW efJemehe&Ce jeskeâves kesâ efueÙes, Fmheele mueerhejeW keâer jsue hej 54.5 efkeâ«ee.
ueieeves kesâ efueÙes ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, efkeäuehe, yeesuš leLee– uekeâÌ[er kesâ mueerhejeW Éeje heLe efyeÚeves kesâ efueS yewueemš keâe
Ûeej ÛeeefyeÙeeB GheÙegkeäle DeefOekeâlece meeFpe neslee nw– 50 efceceer.
jsueJes Ùee[&, efpemeceW Jewievme jeskesâ peeles nw, meeš& Deewj veÙeer š^sves mšerue kesâ yeves mueerhejeW hej heLe yeveeves kesâ efueS efieóer keâe
yeveleer nw, keânueelee nw– ceeMe&efuebie Ùee[& DeefOekeâlece GheÙeg&keäle meeFpe neslee nw– 40 efceceer.
mšsMeve Ùee[& hej vÙetvelece {ueeve megPeeÙeer peeleer nw– 1 in 1000 Ûehešs leue Jeeues mueerhejeW kesâ efueS efieóer keâer DeefOekeâlece Deekeâej
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw– 50 efceceer.
Deepekeâue YeejleerÙe jsueØeCeeueer ceW GheÙeesie ceW ueeS peeves Jeeuee jsue Skeâ oesnjs Meer<e& Jeeueer jsue keâer ceevekeâ ienjeF& nesleer nw–
heefjÛÚso neslee nw– meceleue hešefjÙeeW keâe 15.24 mesceer.
Ûeeume& efyeieveesume ves Ûehešs heeo Jeeueer jsue keâe DeeefJe<keâej efkeâÙee– hegue ie[&jeW ceW ØeÙeesie keâe<" mueerhejeW kesâ efueS vÙetvelece mueerhej
1836 F&. mebkesâlekeâ neslee nw– 1455
oes hešefjÙeeW kesâ peesÌ[ hej leehe›eâce ceW Je=efæ kesâ keâejCe hešefjÙeeW kesâ uekeâÌ[er kesâ mueerhejeW kesâ efueS meJeexòece keâe<" nw– šerkeâ (Teak)
cegkeäle Øemeej nsleg .......... keâe Devlej ÚesÌ[ efoÙee peelee nw– Skeâ yegue nwef[[ jsue kesâ Meer<e& keâer ceevekeâ ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw–
1.5 efceceer. mes 3 efceceer. lekeâ
6.99 mesceer.
ceevekeâ jsue KeC[(Standard Rail Sections) yee¢eeslLeeve keâer DeefOekeâlece meercee (YeejleerÙe jsueeW kesâ efueS) meercee
1
›eâ. iespe (Gauge) Øekeâej Øeefle ceeršj hešjer keâer iespe keâer jKeer peeleer nw–
10
Yeej Skeâ oesnjs Meer<e& Jeeueer jsue kesâ Meer<e& leLee heeo keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer
55 R 55 kg.
nw– 6.99 mesceer.
1 yeÌ[er ueeFve (B.G.) 45 R 45 kg.
yeÌ[er ueeFve kesâ mueerhej keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& efkeâleveer nesleer nw– 25 mesceer.
35 R 35 kg.
35 R 35 kg. jsueJes ef[yyeeW kesâ heefnÙeeW kesâ hešeW keâes efoÙes peeves Jeeues yeeåÙe Ì{eue
2 ceeršj ueeFve (M.G.) 30 R 30 kg. keâe ceeve efkeâlevee neslee nw– 1 in 20
25 R 25 kg.
3 heleueer ueeFve (N.G.) 25 R 25 kg. keâeBšs mes Deeies keâer ÛeejeW jsueW, pees ›eâe@efmebie keâer Deesj De«emej nesleer
nQ, keânueeleer nQ– ueer[ jsue
YeejleerÙe jsue ceW B.G. š^wkeâ kesâ efueS jsueeW keâer ceevekeâ uecyeeF& nesleer
nw– 12.80 ceeršj Ùee 42 Heâerš
mueerhejeW kesâ yeerÛe keâe Devlejeue–
jsue kesâ ceOÙe ceW keâce jKee peelee nw
jsue hešefjÙeeW kesâ veerÛes GvnW mebYeeueves Je iespe otjer hej efmLejerkeâjCe
kesâ efueÙes ueieeÙes ieÙes DevegØemLe DeJeÙeJe keânueeles nQ– mueerhej Fmheele mueerhejeW kesâ Thejer melen nesleer nw–
YeejleerÙe jsueJes ceW ceeršj iespe š^wkeâ kesâ efueS ceevekeâ uecyeeF& nesleer yeenj keâer Deesj 10 ceW 1 keQâš kesâ meeLe
nw– 11.89 ceeršj Ùee 39 Heâerš yeÌ[er ueeFve š^wkeâ ceW hešjer keâer vÙetvelece efkeâleveer uecyeeF& GheÙeesie keâer
kebâ›eâerš mueerhejeW keâer ueeYeoeÙekeâ DeeÙeg efkeâleves Je<e& nw– pee mekeâleer nw– 3.6 m
40 mes 50 yeÇe@[ iespe heLe ceW meghej-SueerJesMeve keâer cetuÙe meercee nw– 16.50 cm
efpeve jsue-meskeäMeveeW ceW Hegâš keâer Dehes#ee Gvekesâ ns[ DeefOekeâ efJemleej Skeâ B.G. š^wkeâ kesâ efueS uekeâÌ[er kesâ mueerhej keâer uecyeeF& nesleer nw–
Jeeues nesles nQ, Fvekeâes keânles nQ– yegue ns[ Jeeueer jsueW 2.74 ceeršj
meceleue hešjer kesâ Meer<e& Yeeie keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw– 67 efceceer. mšsMeve meerceeDeeW ceW yeÇe@[ iespe kesâ jsue heLe keâe vÙetvelece mLeeve nw–
yeÌ[er ueeFve keâe Øeefle mueerhej Oeejkeâ #es$eHeâue neslee nw– 4.73 ceeršj
50 mesceer.2 huesš mueerhejeW ceW efvecve ceehe keâe Skeâ huesš ueiee neslee nw–
meceleue hešjer ceW DeeOeej keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw– 137 efceceer. 864 efceceer. × 305 efceceer.
›eâerhe hešefjÙeeW keâe efkeâme Øekeâej keâe mebÛeueve nw– DevegowOÙe& kebâ›eâerš mes yeves mueerhejeW keâer ueeiele nesleer nw–
100 efkeâceer. Øeefle IeCše keâer ieefle kesâ efueS (yeÌ[er ueeFve kesâ efueS) ef[peeFve hej efveYe&j
yee¢eeslLeeve nesvee ÛeeefnS– 75 mm efkeâmeer Yeer mLeeve kesâ efueS efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ mueerhej GheÙegkeäle jnles
hešjer keâe efkeâleves ØeefleMele Yeej keâce nes peeves hej Gmes efkeâmeer Yeer nQ– kebâ›eâerš mueerhej
ueeFve hej GheÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnÙes– 10³ Skeâ ceeršj iespe š^wkeâ kesâ efueS uekeâÌ[er kesâ mueerhej keâer uecyeeF& nesleer
keâeBšs keâer yeenjer oesveeW jsueW, pees cegKÙe ceeie& mes meleled nesleer nw leLee nw– 1.83 ceeršj
mLeeÙeer ¤he mes mueerhej hej efveÙele jnleer nw, keânueeleer nw– Skeâ Ûehešs heeo Jeeueer jsue keâer kegâue ceevekeâ ienjeF& nesleer nw–
mše@keâ jsue 14.5 mesceer.
YeejleJe<e& ceW yeÌ[er jsueJes ueeFve ceW efkeâleveer mueerhej IevelJe GheÙeesie oes mueerhejeW kesâ ceOÙe hewefkebâie mLeeve neslee nw–
keâer peeleer nw– 20 30 mes 35 mesceer. lekeâ
Yeejle ceW ØeÛeefuele ueeFve keâer uecyeeF& ceW mueerhejeW keâer mebKÙee uekeâÌ[er kesâ mueerhejeW keâer DeeÙeg meeOeejCeleÙee nesleer nw–
Iešleer-yeÌ{leer jnleer nw– (n+3) mes (n+6) lekeâ 10 mes 15 Je<e&
218
 meBkeâjer ueeFve kesâ efueS uekeâÌ[er kesâ mueerhejeW keâer ceevekeâ ceehe nesleer Skeâ Jesu[s[ jsue peesÌ[ meeceevÙeleÙee– efveueefcyele jnlee nw~
nw– 1.52 ceeršj × 15 mesceer. × 10 mesceer. jsueheLe kesâ efueS leer›elece {eue nesleer nw– hegMej {eue
hetJe&-Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš mueerhej keâer ceehe nesleer nw– efkeâmeer Yeer iespe keâe ÛeÙeve efveYe&j keâjlee nw– ÙeeleeÙeele keâer
2.74 ceeršj × 29 mesceer. × 27 mesceer. meIevelee Deewj jsueieeÌ[er keâer ieefle oesveeW osKekeâj
efJeÅegle š^wkeâ kesâ efueÙes GheÙegkeäle mueerhej nesles nQ– B.G. ceeie& keâe Skeâ Je›eâ hej yeeneslLeeve %eele keâjves kesâ efueS
uekeâÌ[er kesâ mueerhej met$e nw, mebkesâlees kesâ meeLe– 1.315
V2
cm
yeÌ[er ueeFve kesâ efueS mšerue mueerhej keâe Øeefle ceeršj Yeej neslee nw– R
28.8 efkeâ«ee. Skeâ Je›eâ hej R ceeršj ef$epÙee, V efkeâ.ceer./IeCše Jeenve keâer
Úesšer ueeFve kesâ efueS mšerue mueerhej keâe Øeefle ceeršj Yeej neslee nw– ieefle keâe meecÙeeJemLee yee¢eeslLeeve efoÙee peelee nw– GV2/127R
18.75 efkeâ«ee. B.G. jsKee kesâ efueS 2.50 Je›eâ hej Deveg%esÙe leerKeer {ueeve
mše@keâ jsue kesâ Devoj Jeeueer oesveeW jsueW keânueeleer nQ– efpemekeâe efveÙeb$ekeâ {ueeve 200 cesb 1, nw– 1 in 250
efmJeÛe jsue, šbie jsue jsueeWs keâe efJemehe&Ce DeefOekeâ nesiee Ùeefo– Dehe Deewj [eGve
uekeâÌ[er kesâ mueerhej kesâ efueÙes efiešdšer keâe Deekeâej nesvee ÛeeefnÙes– ÙeeleeÙeele kesâ efueS oesnje ueeFve Deueie-Deueie Øeoeve
5 cm efkeâÙee ieÙee nes~
YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ kesâ Devegmeej yeÌ[er ueeFve ceW efiešdšer keâer ienjeF& š^svees keâer Skeâ meceeve efJeÛeueve kesâ efueS, Skeâ ueeskeâesceesefšJe keâer
nesveer ÛeeefnS– 20 mes 25 mesceer. {gueeF& #ecelee DeefOekeâ nesveer ÛeeefnS–
YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ kesâ Devegmeej hešjer keâer efveÛeueer hejle kesâ leue hej efJeefYeVe š^sveeW kesâ ØeeflejesOekeâ Ùeesie
efiešdšer heefjÛÚso keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 4.6 m Skeâ JÙeehekeâ iespe jsueJes š^wkeâ hej 40 Je›eâ hej «es[ cegDeeJepee
Oeeleg (ueesns) kesâ mueerhejeW kesâ efueS efiešdšer keâe Deekeâej nesvee nw– 0.16%
ÛeeefnS– 40 efceceer. cegKÙe jsue ueeFve SJeb MeeKee jsue ueeFve hej yee¢eeslLeeve keâer
efJeefYeVe š^wkeâ kesâ efueS mueerhej Je efieóer – melej kesâ ceeve keâceer DelÙeeJeMÙekeâ nes peeleer nw, peye oesveeW ueeFveW iegp] ej jner
neW– efJehejerle efoMee ceW
efJeJejCe yeÌ[er Úesšer ueeFve mebkeâjer jsue keâe efJemehe&Ce nw– jsue keâe DevegowOÙe& efJeÛeueve
ueeFve (M.G) ueeFve jsue peesÌ[eW hej pegÌ[ves Jeeues ÚesjeW keâes peesÌ[e peelee nw, Skeâ peesÌ[e
(B.G) (N.G) efHeâMe huesšeW Deewj– 4 efHeâMe yeesuš
mueerhej keâer uecyeeF& 2.74 ceer. 1.83 ceer. 1.52 ceer. YeejleerÙe jsueJes ceW GheÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer peesÌ[ hešdšj keâer
efieóer Meer<e& keâer 3.35 ceer. 2.25 ceer. 1.83 ceer. DeefOekeâlece uecyeeF& efkeâleveer nesleer nw– 457 mm
Skeâ ner mueerhej kesâ menejs ngS jsue-pees[Ì keâes keâne peelee nw–
ÛeewÌ[eF& (Top šskeâ peesÌ[
width) YeejleerÙe jsueJes ceW ØeÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer peesÌ[ hešdšer kesâ ueesns ceW
efieóer keâer ienjeF& 20 mes 25 15 mes 20 15 mesceer. keâeye&ve keâer cee$ee nesleer nw– 0.30 mes 0.42³
mesceer. mesceer. efyeKejs ngS jsue–peesÌ[ efoS peeles nQ– Je›eâeW hej
meerOes ceeie& hej yeÌ[er ueeFve kesâ efueS Øeefle ceeršj uecyeeF& kesâ efueS YeejleerÙe jsueJes ceW ØeeÙe: ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw– Stuart's key
efiešdšer keâer cee$ee ueer peeleer nw– 1.036 Ieve ceeršj Jessefu[le jsue-peesÌ[ efoS peeles nQ, ØeeÙe:– efveueefcyele ¤he ceW
jsueJes Ùee[& keâes Meg<keâ yeveeS jKeves kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle efiešdšer nw– jewefuebie mšerkeâ kesâ heefnÙeeW hej Heäuewpe efoS peeles nQ– Yeerlejer Yeeie ceW
keâesÙeues keâer jeKe, jsle hešefjÙeeW kesâ Skeâ-otmejs mes pegÌ[ves Jeeues efmejeW keâes mener #eweflepe Deewj
efieóer kesâ efvejer#eCe Deewj hewefkebâie kesâ efueS ØelÙeskeâ heerš mueerhej ceW TOJee&Oej meceleue ceW pekeâÌ[s jKeves kesâ efueS ØeÙegkeäle jsue efmLejkeâ
efoÙee peelee nw– oes efÚõ nw– Oeejkeâ huesš
YeejleerÙe jsueheLeeW ceW efiešdšer DeefOekeâlej ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw– ueeFveeW keâer efvejvlejlee keâes yeveeS jKeves kesâ efueS ueeFveeW kesâ peesÌ[eW
helLej keâer efiešdšer hej Fmlesceeue keâer peeves Jeeueer huesšeW keâes keânles nQ– efHeâMe huesš
YeejleerÙe jsue ØeCeeueer ceW ceeršj iespe ueeFve kesâ efueS efiešdšer keâer Jes GhekeâjCe pees uekeâÌ[er kesâ mueerhejeW ceW jsueeW, efyeÙeefjbie Ùee Ûesheme&
melen keâer ceevekeâ Ûeew[Ì eF& nesleer nw– 2.35 ceeršj keâes ueieeves kesâ keâece ceW Deeles nQ, keâns peeles nQ– mheeFkeäme
meerOes ceeie& hej, Úesšer ueeFve kesâ efueS, Øeefle ceeršj uecyeeF& kesâ n[d[er keâer Deeke=âefle Jeeueer peesÌ[ hešdšer ØeeÙe: efkeâvnW peesÌ[ves kesâ efueÙes
efueS, efiešdšer keâer cee$ee ueer peeleer nw– 0.710 Ieve ceeršj GheÙeesie keâer peeleer nw– meceleue hešefjÙeeW keâes
š^wkeâ kesâ Je›eâekeâej Yeeie ceW efiešdšer keâer Deveg%esÙe ceesšeF& mueerhej kesâ hešefjÙeeW keâes uekeâÌ[er kesâ mueerhejeW hej keâmeves kesâ efueS Deeceleewj hej
efkeâme efkeâveejs kesâ veerÛes oer peeleer nw– Deevleefjkeâ ØeÙegkeäle keâerue nesleer nw– kegâòee keâerue
yeÌ[er ueeFve hej meeOeejCeleÙee efiešdšer keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& leLee ienjeF& ueer kegâòee keâerue keâer mece«e ienjeF& nesleer nw– 12.06 mesceer.
peeleer nw– 3.35 ceeršj leLee 20 mes 25 mesceer. Jes GhekeâjCe pees jsue heLe keâes mejkeâves Deewj mLeeveÛÙegle nesves mes
Ûehešer heeo Jeeueer jsue kesâ leueer kesâ heeo keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nesleer nw– jeskeâves kesâ efueS Fmlesceeue nesles nQ, keânles nQ–
136.5 efceceer. meyyeue Ùee efJemehe&CejesOeer
jsue heLe efkeâme keâejCe ueÛeeruee neslee nw– efieóer ØeeÙe: peesÌ[ hešdšer keâer Deeke=âefle nesleer nw– n[d[er keâer Deeke=âefle
jsueJes kesâ ceeceues ceW š^wkeâ ØeeflejesOe keâe keâejCe neslee nw– YeejleerÙe jsue ØeCeeueer ceW Deeceleewj hej ØeÙegkeäle peesÌ[ hešdšer keâer
jsue keâer uenj ef›eâÙee (Wave Action of Rail) ceesšeF& nesleer nw– 20 efceceer.
219
peesÌ[ kesâ veerÛes {erues hewefkebâie Deewj {erues efHeâMe huesšeW kesâ keâejCe jsue DeefOekeâlej IeeefšÙeeW ceW jsue heLe ceW Ùen {eue efoÙee peelee nw–
kesâ efkeâveejeW keâe ceg[Ì peevee keânueelee nw– newefiebie mebJesieer {eue
jsue efmejeW keâes efHeâMe huesš mes peesÌ[e peelee nw~ Fvekeâe Deekeâej neslee mšsMeve meercee ceW yeÌ[er mebiele ueeFveeW ceW vÙetvelece otjer efkeâleveer nesveer
nw– 30 mesceer. uecyeer leLee 3 mesceer. ceesšer heóer ÛeeefnS– 4.73 m
mšerue mueerhejeW hej jsueeW keâes megefmLej efkeâÙee peelee nw– oes meeOeejCe ceesÌ[eW Jeeues ieesueekeâej Je›eâ keâes pees meeOeejCe Je›eâ
peyeÌ[eW ceW ÛeeYeer ueieekeâj meceeve Ùee Deueie-Deueie Deæ& JÙeeme kesâ oes Deewj efJehejerle efoMee ceW
efHeâMe huesšeW keâes pees[Ì ves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeues efHeâMe yeesušeW ceesÌ[s peeles nQ, keânles nQ– ØeefleJeleea Je›eâ
keâe Deekeâej neslee nw– jsue keâe uecyeeF& keâer efoMee ceW Deeies Ùee heerÚs keâer Deesj efKemekeâvee
12.76 mesceer. uecyeeF& leLee 2.5 mesceer. JÙeeme Ùee Ûeeue keâes keânles nQ– efJemehe&Ce
jsueceeie& keâe meyemes keâcepeesj Yeeie neslee nw– jsue peesÌ[ peye jsue-heLe ieeÌ[er keâer ieefle Jeeueer efoMee ceW G"lee nw, lees Gme heLe
keâes «esef[Ùesvš keâes keânles nQ– jeFefpebie «esef[Ùesvš
Je›eâlee keâes "erkeâ keâjves kesâ efueS jsueeW keâes ceesÌ[ efoÙee peelee nw Ùeefo YeejleerÙe jsue ØeCeeueer ceW yeÌ[er ueeFve kesâ š^wkeâ hej Deveg%esÙe {eue
Je›eâ keâer ef[«eer DeefOekeâ nw– 40 mes
$egefš nw– 7.6 mesceer.
iespe keâe ÛeewÌ[erkeâjCe efkeâÙee peelee nw, Ùeefo Je›eâ keâer cee$ee nw– oeefpe&efuebie jsueceeie& ceW kegâÚ YeeieeW ceW DeefOekeâlece hegMej {eue efoÙee
4.50 mes DeefOekeâ
ieÙee nw– 1 ceW 25 lekeâ
Jen JÙeJemLee efpemekesâ keâejCe Skeâ heLe keâer yeeBÙeW Deesj Jeeueer hešjer efvecee&Ce leue ÛeewÌ[eF& (Foremation Wodth)
otmejs heLe keâer oeBÙes Deesj Jeeueer hešjer keâes keâešleer nw, keânueeleer nw–
vÙetvekeâesCe heejkeâ YejeJe ceW vÙetvelece keâševe ceW
Yeerlejer jsueeW kesâ Devoj keâer Deesj Ûeskeâ jsue efoS peeles nQ, Ùeefo iespe ÛeewÌ[eF& vÙetvelece ÛeewÌ[eF&
B.G. Je›eâ keâer ef[«eer ........... mes DeefOekeâ nw– 80
mšsMeve Ùee[& ceW YeejleerÙe jsue Éeje cebpetj efkeâÙee ieÙee «esef[Ùesvš Fkeânje oesnje Fkeânje oesnje
yejeyej neslee nw– 400 ceW 1 kesâ ceeie& ceeie& ceeie& ceeie&
Je›eâ yeveeS peeles nQ– š^wkeâ kesâ «esef[Ùesvš kesâ yeoueeJe hej,
š^wkeâ kesâ mebjsKeCe kesâ yeoueeJe hej yeÌ[er ueeFve (B.G) 6.10 10.67 5.50 10.10
{eue heefjJele&ve kesâ mLeeve hej yeveeÙee ieÙee Je›eâ keânueelee nw– Úesšer ueeFve (M.G) 4.90 8.55 4.30 7.30
TOJee&Oej Je›eâ
SueeFveceWš kesâ IegceeJe Ùee ceesÌ[ Jeeues mLeeveeW hej yeves Je›eâeW keâes mebkeâjer ueeFve (N.G) 3.95 7.35 3.35 7.0
keânles nQ– #eweflepe Je›eâ Je›eâ, hej efkeâmeer jsueheLe kesâ iespe keâes meeceevÙele: mes jKevee heÌ[lee
cewoeveer #es$eeW ceW efveÙeb$ekeâ {eue keâe ceeve ØeeÙe: jKee peelee nw– nw– DeefOekeâ ÛeewÌ[e
150 ceW 1 mes 200 ceW 1 yeÌ[er ueeFve leLee Úesšer ueeFve kesâ Je›eâeW hej ieeÌ[er keâer DeefOekeâlece
mLeeÙeer heLe hej, Fmekesâ efueS, keâeBšs leLee ›eâe@efmebie keâes ueieeÙee peelee Ûeeue %eele keâjves keâe met$e neslee nw– 4.40 = R − 70
nw– efoMee yeoueves kesâ efueS peye oes jsueceeie& Skeâ-otmejs keâes mecekeâesCe mes keâce Ùee DeefOekeâ keâesCe
jsueJes ceW yee¢eeslLeeve ØeeÙe: yeveeves keâe GodosMÙe neslee nw– hej keâešles nQ, lees Ùen ›eâe@efmebie keânueeleer nw– [eÙeceC[ ›eâe@efmebie
Dehekesâvõer oeye ØeeflejesOe kesâ efueÙes meeFef[bie keâer ueeFveeW leLee šefce&veue ceeie& kesâ Devle hej ieefleceeve
keâeBšs leLee ›eâe@efmebie keâer JÙeJemLee meowJe efvecveefueefKele mLeeve hej ner Fbpeve leLee ef[yyeeW keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueS pees JÙeJemLee keâer peeleer nw,
keâer peeleer nw– mšsMeve Ùee[& Gmes keânles nQ– yeHeâj mše@he
heneÌ[er #es$eeW ceW yeÌ[er ueeFve heLe kesâ efueS vÙetvelece Je›eâlee ef$epÙee efpeme jsueJes heLe mes keâesF& š^sve otmejs heLe hej yeoueer peeleer nw Ùee ues
nesveer ÛeeefnS– 110 ceeršj peeF& peeleer nw– cegKÙe Ùee meerOee heLe
meceeve Deæ& JÙeeme Jeeueer Dekesâueer Deeke&â keâer ieesueekeâej keâJe& keâes jsueJes š^wkeâ Ùee heLe ceW efpeme heLe ceW efpeme efmLej jsue kesâ meeLe peerYe
keânles nQ– meeceevÙe Je›eâ jsue Ùee hešjer ueieeF& peeleer nw–
YejeF& ceW yeÌ[er ueeFve kesâ efueÙes Skeâue heLe lewÙeej mlej keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& mše@keâ Ùee mkeâvOe DeLeJee efmLej hešdšer
efkeâleveer nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 6.1 m ef[heeW mes jsue Meer<e& kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer keâes keânles nQ– ueer[
keâšeF& ceW yeÌ[er ueeFve kesâ efueÙes oesnje ceeie& lewÙeej melen keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& efmJeÛe (keâeBše) keâesCe efveYe&j keâjlee nw–jsue kesâ heerÚs kesâ efmejs
nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– 10.21 m Deewj šeWie jsue keâer uecyeeF& oesveeW hej
yeÌ[er ueeFve hej mšsMeve Ùee[& ceW Je<ee& kesâ [^svespe kesâ efueS vÙetvelece efjmeshMeve efmeiveue nw– yeenjer efmeiveue Deewj mšeš&j oesveeW
Devegcele Deveguecye {eue neslee nw– 1 ceW 1000 SÌ[er efJeÛeueve nw– heäueQpeJes otjer mes meowJe DeefOekeâ
keâšeF& ceW jsueJes ceeie& DeefOekeâej keâer Ûeew[Ì eF& nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– meceevlej ceeie& mes efyevee efkeâmeer DeeJeMÙekeâ Meefvšbie kesâ
YejeF& mes keâce JewieveeW/ueeskeâesceesefšJe kesâ mLeeveevlejCe kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâer peeves
jsueheLe hej oer peeves Jeeueer DeefOekeâlece {eue keâes keânles nQ– Jeeueer Ùegefkeäle nw– heeÕe& Jeenkeâ
efveÙeb$ekeâ {eue meeOeejCeleÙee keQâš keâer vÙetvelece meerefcele cetuÙe nw– G/10
efJeefYevve Deeke=âefle kesâ meb›eâceCe Je›eâeW kesâ iegCe efkeâleves ef[«eer keâesCe mes Yeejle ceW meeOeejCeleÙee ›eâeefmebie keâe ievleJÙe efJeefOe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
DeefOekeâ keâesCe hej yeoue peeles nQ– 90 peelee nw– mecekeâesCe efJeefOe
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 heäueQpeJes keäueerÙejbsme (efvekeâuee ngDee efkeâveejer jemlee efvekeâemeer) otjer (b) Thermit welding/Leefce&š Jesefu[bie Éeje
nw–›eâeefmebie kesâ vepeoerkeâ mebueive Ûeeefuele jsue Deewj Ûeskeâ (c) Resistance welding/ØeeflejesOeer Jesefu[bie Éeje
jsue kesâ melen kesâ yeerÛe (d) Argon arc welding/Deeie&ve Deeke&â Jesefu[bie Éeje
mesceeheâesj mebkesâlekeâ keâer peceerve mes TBÛeeF& nw– 7.5 ceeršj RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
peye mesceeheâesj efmeiveue SJeb ÛesleeJeveer mebkesâlekeâ Skeâ meeLe heesmš hej Ans : (b) mšerue keâer hešefjÙeeW keâer Jesequ[bie Leefce&š Jesequ[bie Éeje keâer
mLeeefhele efkeâÙes peeles nw, leye jeskeâ mebkesâlekeâ efoÙee nw peye– mesceeheâesj peeleer nw~
Deewj ÛesleeJeveer oesveeW Yegpee veerÛes nes~ Leefce&š Jesequ[bie ceW DeeÙejve Dee@keämeeF[ leLee SuÙegceerefveÙece Yeej kesâ
Skeâ š^s[ue yeej ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– Devegmeej 3 : 1 keâe efceßeCe Skeâ ›etâefmeefyeue ceW ueskeâj Gmes efJeMes<e
Fbšj ueeefkebâie efyevog Deewj mebkesâlekeâ pJeueveMeerue heeG[j kesâ Éeje peuee efoÙee peelee nw~ FmeceW Skeâ
Skeâ efmeiveue Mebefšbie ceWW Ùeefo ueeue heóer 450 hej Pegkeâe nw, Ùen SkeämeesLeefce&keâ ef›eâÙee nesleer nw leLee SuÙegceerefveÙece Dee@keämeeF[ leLee
Fbefiele keâjlee nw– meeJeOeeveer hetJe&keâ Deeies yeefÌ{Ùes DeeÙejve yevelee nw~
3. Fish plate is in contact with rail at/efheâMe huesš
2. mesleg FbpeerefveÙeefjbie (mLeue ÛeÙeve, mesleg kesâ hešefjÙeeW kesâ meeLe mebheke&â nw, efvecve hej :
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
Ieškeâ, DemLeeÙeer mesleg) (a) Web of rail/hešjer keâer Jesye hej
(b) Fishing plane/efheâefMebie huesve hej
(Bridge Engineering (Side (c) Head of rail/hešjer kesâ Meer<e& hej
Selection, Component of Bridge, (d) Foot of rail/hešjer kesâ heeo hej
Temporary Bridge) Ans : (b) Fmheele keâer 45.6 cm uecyeer Je 2 cm ceesšer heefšÙee
keâes, pees oes jsueeW keâes uecyeeF& keâer efoMee cebs peesÌ[ves kesâ keâece Deeleer nw
Skeâ hegefueÙee kesâ efueÙes DeefYekeâuhe yeeÌ{ nesveer ÛeeefnÙes– meebKÙekeâerÙe efheâMe–huesš keânles nw~ efheâMe–huesš oesveeW jsueeW keâes #eweflepe leLee
OeejCeeDeeW mes Øeehle Ùee keân mekeâles nw yeerles 50 Je<eeX ceW TOJee&Oej leueeW cebs ÂÌ{lee mes pekeâÌ[s jKeleer nw~ ØelÙeskeâ jsue peesÌ[ hej
DeeÙeer yeeÌ{ oes efheâMe huesšW ueieeÙeer peeleer nw~
heguees keâer Úle kesâ efueÙes meyemes efceleJÙeÙeer KeC[ nesiee–
yeekeäme KeC[
Skeâ DemLeeF& hegue kesâ DeefYekeâuheve kesâ efueS ceevee ieÙee YeejCe keâe
Øekeâej neslee nw– IRC ßesCeer B
Skeâ hegue efpemekeâe heâMe& DeefOemebjÛevee kesâ Meer<e& hej Deeueefcyele nw, 4. In which year did Charles Vignoles invent flat
keânueelee nw– heešve hegue footed rails?
hegue kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW, JeeÙeg Deewj YeejeW keâes meeLe keâece keâjles ngÙes Ûeeume& efJeiueesueme ves keâewve mes Je<e& ceW heäuewš hetâšs[ jsueeW
efJeÛeej cebs vener efueÙee peelee nw– YetkeâcheerÙe keâe DeeefJe<keâej efkeâÙee Lee?
ICAO kesâ Devegmeej OeeJeve–heLe(jveJes) hej meYeer efveoxMe Fme jbie (a) 1836 (b) 1846
kesâ nw– meHesâo (c) 1826 (d) 1816
meceevlej jveJes ØeCeeueer keâer #ecelee cegKÙele: efkeâme hej efveYe&j keâjleer RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
nw– oes jveJes kesâ yeerÛe heeÕe& Devlejeue Ans: (a) Ûeeume& ef Jeiuees ueme ves 1836 ceW heäuesš hetâues[ jsue keâe
Jeele Ûe›eâ DeejsKe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmekeâe efveCe&Ùe uesves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee Deeef Je<keâej ef
k eâÙee Lee~
peelee nw– jveJes kesâ efueS Gòece efoMee Heäuewš Hetâšs[ jsue kesâ heWoer keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& = 13.6 cm Ùee 136 mm
1. The distance between the two rails in Broad neslee nw~
Gauge in India is: Heäuewš Hetâšs[ ns[ keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& = 6.67 cm Ùee 66.7 mm
Yeejle ceWs yeÇe[ iespe (Broad Gauge) ceW hešefjÙeeW kesâ leLee TBÛeeF& = 14.29 cm Ùee 142.9 mm nesleer nw~
ceOÙe keâer otjer nesleer nw:
(a) 1676 mm/1676 efceceer.
(b) 1000 mm/1000 efceceer.
(c) 762 cm/762 mesceer.
(d) 1676 cm/1676 mesceer.
RRB JE Patna : 14.12.2014
meYeer ceeheW mes.ceer. ceW nw~
Ans : (a) jsue iespe, efkeâmeer jsueJes ueeFve keâer oes meceeveevlej Yeej
Jenve hešefjÙeeW kesâ Meer<eeX kesâ Yeerlejer he#eeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer keâes 5. "The creep is due to impact of wheels at the
heefjYeeef<ele keâjleer nw~ Yeejle, heeefkeâmleeve, yeebiueeosMe, ßeeruebkeâe Deeefo rail end ahead at joints", which of the
following creep theories is based on this
osMeeW ceW meeceevÙele: 5ft.6 in/1676 efceceer. yeÇe@[ iespe hešefjÙeeW keâe statement?
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ‘‘oes hešefjÙeeW kesâ yeerÛe mes iegpejles meceÙe š^sve kesâ heefnÙes
2. Steel rails are welded by– Éeje ueieeÙes ieÙes Oekeäkesâ kesâ keâejCe mehe&Ce neslee nw,’’ Ùen
mšerue keâer hešefjÙeeW keâer Jesefu[bie keâer peeleer nw keâLeve efkeâme mehe&Ce efmeæeble hej DeeOeeefjle nw?
(a) Gas welding/iewme Jesefu[bie Éeje (a) Wave theory/lejbie efmeæeble
221
 (b) Percussion theory/DeeIeele efmeæeble 8. What is the value of the slope require for
(c) Drag theory/keâ<%e&Ce efmeæeble coning of the wheel?/{ueeve kesâ ceeve heefnÙee kesâ
(d) Balanced theory/meblegefuele efmeæeble DeeJeMÙekeâlee keâeseEveie kesâ efueS keâer keäÙee nw?
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015 RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
(a) 1 in 5 (b) 1 in 10
Ans: (b) oes hešefjÙeeW kesâ yeerÛe mes iegpejles meceÙe š^sve kesâ heefnS Éeje (c) 1 in 20 (d) 1 in 25
ueieeÙes ieÙes DeeIeele kesâ keâejCe GlheVe mehe&Ce, DeeIeele efmeæeble Ans : (c) jsue ieeÌ[er ceW heefnS keâes jsue hešjer mes Glej peeves mes
(Percussion theory) hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ FmeceW peye heefnÙee jsue kesâ jeskeâves kesâ efueS heefnÙeeW keâer Yeerlejer lejheâ heäueQpe ueieeÙes peeles nQ~
peesÌ[ keâes heej keâj Deieueer jsue kesâ efmejs keâes škeäkeâj ceejlee nw, lees heäueQpe keâes jsue kesâ Yeerlejer KeÌ[er meeF[ mes mešekeâj Ietceves leLee jieÌ[
jsue Deeies keâer Deesj efKemekeâ peeleer nw, Ùen jsue ceW ueieeÙes ieÙes Jeesušes ueieves mes jeskeâves kesâ efueS oes heäueQpees kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer ieWpe otjer mes
kesâ {eruee nesves Je efieóer keâer mener hewefkebâie ve nesves hej DeLeJee Øemeej keâce jKeer peeleer nw, efpememes heefnS keâer heee|MeJe ieefle keâjves keâer
peesÌ[ kesâ DeefOekeâ ÛeewÌ[e nesves hej GlheVe neslee nw~ uenj efmeæeble mebYeeJevee Deewj DeefOekeâ yeÌ{ peeleer nw~ Dele: heefnS keâer Fme Øekeâej
(wave theory) peye jsueieeÌ[er KeÌ[er nesleer nw Gme DeJemLee ceW Gmekesâ heee|MJekeâ ieefle keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueS, Fmekesâ efjce keâes 20 ceW 1 yeenj keâer
Yeej kesâ keâejCe Gme mLeeve hej jsue veerÛes Pegkeâ peeleer nw leLee heefnS kesâ Deesj {eue efoÙee peelee nw~ Fmes heefnS keâe MebkeäJeerkeâjCe (Coning of
Deeies G" peelee nw, Deewj peye ieeÌ[er Ûeuevee ØeejcYe keâjleer nw lees Wheel) keâne peelee nw~ jsue keâes Yeerlej keâer Deesj 20 ceW 1 keâer {eue
hej efmLej keâjves keâes jsue keâe keQâš (Cant of Rail) keâne peelee nw~ Fmes
Oemeeve (depresion) Yeer heefnS kesâ meeLe–meeLe Ûeueleer nw, Ùen
jsueeW keâe veefle (Tilting of Rails) keâne peelee nw~
Iešvee uenj efmeæeble keânueelee nw~
9. The sleepers resting directly on girder are
6. If rail length is 13m and the sleeper density is fastened to the top flange of girder by
M+4; how many sleepers would be required in ie[&j kesâ Thej jsue keâes yeebOevess kesâ efueS pees efkeâ ie[&j kesâ
1 km length of the track? Thejer heäueQpe keâes peesÌ[lee nw, keânueelee nw–
Ùeefo hešjer keâer uebyeeF& 13 ceeršj nw Deewj mueerhej keâe RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015
IevelJe M+4 nw; lees š^wkeâ (heLe) kesâ 1 efkeâceer keâer uebyeeF& (a) Hook bolts/ngkeâ yeesuš
ceW efkeâleves mueerhejeW keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesieer? (b) Dog spikes/[e@ie mheeFkeâ
RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015 (c) Fang bolts/heQâie yeesuš
(a) 1539 (b) 1308 (d) Rail screws/jsue m›etâ
(c) 1692 (d) 723 Ans. (a) ngkeâ yeesuš–Fmekeâes kegâllee yeesuš Yeer keânles nw~ Ùen
Ans: (b) efoÙee nw, jsue keâer uecyeeF& · 13 ceer. mueerhejeW keâes ie[&jeW hej (pees hegueeW hej ueieeÙes peeles nw), peesÌ[ves kesâ
kegâue š^wkeâ heLe keâer uecyeeF& · 1 km = 1000 ceer. efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeles nQ~
Dele: 1000 ceer. kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ jsue keâer mebKÙee
1000
= = 77
13
M + 4 IevelJe kesâ efueS Øeefle jsue mueerhej keâer mebKÙee
= 13 + 4 = 17
kegâue mueerhej keâer mebKÙee = 17 × 77 = 1309
7. The material placed in between the sleepers
10. What does the gauge of a railway line define?
and the top of the formation is known as
jsueJes ueeFve kesâ iespe keäÙee heefjYeeef<ele keâjlee nwb?
Gme meece«eer keâes keäÙee keânles nQ efpemes mueerhej Deewj mebjÛevee
RRB JE Shift-II: 26.08.2015
kesâ Meer<e& kesâ yeerÛe jKee peelee nw? (a) Thickness of steel plates used
(a) Gauge/iespe GheÙeesie keâer ieÙeer mšerue keâer ceesšeF&
(b) Rail/jsue (b) Distance between two parallel rails of a
(c) Ballast/efiešdšer track./Skeâ š^wkeâ kesâ oes meceeveeblej jsue kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer
(c) Instrument to measure pressure
(d) Points and Crossing/hee@Fbš Je ›eâe@eEmeie
oyeeJe ceeheves keâe GhekeâjCe
RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015
(d) Pressure that a railway track can stand
Ans. (c) : efpeme meece«eer keâes mueerhej Je mebjÛevee kesâ Meer<e& kesâ yeerÛe jsueJes š^wkeâ Éeje Jenve efkeâÙee pee mekeâves Jeeuee oyeeJe
jKee peelee nw Gmes efiešdšer (Ballast) keânles nw~ mueerhejeW kesâ veerÛes Ans : (b) oes meceeblej jsuees keâer Yeerlejer Heâuekeâes keâer Deehemeer otjer iespe
"eskeâ keâj efieóer Yejves keâes hewefkebâie leLee Fmekeâer meeF[eW Je efmejeW hej Ùee jsue iespe keânueeleer nw~ Yeejer yeÌ[er iespe Ùee ceevekeâ iespe keâer otjer
efieóer Yejves keâer Øeef›eâÙee yee@efkeämebie keânueeleer nw~ jsue heLe ceW efieóer 1.676 ceer., ceeršjer iespe keâer otjer 1.00 ceer. efueÙee peelee nw leLee
ketâmeve keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ mebkeâjer iespe kesâ efueS Ùen otjer 0.762 ceer efueÙee peelee nw~
222
 mebjÛeveeDeeW kesâ efmeæevle
(THEORY OF STRUCTURE)
1. veceve leLee keâle&ve Øeefleyeue Deeke=âefle ceeheebkeâ keâe ceeve yeÌ{ves hej Oejve kesâ heefjÛÚso keâe peÌ[lJe
(Bending and Shear Stresses) DeeIetCe& Yeer- yeÌ{lee nw~ (z = I/y)

Skeâ ef$eYegpeekeâej keâeš Jeeueer Oejve ceW Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue keâne@ hej JÙeeme d Deewj ceesšeF& t kesâ KeesKeues Je=òe keâe Deeke=âefle ceeheebkeâ nesiee-
0.8 td2
DeefOekeâlece neslee nw– ceOÙe ienjeF& hej
DeeÙeleekeâej KeC[ ceW DeefOekeâlece Deewj Deewmele Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue efkeâmeer Oejve keâer veceve ÂÌ{lee nesleer nw- EI
keâe Devegheele neslee nw– 1.5 efkeâmeer Oejve keâer meeceLÙe& meerOes meceevegheeleer nesleer nw- ÛeewÌ[eF&
Oejve cebs Megæ veceve kesâ efueS Fmekesâ efJeMues<eCe nsleg keâewve–mee
meceevlej De#e ØecesÙe keâe meceerkeâjCe nw- IXX = IGG+Ah2
M E f
meceerkeâjCe ceevÙe nw– = = melen kesâ mecheer[ve Deewj efKebÛeeJe kesâ ceeve Goemeerve melen mes Fmekeâer
I R y
otjer kesâ meeLe– Iešles Je yeÌ{les nQ
Skeâ Oejve kesâ Skeâ KeC[ hej keâle&ve Øeefleyeue keâne@ hej MetvÙe neslee efkeâmeer Oejve kesâ keâeš keâer Goemeerve De#e (neutral axis) meowJe
nw– DelÙeefOekeâ Thejer SJeb efveÛeueer jsMes ces iegpejleer nw– keâeš kesâ kesâvõ mes
Skeâ Oejve kesâ KeC[ hej keâle&ve Øeefleyeue keâe yeoueeJe neslee nw–
Øeuebyeer Oejve kesâ mevoYe& ceW Øeefleveceve efyevog–
hejJeueÙeekeâej
meowJe Deeuecye kesâ Yeerlej efveefnle neslee nw
Skeâ ef$eYegpeekeâej KeC[ keâer TbÛeeF& d SJeb ÛeewÌ[eF& b keâer Fmekesâ
DeeOeej kesâ meceevlej, keâsvõkeâ kesâ heefjle: peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& keâe ceeve leerve keâypeeW Jeeueer mebjÛevee ceW, yebkeâve DeeIetCe& MetvÙe nesiee–
keâypeeW hej
bd 3
nw– efkeâmeer keâypesoej šskeâ kesâ ceeceues ceW Øeefleef›eâÙee– šskeâ hej heefjCeeceer
36
veceve IetCe& keâes menve keâjves kesâ efueS Oejve keâer keâeš hej Glhevve Dehe¤heCe yeue keâer efJehejerle efoMee ceW keâeÙe& keâjleer nw
Øeefleyeue (stress) keânueelee nw– kegâÚ #es$eeW keâe ieg™lJe kesâvõ
veceve Øeefleyeue (Bending stress)
peye efkeâmeer Oejve hej yebkeâve DeeIetCe& ueielee nw lees Oejve kesâ heefjÛÚso (Center of
ceW efkeâmeer efyevog hej Øeefleyeue Goemeerve De#e mes Gme efyevog keâer otjer Gravity
kesâ– Deveg›eâceevegheeleer neslee nw for Some
Jen melen efpeme hej ve lees mecheer[ve neslee nw leLee ve ner leveve neslee Area)
nw, keânueeleer nw–
Goemeerve melen (Neutral surface) ef$eYegpe
efkeâmeer Oejve ceW yebkeâve Øeefleyeue heefjÛÚso ceeheebkeâ kesâ– DeeÙele
JÙegl›eâceevegheeleer neslee nw
veceve Øeefleyeue keâe otmeje veece– levleg Øeefleyeue
Skeâ Je=òeekeâej huesš efpemekeâe JÙeeme d nw Gmekeâe OeÇgJeerÙe peÌ[lee IetCe&
πd 4
nesiee-
32 Je=òe
efkeâmeer keâeš kesâ X-De#e hej peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& IXX nes, leLee Y-De#e
hej IYY nes lees Gmeer keâeš hej OeÇgJeerÙe peÌ[lee IetCe& nesiee- IXX+IYY
DeOe&Je=òe
ÛeewÌ[eF& b leLee ienjeF& d Jeeues Skeâ DeeÙeleekeâej kesâ yeerÛees-yeerÛe
iegpejves Jeeues #eweflepe De#e hej peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& nw- bd3/12
peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& keâer mebkeâuhevee nw pees ueeiet nesleer nw- ÛelegLe& Je=òeebMe
IetCeea efvekeâeÙe keâer efmLeefle ceW
223
 jesuej Deeuecye ceW Øeefleef›eâÙee nesleer nw–
meceuecye ÛelegYeg&pe ieefle keâer efoMee kesâ DeefYeuecye
efkeâmeer Oejve ceW Demeceefcele yebkeâve neslee nw, Ùeefo–
yebkeâve DeeIetCe& DeejsKe Demeceefcele nes
2. mebÙegòeâ meerOes leLee veceve Øeefleyeue
Mebkegâ
(Combined Direct & Bending strrees)
peye keâesF& De#eerÙe Yeej DeJeÙeJe keâer De#e mes nškeâj ueielee nw, lees
Gmes keânles nQ- GlkesâvõerÙe Yeej (Eccentric load)
GlkesâvõerÙe Yeej kesâ ØeYeeJe ceW DebieeW ceW Ghepelee nw-
meerOes Øeefleyeue Je veceve Øeefleyeue
KeesKeuee Mebkegâ Je›eâ meleneW kesâ efueS JeeÙeg ØeeflejesOe iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw-
0.5 mes 0.75 lekeâ
KeesKeuee Deæ&Je=òe yesueveekeâej meleneW kesâ efueS JeeÙeg ØeeflejesOe iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw-
2/3
Deevleefjkeâ yeueeW kesâ Ùegice keâe Jen DeeIetCe& pees Oejve kesâ yeenjer
DeeIetCe& (yeenjer yeueeW kesâ keâejCe) keâes mevlegefuele keâjlee nw, keânueelee meceleue meleneW kesâ efueS JeeÙeg ØeeflejesOe iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve neslee nw- 1
nw– ØeeflejesOeer DeeIetCe& d Jee¢e JÙeeme Deewj h TBÛeeF& keâer yesueveekeâej efÛeceveer hej P JeeÙeg-
DeeÙeleekeâej KeC[ keâe Deeke=âefle iegCeebkeâ neslee nw- 1.50
oeye kesâ keâejCe kegâue JeeÙeg-oeye yeue- P = c.p.d.h

"esme Je=òeekeâej KeC[ keâe Deeke=âefle iegCeebkeâ neslee nw 1.70

Skeâ mlecYe pees GlkesâvõerÙe Yeej kesâ Devleie&le nw, DeeÙeleekeâej
DevegØemLe-keâeš kesâ efueS ›eâes[-keâeš (Core section) keâe
Skeâ DeeÙeleekeâej heefjÛÚso kesâ efueS heefjÛÚso ceeheebkeâ efoÙee peelee nw- DeefOekeâlece efJemleej neslee nw- b/3 Deewj d/3
bd2/6 keâesj Skeâ #es$e nw efpemeceW Øeefleyeue Megæ ™he ceW nesles nQ– mebheer[ve
"esme Je=òeekeâej heefjÛÚso Jeeues Skeâ Oejve ceW Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue keâe
efJelejCe efkeâme Øekeâej neslee nw- qDeefOe0 · 1.33qDeewmele
3. {ueeve SJeb efJe#eshe Ùee efJemLeeheve
(Slope and Deflection)
Ùeefo efkeâmeer DeJeÙeJe kesâ Z SJeb I ›eâceMe: meskeäMeve ceeheebkeâ SJeb Megæeueefcyele Oejve ceW Skeâ meceeve efJeleefjle Yeej kesâ efueS DeefOekeâlece
peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& nw lees Dehe™heCe yeue F efkeâmeer meskeäMeve hej keäÙee 1 wl 3
dm
{eue nesiee–
nesiee- 24 EI
dx Skeâ Yeeefjle Oejve kesâ efkeâmeer Yeer KeC[ kesâ yebkeâve DeeIetCe& DeejsKe
Skeâ yeerce meskeäMeve keâer yeue ØeeLeefcekeâlee efkeâme hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw- keâe {eue neslee nw– Gme keâeš hej keâle&ve yeue
Deeke=âefle ceeheebkeâ TOJee&Oej Yeejes Éeje Yeeefjle Skeâ melele Oejve kesâ ceOÙemLe Deeuecye
hej efkeâme Øekeâej keâe yebkeâve DeeIetCe& (Ùeefo keâesF& Deelee nes) Deelee
Deeke=âefle ceeheebkeâ (Modulus of section) yejeyej neslee nw– nw– Glleueve (Hgging)
peÌ[le DeeIetCe& I L uecyeeF& kesâ Megæ Deeueefcyele Oejve kesâ ceOÙe efyevog hej Ùeefo W
Z= or
y max y max efyebog Yeej keâeÙe&jle nw lees Fme Yeej kesâ keâejCe DeefOekeâlece efJe#eshe
Skeâ Oejve keâeš kesâ yeueMetvÙe jsKee Ùee Goemeerve De#e hej, peÌ[lee nesiee– Wl3/48EI
DeeIetCe& Deewj veceve Øeefleyeue %eele keâjves Jeeueer melen keâer Goemeerve Oejve keâe efJe#eshe IešeÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
De#e mes DeefOekeâlece otjer kesâ ceeve kesâ Devegheele keâes keânles nQ– efmejeW hej DeefOekeâ ÂÌ{ šskeâ oskeâj
Deeke=âefle ceeheebkeâ (Modulus of section) efkeâmeer Oejve keâer uecyeeF& L nw~ Fmekesâ DevegØemLe keâeš keâe veceve
Ùeefo Skeâ KeesKeues Je=òeekeâej MeeHeäš Deewj Skeâ "esme Je=òeekeâej DeeIetCe& M, peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& I leLee heoeLe& keâe ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ
MeeHeäš kesâ DevegØemLe-heefjÛÚso keâe #es$eHeâue Skeâ meceeve nes lees E nw, lees FmeceW mebefÛele efJeke=âefle Tpee& keâe met$e nw– U =
M 2L
KeesKeuee Je=òeekeâej MeeHeäš "esme Je=òeekeâej MeeHeäš keâer leguevee ceW– 2EI
DeefOekeâ cepeyetle nesiee oes Megæeueefcyele Oejve, pees Skeâ ner heoeLe& kesâ yeves nQ leLee Gvekeâe
ØeeflejesOeer DeeIetCe& leLee veceve DeeIetCe& kesâ yeerÛe keâe mecyevOe ØeÙegkeäle DevegØemLe keâeš keâe #es$eHeâue yejeyej nw, Skeâ-otmejs kesâ heeš kesâ ceOÙe
neslee nw– peye Oejve ØelÙeemLelee meercee (elasticity efyevog hej uecyeJeled iegpejles nQ~ Ùeefo Gvekesâ pebkeäMeve hej keâesF&
limit) kesâ Devoj efJe¤efhele efkeâÙee peelee nw TOJee&Oej Yeej ØeÙegkeäle efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees–
keâesF& Yeer Ssmee DeJeÙeJe, pees TOJee&Oej ve neskeâj efkeâmeer Yeer otmejer oesveeW OejveeW ceW pebkeäMeve hej efJe#eshe yejeyej-yejeyej nesiee
efmLeefle ceW DeJeefmLele nes Deewj efpeme hej De#eerÙe mebheer[ve Yeej Skeâ l heeš Jeeues, Deeyeæ Oejve kesâ hee" kesâ ceOÙe hej efJe#eshe
Deejesefhele efkeâÙee ieÙee nes, keânueelee nw– mš^š (Strut) nesiee, Ùeefo Oejve kesâ heeš hej Skeâmeceeve efJeleefjle Yeej ueiee nes–
Oejve hej vele yeueeW keâes ØeÙegkeäle nesves kesâ keâejCe– WL4
Oejve ceW ØeCeeso (thrust) neslee nw 384EI
224
 ceevekeâ oMeeDeeW ceW Oejve kesâ {ueeve leLee efJe#eshe kesâ met$e
›eâ. Yeej keâe Øekeâej DeefOekeâlece {ueeve DeefOekeâlece efJe#eshe Ùee efÛe$e (Oejve keâer DeejefcYekeâ SJeb
meb. leLee Oejve (Slope) θ efJemLeeheve Deefvlece efmLeefleÙeeB)
(Deflection) y
1. Megæeuecye Oejve kesâ 1 Wl 2 1 Wl 3
kesâvõ hej mebkesâefvõle θA = θB = × yC = ×
16 EI 48 EI
Yeej (ØelÙeskeâ efmejs hej) (kesâvõ hej)

2. Megæeuecye Oejve hej 1 wl 3 5 wl 4

meceefJeleefjle Yeej θA = θB = × yC = ×
24 EI 384 EI
(ØelÙeskeâ efmejs hej) (kesâvõ hej)

3. keQâšerueerJej kesâ efmejs θA = 0 1 Wl 3

hej mebkesâefvõle Yeej 2 yB = ×
1 Wl 3 EI
θB = ×
2 EI (mJelev$e efmejs hej)
(mJelev$e efmejs hej)
4. keQâšerueerJej hej θA = 0 1 wl 4
meceefJeleefjle Yeej 3 yB = ×
1 wl 8 EI
θB = ×
6 EI (mJelev$e efmejs hej)
(mJelev$e efmejs hej)
5. keQâšerueerJej hej ceesceWš Ml 2

Yeej
θB =
EI ( y ) = M2EIl
B

θA = 0
6. keQâšerueerJej hej Iešlee 3

Yeej ( θ ) = 24EI
wl
4
( y ) = 30EI
B wl
B

7. Megæeuecye Oejve hej

ef$ekeâesCeerÙe yeÌ{lee Yeej  Wl 4
y = 0.00652
EI

Yeej keâe Øekeâej {ueeve efJe#eshe efÛe$e

kewâvšerueerJej kesâ efkeâmeer efyevog hej Wa 2
Wa 3
Wa 2

mebkesâefvõle Yeej θC = θB = yB = + (l − a)
2EI 3EI 2EI

kewâvšerueerJej hej Gmekesâ yeæ efmejs wa 3

mes kegâÚ otjer hej meceefJeleefjle Yeej θB = θC =
6EI wa 4 wa 3
w yB = + (l − a)
8EI 6EI

225
kewâvšerueerJeej kesâ mJelev$e efmejs mes wl 3 wa 3 wl 4  wa 4
kegâÚ otjer lekeâ meceefJeleefjle Yeej θB = − yB = − +
6EI 6EI 8EI  8EI
=
w 3 3
(l − a ) wa 3 
6EI (l − a) 
6EI 

kewâvšerueerJej Oejve mes mecyeefvOele cenlJehetCe& leLÙe

• uecyeeF& oes iegvee keâjves hej {ueeve ceW Devegheele,
Wl 2 4Wl 2 1
=
2EI 2EI 4
W(2L) 2
∵ uecyeeF& l = 2l keäÙeeWefkeâ oesiegvee ngÙeer nw leye
2EI
• Yeej oes iegvee keâjves hej {ueeve ceW Devegheele,
Wl 2 2Wl 2 1
=
2EI 2EI 2

• uecyeeF& Deewj Yeej oesveeW ogiegvee keâjves hej {ueeve ceW Devegheele,
Wl 2
ØeLece efmLeefle–
2EI
1
Deye, w = 2w keâjves hej =
l = 2l 8
• U.D.L ceW uecyeeF& oes iegvee keâjves hej {ueeve ceW Devegheele,
wl 3 8wl 3 1
=
6EI 6EI 8

• Yeej oes iegvee keâjves hej {ueeve ceW Devegheele,

wl 3 2wl 3 1
=
6EI 6EI 2

Skeâ Megæeueefcyele Oejve ceW Ùeefo Fmekesâ ceOÙe efyevog hej mebkesâefvõle efkeâmeer efJe#esefhele Oejve ceW {ueeve keâesCe %eele keâjves kesâ efueS
W 2 L3 M d2y
Yeej ueiee ngDee nw lees Fme hej mebefÛele efJeke=âefle Tpee&– meceerkeâjCe- = 2 × E × (1 + tan 2θ)
96EI I dx
Skeâ Megæeueefcyele Oejve efpemekesâ heeš hej Skeâ mebkesâefvõle Yeej ueiee
 d3y 
ngDee nw lees Oejve hej DeefOekeâlece efJe#eshe Yeej kesâ veerÛes ner, Glhevve EI  2  efkeâmeer Oejve kesâ efueS ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw-
 dx 
nesiee Ùeefo efyevog Yeej–  
Yeej Oejve kesâ heeš kesâ ceOÙe ceW ueiee nes Oejve ceW keâle&ve yeue
d y2
DevegheÇmLe yeuees keâs DeOeerve efkeâmeer Oejve keâs PegkeâeJe keâes Oejve keâe EI  2  efkeâmeer Oejve kesâ efueS keäÙee ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw-
 dx 
keânles nQ- efJe#eshe  
Oejve ceW DeeIetCe&
Oejve keâer meeceLÙe& leLee ÂÌ{lee efJe#eshe kesâ-
JÙegl›eâceevegheeleer nseleer nw~ yeerce keâe PegkeâeJe (bending) keâce efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw-
yeerce keâer ienjeF& yeÌ{ekeâj
efkeâmeer Yeer Oejve keâer ÂÌ{lee efkeâmekesâ yejeyej nesleer nw-
{ueeve efJe®heCe nw pees FveceW mes efkeâmekesâ Devegketâue nw-
ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ × peÌ[lee IetCe& yebkeâve DeeIetCe&
226
 keWâšerueerJej Oejve ceW, Ûeens Yeej Oejve kesâ heeš hej keâneR hej Yeer Skeâ ce=og Fmheele kesâ mlecYe kesâ efueS Dee@Ùeuej keâe met$e, Gme meceÙe
ØeÙegkeäle nes, DeefOekeâlece efJe#eshe ncesMee neslee nw– DemeHeâue nes peelee nw peye leveglee Devegheele neslee nw–
Oejve kesâ cegkeäle efmejs hej 80 mes keâce
kesâvšerueerJej Oejve keâer oMee ceW, peye Oejve kesâ hetjs heeš hej Skeâ mlecYe Úesše mlecYe neslee nw peye Fmekeâer uecyeeF& leLee Fmekesâ
Skeâmeceeve efJeleefjle Yeej ueiee nes lees Oejve ceW mebefÛele efJeke=âefle JÙeeme keâe Devegheele– 12 mes keâce jnlee nw
W 2l 5 Skeâ mlecYe uecyee Ùee oerIe& mlecYe keânueelee nw peye leveglee Devegheele
Tpee&– U= 120 Ùee Fmemes DeefOekeâ jnlee nw leLee mlecYe keâer uecyeeF& pees Fmekesâ
40EI
peye Skeâ DeeÙeleekeâej Oejve hej Fmekeâer uecyeeF& ceW Yeej ueieeÙee JÙeeme keâe Devegheele neslee nw– 30 mes DeefOekeâ
peelee nw lees FmeceW Glhevve keâle&ve Øeefleyeue neWies– DeeÙeuej met$e JewOe neslee nw- efmeHe&â oerIe& mlecYeeW kesâ efueS
ØelÙeskeâ #eweflepe meceleue hej
Deeyeæ Oejve Jes Oejve nesleer nQ efpevekesâ efmejeW hej šskeâ Fme Øekeâej mes mlecYe keâe leveglee Devegheele MetvÙe neslee nw peye– Fmekeâer uecyeeF&
ueies neW efkeâ– efmejeW hej {eue MetvÙe nes hetjer uecyeeF& ceW meYeer heeÕeeX hej Deeueefcyele nesleer nw~
efJe#esefhele Oejve keâer DeJekeâueve meceerkeâjCe (Differential Skeâ efmejs hej yeæ leLee otmeje efmeje mJelev$e keâe@uece kesâ efueS
M d2 y 1
equation of flexure) nw– = = π 2EI
EI dx 2 R Dee@Ùeuej met$e mes yenkeâeJe Yeej nesiee- P=
4l 2
4. keâe@uece (Columns) ØelÙeemLe yenkeâeJe kesâ efueS keâe@uece keâer ›eâeefvlekeâ Øeefleyeue keâe ceeve
π 2EI
efkeâmeer KeC[ kesâ Z SJeb S ›eâceMe: KeC[ ceeheebkeâ SJeb megIešŸe DeeÙeuej met$e Éeje %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw Jen met$e nw- Pe =
( le ) 2
S
ceeheebkeâ nQ lees Gmekeâe Deekeâej iegCeebkeâ nw–
Z oesveeW efmejeW hej Deeyeæ Skeâ De#eerÙe Yeeefjle mlecYe keâe JÙeekegbâÛeve
uecyeeF& l kesâ Skeâ mlecYe keâe Skeâ efmeje Deeyeæ Deewj otmeje efmeje 4π2 EI
cegòeâ nes lees Gmekeâer leguÙe uecyeeF& nesieer– 2l Yeej Fme Øekeâej Øeehle nesiee-
l2
efkeâmeer keâeš keâe #es$eHeâue A leLee peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& I kesâ efueS De#e Skeâ mlecYe, efpemekeâe JÙeeme 25 mesceer. nw leLee Fmekeâer uecyeeF&
I 300 mesceer. nw, keânueeÙesiee– Úesše mlecYe
hej heefjYeüceCe ef$epÙee nesleer nw– Skeâ mlecYe ceOÙece mlecYe keânueelee nw peye mlecYe keâer uecyeeF& leLee
A
Jen Yeej efpeme hej mebjÛevee keâe keâesF& Yeeie, meomÙe Ùee hetjer Fmekesâ JÙeeme keâe Devegheele 15 mes 30 lekeâ jnlee nw leLee leveglee
mebjÛevee OejeMeeÙeer nes peeleer nw Ùee Yeej hejer#eCe ceW DeefOekeâ heeMJe& Devegheele keâe ceeve neslee nw– 30 mes 120 kesâ yeerÛe
efJe™heCe kesâ meeLe yenkeâ peeleer nw Ùee DeefmLej nes peeleer nw, Ùeefo PegkeâeJe kesâ keâejCe mlecYe efJeHeâue nes peeS, lees Ssmee mlecYe
keânueelee nw– yenkeâeJe Yeej (Buckling Load) keânueelee nw– oerIe& mlecYe
mebjÛevee kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW efkeâmeer meomÙe kesâ efJeÛeejeOeerve De#e kesâ Dee@Ùeuej kesâ mlecYe efmeæevle kesâ Devegmeej oesveeW efmejeW hej Deeyeæ l
yeejs ceW ›eâe@me meskeämeve kesâ oeÙejs kesâ ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& keâe Devegheele uecyeeF& kesâ mlecYe kesâ efueS efJeHeâuelee Yeej keâe ceeve oesveeW efmejeW hej
keâne peelee nw– leveglee Devegheele keâypesoej mece¤he mlecYe kesâ efueS efJeHeâuelee Yeej kesâ ceeve kesâ–
Ûeej iegCee neslee nw
keâe@uece Ùee mš^š Skeâ mecheer[ve meomÙe nw, efpemekeâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF&
heeMJe& ceehe mes X iegvee DeefOekeâ nesleer nw, peneB X nw– 3
peye mlecYe kesâ oesveeW efmejs keâypesoej (Hinged) neW lees mlecYe keâer
ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& nesieer– L
mlecYe hej keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeues Yeej keâes keânles nQ– Skeâ mlecYe ceW, pees Skeâ De#eerÙe Yeej Jenve keâj jne nw, Øeefleyeue
De#eerÙe Ùee GlkesâvõerÙe Yeej
W
vÙetvelece peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& leLee DeJeÙeJe kesâ DevegØemLe keâeš kesâ leer›elee keâer ieCevee keâjves kesâ efueS met$e nesiee–
A
#es$eHeâue kesâ Devegheele kesâ Jeie&cetue keâes keânles nQ– vÙetvelece Skeâ TOJee&Oej mlecYe ceW oes peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& (DeLee&led Izz Deewj Iyy)
heefjYeüceCe ef$epÙee Deæ&JÙeeme (Minimum radius of nQ~ mlecYe efkeâme efoMee ceW PegkeâeJe keâe ØeÙeeme keâjsiee–
gyration) vÙetvelece peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& keâer efoMee ceW
mlecYe hej ueiee Jen vÙetvelece De#eerÙe mecheer[ve Yeej pees mlecYe keâes Jen mlecYe pees ØelÙe#e Øeefleyeue ueieeves kesâ keâejCe efJeHeâue nes peeS,
efJeheâue keâj os– DeJeYebpekeâ Yeej keânueelee nw– ueIeg mlecYe
I min
vÙetvelece heefjYeüceCe ef$epÙee kesâ efueS met$e neslee nw– K = jQefkeâve keâe met$e ueeiet neslee nw- Úesšs leLee uecyes keâe@uece kesâ efueS
A
efkeâmeer mlecYe hej FkeâeF& jefnle megj#eelcekeâ Yeej (safe load) neslee leveglee Devegheele (Slenderness ratio) keâer FkeâeF& nesleer nw-
›eâeefvlekeâ Yeej keâesF& FkeâeF& veneR nesleer nw~
nw– efkeâmeer Glkesâeqvõle Yeej šskeâ kesâ efueS Deeceleewj hej kewâmee heefjÛÚso
yenkeâeJe iegCeebkeâ hemevo efkeâÙee peelee nw– Øeyeefuele (Reinforced)
yenkeâeJe iegCeebkeâ (buckling factor) Skeâ Devegheele neslee nw– mlecYe keâe pee@vemeve met$e (Johnson's Formula) nw–
meceleguÙe uecyeeF& 2
P L
vÙetvelece IetCe&ve ef$epÙee = p −a 
A K
227
 efkeâmeer mlecYe keâe leveglee Devegheele MetvÙe neslee nw, peyeefkeâ– efkeâmeer MeeHeäš kesâ yeueIetCe& keâes Dekesâues ner otvee keâj efoÙee peeÙe lees
Fmekeâer uecyeeF& kesâ meeLe-meeLe meYeer Deesj mes Gme MeeHeäš Éeje efkeâlevee iegvee neme& heeJej yeÌ{ peeÙesiee- 2 iegvee
hetjer uecyeeF& ceW šskeâ ueies neW
Skeâ mlecYe, efpemekeâe Skeâ efmeje Deeyeæ (fixed) leLee otmeje efmeje peye efkeâmeer MeeHeäš keâes SW"ve DeeIetCe& kesâ DeOeerve jKee peelee nw, lees
keâypesoej nw hej yenkeâeJe Ùee ›eâeefvlekeâ Yeej keâer ieCevee keâjves kesâ MeeHeäš keâe ØelÙeskeâ DevegØemLe heefjÛÚso efkeâmekesâ DeOeerve nesiee-
2π 2 EI Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue
efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ met$e nesiee– P=
L2 Skeâ "esme MeeHeäš hej SW"ve (Torsion) ueiee nw Fmekesâ kesâvõ hej
ce=og Fmheele kesâ mlecYe efpemeceW oesveeW efmejs keâypesoej neW, kesâ mecyevOe Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue nesiee- MetvÙe
ceW jsefvkeâve efveÙeleebkeâ (Rankine constant) nw– 1/7500
mlecYe keâer Jen uecyeeF&, pees Dee@Ùeuej Deewj jsefvkeâve iees[&ve kesâ met$e Ùeefo efkeâmeer Je=òeekeâej MeeHeäš hej yeue DeeIetCe& T leLee yebkeâve DeeIetCe&
mes PegkeâeJe Yeej keâe meceeve ceeve metefÛele keâjleer nw, met$e Éeje %eele M ueieeÙee peeÙe lees yebkeâve Øeefleyeue leLee DeefOekeâlece Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue
2M
π 2 EK keâe Devegheele nesiee-
keâer pee mekeâleer nw– T
f a − π En
2
De#eerÙe leveve kesâ Devleie&le Skeâ "esme Je=òeekeâej MeeHeäš φ keâer
Ùeefo efkeâmeer oerIe& mlecYe hej ›eâebeflekeâ Yeej mes DeefOekeâ Yeej Deejesefhele
efkeâÙee peeS, lees mlecYe nes peeSiee– σ2
ØeefleFkeâeF& DeeÙeleve, efJeke=âefle Tpee& efkeâleveer nesieer-
DemLeeF& (Unstable) 2E

kegâÚ cenlJehetCe& leLÙe

›eâ.meb. keâe@uece keâe Øekeâej meceleguÙe uecyeeF& DeeÙeuej met$e mes keâe@uece keâer DeejefcYekeâ SJeb
(efmejeW keâer efmLeefle kesâ DeeOeej hej) (L) yenkeâeJe Yeej (Pe) yenkeâer efmLeefle
1. oesveeW efmejeW hej keâypesoej keâe@uece

π2 EI π2 EI
L=l = 2
l2 L

2. Skeâ efmejs hej yeæ leLee otmejs hej mJelev$e

keâe@uece
π2 EI π2 EI
L = 2l = 2
4l 2 L

3 Skeâ efmejs hej yeæ leLee otmejs hej keâypesoej L = l/√2 2π2 EI π2 EI
keâe@uece = 2
l2 L

4. oesveeW efmejeW hej yeæ keâe@uece

4π2 EI π2 EI
L = l/2 = 2
l2 L

228
5. cejesÌ[ (Torsion) 6. Deeyeæ SJeb melele Oejve
(Fixed and Continuous Beams)
60 efce. ceer JÙeeme keâer Skeâ "esme Je=òeekeâej Meeheäš 1600 N-m
DeeIetCe& Øemeeefjle keâjleer nw~ DeefOekeâlece GlheVe Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue Deeyeæ Oejve ceW keâÌ[eheve, Megæeuecye keâer Dehes#ee efkeâlevee iegvee neslee
keâe ceeve nesiee– 37.72 MPa nw- 4 iegvee
JÙeeme d leLee uecyeeF& L keâer Skeâ "esme Je=lleekeâej Meeheäš Skeâ efmejs Ùeefo Deeyeæ Oejve kesâ hetjs heeš hej meceefJeleefjle Yeej keâeÙe& keâj jne
hej Deeyeæ leLee otmejs efmejs hej cegkeäle nw~ cegkeäle efmejs hej Skeâ wl 2
cejesÌ[ T ueieeÙee peelee nw~ heoeLe& keâe keâle&ve ceeheebkeâ G nw lees nes lees šskeâeW hej DeefOekeâlece veceve IetCe& nesiee-
12
cegkeäle efmejs hej cejes[Ì keâesCe nw– 32 TL/ πd 4 G Deeyeæ Oejve hej U.D.L kesâ keâejCe DeefOekeâlece efJe#eshe keâe ceeve
efkeâmeer keâeš keâe OegÇJeerÙe ceeheebkeâ KeC[ keâer keâewve-meer meeceLÙe& keâer
wl 4
ceehe nesleer nw– cejesÌ[ neslee nw- y=
384EI
Megæ cejesÌ[ kesâ DeOeerve Je=òeekeâej Meeheäš ceW GlheVe Øeefleyeue keâe
Øekeâej nw– keâle&ve Øeefleyeue Deeyeæ Oejve Megæeuecye keâer Dehes#ee Bending crite area kesâ
DeeOeej hej efkeâleveer iegvee cepeyetle nesleer nw- 2 iegvee
Ùeefo efkeâmeer MeeHeäš hej cejes[Ì er yeue Deejesefhele efkeâÙee peeS, lees
MeeHeäš ceW Dehe¤heCe Øeefleyeue keâer leer›elee DeefOekeâlece nesieer– peye Deeyeæ Oejve hej meceefJeleefjle Yeej U.D.L keâeÙe& keâj jne nes
Gmekesâ yeenjer mlej hej leye Deeyeæ Oejve Megæeuecye keâer Dehes#ee Bending crite area
efkeâmeer Ùeewefiekeâ Mee@Heäš Éeje menve efkeâÙes pee mekeâves Jeeues megjef#ele kesâ DeeOeej hej efkeâleveer iegvee cepeyetlepe nesleer nw- 1.5 iegvee
JÙeeJele&ve DeeIetCe& keâes %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efJeÛeej keâjles nQ– Deeyeæ Oejve kesâ ceOÙe efyevog hej mebkesâefvõle Yeej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw leye
vÙetvelece heefjkeâefuele ceeve wl 3
Ùeefo efkeâmeer MeeHeäš hej SW"ve Ùee cejesÌ[ yeue ueieeÙee peeS lees DeefOekeâlece efJe#eshe nesiee- y=
192EI
Mee@Heäš ceW Glhevve yeue neslee nw–
kesâvõ hej MetvÙe mes heefjefOe hej DeefOekeâlece kesâ yeerÛe
Deeyeæ Oejve mes mecyeefvOele kegâÚ cenlJehetCe& leLÙe
OeÇgJeerÙe peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& (polar moment of inertia) leLee
DeefOekeâlece Deæ&JÙeeme kesâ Devegheele keâes keânles nQ–
OeÇgJeerÙe ceeheebkeâ (Polar modulus) θA = θB = 0
MeeHeäš Éeje Meefkeäle mecØes<eCe (power transmitted by a Wl 14
Deflection ( ∆ c ) = ∆ max = = × ∆ max in SS beam
2πNT 384EI 5
shaft)– P= kw
60 × 103
efkeâmeer Je=òeekeâej MeeHeäš ceW DeefOekeâlece mebÙegkeäle Dehe¤heCe Deewj
yebkeâve Øeefleyeue keâe ceeve %eele keâjves keâe met$e nw– θA = θB = 0
R
M 2 + T2 Pℓ 3 1
J Deflection ( ∆ c ) = ∆ max = = × ∆ max in SS beam
192 EI 4
yeue-DeeIetCe& kesâ Devleie&le "esme Je=òeekeâej MeeHeäš hej yeveves Jeeuee 1. A support is said to be non-yielding if
16T Deuecye, DehejeYeJe ceevee peelee nw, Ùeefo
DeefOekeâlece Dehe™heCe Øeefleyeue nw-
πD3 (a) the beam has zero slope at the support/Deeuecye
efØepceerÙe Oejve hej yebkeâve Øeefleyeue neslee nw- My/I hej Oejve mes MetvÙe ØeJeCelee nes
(b) it holds the beam firmly/Jen Oejve keâes ÂÌ{lee mes
De#eerÙe yeue DeeIetCe& kesâ Devleie&le yebo kegâb[efueveer keâceeveer keâe SW"ve OeejCe efkeâÙee ngDee nes
keâesCe kewâmes Øekeâš efkeâÙee peelee nw-
64TDn (c) it can take any amount of reaction/Jen efkeâmeer Yeer
Ed 4 cee$ee ceW Øeefleef›eâÙee keâes Jenve keâj mekeâlee nw
1 (d) it is frictionless/Ùen Ie<e&Cejefnle neslee nw
MeeHeäš keâer cejes[Ì efJeke=âefle Tpee& nesleer nw- Tθ
2 RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
Ans : (a) Ùeefo DeeuecyeeW hej ØeJeCelee MetvÙe nes lees Deeuecye keâes
"esme MeeHeäš kesâ efueS efJeke=âefle Tpee& nesleer nw-
DehejeYeJe ceevee peelee nw Ùes Jes Deeuecye nesles nQ efpeveceW leeheerÙe Øemeej
Q2 kesâ keâejCe kegâÚ Øemeej DeJeMÙe nes mekeâlee nw~ DeLee&led leeheerÙe Øemeej
U= ×MeeHeäš keâe DeeÙeleve
4G kesâ keâejCe Øeleefyeue GlheVe veneR nesles nw~
229
2. The critical load of column is defined as the 5. In the design of steel structures, the ratio of the
load at which column is in : effective length of a member to the radius of
keâe@uece kesâ ›eâeeflebkeâ Yeej keâes Gme Yeej kesâ ™he ceW gyration of the cross-section about the axis
heefjYeeef<ele efkeâÙee peelee nw, efpeme hej keâe@uece neslee nw~ under consideration is called as
(a) Stable equilibrium/efmLej meecÙeeJemLee ceW mšerue mebjÛevee kesâ DeefYekeâuheve ceW, efkeâmeer meomÙe keâer
(b) Neutral equilibrium/Goemeerve meecÙeeJemLee ceW ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& leLee efkeâmeer efJeÛeejeOeerve De#e kesâ heefjle:
(c) Unstable equilibrium/DeefmLej meecÙeeJemLee ceW DevegØemLe keâeš keâer heefjYeüceCe ef$epÙee keâe Devegheele
(d) None of the above/GheÙeg&òeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR keânueelee nw–
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015 (a) Modulus of elasticity /ØelÙeemLelee ceeheebkeâ
Ans : (c) Jen Yeej efpememes DeefOekeâ hej keâe@uece efJeHeâue nes peelee
(b) Slenderness ratio /leveglee Devegheele
nw leLee keâce hej megjef#ele jnlee nw, ›eâeefvlekeâ Yeej keânueelee nw~ Fme
(c) Stress ratio /Øeefleyeue Devegheele
Yeej hej keâe@uece keâer DeJemLee DeefmLej meecÙeJeemLee keâer oMee kesâ
meceeve nesleer nw~ (d) Aspect ratio /Demheskeäš Devegheele
3. The failure of column depends upon– RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015
keâe@uece (mlebYe) keâer Demeheâuelee efveYe&j keâjlee nw– Ans : (b) efkeâmeer keâe@uece keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& leLee vÙetvelece
(a) Weight of column/mlebYe kesâ Yeej hej heefjYeüceCe ef$epÙee keâe Devegheele leveglee Devegheele keânueelee nw~
(b) Length of column/mlebYe keâer uecyeeF& mes
Fmes λ mes ØeoefMe&le keâjles nw–
(c) Slenderness ratio/leveglee Devegheele
(d) Cross sectional area of column ℓe
λ=
KebYees keâer DevegØemLe #es$eheâue mes rmin
RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015 peneB ℓe = ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF&
Ans : (c) keâe@uece keâer Demeheâuelee Fmekesâ leveglee Devegheele hej efveYe&j
keâjleer nw~ rmin = vÙetvelece heefjYeüceCe ef$epÙee
→ leveglee Devegheele, keâe@uece keâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& leLee vÙetvelece IetCe&ve 6. The damping force acts on the moving system
ef$epÙee kesâ Devegheele keâes keâne peelee nw~ of an indicating instrument only when it is
kesâJeue Skeâ mebkesâlekeâ kesâ ™he ceW [wefchebie yeue Ûeue
Le
λ= ØeCeeueer hej keâece keâjlee nw peye Ùen neslee nw–
K
(a) Moving /Ûeefuele
→ λ↑ lees uecyee keâeuece nesiee~
(b) Stationary /efmLej
4. A column is a structural member designed
primarily to take which of the following type of (c) Near its full deflection /hetCe&
efJe#esheCe kesâ vepeoerkeâ
load : (d) Just starting to move /Meg™Deele kesâ legjvle yeeo
Skeâ keâeuece Skeâ mebjÛeveelcekeâ DeJeÙeJe neslee nw, efpemes Ietcevee
cegKÙe ™he mes FveceW mes keâewve-mes Yeej keâes menve keâjves nsleg
RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015
ef[peeFve efkeâÙee peelee nw?
Ans : (a) peye mebkesâlekeâ Deheveer efmLeefle kesâ FOej-GOej Ûeefuele
(a) Torsional/cejesÌ[erÙe
(Move) neslee nw lees Gmekeâes Skeâ meecÙe efmLeefle ceW Deeves kesâ efueS
(b) Tensile/leveve
(c) Compressive/mecheer[ve Skeâ DeeIetCe& ueieeÙee peelee nw~ efpemes [wefchebie DeeIetCe& keânles nw~
(d) Shear/keâle&ve 7. The effective length of a h meter high column
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015 with one end fixed and other free is
Ans. (c) keâe@uece Skeâ Ssmee mebjÛeveelcekeâ DeJeÙeJe nw pees mebheer[ve Skeâ h ceeršj G@BâÛes keâeuece (mlebYe) efpemekeâe Skeâ efmeje
Yeej keâes Jenve keâjlee nw~ Fme hej Yeej oes lejn kesâ keâeÙe& keâjles nw– peÌ[ (efmLej) leLee otmeje efmeje cegòeâ nes keâer ØeYeeJeer
(i) De#eerÙe Yeej, (ii) Glkesâefvõle Yeej uecyeeF& keäÙee nesieer?
peye Yeej DeJeÙeJe kesâ De#e kesâ mebheeleer nes lees Gmes De#eerÙe Yeej (a) 2h (b) 0.5h
leLee peye DeJeÙeJe kesâ De#e mes nškeâj keâeÙe& keâjW lees Gmes Glkesâefvõle (c) h (d) h/1.414
Yeej keânles nw~ RRB SSE Shift-II : 02.09.2015
230
Ans : (a) Jen keâe@uece efpemekeâe Skeâ efmeje yeæ (efmLej) leLee Fmekeâe keâF& meejs efmØebie huesšW ueieer nesleer nw, efpevekeâe DevegØemLe keâeš meceeve
efmeje cegòeâ mJeleb$e nes lees Gmekeâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& 2h Ùee 2L nesieer neslee nw, uesefkeâve uecyeeF& Skeâ meceeve ™he mes Iešleer peeleer nw~
leLee Jen keâe@uece efpemekeâe Skeâ efmeje yeæ (efmLej) leLee otmeje efmeje Øeefleef›eâÙee ncesMee veerÛes Jeeues ueerHeâ hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
h
keâypesoej (Hing) nes lees Gmekeâer ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& ℓ ef = nesleer nw~ L
2 a=
2n
8. The load at which an element, a member or a
structure as a whole, either collapses in service L= meyemes yeÌ[er heòeer keâer uecyeeF&~ ØelÙeskeâ heòeer Deheves Thej
or buckles in a load test and develops excessive Jeeueer heòeer mes 2a uecyeeF& keâce jKelee nw~
lateral (out of plane) deformation or instability n= ueerHeâ (heefòeÙeeW) keâer mebKÙee
is called as :
10. The slenderness ratio of a compression
Jen Yeej efpeme hej mebjÛevee keâe keâesF& Yeeie, meomÙe Ùee
member is:
hetjer mebjÛevee OejeMeeÙeer nes peeleer nw Ùee Yeej hejer#eCe ceW
mebheer[ve cescyej keâe ke=âMelee Devegheele nw:
DeefOekeâ heeMJe& efJe™heCe kesâ meeLe yenkeâ peeleer nw Ùee
DeefmLej nes peeleer nw, keânueelee nw– Effective length ØeYeeJekeâejer uecyeeF&
(a) /
(a) Buckling load/yenkeâeJe Yeej
Least radius of gyration vÙetvelece heefjYeüceCe ef$epÙee
(b) Yielding load/hejeYeJe Yeej Actual length JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF&
(b) /
Moment of inertia peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe&
(c) Eccentric load/Glkesâvõ Yeej
(d) Failure load/efJeheâue Yeej Moment of inertia peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe&
(c) /
RRB SSE Shift-I : 03.09.2015 Actual length JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF&&
Ans : (a) Jen Yeej efpeme hej mebjÛevee keâe keâesF& Yeeie yenkeâves kesâ Actual length JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF&
(d) /
keâejCe efJeheâue nes peelee nw, yenkeâeJe Yeej keânueelee nw~ uecyes keâe@uece Radius of gyration heefjYeüceCe ef$epÙee
kesâ efueÙes yenkeâeJe Yeej DeeÙeuej kesâ met$e mes %eele keâjles nQ~ RRB JE (Mumbai) : 14.12.2014
π EI
2
Ans. (a) : mecheer[ve cescyej keâe ke=âMelee Devegheele
Pcr =
L2 (Slenderness ratio)–ke=âMelee Devegheele (Slenderness ratio)
peneB– Pcr = DeeÙeuej keâe ›eâeefvlekeâ Yeej Ùee yenkeâeJe Yeej efkeâmeer keâeuece kesâ ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& leLee vÙetvelece heefjYeüceCe ef$epÙee kesâ
E = keâe@uece kesâ heoeLe& keâe ØelÙeemLelee iegCeebkeâ Devegheele kesâ yejeyej neslee nw–
I = vÙetvelece peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& ⇒ ke=âMelee Devegheele keâe ceeve 80 mes keâce neslee nw, lees Gmes
L = ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& Úesše keâeuece keânles nQ~
9. Leaf springs are subjected to:
⇒ ke=âMelee Devegheele 80 mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw, lees ye=nle keâeuece
keânles nQ~
ueerHeâ efmbØeieeW keâes DeOeervemÙe efkeâÙee peelee nw:
11. A vertical column has two moments of inertia
(a) shear stress/efMeÙej Øeefleyeue kesâ
(i.e. Ixx and Iyy). The column will tend to buckle
(b) direct stress/efo<š Øeefleyeue kesâ in the direction of the:
(c) bending stress/yebkeâve Øeefleyeue kesâ Skeâ TOJee&Oej mlebYe kesâ oes peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& (i.e. Ixx and
(d) None of the above/Ghejesòeâ ceW mes keâesF& veneR Iyy) nQ~ efkeâme efoMee keâer Deesj mlebYe kesâ šsÌ{e nesves keâer
RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014 ØeJe=efòe nesieer?
Ans. (c) : ueerHeâ efmØebie Skeâ Megæeuecye Oejve keâer lejn JÙeJenej (a) about axis of load/De#e Yeej keâer Deesj
keâjlee nw~ Yeej efmØebie kesâ ceOÙe ceW ueielee nw~ (b) perpendicular to the axis of load
De#e Yeej kesâ uecye keâer Deesj
(c) maximum moment of inertia
DeefOekeâlece peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& keâer Deesj
(d) minimum moment of inertia
vÙetvelece peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& keâer Deesj
RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
231
 Ans. (d) : mlecYe keâer vÙetvelece peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& keâer Deesj šsÌ{e nesves (b) 2T (Compression)/2T (mebheer[ve)
keâer ØeJe=efòe nesleer nw~ Dele: mlecYe kesâ oesveeW peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& Ixx leLee (c) 7T (Compression)/7T (mebheer[ve)
Iyy ceW pees vÙetvelece nesiee, mlecYe Gmeer Deesj šsÌ{e nes peeÙesiee~ (d) 5T (Tensions)/5T (leveeJe)
peneB Le = ØeYeeJeer uecyeeF& RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
I= peÌ[lJe DeeIetCe& Ans : (d) 5T (leveeJe) nesiee
E= Ùebie ceeheebkeâ CD Yeeie ceW kesâJeue (ST) leveeJe nesiee
π EI2
14.
yenkeâeJe Yeej = Pe α I In a situation where torsion is dominant, which
Le2
one of the following is the desirable section?
Ùeefo I↓ lees Pe↓ = keâce Yeej ceW ner keâe@uece DemeHeâue nes peeSiee~ Gme efmLeefle ceW peneb cejesÌ[ DeefOekeâ nw efvecveefueefKele ceW mes
I↑ lees Pe↑ = keâe@uece keâes DemeHeâue keâjves kesâ pÙeeoe Yeej keâer keâewvemee JeebÚveerÙe meskeäMeve nesiee?
pe™jle nesieer~
(a) Angle Section/keâesCeerÙe keâeš
Dele: nce keân mekeâles nw, Ixx leLee Iyy ceW pees keâce nesiee keâe@uece kesâ
(b) Channel Section/Ûewveue keâeš
DemeHeâue nesves keâer ØeJe=efòe Gme lejHeâ pÙeeoe nesieer~
(c) I–Section/I–keâeš
12. A simply supported beam of span L and
(d) Box–Type Section/yeekeäme Øekeâej keâe keâeš
flexural rigidity El, carries a unit point load at
its centre. The strain energy in the beam due to RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
bending is Ans : (d) pene@ hej DeefOekeâòece cejesÌ[ keâeÙe&jle nes, Jen Jeekeäme
efJemle=efle (span) L Deewj Deeveceve ÂÌ{lee (Flexural Øekeâej keâe heefjÛÚso pÙeeoe JeebÚveerÙe neslee nw~ Fmekesâ yeeo I-keâeš
rigidity) El kesâ meeceevÙe DeJeuebefyele yeerce Deheves kesâvõ Jeeueer Oejve Jeeueer DeÛÚer nesleer nw~ DeefOekeâòece cejesÌ[ menve keâjves kesâ
hej keâesF& FkeâeF& efyevog Jenve keâjlee nw~ yebkeâve kesâ keâejCe efueS pÙeeoelej Gme Øekeâej keâer keâeš ueer peeleer nw, efpemekeâe ieg®lJe
yeerce ceW efJeke=âefle Tpee& (Strain energy) nw– kesâvõ yeerÛeeW-yeerÛe ceW nes, efpememes keâeš kesâ oesveeW Deesj meceeve Øeefleyeue
L3 L3 hewoe nesles nQ~
(a) (b)
48EI 192EI 15. Lateral ties in RCC columns are provided to
3 3
L L resist
(c) (d)
96EI 16EI RCC keâeuece ceW heeefM&Jekeâ yebOeve efkeâmes jeskeâves kesâ efueS
RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
ueieeS peeles nQ?
Ans : (c) meeOeejCe
(a) Bending moment/yebkeâve DeeIegCe&
Iejve ceW efJeke=âefle Tpee& keâe met$e
(b) Shear/Dehe™heCe
2
L M x dx
U=∫ (c) Bucking of longitudinal steel base
D 2EI
DevegowOÙe& Øeyeueve keâe DeeOeej keâe JÙeekegbâÛeve
13. What is the force in the vertical member CD of (d) Both Bending moment and shear
the pin–jointed frame shown below?
yebkeâve DeeIetCe& Deewj Dehe™heCe oesveeW
veerÛes oMee&S ieS efheve–pJeeFvšs[ øesâce kesâ TOJee&Oej
RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
DeJeÙeJe CD ceW keâewve mee yeue nesiee?
Ans : (c) R.C.C. keâe@uece heeMJe& Øeyeueve keâe ØeÙeesie keâe@uece keâer
DevegæwÙe& Fmheele keâe JÙeekegâÛebve jeskeâves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee~ Je=òeekeâej
keâe@uece ceW heeMJe& Øeyeueve oes Øekeâej mes efoÙee peelee nw–
(i) kegâb[ueeroej ÚÌ[ kesâ ™he ceW
(ii) ÚuueeW kesâ ™he ceW
(a) 12T (Tension)/12T (leveeJe) veesš–kegbâ[ueeroej, heeMJe& Øeyeueve keâer meeceLÙe& DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~

232
 YeJeve efvecee&Ce
(Building Construction)
1. DeOe: mebjÛevee SJeb DeefOemebjÛevee efÛeveeF& ceW oerJeej kesâ cegKe kesâ DeefYeuebye cemeeues kesâ peesÌ[ keâes keânles
nQ– ›eâe@me peesÌ[
(Sub structure and Super šerhe kesâ efueÙes efÛeveeF& keâer opeeX mes ienjeF& lekeâ cemeeuee Keeueer
Structure) efkeâÙee peelee nw– 15 mes 20 efce.ceer.
oerJeej kesâ De«eYeeie kesâ meceeveevlej uecyeeF& ceW efyeÚeF& ieÙeer FËš keâes
FËš efÛeveeF& efvecee&Ce cebs ØeÙegòeâ meerceWš : jsle (cemeeues) keâe Devegheele efkeâme veece mes peevee peelee nw– mš^sÛej
meeOeejCele: neslee nw– 1:6 heewvee mecyeefvOele nw– FËš efÛeveeF& mes
FËš keâer efÛeveeF& ceW, FËšeW ceW, FËšeW kesâ peesÌ[-mLeeve keâes ueieYeie 13 Ûetves keâe cemeeuee (lime mortar) DeefOekeâlej yeveeÙee peelee nw,
efce.ceer. ienjeF& lekeâ Keesokeâj, hegve: Gmes (1 :3) efceueeJe Jeeues mes– peueerÙe Ûetvee
meerceWš yeeuet efceueeJes mes Yejves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keânueeleer nw– šerhe jepeieerjer keâe Jen Øekeâej efpemeceW Demeceeve Deekeâej Deewj ceehe kesâ
helLej efÛeveeF& ceW helLejeW keâe Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebmlejCe leue Deewj oeye helLejeW keâe GheÙeesie neslee nw Deewj efveÙeefcele keâesme& (ceeuee) Yeer veneR
efoMee keäÙee nesleer nw– meeceevÙe nesleer, Gmes keânles nQ– Devekeâesme&[d jyeue jepeieerjer
efkeâme syee@v[ ceW, ns[j Deewj mš^sÛej jös ceW Jewkeâefuhekeâ ™he mes jKes FËš pegÌ[eF& keâeÙe& cebs Meg<keâ FËšeW keâer DevegmebMee keâer ieF& nw peye
peeles nQ– HeäuesefceMe ØeÙegòeâ ieeje– ce[ ieeje nes
FËš keâer efÛeveeF& ceW mece™he Yeej keâer efmLeefleÙeeW keâer leguevee ceW Skeâ jsle ueeF&ce ieejs ces efceueeF& peeleer nw, efpememes efkeâ–
mekeWâefõle Yeej kesâ efueS mebheer[keâ Øeefleyeue keâe ceeve nesiee– mebkegâÛeve keâce nes jesOeer nes
50% DeefOekeâ je°^erÙe efvecee&Ce keâes[ cebs efkeâleves Øekeâej kesâ efvecee&Ce GuuesefKele nQ– 4
Skeâ FËš keâes uecyeJele oes Yeeie cebs keâešves hej Skeâ Yeeie keäÙee hueemšj keâer melen kesâ kegâÚ Yeeie keâe hetCe& ™he mes nš peevee,
keânueelee nw– keäJeerve keäueespej efpemekesâ heâuemJe™he Skeâ Oeyyee yeve peelee nw, keânueelee nw–
FËš keâe Jen efnmmee efpemeceW ef$ekeâesCeerÙe efkeâveeje ve nes Deewj efpemekeâer hejle PeÌ[vee
uecyeeF& Deewj ÛeewÌ[eF& DeeOeer nes keâner peeleer nw– eEkeâie keäueespej peue ueive #es$e ceW efvecee&Ce keâeÙe& kesâ efueS meyemes GheÙegkeäle cemeeuee
helLejeW keâer efÛeveeF& ceW, helLej (mleefjle ÛešdševeW) Fme Øekeâej mes jKeer keâewve mee nesiee– meercesvš cemeeuee
peeleer nw~ efkeâ efyeÚeJe kesâ leue hej oyeeJe, keâer efoMee ceW nes– YeJeve efvecee&Ce ceW DeJecebove jesOeer jöe keâneB hej efoÙee peelee nw–
uebye keâesCe efhuebLe uesJeue
helLej keâer efÛeveeF& cebs, helLejeW keâes Fme Øekeâej jKee peelee nw efpememes Skeâ efkebâie keäueespej nw– hetjs FËš keâe 3/4
keâer Øeeke=âeflekeâ MeÙÙee leue (yesef[bie huesve)– Gvekesâ Éeje Jenve oeye oerJeejeW hej huee@mšj keâjves kesâ efueS, meercesvš ieeje keâe efkeâme
keâer efoMee kesâ uebyeJele (vee@ce&ue) nes~ Devegheele ceW GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peeÙesiee– 1:4
F&š keâer efÛeveeF& cesb Gme Øekeâej keâer Ûeeue efpemeceW hešdšer SJeb cegKÙekeâ yeeåÙe FËš jepeefiejer cebs–cemeeues keâer meeceLÙe& FËš keâer meeceLÙe& kesâ
keâer Skeâeblej hejleW neW, keânueeleer nw– Deb«espeer Ûeeue yejeyej nessveer ÛeeefnS~
FËš kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW Deeceleewj hej Fmlesceeue nesves Jeeues ieejs ceW Ûetves yeeb[ keâe Øekeâej efpemeceW ØelÙeskeâ jös ceW ns[j leLee mš^sÛej neslee nw–
Deewj jsle keâe Devegheele keäÙee nw– 1:2 HeäuesefceMe
Skeâ FËš efpemekeâes efkeâ Fmekeâer uecyeeF& kesâ meehes#e oerJeej keâer uecyeeF& FËš keâe Jen Yeeie efpemekeâer ÛeewÌ[eF& DeeOeer nes hejvleg Gmekeâer uecyeeF&
kesâ uecyeJele jKee ieÙee nw, Jen keânueeleer nw– nw[j Skeâ hetjer FËš kesâ yejeyej nes keânueeleer nQ– keäJeerve keäueespej
Skeâue keâesš hueemšj kesâ efueS DeeÙeleve kesâ DeeOeej hej meerceWš : oerJeej keâer vÙetvelece ceesšeF& peneB Fkeânjer HeäuewefceMe Ûeeue keâe ØeÙeesie
Ûetvee : jsle keâe Devegheele keäÙee nw– 1:1:6 efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, nesleer nw– [sÌ{ FËš ceesšer
nwef[bie yeeC[ keâes Deeceleewj hej Fmekesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– YeJeve efvecee&Ce kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegòeâ megKeea ØeÙeesie ceW ueeÙeer peeleer nw–
Skeâ FËš oerJeej FËš efÛeveeF&, hegjeves keâeÙeeX hej šerhe kesâ efueS
peye meerceWš Deewj Ûetvee efJeefYeVe efceßeCeeW ceW yebOekeâ heoeLe& kesâ ™he ceW [sÌ{ FËš mes DeefOekeâ ceesšeF& Jeeueer oerJeejeW kesâ efueS keâewve-meer Ûeeue
ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeS lees, cemeeuee keânueelee nw– iesp[ cemeeuee DeefOekeâ meIeve leLee cepeyetle nesleer nQ– FbefiueMe Ûeeue
helLej keâer efÛeveeF& keâeÙe& ceW helLej hej oyeeJe– YeJeve efvecee&Ce ceW iesefpebie nw–
meerOeer melen keâer efoMee ceW uecyeJele neslee nw hueemšj keâer efJeefYeVe DeJeÙeJeeW kesâ efceßeCe keâer efJeefOe
Jee@ue Hesâme ceW efoKeeF& osves Jeeueer FËš keâer 9mesceer × 9mesceer Jeeueer FËš efÛeveeF& keâes Skeâ efove ceW efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ vener G"eÙee peevee
meeF[ keâes meeceevÙele: keâne peelee nw– ns[j ÛeeefnS– 1.5 ceeršj
Ùeefo Kegueer oerJeej keâer FËšeW hej hueemšj keâjvee nes lees meerceWbš Deewj mšgkeâes hueemšefjbie ceW, mechetefle& keâesš kesâ efueS ieeje yeveeÙee peelee
jsle kesâ ieejs keâe Devegheele keäÙee nesvee ÛeeefnS– 1:4 nw– 1:3 meercesvš Deewj yeeuet
FËšeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ FbefiueMe yebOe neslee nw– DevÙe yebOe mes cenbiee efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ uecyeeF& keâer efÛeveeF& oerJejeW ceW Øemeej peesÌ[ Øeoeve
mšesve efÛeveeF& keâer leguevee ceW efyeÇkeâ efÛeveeF& DeefOekeâ– Deefive jesOeer nw efkeâÙes peeles nQ– 40ceer0
233
 Skeâ keäJeerve keäueespej nw–FËš pees uecyeeF& leLee ienjeF& ceW DevÙe ojJeepes keâer ÛeewKeš ceW TOJee&Oej meomÙe keâes keäÙee keânles nQ– KecYee
FËšeW kesâ meceeve nesleer nw efkeâvleg Ûeew[Ì eF& ceW DeeOeer nesleer nw~ yewšveoej ojJeepes ceW, yewšve efpeme #eweflepe menejs mes ueies nesles nQ,
KeesKeueer oerJeej efkeâmekesâ efueS yeveeF& peeleer nw– G<cee jesOeve, Gmes keâne peelee nw– efMejeefve#eshe
OJeefve jesOeve leLee veceer mes yeÛeeJe kesâ efueS peye efveefo&° ve nes leye Skeâ ojJeepes kesâ efueS nesu[Heâemš (hekeâÌ[
100efceceer. ceesšer efJeYeepekeâ oerJeej efvecee&Ce kesâ efueS ØeeLeefcekeâlee oer keâerue) keâer mebKÙee meceevÙele: nesleer nw– 6
peeleer nw– mš^sÛej Ûeeue efouuesoej ojJeepeeW ceW #es$e keâer efieveleer kesâ efueS meheeš #es$e keâes
hewjeefheš oerJeej keâer Je<ee& peue mes megj#ee efkeâmekesâ Éeje keâer peeleer iegCee efkeâÙee peelee nw– ØelÙeskeâ heeÕe& mes 1.2 yeej
nw– FËš keâesefhebie [esj øesâce ces šehe jsue keâer Dehes#ee yeešce Deewj uee@keâ jsue
hewjeefheš keâe efvecee&Ce keâneB efkeâÙee peelee nw–DeeJeemeerÙe YeJeveeW ceW meeceevÙeleÙee yeveer nesleer nw– ÛeewÌ[er
Thejer leue hej Jeeleevegketâefuele YeJeveeW ceW, Skeâ ojJeepes keâes Kegueves leLee yebo nesves kesâ
mš^sÛej Ûeeue keâe ØeÙeesie meeOeejCeleÙe: efkeâmekesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee oesveeW keâeÙe& keâjves nesles nQ leLee Gmekesâ efueÙes meyemes GheÙegkeäle Øekeâej
nw– DeeOeer FËš keâer oerJeej keâe ojJeepee neslee nw– Ietceves Jeeuee ojJeepee
Skeâ keâcejs keâes otmejs keâcejs mes efJeYeeefpele keâjves Jeeueer oerJeej keäÙee oerJeej ceW ojJeepes SJeb efKeÌ[keâer nsleg Deebleefjkeâ oerJeej kesâ TOJee&Oej
keânueeleer nw– efJeYeepekeâ oerJeej Yeeie efvecveefueefKele keânueeles nQ– pewcye he#e
Jen šerhe efpemeceW oerJeej keâer melen mes yeenj keâer Deesj V- Deeke=âefle Skeâ jesefuebie Mešj keâe heäuewš #es$eheâue 'A' nes lees Gmekesâ Skeâ lejheâ
keâe GYeej efoÙee nes, keânueeleer nw– (Weather) Jesoj šerhe hesefvšbie keâer cee$ee nesieer– 1.25A
oerJeej kesâ yee¢e HeâuekeâeW kesâ yeerÛe kesâ yeefnkeâesCe keâes keânles nQ– ojJeepes keâe ieefleMeerue Yeeie keânueelee nw– nesu[ Heâemš
keâesefveÙee Je=<eveemee (yegue veespe) FËš keâe ØeÙeesie ceW veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw
meerueve jeskeâves kesâ efueÙes, yeenjer oerJeejeW kesâ meceeveeblej yeveeÙee ieÙee – cesnjeye
Skeâ meBkeâje mLeeve, keânueelee nw– JeeÙeg Jeeefnkeâe (Air drain) cesnjeye keâes, DeeOeej Øeoeve keâjves Jeeueer oerJeej Keb[ keâes keäÙee keâne
peelee nw– SyešceWš (DevlÙeeOeej)
2. mebjÛevee kesâ Øekeâej peye Skeâ [e@š keâe G"eve, heeš mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw leye [e@š
keânueeleer nw– yesveerefMeÙeve [e@š
(Type of Structure) Skeâ [e@š keâe G"eve jsKee leLee Je›eâ kesâ Yeerlejer melen kesâ
Éej Ùee efKeÌ[keâer keâer ÛeewKeš kesâ Meer<e& Ùee osnueer kesâ Øe#eshe nQ– ëe=bie GÛÛelece efyevog kesâ yeerÛe keâer TOJee&Oej otjer efkeâmekesâ ™he ceW
ojJeepes kesâ Mešj keâes Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS ojJeepes kesâ øesâce kesâ peeveer peeleer nw– G"eve (Rise)
Deboj yeves ieñs Ùee efjefòeâ (ef[ØesMeve Ùee efjmesme) keâes keâne peelee nw– Skeâ DeeÛe& mes Ì{kesâ ngS Keesue keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& keâes keâne peelee nw–
KeeBÛee JÙeeme
uekeâÌ[er kesâ ojJeepes ceW ‘mšeFue’ neslee nw– keâheeš keâe meyemes Skeâ cesnjeye keâe Deebleefjkeâ Je›eâ keäÙee keânueelee nw– Fvešje[esme
yeenj Jeeuee TOJee&Oej meomÙe oes keâypesJeeueer hejJeueÙeerÙe [eš ceW leeheceeve Je=efæ mes keäÙee nesiee–
mebJeeleve ØeCeeueer keâer JÙeJeneefjkeâ ceevÙeleeDeeW leLee ØeYeeJeer keâeÙe& #eweflepe yeue ceW yeÌ{eslejer nesieer
efJeefOe mes Øeefle IeCšs nJee heefjJele&ve kesâ oj keâe JeeBefÚle ceeve neslee Skeâ efÉkeâypesoej [eš ceW keâypes efkeâme hej nesles nQ– oesveeW efmØebeEieie hej
nw– 5 efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeB SJeb ojJeepes keâes Keesueves ceW efÛeveeF& keâer ceoo keâjles nQ–
efkeâme Øekeâej ojJeepee, yevo nesves hej Yeer, keâcejs ceW JeeÙeg keâe ØeJesMe efuebšue
leLee Skeâevlelee Øeoeve keâj mekeâlee nw– ›eâeGve Deewj mkeâer yeQkeâ kesâ yeerÛe keâe Deeke&â keâe efveÛeuee DeeOee
efPeueefceue ojJeepee (Louvered Door) efnmmee keäÙee keânueelee nw– neQÛe
keâe@efÛele ojJeepee efkeâmekesâ efueS DeefOekeâ GheÙegòeâ nw– Demheleeue [eš (Arches) YeejeW keâes cegKÙele: FveceW mes efkeâmekesâ Éeje meneje
Jen efKeÌ[keâer pees keâcejs keâer yeenjer oerJeej hej yeenj keâer Deesj ueieer osleer nw– ØeCeeso
nesleer nw, keânueeleer nw– Jes-efJeb[es iegbyeo yeveeves nsleg– nukesâ helLejeW keâes ØeeLeefcekeâlee oer peeleer nw
ÛeewKešeW ceW KeebÛee efueÙee pee mekeâlee nw– Skeâ peervee kesâ Skeâ HeäueeFš ceW keâoceÛeeW keâer DeefOekeâlece mebKÙee
12 efceceer. mes 20 efceceer. lekeâ meeOeejCeleÙee nesves ÛeeefnS– 12
Jes efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeb, efpevekesâ Mešj ojJeepeeW kesâ pewmes Kegueles nQ, keânueeleer š^s[ keâe yeenjer GYeej keânueelee nw– veesefpebie
nQ– ÛeewKešs Jeeueer efKeÌ[keâer (kewâMeceWš efJeb[es) Deheveer efoMee ceW efyevee Ûeewkeâer keâer Skeâ meesheeveer ßesCeer keânueeleer nw–
{ueJeeB Úle keâer {ueeve keâer lejHeâ yeveer TOJee&Oej efKeÌ[keâer keânueeleer meesheeve hebefòeâ
nw– Úle efKeÌ[keâer
Skeâ DeeJeemeerÙe YeJeve ceW peervee kesâ keâoceÛes meeceevÙele: DeheveeÙee
ojJeepes kesâ øesâce kesâ TOJee&Oej leLee #eweflepe DeJeÙeJe ›eâceMe: keânueeles
nQ– pewcye SJeb ns[ peeves Jeeuee heefjceehe neslee nw– 25mesceer × 16mesceer
YeerÌ[ kesâ DeeJeeieceve kesâ efueS keâewve-mee ojJeepee GheÙegòeâ neslee nw– Skeâ DeewÅeesefiekeâ keâeÙe&Meeuee ceW Skeâ peerves kesâ efueS efkeâme meece«eer
heefj›eâeceer ojJeepee keâer efmeHeâeefjMe keâjles nQ– mšerue
Megefkeâkeâe, hewveue leLee jsue kesâ mecegÛÛeÙe keâes efkeâme veece mes peeveles IS-1256 kesâ Devegmeej Skeâ meeJe&peefvekeâ YeJeve kesâ otjmLe keâesves
nQ– Mešj Deewj peervee kesâ yeerÛe DeefOekeâlece otjer nesveer ÛeeefnS– 30ceer0
Skeâ Øekeâej keâe ojJeepee efpemekeâe GheÙeesie efKeÌ[keâer Éeje Øeoeve Skeâ HeäueeFš ceW meeOeejCeleÙee keâoceÛeeW keâer mebKÙee efkeâleves mes keâce
efkeâS peeves Jeeues Øeeke=âeflekeâ Øekeâej kesâ mebhetjkeâ kesâ ™he ceW neslee nw, veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– 3
keânueelee nw– keâeBefÛele ojJeepee meesheeve keâer efveÛeueer melen keânueeleer nw– mee@efHeâš (Soffit)
234
 DeJelejCe kesâ yeerÛe meerefÌ{ÙeeW keâer Deštš ëe=bKeuee keâes keâne peelee nw– Ans : (a) efkeâmeer YeJeve ceW HeâMe& leue hej oerJeejeW meefnle meefcceefuele
HeäueeFš #es$eHeâue keâes kegâmeea Ùee efhuevLe #es$eHeâue keânles nw~
efkeâmeer meesheeve ceW DeefOekeâlece efheÛe nesleer nw– 400 kegâmeea leue meeceevÙele: Yetefce leue mes 45cm mes 60 cm TBÛee jKee
meerÌ{er keâer efheÛe mes keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– 250 peelee nw~ YeJeve ceW meerueve ØeJesMe ve keâjs Fmekesâ efueS kegâmeea leue hej
180 mes cegÌ[ jner meerÌ{er keânueeleer nw–
0
Deæ&-IegceeJe meerÌ{er meYeer oerJeejeW kesâ veerÛes meerue–jeskeâ jöe ueieeÙee peelee nw~
meerÌ{er kesâ Thej ns[ ™ce vÙetvelece nesvee ÛeeefnS– 2.1 ceer. 3. An allowance that is given along the vertical
efJeefYeVe meesheeveeW kesâ veemee keâes Út jner Je meerÌ{er kesâ {ueeve kesâ walls of the pattern for ease of withdrawal of
meceeveeblej meerOeer jsKee keâes keâne peelee nw– veemee jsKee pattern from sand is known as :
efmevescee neue DeefYekeâuheve cebs heš keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& jKeer peeleer nw– oerJeej hej TOJee&Oej Útš hewšve& keâes yeeuet mes Deemeeveer mes
30 mes 50 mesceer efvekeâeueves kesâ efueS oer peeleer nw~ Fme Útš keâes peevee peelee nw~
meerefÌ{ÙeeW keâer efoMee yeoueves kesâ efueS Øeoeve efkeâS peeves Jeeues šsheefjbie (a) Shrinkages allowance/efmekegâÌ[ve Útš
mšshe keânueeles nQ– meesheeve ceesÌ[ (b) Machining allowance/ceMeereEveie Útš
(c) Draft allowance/[^e@heäš Útš
meerÌ{er keâer ™hejsKee lewÙeej keâjves ceW meerÌ{er kesâ Thejer Yeeie (š^s[)
(d) Chamber allowance/Ûewcyej Útš
Deewj TbÛeeF& keâe meWšerceeršj ceW iegCeveheâue efkeâlevee nesvee ÛeeefnS–
RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015
400
meerefÌ{ÙeeW keâer ßesCeer kesâ Meer<e& Yeeie hej efmLele meceleue huesšheâe@ce& Ans : (c) [^e@heäš Útš–Øeefle™he keâer uecyeJeled meleneW ceW [^e@heäš
keânueelee nw– jesefuebie SueeGbme efoÙee peelee nw~ Fmemes hewšve& keâes ceesu[ ceW mes efvekeâeueves hej
ØeefleJeleea meesheeve nQ– DeOe& IegceeJe meesheeve Gmekeâer oerJeejW #eefle«emle veneR nesleer~ FmeceW hewšve& keâer uecye meleneW keâes
Jen ob[ (Oejve) pees meerÌ{er hew[er keâes Deeuecye Øeoeve keâjles nQ šshej yevee efoÙee peelee nw~ šshej keâer cee$ee melen kesâ uecyeJeled meeFpe
Deeceleewj hej keânueeles nQ– DeeyebOekeâ (eqmš^biej) leLee ceeseEu[ie keâer efJeefOe hej efveYe&j keâjleer nw~
Ùeefo R Deewj T #eweflepe efJemleej Jeeueer meerÌ{er kesâ ÛeÌ{eJe (jeFpe)
Gleej (š^s[) kesâ meesheeve nw Deewj meesheeve Skeâ Deesj oerJeej hej efškesâ
nQ leLee otmejer Deesj DeeyebOekeâ Oejve hej efškesâ ngS nQ, lees meesheeve
efkeâleveer ÛeewÌ[eF& keâer Oejve kesâ ™he ceWs yeveeS ieS nQ– R 2 + T2
Deheveer efoMee ceW efyevee Ûeewkeâer keâer Skeâ meesheeveer ßesCeer, keânueeleer
nw– meesheeve hebefòeâ 4. A bond in a brick work when headers and
[eie-uesi[ meesheeve nw– DeOe& cegÌ[s meesheeve stretchers are placed in alternate layers is called
efkeâmeer DeÛÚs meesheeveer ceW DeefOekeâlece Deewj vÙetvelece efheÛe ›eâceMe: FËš efÛeveeF& keâeÙe& ceW Jen Ûeeue peye ns[j leLee mš^wÛej jöeW
nesveer ÛeeefnS– 400 Deewj 250 keâes Skeâeblej hejleeW ceW jKee peelee nw, keânueeleer nw–
IegceeJeoejer meerefÌ{ÙeeB yeveeves kesâ efueS, DeeoMe& meece«eer FveceW mes keâewve (a) Header bond/Meea<e Ûeeue
meer nw– {ueJee@ ueesne (b) English bond/Deb«espeer Ûeeue
1. The vertical member, placed at the ends of (c) Flemish bond/HeâduesefceMe Ûeeue
flights of stairs, which joins the hand rails and (d) Herring bone bond/uenefjÙee Ûeeue
end strings, is called RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014
Skeâ TOJee&Oej DeJeÙeJe, efpemes meerefÌ{ÙeeW kesâ Úesj hej jKee Ans. (b) : peye FËš efÛeveeF& kesâ Skeâevlej hejleeW ceW ›eâceeiele ™he mes
ieÙee nes, pees nLe heóer Deewj efmejs jppeg keâes peesÌ[lee nw, Header leLee stretchers efoKeeF& osles nQ, lees Gmes English Bond
keânueelee nw........................ keânles nQ Deewj peye Skeâ ner hejle ceW Header Je stretcher ›eâceeiele ™he
(a) winder/ceesÌ[ hewÌ[er mes efoKeles nQ, lees Gmes Flamish Bond keânles nQ~ English Bond ceW
(b) string/jppeg FËš efÛeveeF& keâer meeceLÙe& Flamish Bond mes DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~
(c) pitch/efheÛed 5. The useful part of livable area of a building is
(d) newel post/meesheeve mlecYe also known as:
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015 Fceejle ceW jnves ÙeesiÙe mLeeve kesâ GheÙeesieer efnmmes keâes
Ans : (d) meesheeve mlecYe, meer{ Ì er hebefòeâ kesâ DeejcYe Je Devle ceW nmle ............. Yeer keânles nQ~
hešjer keâes DeeOeej Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS yeveeÙes peeles nw~ Ùes nmle hešjer mes (a) Carpet area/keâejhesš #es$eheâue
Thej efvekeâues jnles nw~ Ùes Skeâ Øekeâej mes efkeâveejeW keâer meerOeer ÚÌ[s nw~ (b) Circulation area/heefjieceve #es$eheâue
2. The plinth area of a building includes (c) Horizontal circulation area
Skeâ YeJeve keâer keâer kegâmeea keâe #es$eHeâue ceW Meeefceue nw....... #eweflepe heefjieceve #es$eheâue
(a) area of the walls at the floor level/HeâMe& mlej hej (d) Plinth area/heâMe& #es$eheâue
RRB JE (Muzaffarpur) Green Paper : 14.12.2014
oerJeejeW keâe #es$eHeâue
Ans. (a) : Fceejle ceW keâejhesš #es$eheâue kesâ Devleie&le meYeer keâcejs
(b) area of stairs cover/#es$e meerÌ{er DeeJejJe
(c) internal shaft for sanitary installations up to 2 (efueeEJeie ™ce, yes[™ce, [eFeEveie ™ce, [^seEmeie ™ce, efkeâÛesve ™ce,
sq metres in area/mJeÛÚlee ØeyebOe kesâ 2Jeie& ceeršj yeeLe™ce) Deeles nQ~ Fmekesâ DeueeJee yeeukeâesveer (Balcony) Deewj
#es$eHeâue lekeâ kesâ keâcejeW kesâ efueS Deebleefjkeâ MeeHeäš mšesj ™ce Yeer keâejhesš SefjÙee kesâ Devleie&le ner Deelee nw~ Dele: jnves
(d) area of cantilevered porch/kewâefvšueerJej heesÛe& #es$e ÙeesiÙe mLeeve (efJeeEu[ie ceW) keâejhesš SefjÙee keânueelee nw~
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015 keâejhesš mLeeve · heâMe& #es$eheâue – heefjieceve #es$e
235
 "skeâe leLee uesKee/efvecee&Ce ØeyevOeve
(CONTRACT & ACCOUNT)
Skeâ CPM vesšJeke&â ceW event 'I' keâe efJeuebefyele meceeheve meceÙe iewvš (Gantt) Ûeeš& oMee&lee nw–
10 mehleen nw~ Activity i-j hetje nesves ceW 4 mehleen keâe meceÙe efveOee&efjle Øeef›eâÙee Deewj JeemleefJekeâ Øeef›eâÙee keâer leguevee
uesleer nw~ lelhe§eele Event 'J' heefjÙeespevee kesâ meesuenJeW mehleen mes ›eâebeflekeâ heLe efJeefOe ceW, peye Skeâ efJeMes<e keâeÙe& efkeâÙee peelee nw, Ùen
Meg™ nesleer nw~ Activity i-j keâe Float nesvee ÛeeefnS– 2 mehleen keânueelee nw– mebef›eâÙee
keâewve meer Skeâ ke=âef$ece ieefleefJeefOe nw– efvecee&Ce Ùeespevee Øeespeskeäš ceW, cegkeäle yeneJe efvecveefueefKele ceW efkeâmekeâes
"esme meece«eer keâs Deeieceve keâe Fblepeej ØeYeeefJele keâjlee nw– kesâJeue Gmeer efJeMes<e mebef›eâÙee
Deeieeceer ieefleefJeefOeÙeeW keâes ØeYeeefJele efkeâS efyevee Skeâ ieefleefJeefOe keâes PERT keâe celeueye nw–
hetCe& nesves mes efJeuebefyele keâjves kesâ efueS ueieves Jeeuee meceÙe– Øees«eece FJesuÙegSMeve SC[ efjJÙet šskeâefvekeâ
keânueelee nw– cegòeâ Heäueesš heefjJele&ve Deewj hegveefve&Oee&jCe Ùee hegveÙeexpevee keâer Øeef›eâÙee keâes keâne
efvecee&Ce Ùeespevee cebs, Skeâ DeJeemleefJekeâ ieefleefJeefOe pees Fbefiele keâjleer peelee nw– DeÅeleve
nw efkeâ Fmekeâer Devegieeceer ieefleefJeefOe leye lekeâ Meg™ veneR keâer pee meceÙe ceW Je=efæ kesâ meeLe pees ØelÙe#e ueeiele keâes keâce veneR keâjlee nw
mekeâleer nw peye lekeâ Fmemes henues Jeeueer ieefleefJeefOe hetjer vee nes peeS,
Jen meceÙe peevee peelee nw– meeOeejCe meceÙe
Fmes keâne peelee nw– [ceer
›eâeefvlekeâ ef›eâÙee keâe neslee nw– MetvÙe hueJe
keâewve mee efJeYeeie peue Deehetefle& Deewj mJeÛÚlee keâeÙe& keâe jKejKeeJe
PERT efJeMues<eCe ceW MewefLeuÙe keâeue Ùee ceboer meceÙe–
Deewj efvemheeove osKelee nw– peve mJeemLÙe efJeYeeie
›eâebeflekeâ IešveeDeeW kesâ efueS vÙetvelece nw~
efkeâmeer ieefleefJeefOe keâe JÙeeflekeâjCe hueJe (Interfering float) Fvekesâ
ceOÙe keâe Deblej neslee nw– kegâue hueJe Deewj cegòeâ hueJe ceboer keâe meceÙe meboefYe&le nw– FJeWš mes
›eâebeflekeâ heLe (critical path) ceW neslee nw– MetvÙe muewkeâ efmeefJeue FbefpeefveÙeefjbie efvecee&Ce kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ mebie"ve keâe meJee&efOekeâ
ØeÛeefuele Øekeâej nw– ueeFve Deewj mšeHeâ mebie"ve
hetJe&Jeleea Deewj DevegJeleea ieefleefJeefOe keâes ØeYeeefJele efkeâS efyevee, efkeâmeer
efveefMÛele ieefleefJeefOe keâes efpeleves meceÙe kesâ efueÙes efJeueefcyele efkeâÙee pee «eghe neGbefmeie Øeespeskeäš ceW yengGheÙeesieer GhekeâjCe efpemekeâe Øeyeefuele
mekeâlee nw, Gmes keâne peelee nw– mJeleb$e hueJe Oejve leLee mlecYeeW keâes yeveeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw–{sefjkeâ ›esâve
Ùeefo Skeâ ef›eâÙeekeâueehe kesâ efueS DeeMeeJeeoer meceÙe 1 efove, vesšJeke&â ceW efkeâmeer efveefo&° keâeÙe& keâe efve<heeove keânueelee nw– mebef›eâÙee
efvejeMeeJeeoer meceÙe 8 efove Deewj meJee&efOekeâ mebYeJe meceÙe 3 efove nw, keâewve meer šce& nw pees yeleeleer nw keâer meece«eer Deewj GhekeâjCeeW keâes
lees ØelÙeeefMele meceÙe nw– 3.5 efove efoÙee peeÙesiee leLee keâeÙe& hetCe& efkeâÙee peeÙesiee– mkeâeshe
$e+Ceelcekeâ hueJe efkeâme efmLeefle ceW neslee nw– meerheerSce vesšJeke&â efvecve hej efJeÛeej keâjles ngS Debefkeâle efkeâÙee peelee
Deefle–›eâebeflekeâ ef›eâÙeekeâueehe nw–ØelÙeskeâ Deueie-Deueie mebef›eâÙee kesâ efueS mebmeeOeve
efkeâmeer Yeer efvecee&Ce keâeÙe& kesâ efueS efJeÛeej keâe mebkeâuheve efkeâmekeâer GheueyOelee hej efJeÛeej keâjles ngS mebef›eâÙee keâe ›eâce-efveOee&jCe
efpeccesoejer nw– FbpeerefveÙej Skeâ heefjÙeespevee kesâ efJeefYevve keâeÙeeX ceW ØeeLeefcekeâleeÙeW mLeeefhele keâjves
peye Skeâ heefjÙeespevee kesâ hetCe& nesves keâe meceÙe Iešlee nw ØeeÙe: Ùen Deewj yeveeÙes jKeves keâer lekeâveerkeâ keânueeleer nw–›eâebeflekeâ heäuees
heefjCeece neslee nw– DeØelÙe#e ueeiele ceW Iešesòejer efMe[Ùetefuebie
efvecee&Ce GösMÙe kesâ efueS jsueJes efJeYeeie efvecveefueefKele ceW mes efkeâme efkeâmeer heefjÙeespevee keâes hetje keâjves kesâ efueÙes, efkeâmeer heefjheLe peeue keâe
Øekeâej keâe DevegyebOe keâe meeceevÙele: heeueve neslee nw– Jemleg oj ›eâebeflekeâ heLe oMee&lee nw– vÙetvelece meceÙe
ueeskeâ efvecee&Ce efJeYeeie keâe ØeMeemeefvekeâ DeOÙe#e keâewve neslee nw, pees Ùeefo efkeâmeer mebef›eâÙee keâe t, tp leLee tm ›eâceMe: DeeMeeJeeoer,
meerOes mejkeâej kesâ Øeefle GòejoeÙeer neslee nw– cegKÙe FbpeerefveÙej efvejeMeeJeeoer SJeb DeefOekeâ mebYeeJeer meceÙe keâe Deekeâueve oMee&lee nes
heer.F&.Deej.šer. efJeMues<eCe ceW meceÙe ieefleefJeefOeÙeeW Deewj Gvekesâ heeueve t o + t p + 4t m
lees Dehesef#ele meceÙe 't' keâe ceeve nesiee–
Iešvee keâe mebYeeJevee keâe Devegceeve– β-efJelejCe Je›eâ 6
ceeFuemšesve Ûeeš& Fmekeâe Skeâ megOeje ™he nw– yeej Ûeeš& ›eâebeflekeâ heLe neslee nw– ncesMee meyemes uecyee

236
 PERT kesâ efJeMues<eCe ceW Iešvee keâe celeueye nw– (c) CPM is event oriented/CPM Iešvee Godieeceer nw
Skeâ keâeÙe& keâe ØeejcYe Ùee Devle keâjvee (d) CPM is not event oriented
efJeefYeVe keâeÙe& mšsMeveeW kesâ ceOÙe heoeLe& mLeeveevlejCe keâer cee$ee keâes CPM Iešvee Godieeceer veneR nw
Devegceeefvele keâjves nsleg ØeÙegòeâ Ûeeš& keânueelee nw– Ùee$ee Ûeeš& RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
efvecee&Ce Ùeespevee kesâ efueS ›eâebeflekeâ heLe cebs cegòeâ heäueesš nes mekeâlee Ans : (a) PERT Skeâ Iešvee Godieeceer nw~ Ùen Skeâ keâvš^esue
nw– mJeleb$e heäueesš mes DeefOekeâ Ùegefòeâ nw~
Jen vÙetvelece mecYeeefJele meceÙe efpemekesâ efueÙes mebef›eâÙeeDeeW keâes PERT = Program Evaluation And Review Technique
DevegmetefÛele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, keâes efvecve heo mes oMee&les nQ– PERT keâe ØeÙeesie efveefMÛele ™he mes JeneB efkeâÙee peelee nw peneB Iešvee
›eâMe DeJeefOe keâe meceÙe ve helee nes, pewmes – Research and Development
iewvš Ûeeš& peevekeâejer Øeoeve keâjlee nw– Glheeove DevegmetÛeer ceW~
PERT ceW leerve Devegceeve meceÙe (estimate time) keâe ØeÙeesie
FveceW mes keâewve meer Skeâ PERT Iešvee veneR nw–
keâ#ee ceW Yeeie efueÙee pee jne nw~ efkeâÙee peelee nw-
(a) Optimistic time (to) (DeeMeeJeeoer meceÙe)
kegâue heäueesš meceÙe keâer Jen cee$ee nw pees Skeâ Øeespeskeäš vesšJeke&â kesâ
ef›eâÙeevJeÙeve ceW FveceW mes efkeâmeceW efyevee efJeuecye kesâ nesves Jeeues (b) Most likely time (tm) (pÙeeoe mecYeeJeer meceÙe)
efJeuecye keâes oMee&lee nw– heefjÙeespevee hetCe& keâjves keâer efleefLe (c) Pessimistic Time (tp) (efvejeMeeJeeoer meceÙe)
CPM vesšJeke&â ceW De›eâeefvlekeâ mebef›eâÙee nw Ùeefo– Deehesef#ele meceÙe (Expected time) keâer ef›eâÙee β– distribution
EST<LST & EFT<LFT mes peeveer peeleer nw~
efvecve oMee&Ùes ieÙes vesšJeke&â ceW efveCee&Ùekeâ heeLe (critical path) nw– t + 4t m + t p
Deehesef#ele meceÙe (te) = o
1– 2– 3– 4–5–6 6
efkeâmeer jÛevee keâe meceÙe SJeb Øeieefle (Øees«esme) Ûeeš& keânueelee nw– 3. The accounting system is a–
ieQš Ûeeš& uesKee ØeCeeueer Skeâ nw–
ogIe&švee ojW Ieševes kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues efJeefYevve GheeÙeeW keâes (a) Deterministic system/efveOee&jkeâ ØeCeeueer
leerve kesâ mecetneW ceW yeeBše pee mekeâlee nw, pees meeceevÙele: "3-E's" (b) Probabilistic system/mebYeeJÙe ØeCeeueer
keânueeles nQ– DeefYeÙeebef$ekeâer, ØeJele&ve SJeb efMe#ee (c) Possibilistic system/mebYeeJevee ØeCeeueer
1. In PERT analysis, event means :
(d) Close system/yebo ØeCeeueer
PERT kesâ efJeMues<eCe ceW Iešvee keâe celeueye nw–
RRB JE : 04.09. 2015 Shift-II
(a) Start or finish of a task
Ans : (a) uesKeebkeâve ØeCeeueer Skeâ efveOee&jkeâ ØeCeeueer nw~
Skeâ keâeÙe& keâe ØeejcYe Ùee Devle keâjvee
(b) Time taken for a task 4. A network is said to be linear if and only if
Skeâ keâeÙe& kesâ efueS ueiee meceÙe Skeâ vesšJeke&â jwefKekeâ keâne pee mekeâlee nw Ùeefo Deewj kesâJeue
(c) End of an activity/Skeâ ieefleefJeefOe keâe Devle Ùeefo Gmekeâe-
(d) Work involved in the project (a) The response is proportional to the excitation
heefjÙeespevee ceW meefcceefuele keâeÙe& function /Göerheve keâeÙe&keâueehe Øeefleef›eâÙee kesâ
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015 meeceevegheeeflekeâ nw
Ans : (a) PERT kesâ efJeMues<eCe ceW Iešvee (Event) keâe celeueye (b) The principle of superposition applies/hejce
Skeâ keâeÙe& keâe ØeejcYe Ùee Devle keâjvee nw~ efmLeefle keâe efmeæeble ueeiet neslee nw
PERT keâe hetje veece ‘Øees«eece FJewuÙetÙesMeve SC[ efjJÙet šsefkeävekeâ’ (c) The principle of homogeneity applies/meceebielee
(Programme Evaluation and Review Technique) nw~ keâe efmeæeble ueeiet neslee nw
Ùen Skeâ Øeespeskeäš efveÙeespeve leLee efveÙeb$eCe lekeâveerkeâ nw~ (d) Both (B) and (C)/ (B) Deewj (C) oesveeW
2. Choose the statement which is correct: RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
melÙe keâLeve keâes ÛegefveS– Ans : (d) Skeâ vesšJeke&â jwefKekeâ keânueelee nQ peye Jen hejce efmLeefle
(a) PERT is event oriented keâe efmeæevle leLee meceebielee keâe efmeæevle ueeiet nes Ùee heeueve keâjs,
PERT Iešvee Godieeceer nw jwefKekeâ vesšJeke&â keânueelee nw~
(b) PERT is not event oriented Superposition Theorem Linear and bilateral network
PERT Iešvee Godieeceer veneR nw circuit (heefjheLe) hej ØeÙeesie neslee nw~

237
5. In a CPM network the activity in non critical (a) Time/meceÙe
if– (b) Types of activities/mebef›eâÙeeDeeW
keâe Øekeâej
CPM vesšJeke&â ceW De›eâeefvlekeâ mebef›eâÙee nw Ùeefo–
(c) Number of labours/ßeefcekeâeW keâer mebKÙee
(a) EST=LST & EFT=LFT
(d) Various activities of the project
(b) EST<LST & EFT<LFT
heefjÙeespevee keâer efJeefYevve mebef›eâÙeeÙeW
(c) EST>LST & EFT>LFT
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015
(d) EST<LST & EFT>LFT
RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015 Ans : (d) heefjÙeespevee keâer efJeefYevve mebef›eâÙeeDeeW leLee Gve hej ueies
Ans : (b) EST<LST & EFT<LFT meceÙe keâes Skeâ Ûeeš& hej meejCeer yeveekeâj efueKee peelee nw efpemes yeej
De›eâeefvlekeâ mebef›eâÙee Jen nesleer nw efpemeceW kegâÚ ve kegâÚ heäueesš DeJeMÙe Ûeeš& keânles nQ~ Fmekeâes meJe&ØeLece Jew%eeefvekeâ nsvejer iewCš ves yeveeÙee Lee
neslee nw Fve mebef›eâÙeeDeeW keâe efJeuecyelece ØeejcYe meceÙe/efJeuecyelece Dele: Fmes iewCš Ûeeš& Yeer keânles nQ~ Fmekesâ GOJee&Oej De#e hej
meceeheve meceÙe Fvekesâ MeerIeÇlece ØeejcYe meceÙe/MeerIeÇlece meceeheve meceÙe heefjÙeespevee keâer efJeefYevve mebef›eâÙeeÙeW ›eâefcekeâ ™he mes efueKeer nesleer nw
mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ ›eâeefvlekeâ mebef›eâÙee kesâ efueÙes heäueesš MetvÙe neslee leLee #eweflepe De#e hej meceÙe keâes efueKee peelee nw~ Fme hej mebef›eâÙeeDeeW
nw~ DeLee&led keâe ØemleeefJele meceÙe leLee mebef›eâÙee ceW JeemleefJekeâ ™he mes ueiee meceÙe
Float = LST – EST oesveeW oMee&Ùes peeles nQ~ efpememes heefjÙeespevee keâer Øeieefle keâer leguevee Yeer
Ùee Float = LFT – EFT keâer pee mekeâleer nw~
6. Free float is the amount of time that a task in a 9. Gantt chart provides information about–
project network can be delayed without ieWš Ûeeš&...............kesâ yeejs ceW peevekeâejer Øeoeve keâjlee
causing a delay to the nw–
cegòeâ heäueesš Jen meceÙe neslee nw efpemeceW.............keâes efyevee (a) Break even point analysis
osjer hengBÛeeÙes, heefjÙeespevee ceW efkeâmeer keâeÙe& kesâ efueÙes osjer ueeYe-DeueeYe efmLeefle keâe efJeMues<eCe
keâer pee mekeâleer nw~ (b) Production schedule/Glheeove DevegmetÛeer
(a) Subsequent taks /Deeieeceer keâeÙe& (c) Material handling layout
(b) Milestone completion date/ceeFuemšesve meceeheve meece«eer ØeyevOeve uesDeeGš lewÙeej keâjvee
efleefLe (d) Determining selling price/efJe›eâÙe cetuÙe efveOee&jCe
(c) Project completion date /heefjÙeespevee meceeheve efleefLe RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015
(d) Subsequent project /Deeieeceer heefjÙeespevee Ans : (b) efkeâmeer heefjÙeespevee keâer efJeefYeVe mebef›eâÙeeDeeW keâes meefcceefuele
RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015 ™he mes TOJee&Oej De#e hej leLee Gve hej ueieves Jeeues meceÙe keâes
Ans : (a) cegòeâ heäueesš Jen meceÙe neslee nw efpemeceW efyevee Deeieeceer #eweflepe De#e hej jKekeâj Skeâ Ûeeš& yeveeÙee peelee nw efpemeceW
keâeÙe& kesâ meceÙe keâes ØeYeeefJele efkeâÙes, heefjÙeespevee kesâ efkeâmeer keâeÙe& ceW mebef›eâÙeeDeeW hej ueieves Jeeueer meceÙeeJeefOe keâes yeej kesâ ™he ceW efoKeeÙee
osjer keâer pee mekeâleer nw~ ›eâebeflekeâ heLe hej heÌ[ves Jeeues keâeÙeeX ceW cegòeâ peelee nw FmeefueÙes Fmes yeej Ûeeš& keânles nw leLee efvecee&Cekeâlee& kesâ veece
heäueesš MetvÙe neslee nw~ kesâ DeeOeej hej iewCš keâe yeej Ûeeš& Ùee iewCš Ûeeš& Yeer keânles nw~
7. The most likely time (m) is 'mode' of the– 10. A critical path has
meyemes mebYeeefJele meceÙe (m) FveceW mes efkeâmekeâe ‘cees[’ Skeâ ›eâebeflekeâ heLe ceW neslee nw?
nesiee? (a) Zero float/MetvÙe heäueesš
(a) Normal distribution/veece&ue (meeceevÙe) efJelejCe keâe (b) Minimum float/vÙetvelece heäueesš
(b) Beta distribution/yeerše efJelejCe keâe (c) plane table survey/huesve šsyeue meJex#eCe
(c) Binomial distribution/efÉheoerÙe efJelejCe (d) Theodolite surveying/efLeÙees[esueeFš meJex#eCe
(d) Poisson distribution/hee@Ùepeve efJelejCe RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015 Ans : (a) ›eâebeflekeâ heLe ceW MetvÙe hueJe neslee nw~
Ans : (b) meyemes mebYeeefJele meceÙe (m) yeerše efJelejCe keâe ‘cees[’ 11. Gantt chart indicates––
iewCš Ûeeš& oMee&lee nw–
nw~
(a) Comparison of actual progress with the
8. In a bar chart the vertical axis represents–
scheduled progress
yeej Ûeeš& ceW GOJee&Oej De#e ØeoefMe&le keâjleer nw– JeemleefJekeâ Øeieefle leLee ØemleeefJele Øeieefle keâer leguevee
238
 (b) Balance of work to be done (b) event oriented technique/Iešvee GvcegKe lekeâveerkeâ
efkeâÙes ieÙes keâeÙe& keâe mevlegueve (c) activity oriented technique
(c) Progressive cost of project mebef›eâÙee GvcegKe lekeâveerkeâ
heefjÙeespevee keâer yeÌ{leer ueeiele (d) target oriented technique/ue#Ùe GvcegKe lekeâveerkeâ
(d) Inventory costs/metÛeer cetuÙe RRB JE Shift-II : 28.08.2015
RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
Ans : (c) C.P.M Skeâ mebef›eâÙee GvcegKe lekeâveerkeâ nw~
Ans : (a) yeej Ûeeš& keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer heefjÙeespevee keâer Øeieefle efveOee&jCe
C.P.M ⇒ Critical path method Ùee ›eâeefvlekeâ heLe efJeefOe
ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw Fme hej mebef›eâÙeeDeeW keâer JeemleefJekeâ Øeieefle leLee
›eâeefvlekeâ heLe keâer uecyeeF& keâes efkeâmeer Øeespeskeäš keâes hetje keâjves ceW
ØemleeefJele Øeieefle Debefkeâle keâer peeleer nw efpemekesâ DeeOeej hej leguevee keâjkesâ
vÙetvelece ueiee meceÙe mes peevee peelee nw~
heefjÙeespevee keâer Øeieefle efveOee&efjle nesleer nw~ Fme Ûeeš& kesâ efvecee&Ce keâlee& kesâ
veece hej Fmes iewCš Ûeeš& Yeer keânles nQ~ 15. The common map of "road network" is drawn
to scale with RF-
12. The probability distribution taken to represent
‘jes[ vesšJeke&â’ keâe Skeâ meeceevÙe vekeäMee RF kesâ meeLe
the completion time in PERT analysis is–
hewceeves hej lewÙeej efkeâÙee peelee nw-
PERT efJeMues<eCe ceW meceeheve meceÙe keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjves
kesâ efueS ØeeefÙekeâlee JeieeakeâjCe keânueelee nw (a) Less than one/Skeâ mes keâce

(a) Gamma distribution/ieecee JeieeakeâjCe (b) Greater than one/Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ

(b) Normal distribution/meeceevÙe JeieeakeâjCe (c) Equal to one/Skeâ kesâ meceeve

(c) Beta distribution/yeerše

JeieeakeâjCe (d) RF is not relevant for such maps/

(d) Log normal distribution/uee@ie meeceevÙe JeieeakeâjCe

Fme lejn kesâ vekeäMes kesâ efueS RF Øeemebefiekeâ veneR nw~
RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015 RRB JE Shift-III : 28.08.2015

Ans : (c) yeerše efJelejCe keâe GheÙeesie PERT, CPM Deewj DevÙe Ans : (a) DeejsKeve ceW ØeoefMe&le Jemleg keâer ceehe leLee Jemleg keâer
heefjÙeespevee ØeyevOeve heæefleÙeeW ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw leeefkeâ heefjÙeespevee keâes JeemleefJekeâ ceehe keâe Devegheele ner efve™hekeâ efYeVe (R.F.) keânueelee nw~
hetje keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâmeer ieefleefJeefOe keâes meceÙe keâe efJelejCe efkeâÙee R.F. keâe ceeve 1 mes keâce, 1 mes pÙeeoe leLee 1 kesâ yejeyej nes
pee mekesâ~ mekeâlee nw~
13. Critical path– YeJeve, meÌ[keâ, hegue, jes[ vesšJeke&â Deeefo kesâ DeejsKeve kesâ efueS
›eâebeflekeâ heLe neslee nw – R.F. < 1
(a) is always longest/ncesMee meyemes uecyee yengle Úesšer JemlegDeeW, peerJeeCegDeeW Deeefo kesâ DeejsKeve kesâ efueS
(b) is always shortest/ncesMee meyemes Úesše – R.F. > 1
(c) may be longest/meyemes uebyee nes mekeâlee nw ceOÙece meeFpe keâer Jemleg kesâ DeejsKeve kesâ efueS– R.F. = 1
(d) may be shortest/meyemes Úesše nes mekeâlee nw 16. Which of the following is not a PERT event?
RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015 FveceW mes keâewve meer Skeâ PERT Iešvee veneR nw–
(a) Site investigation starter
Ans : (a) C.P.M (Critical Path Method) Skeâ Ùeespevee
meeFš keâer Keespe DeejcYe keâer ieF&
ØeyevOeve lekeâveerkeâ nw efpemeceW heefjÙeespevee keâer efJeefYevve mebef›eâÙeeDeeW leLee
(b) Sessional work completed/me$e keâe keâece hetje ngDee
Gve hej ueies meceÙe keâes Skeâ vesšJeke&â Éeje efoKeeÙee peelee nw meYeer
mebef›eâÙeeÙeW Skeâ efveOee&efjle ›eâce ceW jKeer peeleer nQ~ Critical Path (c) Bus starts from Jaipur/yeme peÙehegj mes Ûeueer

Method ceW ›eâeefvlekeâ heLe meceÙe kesâ hewceeves hej heefjÙeespevee kesâ hetCe& (d) Class is being attended
nesves keâe meyemes Úesše heLe neslee nw~ keâ#ee ceW Yeeie efueÙee pee jne nw
veesš–DeeÙeesie ves efJekeâuhe (a) mener ceevee nw~ RRB JE Shift-III : 29.08.2015

14. CPM is the :

Ans : (d) efkeâmeer mebef›eâÙee kesâ ØeejcYe Ùee meceeheve keâer DeJemLee
CPM nw– Iešvee keânueeleer nw~ keâ#ee ceW Yeeie efueÙee pee jne nw, Ùen keâeÙe& kesâ
(a) time oriented technique/meceÙe GvcegKe lekeâveerkeâ ØeieefleMeerue nesves keâes Øeoe|Mele keâjlee nw~ Dele: Ùen Iešvee veneR nw~
239
 DeeOegefvekeâ efvecee&Ce lekeâveerkeâer leLee GhekeâjCe
(Advanced Construction Techniques And Equipment)
efyeštceve leLee šej keâe efJeefMe° ieg®lJe ›eâceMe: efueÙee peelee nw– keâševe #es$e kesâ ieg®lJe kesâvõ kesâ YejeJe #es$e kesâ ieg®lJe kesâvõ lekeâ
efyeštceve keâe 1.09 leLee šej keâe 1.10-1.25 keâer JÙeJeneefjkeâ, meerOeer #eweflepe otjer keâes keânles nQ– Jenve otjer
as per IS 1202 – 1978 keâe‰ heeFueeW keâes OeBmeeves kesâ efueS efkeâme Øekeâej keâer uekeâÌ[er keâe Ieve
meerueve ØeJesMe keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueS efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ heoeLeeX keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– keâ"esj uekeâÌ[er keâe Ieve
GheÙeesie keâjles nQ– peue jesOeer heoeLe& Ùeefo G"eve (lift) 3 mes 6 ceeršj lekeâ nes leye meceleguÙe #eweflepe
[Ÿetkeâes hesvš keâes Deewj efkeâme veece mes peeveles nQ– mesuÙegueesme
otjer nesiee– G"eve × 10
hueeF&Jeg[ keâes meeceevÙele: efkeâme oeye Éeje efÛehekeâeÙee peelee nw–
peye peue melen peceerve keâer melen kesâ keâjerye nw, leye ce=oe keâer
70–140 N/cm2 kesâ oeye Éeje
OeejCe #ecelee Ieškeâj efkeâleveer jn peeÙesieer– Skeâ-DeeOeer
hueeF&Jeg[ nesleer nw– DeefOekeâ DeeIeele ØeeflejesOekeâ
Yetkebâhe kesâ meceÙe veerJe keâer efceóer keâe õJeerkeâjCe efkeâmekesâ Yebpeve
meercesvš Hewâkeäšjer mes Deeves Jeeueer Oetue efkeâmekeâe keâejCe nw–
(cracking) keâe keâejCe vener neslee nw– Fceejle keâer yeeuekeâveer
efmeefuekeâesefmeme (Silicosis)
meve-iueeme (Sun-Glass) Ùee meveceeFkeâe (Sun-mica) keâes
HeäueeF&SMe (Flyash) efkeâmemes GlheVe DeJeefMe° nw–
DevÙe efkeâme veece mes peeveles nQ– [eskeâesuece leLee HeâesjceeFkeâe
leeheerÙe Meefòeâ hueebš
jskeämeerve ÂÌ{, DeheejoMeea kesâ meeLe-meeLe neslee nw–
Deuhe G<cee meercesvš kesâ efueS efkeâmekeâer cee$ee pÙeeoe keâj efoÙee peelee
peue-jesOeer neslee nw~
nw– C 2S
meercesvš keâer ØeejefcYekeâ meeceLÙe& efkeâmekesâ keâejCe nesleer nw– C 3S
jskeämeerve keâes keânles nQ– ke=âef$ece ÛeceÌ[e (Leatheroid)
js[er-efcekeäme kebâ›eâerš kesâ efueS henuee js[er-efcekeäme keâejKeevee keâye efueveesefueÙece ÛeeojeW keâe GheÙeesie meeOeejCeleÙee efkeâÙee peelee nw–
yeveeÙee ieÙee Lee– 1930 HeâMeexs kesâ Thej megvoj DeeJejCe kesâ ™he ceW
efJeMes<e ™he mes GÛÛe yeÌ[er FceejleeW Deewj hegueeW pewmeer yeÌ[er Leceexkeâesue keâer mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& nesleer nQ–
heefjÙeespeveeDeeW ceW efkeâme Øekeâej keâer kebâ›eâerš keâe GheÙeesie keâjles nQ– 110 mes 145efkeâ«ee/mesceer2
js[er-efcekeäme kebâ›eâerš efyepeueer kesâ efmJeÛe, uewche nesu[j leLee DevÙe efJeÅegle GhekeâjCeeW ceW
Ùeefo meeFš hej kebâ›eâerš efceßeCe keâjves ceW me#ece vener nw lees ØeÙeesie GheÙeesie nesves Jeeues hueeefmškeâ keâes keânles nQ– yewkesâueeFš
ceW ueeles nQ– js[er-efcekeäme kebâ›eâerš (Bakelite)
efyevee efÚõ (Bore) efkeâÙes, heeFue keâes DeJeYetefce ceW OeBmeevee, keäÙee Smšj›eâerš keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– ojej keâes Yejves ceW
keânueelee nw– heeFue ieeÌ[vee (Pile Driving) efJeMes<e leewj hej kebâ›eâerš keâer meÌ[keâeW Je OeeJeve heefóÙeeW keâer ojejW
heeFue kesâ Yetefce ceW OeBmeves keâer ef›eâÙee keâes lespe keâjves kesâ efueS, Fmekesâ Yejves ceW efkeâmekeâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– Smšj ›eâerš
efveÛeues efmejs keâes efkeâme Øekeâej yeveeÙee peelee nw– keâewve-meer ce=oe Yetkebâheer yeueeW kesâ Devleie&le meyemes pÙeeoe õJeCe
yuebš (Blunt) yeveeÙee peelee nw~ (lejuelee) Øeehle keâjleer nw–
ce=oe keâeÙe& ceW [^sefmebie keâe ceeve efkeâlevee jKeles nQ– 15mesceer efMeefLeue meble=hle jsle (Loosly saturated sand)
ce=oe keâeÙe& ceW #es$e KegoeF& ueer peeleer nw– Ieveceeršj ceW veeRJe kesâ efueS Deveg%esÙe OeejCe oeye efkeâme hej DeeOeeefjle nw–
peye Yetefce keâer 15mesceer lekeâ keâšeF&-meHeâeF&, ieºe YejeÙeer, keâer peeleer Deveg%esÙe efve<eove leLee Ûejce OeejCe #ecelee hej
nw lees keânueeleer nw– melen [^sefmebie (Surface Dressing) Glkesâefvõle Yeeefjle Jeie& DeeOeej hej Ûejce OeejCe #ecelee keâe efveOee&jCe
Keleeve (Borrow Pits) ieºW efkeâleves mesceer. mes DeefOekeâ ienjs vener efkeâmekesâ GheÙeesie keâer DeJeOeejCee hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw–
nesves ÛeeefnS– 30 mesceer. – 60 mesceer. ÛeewÌ[eF& (width)

240
peue «emle yeuegDee Yetefce kesâ efueS, efpeme hej Yeejer mebjÛeveeSb HeâMeeX kesâ efIemeeF& kesâ efueS keâewve meer ceMeerve keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ–
efvecee&Ce keâjveer nes, lees kewâmeer veeRJe Gòece jnleer nw– ketâhe veeRJe «eeFbef[bie ceMeerve
mebjÛevee kesâ mecetÛes efveÛeues Yeeie keâes DeeÛÚeefole keâjves Jeeues ceesšs efIemeeF& helLej yeveer nesleer nw– keâejyeesjC[ce mšesve
Deej.meer.meer. muewye mes Ùegòeâ veeRJe keânueeleer nw– HeâMe& leue hej YeJeve keâer Gme cebefpeue keâe Ûeue Je DeÛeue Yeej
jeHeäš veeRJe (raft foundation) Deelee nw efpemekesâ efueS DeefYekeâuheve efkeâÙee peelee nw–
{erueer yepejer (Loose gravel) ceW– OejveeW Je muewye keâe DeefYekeâuheve efkeâÙee peelee nw~
vÙetvelece OeejCe #ecelee nesleer nw~ peuejesOeer heoeLe& neslee nw– efyeštceve
ce=oe ceW $e+Ceelcekeâ Ie<e&Ce keâes ieCeveerÙe ceevee peelee nw, peye veeRJe– efyeštceve keâes Deewj efkeâme veece mes peevee peelee nw– [ecej
YejeJe meece«eer Éeje yeveer nesleer nw~
meeceevÙe Øekeâej kesâ efyeštceve ceW nJee keâe PeeWkeâe heeefjle keâjkesâ yeveeÙee
Ieesue DeefYehetjCe (Grouting) kesâ efueS– peelee nw– yueesve efyeštceve
meesef[Ùece efmeefuekesâš, kewâefuMeÙece keäueesjeF[
efyeštceve Fceumeve ceW efkeâleves ØeefleMele efyeštceve neslee nw– 60³
neF[^esJeeuJe efJeefOe Skeâ efJeefOe nw–
Skeâ Øekeâej keâer efmØeš Jeeefve&Me nw– øesâvÛe hee@efueMe
heeveer kesâ Yeerlej kebâ›eâerefšbie keâjves keâer
jsueJes kesâ mueerhej kesâ efueS efkeâme Øekeâej uekeâÌ[er keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles
heef§eceer osMeeW ceW efkeâme Øekeâej keâer kebâ›eâerš ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw–
nQ– osJeoej, kewâue, meeue, ÛeerÌ[
js[er efcekeäme kebâ›eâerš
uekeâÌ[er kesâ hegue keâes yeveeves ceW efkeâme Øekeâej keâer uekeâÌ[er keâe ØeÙeesie
keâesefMekeâeceÙe kebâ›eâerš keâe Yeej neslee nw–
neslee nw– meeue, pee™ue
650 mes 950 efkeâ«ee/Ieveceeršj
efkeâme Je=#e keâer uekeâÌ[er kesâ ojJeepes, efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW keâer DeeÙeg ueieYeie
yeÌ[s helLejeW Je YeešeW keâes leesÌ[ves keâer Øeef›eâÙee efkeâleves ÛejCeeW ceW hetjer
40Je<e& ceeveer peeleer nw– meeieewve
keâer pee mekeâleer nw– 2 DeLeJee 3 ÛejCeeW ceW
meeieewve keâer mecheer[ve meeceLÙe& nesleer nw– 100 efkeâ«ee/mesceer2
efJemHeâesšve keâeÙe& ceW Devegheeueve keâjvee neslee nw– I.S 4081 keâe
helLejeW keâer cenerve legÌ[eF& kesâ efueS efkeâmekeâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ– Kesue keâer meece«eer yeveeves nsleg keâewve meer uekeâÌ[er keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ–
iegefuekeâe Ûekeäkeâer (Ball mill) Menletle (Mulberry)

heeFue keâes meerOee KeÌ[e keâjves kesâ efueS uekeâÌ[er DeLeJee Fmheele keâer yeebme efkeâme Jeie& keâe hesÌ[ nw
DemLeeÙeer mebjÛevee yeveeÙeer peeleer nw– mšsefiebie (Staging) – Deble&peeleerÙe Jeie& (Endogenous)
[^e@he nwcej yeveeÙee peelee nw– Fmheele keâe veerce keâer uekeâÌ[er ceW oercekeâ veneR ueielee nw Ùen keâLeve nw– melÙe
nLeewÌ[s keâer ÛeesšeW mes heeFue kesâ Meer<e& kesâ Heâš peeves keâe [j jnlee Øekeâe‰ keâe heefjj#eCe efkeâme YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ kesâ Devegmeej %eele efkeâÙee
nw~ Fmekeâer megj#ee kesâ efueS heeFue kesâ Meer<e& hej jKee peelee nw– peelee nw– IS:401
nwucesš 6ceer0 kesâ heeš lekeâ Oejve kesâ efueS Heâjceeyevoer nševes keâer DeJeefOe
[^ehe nwcej Éeje heeFue ieeÌ[ves ceW DeefOekeâ meceÙe ueielee nw, Dele: keäÙee nw– 14 efove
Fmekesâ mLeeve hej Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW keäÙee ØeÙeesie ceW ueeÙee peelee nw– 6ceer0 mes DeefOekeâ heeš kesâ Oejve kesâ efueS Heâjceeyevoer nševes keâer
Yeehe Ûeeefuele Ieve DeJeefOe keäÙee nw? 21 efove
efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ Ieve keâe Heâeue (Fall) keâce neslee nw– mšerce nwcej M-10, M-20, M-25 ceW 'M' keäÙee ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw– efcekeäme
hetJe& efveefce&le heeFueeW keâes keâ"esj ce=oe DeLeJee vece& ÛeóeveeW keâer Yetefce (Mix)
ceW ieeÌ[ves kesâ efueS keâewve meer efJeefOe DeheveeF& peeleer nw–yeesefjbie kebâ›eâerš keâer meIevelee leLee megkeâeÙe&lee %eele keâjves kesâ efueS keâewve-mee
(Boring) Éeje hejer#eCe keâjles nQ– mueche hejer#eCe
Yetefce ceW efÚõ efkeâÙee peelee nw– ef[^efuebie Éeje «esveeFš helLej keâe Yeej neslee nw– 2800 efkeâ«ee/ceer3
kebâ›eâerš ceeye&ue kesâ HeâMeeX keâer Thejer melen keâes meeHeâ-megLeje Je keâeÙee&ueÙeeW kesâ HeâMe& kesâ efueS vÙetvelece Ûeue Yeej efkeâleves efkeâ«ee/ceer2
Ûecekeâoej yeveeves kesâ efueS keäÙee efkeâÙee peelee nw– hee@efueefMebie ceW nselee nw– 250 mes 400 yeerÛe

241
 YeJeve vekeäMee
(Building Drawing)
Decee[Ÿetueer FËš keâer ceehe nesleer nw– 22.9cm ×11.4cm×7cm mebjÛevee kesâ efkeâmeer Demegjef#ele Yeeie keâes meneje osves kesâ efueS pees
veeRJe leLee kegâmeea leue keâer efÛeveeF& kesâ efueS meercesCš Ûetvee cemeeuee DemLeeÙeer jÛevee KeÌ[er keâer peeleer nw Gmes keânles nQ–
keâe Devegheele efueÙee peelee nw– 1:1:6 šskeâ yeboer (Shoring)
efkeâmeer mebjÛevee keâer efÛeveeF& kesâ efueS meercesCš cemeeuee keâe Devegheele oerJeej keâer keâcepeesj veeRJe keâes cepeyetle keâjves, GLeueer veeRJe keâes
meercee keäÙee nw– 1:6 DeefOekeâ ienjeF& hej ues peeves kesâ efueS, YeJeve ceW yesmecesCš
hueemšj keâeÙe& ceW yeenjer meleneW kesâ efueS meercesCš cemeeuee keâe (lenKeevee) yeveeves kesâ efueS leLee oerJeej kesâ efveÛeues Yeeie ceW Hesâj-
Devegheele efkeâlevee efueÙee peelee nw– 1:4 yeoue keâjves kesâ efueS keâewve-meer efJeefOe DeheveeF& peeleer nw
KeesKeueer oerJeej leLee [eš keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS meercesCš Ûetvee cemeeuee – (Underpinning) DeC[jefheefvebie
keâe Devegheele efkeâlevee efueÙee peelee nw– 1:1:6
yeÌ[s efvecee&Ce keâeÙeeX hej DeLeJee peye Skeâ ner Heâjceeyeboer yeej-yeej
hueemšj keâeÙeeX ceW Yeerlejer meleneW kesâ efueS meercesCš Ûetvee cemeeuee keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee neslee nw leye keâewvemeer Heâjceeyeboer Gòece jnleer nw–
Devegheele efkeâlevee efueÙee peelee nw– 1:2:9 Fmheele keâer Heâjceeyevoer
oerJeejeW kesâ TOJee&Oej Heâuekeâ keâer efmeOeeF& peeBÛeves kesâ keâece Deeves
meerueve jeskeâves kesâ efueS meeceevÙele: meercesCš kebâ›eâerš efkeâme Devegheele
Jeeues Deewpeej keâes keäÙee keânles nQ– (Plumb bob) meengue
ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– 1:2:4
cemeeuee G"eves leLee efÛeveeF& peesÌ[ yeveeves kesâ keâece Deeves Jeeues
peueeMeÙeeW leLee efMejesheefj šQkeâes keâer melen peue-DeØeJesMe yeveeves kesâ
Deewpeej keânueeles nQ– (Trowel) š^eJesue
efueS keâewve meer efJeefOe yeveeÙeer peeleer nw– iegveeFefšbie efJeefOe
DeeJeemeerÙe IejeW kesâ HeâMeeX kesâ efueS vÙetvelece Ûeue Yeej efkeâlevee efueÙee
peelee nw– 200 efkeâ«ee/ceer2 [eš keâer leueer keâer Je›eâekeâej melen keâes keânles nQ
meeceevÙe peerveeW leLee yeeuekeâveer kesâ HeâMeeX kesâ efueS vÙetvelece Ûeue Yeej – Fbš^es[espe (Intradose)
efkeâlevee efueÙee peelee nw– 300 mes 500 efkeâ«ee/ceer2 [e@š kesâ Thejer Je›eâekeâej melen keâes keânles nQ
helLej keâer efieóer keâe Yeej neslee nw– 1440–1920efkeâ«ee/ceer3 – Skeämš^e[espe (Extradose)
kebâ›eâerš yuee@keâ kesâ efueS Ûetvee kebâ›eâerš ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw– 1:2:6 [e@š kesâ efMeKej leLee G"eve helLej kesâ ceOÙe efmLele yeenjer ef$ekeâesCeer
Yetefceleue mes veeRJe keâer ienjeF& efkeâleveer Deebkeâer peeleer nw– Yeeie keâes keânles nQ– ef$ekeâesefCekeâe
60mesceer mes 90mesceer [e@š kesâ oesveeW efmejeW kesâ veerÛes yeveeÙes ieÙes Deeuecye kesâ YeeieeW keâes
meeceevÙele: kegâmeea leue Yetefce leue mes efkeâlevee Thej jKee peelee nw– keânles nQ– DevlÙeeOeej (Abutment)
30mesceer mes 45mesceer ojJeepes leLee efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW kesâ efueS Øekeâe‰ nesvee ÛeeefnS–
keâeueer keâheemeer ce=oe Jeeueer Yetefce Yeejle ceW efkeâleves ØeefleMele YeeieeW ceW IS:12896 (1990) kesâ Deveg™he
heeÙeer peeleer nw- 16³ DeeJeeme, keâeÙee&ueÙe leLee meeJe&peefvekeâ YeJeveeW kesâ efueS ojJeepes keâer
keâeueer keâheemeer ce=oe YeJeve efvecee&Ce kesâ efueS GheÙeesieer nw Ùen keâLeve
ceehe nesvee ÛeeefnS~ 1.20 ceer0 × 2.10 ceer0
nw– DemelÙe
mveeveie=n leLee jmeesF& kesâ efueS ojJeepes keâer ceehe efkeâlevee nesvee
keâ"esj ce=oe keâes {eruee keâjves leLee Keesoves kesâ keâece Deeves Jeeues
Deewpeej keâes keânles nQ– ieQleer ÛeeefnS– 0.90ceer0 × 2.00 ceer0
IejeW kesâ Úlees leLee oerJeej Je HeâMe& hej heeveervegcee ieerueeheve GlheVe ojJeepes keâer ÛeewKeš keâer heefjÛÚso meeceevÙele: jKee peelee nw–
nesves ueielee nw~ Gmes keânles nQ– meerueve (Dampness) 8cm × 10cm mes 10cm × 12cm
meeceevÙele: meerue-jeskeâ jöe kesâ efueS meercesCš kebâ›eâerš ØeÙeesie keâer efKeÌ[keâer kesâ ÛeewKešeW kesâ heefjÛÚso keâer ceehe meeceevÙele: jKee peelee
peeleer nw– 1:2:4 kesâ Devegheele ceW nw– 8cm × 8cm mes 8cm ×10cm
peye efyešgceveer Hesâuš kesâ mLeeve hej keâeueer hee@ueerefLeve-efHeâuce keâe jesMeveoeve keâer ÛeewKeš keâer heefjÛÚso keâer ceehe meeceevÙele: jKee
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw Ùen hee@ueerefLeve efHeâuce efkeâleves iespe keâer nesleer peelee nw– 8cm × 8cm
nw– 400 mes 700 iespe Jen ojJeepee pees Kegueves hej oesveeW lejHeâ DeLeJee Skeâ meeF[ ceW
Je<ee& leLee yeenjer peue keâes YeJeve mes otj jKeves kesâ efueS, efhuebLe kesâ efmeceš peelee nw, Dele: HeâMe& keâer yengle keâce peien Iesjlee nw
Ûeejes Deesj ueieeÙee peelee nw– efhuebLe-j#ekeâ keânueelee nw– efmecešJeeB ojJeepee (Collapsible Door)
242
 Jen ojJeepee pees meeOeejCe ojJeepee keâer YeeBefle Yeerlej Je yeenj keâes Ans : (d) Fvpeerefveefjbie [^eFbie ceW Ghejesòeâ meYeer metÛeveeSB jKeer peeleer
veneR Keguelee nw, yeefukeâ heeÕe& mes Deeies-heerÚs mejkeâlee nw, keânueelee nw~
nw– mueeFef[bie ojJeepee melen ™#elee kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ efÛevn –
DeeJeemeerÙe YeJeveeW kesâ efueS efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW keâe kegâue #es$eHeâue efkeâlevee
1
efueÙee peelee nw– × keâcejs kesâ HeâMe& keâe #es$eHeâue
8
DeeJeemeerÙe YeJeveeW kesâ efueS jesMeveoeveeW keâe #es$eHeâue efueÙee peelee
1
nw– × keâcejs kesâ HeâMe& keâe #es$eHeâue
25
Jen jesMeveoeve pees Mes[es keâer {euet ÚleeW ceW, keQâÛeer keâer efjpe yeveeÙee
peelee nw leeefkeâ Mes[ mes OegBDee Deewj iewme yeenj efvekeâuelee jns
keânueelee nw– efjpe jesMeveoeve
meeceevÙele: meve-Mes[ keâer ceesšeF& yeenjer efmejs hej efkeâlevee jKee peelee
nw– 5 mesceer
HeâMeea šeFueW meeOeejCeleÙe: efkeâleves ceehe keâer nesleer nQ–
20cm × 20cm mes 30cm ×30cm
heoeLe& keâer mebIešve kesâ efueS Yeer [^eFbie yeveeÙee peelee nw~
meerefuebie hej efkeâlevee ceesše meerceWš keâe hueemšj efkeâÙee peelee nw–
2. The Height, Width and depth of an object can
15efceceer
be shown with a minimum of how
{euet ÚleW meeceevÙele: efkeâleves {eue hej yeveeÙeer peeleer nQ– Orthographic projection views?
200 mes 600 efkeâmeer Jemleg keâer TBÛeeF&, ÛeewÌ[eF& leLee ienjeF& efoKeeves kesâ
keQâÛeer keâer ceOÙe Yeeie ceW ueieeÙee ieÙee TOJe& mlecYe, pees efjpe Deewj efueS vÙetvelece efkeâleves uecyekeâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe keâer
leeve Oejve keâes yeebOes jKelee nw keäÙee keânueelee nw– efkebâie heesmš DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesieer–
keQâefÛeÙeeW keâer Deehemeer otjer efkeâleveer jKeer peeleer nw– 3ceeršj (a) Six/Ú: (b) Three/leerve
peye keâcejs keâe heeš 9ceeršj mes yeÌ{ peelee nw, lees ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer (c) Two/oes (d) Four/Ûeej
nw– keäJeerve heesmš RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014
uenefjÙee pemleer ÛeeojW meeceevÙele: ÛeewÌ[eF& ceW nesleer nw– 0.90ceeršj Ans : (c) uecyekeâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe–uecyekeâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe ceW oMe&keâ Øe#eshe
meerceWš ceW 15³ Smyesmšsme kesâ jsMeeW keâes efceuee keâj keâewve-mee Ûeeoj leue (Projection plane) leLee Jemleg (object) mes Devevle otjer hej
yeveeÙee peelee nw– efmLele neslee nw~ leLee projections (Øe#esheer efkeâjCeW) Deeheme cebs meceevlej
uenefjÙee Smyesmšsme Ûeeoj
yejeceoeW keâer {euet Úle hej, Fmekesâ Thejer efmejs hej pemleerke=âle nesleer nw~ Ùes efkeâjCeW Øe#eshe leue hej uecyeJele heÌ[leer nw~
uecyekeâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe ceW Jemleg keâe Øe#eshe Gmekeâer JeemleefJekeâ ceehe kesâ
FmheeleerÙe Ûeeoj keâer HeäuewefMebie ueieeÙeer peeleer nw Fmekeâe meeFpe keäÙee
nw– 40mesceer × 1.25efceceeryejeyej yevelee nw~ efkeâmeer Jemleg keâes hetCe& ™he mes JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS
vÙetvelece oes ÂMÙe KeeRÛes peeles nQ~ Øe#eshe leue hej yeves oes ÂMÙeeW mes ner
Skeâ peerves kesâ hebefòeâ ceW efkeâleves keâoceÛes nesles nQ– 3 mes ueskeâj 12
Jemleg kesâ JeemleefJekeâ Deekeâej leLee ceehe keâer keâuhevee keâer peeleer nw~
meesheeve keâer HeäueeF&š kesâ keâoceÛees keâes DeeOeej Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS,
meeOeejCele: Jemleg kesâ oes ÂMÙe Front view leLee Top view ner
Fvekesâ yeieue ceW pees {euet Oejve efoÙes peeles nQ GvnW keäÙee keânles nQ–
KeeRÛekeâj Jemleg keâer JeemleefJekeâ ceehe peeve mekeâles nQ, uesefkeâve peefšue
(Stringer) efmš^biejmebjÛevee Jeeues Jemleg keâe leerve ÂMÙe – Front view (meccegKe ÂMÙe),
1. Which of the following information in NOT Top view (efMe<e& ÂMÙe) leLee (heeÕe& ÂMÙe) Side view KeeRÛes
contained in engineering drawings? peeles nw~
FbpeerefveÙeefjbie [^eFbie ceW efvecve ceW mes keâewve meer metÛevee veneR 3. When an object is cut by a section plane
jKeer peeleer nw? parallel to horizontal plane and perpendicular
(a) Tolerances/še@uejsvme to vertical plane, then the sectional view of the
(b) Material Composition/Oeeleg mebIešve object is obtained is:
(c) Surface finish/melen heefj<keâjCe
Ùeef o Skeâ Jemleg keâes Skeâ heefjÛÚso leue Éeje #eweflepe leue
(d) All of these are included in engineering kes â meceevlej leLee TOJee&Oej leue kesâ uecyeJele keâeše peelee
drawing/Ghejesòeâ meYeer FbpeerefveÙeefjbie [^eFbie ceW efueÙee nw~ lees Fmekeâe heefjÛÚso ÂMÙe efkeâmeceW Øeehle neslee nw–
peelee nw~ (a) Front view/meccegKe ÂMÙe
RRB SSE Secunderabad : 21-12-2014 (b) Left side view/yeeÙeeB heeMJe& ÂMÙe

243
 (c) Right side view/oeÙeeB heeMJe& ÂMÙe 6. if a plane is parallel to the plane of projection,
(d) Top view/Thejer ÂMÙe ceW it appears
RRB SSE Bilaspur : 21.12.2014 Ùeefo Skeâ meceleue, otmejs Øe#esheCe meceleue kesâ meceeveevlej
Ans : (d) Ùeefo efkeâmeer "esme Jemleg keâes #eweflepe leue kesâ meceevlej leLee hej nes, lees Jen efoKelee nw......................
GâOJee&Oej leue kesâ uecyeJeled keâeše peeÙes lees Gmekeâe heefjÛÚso ÂMÙe (a) true size/mener Deekeâej
Thejer ÂMÙe ceW Øeehle nesiee~ (b) as a line or edge/jsKee Ùee efkeâveejs pewmee
Ùeefo Skeâ DeeÙeleekeâej efØepce keâes H.P. kesâ meceevlej leLee V.P kesâ (c) foreshortened/ueIegYetle
uecyeJele keâeše peeÙes lees heefjÛÚso Yeer DeeÙele Øeehle nesiee~ (d) as an oblique surface/Skeâ efleÙe&keâ he=‰ ewmes
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
Ans : (a) Ùeefo Skeâ meceleue, Øe#esheCe meceleue kesâ meceeveevlej nes lees
Jen JeemleefJekeâ Deekeâej ceW efoKelee nw~ Øeespeskeäšj Skeâ otmejs kesâ
meceeveevßelej SJeb Øe#esheCe meceleue kesâ uecyeJele nesles nw~ efpeme efyevog hej
Jes efceueles nw lees GheÙegòeâ ›eâce ceW mebÙegòeâ nes peeles nQ, pees efkeâ efoÙes ieÙes
meceleue kesâ meceeve efoKeles nQ~ Fmeer keâejCe Ùen JeemleefJekeâ Deekeâej ceW
efoKeles nQ~
7. In a "first angle" orthographic projection, the
distance of a point lying on the object being
projected from HP will be visible in–
Skeâ ØeLece keâesCe kesâ uecyekeâesCeerÙe Øe#esheCe ceW, Øe#esefhele
efkeâS peeves Jeeueer Jemleg hej efmLele Skeâ efyevog keâer HP mes
otjer.............ceW efoKeeF& osleer nw–
(a) "Front view"/meccegKe ÂMÙe
(b) "Top view"/Meer<e& ÂMÙe
(c) "Front view" and "side view"
meccegKe ÂMÙe leLee heeMJe& ÂMÙe
(d) All the three views/ meYeer leerveeW ÂMÙe
RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015
Ans : (c)
4. In the section view, the areas that would have
been in actual contact with the cutting plane
are shown with
Skeâ heefjÛÚsoerÙe ÂMÙe ceW, Jes #es$e pees keâešJeue leue kesâ
JeemleefJekeâ mebheke&â ceW nesles, efoKeeÙes peeles nw....................
(a) A cutting plane line/keâešJeue leue jsKee kesâ meeLe
(b) Section lining/meskeäMeve ueeFefvebie kesâ meeLe Skeâ ØeLece keâesCe kesâ uecyekeâesCeerÙe Øe#esheCe hej efkeâmeer Yeer Jemleg hej
(c) Visible lines/Âef°iele jsKeeDeeW kesâ meeLe
efmLele Skeâ efyevog keâer #eweflepe leue mes otjer keâes ncesMee Gme Jemleg kesâ
meccegKe ÂMÙe ceW leLee heeMJe& ÂMÙe ceW osKee pee mekeâlee nw~ Meer<e& ÂMÙe
(d) Lines and arrows/jsKeeSB Je yeeCe
ceW Ùen Jemleg #eweflepe hej efmLele efoKeeÙeer oslee nw~
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015
8. A circle is represented as a "top view", "front
Ans : (b) Skeâ heefjÛÚsoerÙe ÂMÙe ceW, Jes #es$e pees keâešJeue leue kesâ view" and "side view". If all these views are
JeemleefJekeâ mebheke&â ceW nesles meskeäMeve ueeFefvebie kesâ meeLe efoKeeÙes peeles nw~ converted into isometric views then–
5. Two-point perspective is also known as Skeâ Je=òe keâes Meer<e& DeJeueeskeâve (Âef<š), De«e leLee heeMJe&
efÉ-efyevog meboYe& keâes ...............Yeer keâne peelee nw~ ÂMÙe mes efve™efhele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Ùeefo Fve meYeer
(a) Two-view perspective /efÉ-meboYe& ÂMÙe DeJeueeskeâveeW keâes meceefceleerÙe Âef<škeâesCe ceW heefjJeefle&le keâj
(b) Regular perspective/efveÙeefcele meboYe& efoÙee peeS leye–
(a) All the three isometric view shall be same
(c) Parallel perspective /meceeveevlej meboYe&
meYeer leerveeW meceefceleerÙe Âef<škeâesCe Skeâ meceeve neWies
(d) Angular perspective/keâesCeerÙe meboYe&
(b) Isometric views of "front view" and "side
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015 view" shall be same
Ans : (d) efÉ-efyevog meboYe& keâes keâesCeerÙe meboYe& Yeer keâne peelee nw~ meccegKe leLee heeMJe& ÂMÙe Skeâ meceeve neWies
244
 (c) "top view" and "front view" shall be same 11. The point at which line intersects the V.P., if
Meer<e& leLee meccegKe Âef<škeâesCe (DeJeueeskeâve) Skeâ meceeve extended is known as :
neWies Jen efyevog efpeme hej keâesF& jsKee TOJee&Oej leue keâes keâešleer
(d) Niether the "top view", "frong view" or "side nw~ Ùeefo Gmes Deeies yeÌ{eÙee peeÙes, lees Ùen keânueelee nw–
view" shall be the same (a) Auxiliary trace/meneÙekeâ DevegjsKe
ve lees Meer<e& Âef<škeâesCe Deewj ve ner meccegKe Ùee heeMJe& kesâ (b) Horizontal trace/#eweflepe DevegjsKe
DeJeueeskeâve Skeâ meceeve neWies
(c) Profile trace/ØeesheâeFue DevegjsKe
RRB JE Shift-II : 16.09. 2015
(d) Vertical trace/TOJee&Oej DevegjsKe
Ans : (d) efkeâmeer Je=òe keâe uecyekeâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe keâe Thejer ÂMÙe,
RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015
meccegKe ÂMÙe leLee heeMJe& ÂMÙe keâYeer Yeer meceefceleerÙe ÂMÙe kesâ meceeve
veneR nesiee~ Ans : (d) Jen efyevog efpeme hej jsKee TOJee&Oej leue keâes keâešleer nw
Ùeefo Fmes Deeies yeÌ{eÙee peeÙes, lees Ùen TOJee&Oej DevegjsKe keânueelee nw~
→ meceefceleerÙe ÂMÙe ceW Je=òe keâe kesâJeue Skeâ ner Øe#eshe KeeRÛee peelee
⇒ Ùeefo H.P. (#ewefleue leue) keâes jsKee keâešs Deewj Fmes Deeies yeÌ{eÙee
nw~ meceefceleerÙe ÂMÙe ceW Je=òe keâe Øe#eshe Skeâ oerIe&Je=òe (ellipse) Øeehle
neslee nw~ peeÙes, lees #eweflepe DevegjsKe Øeehle neslee nw~
9. Isometric projections are commonly drawn
veesš– H.P. ceW ncesMee #eweflepe DevegjsKe (H.T.) leLee V.P. ceW
with.............iso-axes– ncesMee TOJee&Oej DevegjsKe (V.T.) Øeehle neslee nw~
meceefceleerÙe Øe#eshe keâes meeceevÙele:......meeceevÙe De#eeW kesâ 12. Projection of an object shown by three views is
meeLe KeeRÛee peelee nw– known as :
(a) One/Skeâ meceDe#e kesâ meeLe KeeRÛee peelee nw Skeâ Jemleg keâe Øe#eshe leerve ÂMÙe Éeje efoKeeÙee ieÙee nw,
(b) Four/Ûeej meceDe#eeW kesâ meeLe KeeRÛee peelee nw peevee peelee nw–
(c) Two/oes meceDe#eeW kesâ meeLe KeeRÛee peelee nw (a) Oblique/eflejÚer
(d) Three/leerve meceDe#e kesâ meeLe KeeRÛee peelee nw (b) Perspective/heefjØes#Ùe
RRB JE Shift-III : 30.08.2015 (c) Orthographic/DeeLeex«eeefheâkeâ (uecye keâesCeerÙe)
Ans : (d) meceefceleerÙe Øe#esheeW keâes meeceevÙele: leerve mece-De#eeW kesâ (d) Isometric/meceefceleerÙe
meeLe KeeRÛee peelee nw~ RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015
Ans : (c) uecyekeâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe ceW oMe&keâ Ùee Âef<š efyevog, Øe#esheCe
leue leLee Jemleg mes Devevle otjer hej neslee nw~ Øe#esheer efkeâjCeW Deeheme ceW
meceevlej uesefkeâve Øe#eshe leue kesâ uecyeJele nesleer nQ~ Fme Øe#eshe ceW Jemleg
keâe Øe#eshe Gmekeâer JeemleefJekeâ ceehe kesâ yejeyej yevelee nw~
⇒ Jemleg keâes hetCe& ™he mes JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS Jemleg kesâ oes
meceefceleerÙe Øe#eshe ceW Jemleg keâe (3D) leerve efJeceerÙe Øe#eshe Øeehle Ùee leerve ÂMÙe KeeRÛes peeles nQ– (Plan, Elevation, Side view)
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ⇒ efÛe$eerÙe Øe#eshe (efleÙe&keâ, meceefceleerÙe Ùee meceheefjceeCe Øe#eshe) ceW
uecyekeâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe (Orthogonal projection) ceW Jemleg keâe Skeâ ner leue ceW efkeâmeer Jemleg keâer leerveeW efJeceeDeeW keâes Øeoe|Mele efkeâÙee peelee
efÉefJeefceÙe (2D) Øe#eshe Øeehle neslee nw~ nw leLee Jemleg keâe Skeâ ner ÂMÙe ceW hetCe& efJeJejCe efoÙee peelee nw~
10. If a thin 600 set square is kept perpendicular to 13. The plane of a circle makes an angle of 45°
both the horizontal and vertical planes, its true with HP and VP each. Its plane will be inclined
shape is seen in : to the 'profile plane' (PP) at :
Ùeefo Skeâ heleues Deekeâej keâe 600 mecegÛÛeÙe Jeie& keâes Skeâ Je=òe keâe leue HP leLee VP ØelÙeskeâ mes 45° keâe
#eweflepe leLee GOJee&Oej (Deveguecye) leueeW hej uecyeJeled keâesCe yeveelee nw~ Fmekeâe leue ØeesheâeFue huesve mes .........
jKee peeS, lees Gmekeâer JeemleefJekeâ Deeke=âefle efoKesieer? hej Pegkeâe nesiee–
(a) horizontal plane/Gmekesâ #eweflepe leue ceW (a) 90°
(b) auxiliary inclined plane/meneÙekeâ DeJevele leue (b) 30°
(c) profile plane/ØeesheâeFue leue (c) 60°
(d) vertical plane/GOJee&Oej leue (d) Its plane will be parallel to PP.
RRB SSE Shift-I : 01.09.2015 Fmekeâe leue PP kesâ meceeveevlej nesiee
Ans. (c) keâesF& heleuee 60 mecegÛÛeÙe Jeie& Ùeefo oesveeW meboYe& leueeW kesâ
0 RRB SSE Shift-III : 03.09.2015
uecyeJele jKee nes, lees JeemleefJekeâ Deeke=âefle heeMJe& ÂMÙe ceW Øeehle Ans : (a) Skeâ Je=òe keâe leue HP leLee VP ØelÙeskeâ mes 45° keâe
nesieer, efpemes ØeesheâeFue leue ceW yeveeÙee peelee nw~ peyeefkeâ Fme Jeie& keâe keâesCe yeveeÙes, lees ØeesheâeFue huesve (PP) mes 90° hej Pegkeâe nesiee~
meccegKe Je Thejer ÂMÙe ceW Skeâ jsKee efceuesieer~ keäÙeeWefkeâ Ùen leue Skeâ mecekeâesCe ef$eYegpe keâer lejn efoKesiee~
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14. If a line is parallel to V.P. and inclined to H.P., hegjeves Deb«espeer De#ej leLee jesceve De#ej keâe ØeÙeesie DeejsKe ceW veneR efkeâÙee
its top view will be– (Ùee keâce efkeâÙee) peelee nw~
Ùeefo keâesF& jsKee V.P. kesâ meceeblej nw leLee H.P. keâer Deesj FbpeerefveÙeefjbie [^eFbie ceW De#ejeW keâer ceesšeF& meceeve (Uniform
Deevele nes, leye Gmekeâe Meer<e& ÂMÙe nesiee– thickness) leLee yeveeJeš Deemeeve nesves kesâ keâejCe Double Stroke
(a) a point/Skeâ efyevog Gothic Letters leLee Numbers keâe pÙeeoe GheÙeesie neslee nw~ Fme
(b) a line of larger dimension Letter keâe ØeÙeesie DeejsKeve ceW ™hejsKee lewÙeej keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
Skeâ yeÌ[s Deekeâej Jeeueer jsKee peelee nw~
(c) a line of smaller dimension
Skeâ Úesšs Deekeâej keâer jsKee
(d) a line of same dimension
Skeâ meceeve DeeÙeece Jeeueer jsKee
RRB JE Shift-II : 26.08.2015
Ans : (c) Ùeefo keâesF& jsKee V.P. kesâ meceevlej leLee H.P. mes Pegkeâe nes 16. Which of the following statements is NOT
lees– correct
efvecve ceW mes keâewve keâLeve mener veneR nw?
(a) Isometric scale is used to draw isometric
projection/meceefceleerÙe hewceevee keâe ØeÙeesie meceefceleerÙe
Øe#eshe KeeRÛeves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw
(b) Isometric scale is used to draw isometric
view/meceefceleerÙe hewceevee keâe ØeÙeesie meceefceleerÙe ÂMÙe
KeeRÛeves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw
(i) Meer<e& ÂMÙe Ùee Thejer ÂMÙe ceW Gme jsKee mes Úesšer jsKee Øeehle nesleer (c) A square is seen as rectangle in isometric
nw~ meceefceleerÙe [^eFbie ceW Jeie& keâes DeeÙele ceW osKee peelee nw
(ii) meccegKe ÂMÙe ceW jsKee keâer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& kesâ yejeyej jsKee Pegkesâ (d) A rectangle is seen as parallelogram in
isometric/meceefceleerÙe ceW DeeÙele keâes meceevlej ÛelegYeg&pe
ngS ™he ceW Øeehle nesleer nw~
kesâ ™he ceW osKee peelee nw~
veesš–jsKee efpeme leue kesâ uecyeJele nesleer nw, Øe#esheCe kesâ oewjeve Gme
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014
ÂMÙe ceW Skeâ efyevog Øeehle neslee nw~
Ans : (b) meceefceleerÙe hewceevee keâe ØeÙeesie meceefceleerÙe Øe#eshe KeeRÛeves ceW
15. In an Engineering drawing, in double stroke neslee nw~ peyeefkeâ meceefceleerÙe ÂMÙe keâes KeeRÛeves kesâ efueS JeemleefJekeâ ceehe
Gothic lettering. Which is correct? keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw, meceefceleerÙe hewceevee keâer veneR~
FbpeerefveÙeefjbie [^eFbie ceW, [yeue mš^eskeâ ieesefLekeâ uesšefjbie kesâ
• Ùeefo DeeÙele keâe Isometric Projection KeeRÛee peeÙes lees Skeâ
efueS keâewve-mee mener nw? meceevlej ÛelegYeg&pe Øeehle neslee nw~ leLee Jeie& keâes Isometric
(a) Letters are drawn thin/De#ej heleuee KeeRÛee peelee nw Projection KeeRÛes lees mece ÛelegYeg&pe Øeehle neslee nw~
(b) The lettering template is used to draw the
outline or letter
lewÙeej De#ej vecetvee keâe GheÙeesie DeejsKeve kesâ ™hejsKee
lewÙeej keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(c) This is not preferred for ink drawings
Fmekeâes mÙeener DeejsKeve ceW ØeÙegòeâ veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 17. A parabola can be constructed on a drawing by
(d) This is having non–uniform line width the methods EXCEPT
Fmekeâer jsKee Skeâ meceeve ÛeewÌ[eF& keâer veneR nesleer nw~ DeejsKeve (efÛe$eebkeâve) Éeje FveceW mes Skeâ keâes ÚesÌ[keâj
RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014 Mes<e meYeer efJeefOeÙeeW Éeje hejJeueÙe yeveevee mecYeJe nw–
Ans : (b) oes IeeleerÙe De#ej Je Debkeâ (Double Stroke (a) Eccentricity Method/GlkesâvõerÙe efJeefOe
Lettering and numbers)– Jes De#ej Je Debkeâ efpevekeâer kegâÚ (b) Rectangle Method/DeeÙele efJeefOe
ceesšeF& nes, [yeue mš^eskeâ uesšefjbie keânueeles nQ~ [^eFbie ceW efJeefYevve (c) Parallelogram Method/meceeveevlej ÛelegYeg&pe efJeefOe
Øekeâej kesâ [yeue mš^eskeâ uesšj keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes– Old (d) Asymptote Method
English letters, Roman Letters leLee Gothic Letters. Asymptote (DevevlemheMeea) efJeefOe
• ieesefLekeâ De#ej keâer ceesšeF& Skeâ meceeve nesleer nw~ RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014

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Ans : (d) Glkesâvõlee efmeæevle, DeeÙeleekeâej efmeæevle leLee meceevlej (d) In Isometric projection, an isometric scale is
ÛelegYeg&pe efmeæevle keâe GheÙeesie hejJeueÙe yeveeves ceWs efkeâÙee peelee nw~ used/meceefceleerÙe Øe#esheCe ceW meceefceleerÙe mkesâue keâe
peyeefkeâ Asymptote method kesâ Éeje Deueie–Deueie #es$e ceW GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ieCeeveelcekeâ efJeMues<eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
18. Match Col. X (Line Type) with Col. Y Ans : (c) Je=òeekeâej efJeMes<eleeDeeW keâes kesâvõerÙe jsKeeDeeW Éeje Fbefiele
(Application) efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keâe@uece X (jsKee Øekeâej) keâe keâe@uece Y (DevegØeÙeesie) efkeâmeer DeÂMÙe jsKee kesâ Thej Skeâ ÂMÙeceeve jsKee De«emeeefjle nesleer nw~
mes efceueeve keâjW– meceefceleerÙe Øe#esheCe ceW meceefceleerÙe mkesâue keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Col. X keâe@uece X Col. Y keâe@uece Y 20. If a line is parallel to H.P. and inclined to V.P.,
P. -------------- 1. Centre lines its front view will be–
kesâvõ jsKeeSb Skeâ jsKee SÛe.heer. kesâ meceeveeblej nw Deewj Jeer.heer. keâer Deesj
Q. -------------- 2. Ground lines Pegkeâer ngF& nes, lees Fmekesâ meeceves keâe ÂMÙe nesiee–
Yet–jsKeeSB (a) a line of smaller dimension
R. -------------- 3. Hidden edges Úesšs DeeÙeece keâer Skeâ jsKee
efÚhes efkeâveejs (b) a line of larger dimension
S. 4. Long break lines yeÌ[s DeeÙeece keâer Skeâ jsKee
uecyeer efJeefÛÚvve (c) a line of same dimension
jsKeeSB meceeve DeeÙeece keâer Skeâ jsKee
(a) P–2, Q–1, R–1, R–4, S–3 (d) a point/Skeâ efyebog
(b) P–3, Q–1, R–1, R–2, S–4 RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015
(c) P–4, Q–3, R–3, R–1, S–2 Ans : (a) Ùeefo Skeâ jsKee #eweflepe (H.P.) kesâ meeceevlej nw leLee
(d) P–2, Q–1, R–1, R–3, S–4 TOJee&Oej leue (V.P.) mes efkeâmeer keâesCe hej Pegkeâe nes lees–
RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
Fmekesâ meccegKe ÂMÙe ceW Gme jsKee mes Úesšer Skeâ meerOeer jsKee Øeehle
Ans : (b)
nesleer nw~
Fmekesâ Thejer ÂMÙe leLee heeMJe& ÂMÙe oesveeW ceW jsKee keâer JeemleefJekeâ
uecyeeF& kesâ yejeyej Skeâ jsKee Øeehle nesleer nw~

(i) ceesšer jsKee–Fve jsKeeDeeW keâer ceesšeF& 1 mm nesleer nw~

(ii) ceOÙece jsKee– Fve jsKeeDeeW keâer ceesšeF& 0.5 mm nesleer
nw~
(iii) heleueer jsKee– Fve jsKeeDeeW keâer ceesšeF& 0.3 mm nesleer nw~
19. Which statement is NOT correct in respect of
Engineering Drawings.
FbpeerefveÙeefjbie [^eFbie kesâ mebyebOe ceW keâewve–mee keâLeve mener
veneR nw?
(a) Circular Features are Indicated by the centre
lines/Je=òeekeâej efJeMes<eleeDeeW keâes keWâõerÙe jsKeeDeeW Éeje 21. In multi-view projection, the x–y line is known
Fbefiele efkeâÙee peelee nw~ as–
(b) A visible line precedence over a hidden yeng-ÂMÙe Øe#esheCe ceW, x–y jsKee peevee peelee nw–
line/efkeâmeer DeÂMÙe jsKee kesâ Thej Skeâ ÂMÙeceeve jsKee (a) horizontal line/#eweflepe jsKee
De«emeeefjle nesleer nw~
(b) vertical line/TOJee&Oej jsKee
(c) The faces perpendicular to the direction of
(c) traces/DevegjsKe
viewing are seen as edge views/osKeves keâer efoMee
ceW uebyeJele DeekeâejeW keâes efkeâveejs kesâ ÂMÙe kesâ ™he ceW osKee (d) reference line/meboYe& jsKee
peelee nw~ RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015

247
Ans : (d) yeng-ÂMÙe Øe#esheCe Ùee uecyekeâesCeerÙe Øe#esheCe efJeefOe ceW 24. If a line is parallel to both H.P. and V.P., its
cegKÙele: oes hejmhej uecyeJele leue–(i) TOJee&Oej (ii) #eweflepe leue true length will be seen in
neslee nw~ Ùeefo Skeâ jsKee H.P. leLee V.P. oesveeW kesâ meceevlej nw lees
H.P. leLee V.P. efpeme jsKee hej efceueles nw, Gme jsKee keâes ner Fmekeâer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& efoKeeF& osieer
meboYe& jsKee keânles nw~ Fme jsKee keâes x – y mes efoKeeÙee peelee nw~ (a) Both front and top views
Jemleg keâe Øe#eshe meboYe& jsKee kesâ veerÛes leLee Thej Øeehle keâer peeleer nw~ meccegKe leLee DevegefJe#eshe oesveeW ÂMÙeeW ceW
(b) Only in side view/kesâJeue heeMJe& ÂMÙe ceW
(c) Only in front view/kesâJeue meccegKe ÂMÙe cesW
(d) Only in top view/kesâJeue DevegefJe#eshe ÂMÙe ceW
RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015
22. Isometric drawings fall into the category of– Ans : (a) Ùeefo keâesF& jsKee H.P. Deewj V.P. oesveeW kesâ meceevlej nw lees
meceefceleerÙe DeejsKeCe Fme ßesCeer ceW Deeleer nw– Fmekeâer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& meccegKe leLee DevegefJe#eshe oesveeW ÂMÙeeW ceW
(a) multi-view drawings/yengGodosMeerÙe DeejsKeCe efoKeeF& osieer~
(b) oblique drawings/efleÙe&keâ DeejsKeCe Jemleg keâes Thej mes osKeves hej H.P. ceW Øeehle Øe#eshe keâes DevegefJe#eshe
(c) axonometric drawings/De#e heefjceeCe DeejsKeCe Ùee Meer<e& ÂMÙe keânles nQ leLee Jemleg keâes meeceves mes osKeves hej V.P. ceW
(d) perspective drawings/heefjØes#Ùe DeejsKeCe Øeehle Øe#eshe keâes GlmesOe Ùee meccegKe ÂMÙe keânles nQ~
RRB JE Shift-I : 26.08.2015
Jemleg keâes heeÕe& mes osKeves hej meneÙekeâ TOJee&Oej leue hej Øeehle Øe#eshe
Ans : (c) Jen Øe#eshe pees Jemleg keâer leerveeW efJeceeDeeW keâes Skeâ ner leue ceW
keâes heeÕe& ÂMÙe keânles nw~
ØeoefMe&le keâjW leLee Skeâ ner ÂMÙe ceW Jemleg keâe hetCe& efJeJejCe oW, efÛe$eerÙe
Øe#eshe keânueelee nw~ 25. Planes which are inclined to both the
efÛe$eerÙe Øe#esheeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe– horizontal and vertical planes are known as
1. De#e heefjceeCe Øe#eshe, 2. efleÙe&keâ Øe#eshe, 3. mevoYe& Øe#eshe
leue pees #eweflepe leLee TOJee&Oej leue oesveeW mes Pegkeâer ngF& nw
mece heefjceeCe Øe#eshe Ùee meceefceleerÙe DeejsKe, efÉmece heefjceeCe Øe#eshe leLee keâes peevee peelee nw–
ef$e-mece heefjceeCe Øe#eshe leerveeW ner De#e heefjceeCe Øe#eshe kesâ Øekeâej nw~ (a) auxiliary planes/meneÙekeâ leueeW
veesš–meceefceleerÙe Øe#eshe lekeâveerkeâer Deewj FbpeerefveÙeefjbie DeejsKeeW ceW ef$e- (b) profile planes/heeefÕe&keâ leueeW
efJeceerÙe JemlegDeeW keâes efÉ-efJeceerÙe ™he ceW oMee&ves keâer Skeâ efJeefOe nw~ (c) reference planes/mevoYe& leueeW
23. If both the front and top views of a plane are (d) oblique planes/eflejÚer leueeW
straight lines, it may be–
RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015
Ùeefo efkeâmeer leue keâer meeceves leLee Meer<e& oesveeW Âef<š hešue
meerOeer jsKeeSB neW lees Jen– Ans : (d) Jen leue pees #eweflepe leue leLee TOJee&Oej leue oesveeW mes
(a) perpendicular to both horizontal and vertical Pegkeâer ngF& nw Gmekeâes eflejÚer leue keânles nw~
planes/#eweflepe leLee TOJee&Oej oesveeW leue hej uecyeJele nes • Jemleg keâe heeÕe& ÂMÙe Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS meneÙekeâ leue neslee nw
mekeâlee nw pees #eweflepe leue leLee TOJee&Oej leue oesveeW kesâ uecyeJele neslee nw~
(b) parallel to horizontal plane and perpendicular
to vertical plane/#eweflepe leue kesâ meceeveeblej leLee • JemlegDeeW kesâ uecyekeâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS cegKÙele: oes
TOJee&Oej leue hej uecye jnlee nw Øe#eshe leueeW keâer keâuhevee keâer peeleer nw Ùes oesveeW Øe#eshe leue Deeheme ceW
(c) perpendicular to horizontal plane and parallel Skeâ-otmejs kesâ uecyeJele nesles nQ, Fve oesveeW leueeW keâes ØeOeeve leue Ùee
to vertical plane/#eweflepe leue hej uecyeJele leLee mevoYe& leue keânles nQ~
TOJee&Oej leue hej meceeveeblej neslee nw 26. In first-angle projection system, the right hand
(d) parallel to both horizontal and vertical planes side view of an object is drawn
#eweflepe SJeb TOJee&Oej leue oesveeW kesâ meceeveeblej neslee nw ØeLece keâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe heæefle ceW Skeâ Jemleg keâe oeÙeeB
RRB JE Shift-III : 26.08.2015
heeMJe& ÂMÙe KeeRÛee peelee nw
Ans : (a) Ùeefo efkeâmeer leue kesâ meeceves leLee Meer<e& oesveeW Âef<š hešue
meerOeer jsKeeSB nes lees Jen #eweflepe leLee TOJee&Oej leue hej uecyeJele nes (a) right of the elevation/GlmesOe kesâ oeÙeW
mekeâlee nw~ (b) above the elevation/GlmesOe kesâ Thej
• Ùeefo leue #eweflepe leue kesâ meceevlej leLee V.P. kesâ uecyeJele nes lees (c) left of the elevation/GlmesOe kesâ yeeÙeW
meccegKe ÂMÙe Skeâ jsKee leLee Thejer ÂMÙe ceW leue keâe Deekeâej Øeehle (d) below of the elevation/GlmesOe kesâ veerÛes
nesiee~ RRB JE Shift-I : 27.08.2015

248
 Ans : (c) ØeLece keâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe heæefle ceW efkeâmeer Jemleg keâe oeÙeeB (c) Both front and top views/meccegKe SJeb Thejer ÂMÙe
heeÕe& ÂMÙe GlmesOe kesâ yeeÙeW KeeRÛee peelee nw~ leLee yeeBÙee heeMJe& ÂMÙe oesveeW
GlmesOe kesâ oeSB KeeRÛee peelee nw~ (d) Front view/meccegKe ÂMÙe
• ØeLece keâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe ceW Jemleg ØeLece ÛelegLeeËMe ceW nesleer nw RRB JE Shift-III : 27.08.2015
DeLee&led Jemleg #eweflepe leue mes Thej leLee TOJee&Oej leue kesâ meeceves Ans : (d) Ùeefo keâesF& jsKee V.P. kesâ meceevlej leLee H.P. mes efkeâmeer
nesleer nw~ keâesCe hej Pegkeâer nes, lees Gmekeâer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& V.P. ceW Ùee
• ØeLece keâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe ceW Jemleg, oMe&keâ leLee Øe#eshe leue kesâ meccegKe ÂMÙe ceW osKeer pee mekeâleer nw~
yeerÛe ceW efmLele nesleer nw~ • Thejer ÂMÙe ceW Gme uecyeeF& mes Úesšer Skeâ meerOeer jsKee Øeehle
nesieer~
• ØeLece keâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe ceW Jemleg keâes oMe&keâ efpeme efoMee mes
osKelee nw Gmekesâ efJehejerle efoMee ceW Øe#eshe yevelee nw~
• ØeLece keâesCeerÙe Øe#eshe ceW XY jsKee Oejeleue jsKee keâe keâeÙe&
keâjleer nw~
27. If a line is parallel to H.P. and inclined to V.P.,
its true length will be seen in :
Ùeefo Skeâ jsKee #eweflepe leue kesâ meceevlej leLee TOJee&Oej
leue mes Pegkeâe nes, lees Fmekeâer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& ........ ceW
osKee pee mekesâiee–
(a) Front view/meccegKe ÂMÙe
(b) Top view/Thejer ÂMÙe
(c) Side view/heeMJe& ÂMÙe
(d) Both front and top views 29. If a line is perpendicular to V.P. and parallel to
meccegKe leLee Thejer oesveeW ÂMÙe H.P., its front view will be–
RRB JE Shift-II : 27.08.2015 Ùeefo Skeâ jsKee Jeer.heer. kesâ uecyeJele nw Deewj SÛe.heer. kesâ
Ans : (b) Ùeefo jsKee #eweflepe leue kesâ meceevlej leLee TOJee&Oej leue meceeveeblej nw lees Fmekesâ meeceves keâe ÂMÙe nesiee–
mes efkeâmeer Yeer keâesCe hej Pegkeâer, nes lees Gme jsKee keâer JeemleefJekeâ (a) a point/Skeâ efyebog
uecyeeF& Thejer ÂMÙe (Plan) Ùee Top view ceW Øeehle nesieer~ (b) a line of smaller dimension
Ùeefo jsKee H.P. mes Pegkeâer nes leLee V.P. kesâ meceevlej nes lees Úesšs DeeÙeece keâer Skeâ ueeFve
meccegKe ÂMÙe ceW jsKee keâer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& Øeehle nesieer~ (c) a line of larger dimension
peye jsKee l. H.P. kesâ meceevlej leLee V.P. mes φ keâesCe hej Pegkeâe yeÌ[s DeeÙeece keâer Skeâ ueeFve
nes– (d) a line of same dimension
meceeve DeeÙeece keâer Skeâ ueeFve
RRB JE Shift-I : 28.08.2015
Ans : (a)

28. If a line is parallel to V.P. and inclined to H.P.,

its true length will be seen in–
Skeâ ueeFve V.P. mes meceevlej SJeb H.P mes Pegkeâe ngDee nw Ùeefo keâesF& jsKee ef #eweflepe leue (H.P.) kesâ meceevlej leLee V.P. kesâ
lees Fmekeâer JeemleefJekeâ uecyeeF& efoKeeF& osieer– uecyeJele nes lees DevegefJe#eshe (plan) ceW jsKee keâer hetjer uecyeeF& ceW
(a) Side view/heeMJe& ÂMÙe meerOeer jsKee efoKesieer peyeefkeâ meccegKe ÂMÙe (Front view) ceW kesâJeue
(b) Top view/Thejer ÂMÙe Skeâ efyevog Øeehle nesiee~

249
 DeOe: mebjÛevee keâe efvecee&Ce
(Construction of Sub Structure)
1. ce=oe keâeÙe& (Earth work) Ùeefo veeRJe DeefOekeâlece Jeešj šsefyeue kesâ meeLe mebheke&â ceW nw, lees
OeejCe #ecelee kesâ efueS IešeJe iegCeebkeâ DeefOekeâlece efkeâlevee nes mekeâlee
ienjeF& ceW 30mesceer lekeâ keâer KegoeF& keânueeleer nw– melener KegoeF& nw– 50³
#es$e KegoeF& Deekeâer peeleer nw– Ieveceeršj ceW veeRJe keâer DevegcevÙe OeejCe #ecelee kesâ efveOee&jCe kesâ efueS oes ceeheoC[
veeRJe KegoeF& efkeâmeceW Deekeâer peeleer nw– Ieveceeršj ceW nQ– Dehe™heCe efJeHeâuelee leLee efve<eove
Yetefce keâer 15mesceer lekeâ keâšeF&-meHeâeF&, ieºe YejeÙeer keânueeleer nw– huesš uees[ hejer#eCe ceW DeeF&Sme keâes[ Éeje mebmlegle hetJe&Yeeefjlee
melener [^sefmebie Yeej– 70«eece/mesceer2
peye efceóer yeenj mes ueer peeleer nw, Fmekesâ efueS pees Ûeewkeâesj ieºs OeejCe #ecelee Ieškeâ Nc, Ng, Ny efkeâmekesâ Heâueve nesles nQ–
yeieue keâer Keeueer heÌ[er peceerve ceW ueieeÙes peeles nQ, GvnW keânles nQ– Deevleefjkeâ Ie<e&Ce keâesCe
Keleeve (Borrow Pit) huesš Yeej hejer#eCe keâe cegKÙe DeJeueeskeâve keäÙee nw–
Keleeve keâes meÌ[keâ meercee/venj meercee kesâ meceevlej efkeâleves otjer hej hejer#eCe huesš keâe efve<eove
ueieeÙee peevee ÛeeefnS– 5.0ceer0 keâer otjer 2. veeRJe (Foundation)
Yetkebâhe kesâ meceÙe veeRJe keâer ce=oe keâe õJeerkeâjCe efkeâmekesâ ›ewâefkebâie keâe meeceevÙe DeeJeemeerÙe SJeb meeJe&peefvekeâ YeJeveeW ceW, meeceevÙele: meerue
keâejCe nes mekeâlee nw– Fceejle ceW oerJeej, Úle, HeâMe&, yeerce jesOeer hejle GheueyOe keâjeF& peeleer nw– kegâmeea leue hej
veeRJe kesâ efueS Deveg%esÙe Yeej OeejCe #ecelee efkeâme hej efveYe&j keâjlee D.P.C. ceW keâewve meer «es[ keâer kebâ›eâerš kesâ meeLe meefcceßeCe keâjkesâ
nw– Ûejce OeejCe #ecelee hej ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– M-20 «es[
peye efvecee&Ce #es$e ceW yew"eJe keâer mecYeeJevee nes leye– RCC muewye I.S : 1904 kesâ Devegmeej DeeJeemeerÙe YeJeve kesâ efueS Yetefceleue mes
mes Ùegòeâ jeHeäš veeRJe Deheveeles nQ~ veerÛes veeRJe keâer vÙetvelece ienjeF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 50mesceer.
vÙetvelece OeejCe #ecelee nesleer nw– {erueer yepejer YeJeve kesâ meeceves Ùee heerÚs mes peeves Jeeueer meÌ[keâ kesâvõ kesâ leue mes
{erueer yepejer ceW keâ"esj Ûeóeve keâer Dehes#ee–DeefOekeâ Oemeve nesleer YeJeve kesâ kegâmeea leue keâer vÙetvelece TBÛeeF& nesveer ÛeeefnS– 45mesceer.
nw~ Skeâ Yetefce YejeJe ceW efpemekeâer menve #ecelee keâce nes mebkesâefvõle Yeej
ce=oe ceW $e+Ceelcekeâ melener Ie<e&Ce keâes ieCeveerÙe ceevee peelee nw, peye kesâ meeLe meeOeejCeleÙee efkeâmemes meceefLe&le nesles nQ– jeHeäš veeRJe
veeRJe yeveer nesleer nw– YejeJe keâer meece«eer mes Skeâ peue «emle Deewj YejeJe Jeeueer ce=oe hej yeves oes cebefpeue Jeeues
Jen ØeÙeesie pees efkeâ Skeâ efoÙes ieÙes Yeej kesâ Devleie&le DeefOekeâlece DeeJeemeerÙe YeJeve kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ veeRJe keâe Øekeâej kewâmee nesvee
OeejCe meeceLÙe& Deewj mecYeeefJele efve<eove efvekeâeuelee nw– ÛeeefnS– Gušer [eš Øekeâej keâer
huesš YeejCe Skeâ efÛekeâveer efceóer ceW veeRJe keâer vÙetvelece ienjeF& nesleer nw–
mLeue hej ce=oe keâer Ûejce OeejCe #ecelee leLee efve<eove keâer cee$ee %eele 90mesceer.
keâjves kesâ efueS keâewve-mee hejer#eCe efkeâÙee peelee nw–
ce=efòekeâe keâer FceejleeW kesâ efueS veeRJe keâer vÙetvelece ienjeF& nw–
huesš Yeej hejer#eCe
0.9 mes 1.6 m
huesš Yeej hejer#eCe mes ce=oe keâer Ûejce OeejCe #ecelee efveOee&efjle keâjves
meeceevÙele: ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee hetJe&–efveefce&le heeFue neslee nw–
kesâ efueS Jeie& huesš keâe DeefOekeâlece DevegMeebefkeâle ceehe–
Jeiee&keâej
75mesceer nesvee ÛeeefnS
Ie<e&Ce Ùee meceIeele mes kebâ›eâerš [skeâ keâer j#ee keâjves kesâ efueÙes
huesš Yeej hejer#eCe ceW huesš keâer ceehe keâce mes keâce efkeâlevee nesvee GheÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues heeFue keâes peevee peelee nw–
ÛeeefnS– 30×30mesceer hebsâ[j heeFue
efkeâmeer Yeer Øekeâej keâer efceóer hej yeveer ueÛeerueer veeRJe kesâ efueS mebheke&â IS keâes[ kesâ Devegmeej jsleerueer ce=oeDeeW hej jeHeäš veeRJe keâe Deveg%esÙe
oeye neslee nw– meceeve efve<eove nw– 40efceceer mes 65efceceer
keâeueer keâheemeer ce=oe veeRJe kesâ efueS DevegheÙegòeâ nw, Fmekeâe keâejCe– jsle ceW veeRJe kesâ ceeceues ceW Ùeefo efceóer oeye efJelejCe ef$ekeâesCeerÙe nes,
DeefOekeâ Hetâuevee leLee efmekegâÌ[vee lees DeefOekeâlece efceóer oeye Deewmele efceóer oeye keâe–
«esveeFš, š^whe, Ûetvee helLej FlÙeefo kesâ efJeIešve mes yeveves Jeeueer ce=oe oes iegvee neslee nw~
keânueeleer nw– keâeueer keâheemeer ce=oe mØes[ Hegâefšbie pees oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ mlecYeeW keâes meneje oslee nw~
keâeueer keâheemeer ce=oe GheÙegòeâ nesleer nw– keâheeme keâer Kesleer kesâ efueS Gmes efkeâme ™he ceW peevee peelee nw– mebÙegòeâ veeRJe
ceevekeâ yesOeve hejer#eCe ceW nLeewÌ[s kesâ heele keâer TBÛeeF& nesleer nw– peye heeme-heeme efmLele mlecYeeW keâer mJeleb$e Hegâefšbie Skeâ otmejs mes mešerr
76mesceer nesleer nw Ssmes mlecYeeW kesâ efueS– mebÙegòeâ veeRJe DeheveeÙeer peeleer nw~
250
 DeefOekeâlece Yeej Øeefle FkeâeF& #es$eHeâue efpemes ce=oe, efyevee Ghepe kesâ 2. Which of the following is not applicable to pile
Jenve keâj mekeâleer nw, keânueelee nw– OeejCe #ecelee foundations?
Gve heeFue keâes keäÙee keâne peelee nw, pees Yetefce ceW keâ"esj mlej lekeâ ef vecve ceW keâewve-mee heeFue veeRJe kesâ mecyeæ ceW mener veneR nw–
(a) Piles transfer load to stratum of adequate
ieÌ[s nesles nw– OeejCe heeFue capacity/heeFue Yeej keâes GefÛele #ecelee Jeeueer melen lekeâ
DevegheÙegòeâ DeefYekeâuhe leLee ce=oe hej DeefOeYeej kesâ keâejCe heÌ[ves mLeeveevleefjle keâjleer nw~
Jeeueer ojejW keânueeleer nw– mebjÛeveelcekeâ ojejW (b) Piles resist lateral loads
efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ veeRJe ceW uecyeeF&, efJeÛeejCeerÙe ™he mes Gmekeâer heeFue heeMJe& Yeej keâe efJejesOe keâjleer nw~
ÛeewÌ[eF& mes DeefOekeâ nesleer nw– efmš^he veeRJe (c) Piles transfer through a scour zone to bearing
keâewve-mee keâejkeâ ce=oe keâer OeejCe #ecelee keâes ØeYeeefJele keâj oslee nw– stratum/heeFue Yeej keâes oueoues #es$e mes veerÛes OeejCe hejle
efceóer kesâ keâCeeW keâe Deekeâej lekeâ mLeeveevleefjle keâjleer nw~
(d) Piles do not anchor structures subjected to
efkeâme Øekeâej keâer ce=oe ceW veefuekeâjCe heeFefhebie efJeHeâue nes mekeâlee nw–
hydrostatic uplift/heeFue peueerÙe GlLeeheve kesâ efueS
yeuegF& ce=oe mebjÛevee keâes pekeâÌ[s veneR jnleer nw~
veeRJe kesâ MeerIeÇ efve<eove kesâ efueS ØeYeeJeer iegCeebkeâ efveYe&j keâjlee nw– RRB SSE Shift-II : 03.09.2015
Deeke=âefle, ÂÌ{lee Deewj efmLeefle Ans (d) : peye ce=oe keâer OeejCe #ecelee yengle keâce nes, #es$e oueouee
huesš YeejCe hejer#eCe kesâ efueS– meceÙe DeefOekeâ ueielee nw~ nes, veeRJe keâer heÙee&hle ienjeF& lekeâ keâesF& keâ"esj hejle GheueyOe ve nes,
heeFue veeRJe Deeceleewj hej efoÙee peelee nw peye efceóer nes– lees Ssmeer efmLeefleÙeeW ceW heeFue veeRJe yeveeF& peeleer nw~ heeFue veeRJe peue
mebheer[Ÿelee Jeeueer leLee keâerÛeÌ[ Jeeueer GlLeeheve kesâ efueS mebjÛevee keâes pekeâÌ[s jnleer nw~
Skeâ Øeeme Ûeeojer heeFue Deheveer efmLejlee efkeâmemes heeleer nw– 3. The main purpose of providing foundation to a
ce=oe kesâ heeÕe& ØeeflejesOe kesâ keâejCe building is
jeHeäš veeRJe GheÙeesieer nw peneB– ce=oe keâer OeejCe #ecelee keâce nw~ Fceejle keâes veeRJe kesâ DeeOeej Øeoeve keâjves keâe cegKÙe
peueceive ce=oe hej efkeâme Øekeâej keâer veeRJe yeveeÙeer peeleer nw– Gös M Ùe nw ~
(a) to provide a level base over which masonry
heeFue veeRJe may be laid/leue DeeOeej Øeoeve keâjvee, efpemehej efÛeveeF&
huesš uees[ hejer#eCe meceehle keâjves kesâ efueS vÙetvelece efkeâlevee Yet- keâe keâece efkeâÙee pee mekesâ
efJemLeeheve osKee peelee nw– 25efceceer (b) to fix the super structure to the ground
W  1 - sinθ 
2 DeefOejÛevee keâes peceerve mes efmLej keâjvee
jwvkeâerve met$e neslee nw– B=   (c) to distribute the weight of the substratum
P  1 + sinθ 
mebjÛevee kesâ Yeej keâes Ghe mlej kesâ yeÌ[s #es$e hej mener
vÙetceeke&â keâe Ûeeš& efkeâmekesâ Debleie&le TOJee&Oej leveeJe keâer DeJeOeejCee
lejerkesâ mes efJeleefjle keâjvee
hej DeeOeeefjle nw– Skeâ meceeve ™he mes uees[ Je=òeekeâej #es$e (d) to prevent uneven distribution of load of
1. Which of the following list of pile types is not a beams on the substratum
representation based on the functioning of the Ghe mlej hej, Iejve kesâ Yeej keâe efJe<ece efJelejCe jeskeâvee
pile RRB JE (Green Paper Ofline) : 14.12.2014
ØekeâeÙe& kesâ Devegmeej heeFue kesâ Øekeâej keâer metÛeer ceW efvecve ceW Ans. (c) : mebjÛevee ceW veeRJe keâe keâeÙe& mebjÛevee Yeej lees peceerve kesâ
mes keâewve meer heeFue veneR nw– yeÌ[s #es$e ceW mLeeveevleefjle keâjvee neslee nw~ veeRJe mebjÛevee keâes DeeOeej
(a) End-bearing pile /efmeje OeejCe heeFue Øeoeve keâjleer nw~
(b) Friction pile /Ie<e&Ce heeFue 4. A pile foundation is used when:
(c) Anchor pile /efmLejkeâ heeFue heeFue veeRJe keâe GheÙeesie neslee nw peye:
(d) H-pile / H-heeFue (a) the load are heavy/Yeej yengle DeefOekeâ nes
RRB SSE Shift-I : 02.09.2015 (b) the soil stratum near ground surface is weak
Ans : (d) ØekeâeÙe& kesâ DeeOeej hej heeFueeW keâes efvecve Øekeâej Jeieeake=âle peceerve kesâ efvekeâš ce=oe keâe len keâcepeesj nes
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ (c) both (a) and (b)/(a) leLee (b) oesveeW
(1) Oeejkeâ heeFue (Bearing pile) (d) neither (a) nor (b)/ve lees (a) Deewj ve ner (b)
(2) Ie<e&Ce heeFue (Friction pile) RRB JE (Chennai) : 14.12.2014
(3) mebnveve heeFue (Compaction pile) Ans. (c) : heeFue veeRJe–heeFue veeRJe keâe ØeÙeesie ØeeÙe: Ssmes mLeeveeW
(4) {euet Ùee ØeJeCe heeFue (Batter pile) hej ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, peneB hej ce=oe keâer meeceLÙe& keâcepeesj nesleer
(5) efmLejkeâ heeFue (Anchor pile) nw leLee veeRJe hej DelÙeefOekeâ Yeej ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw~ heeFue veeRJe keâF&
(6) Ûeeojer heeFue (Sheet pile) Øekeâej keâer nesleer nQ, efpevekeâe efveOee&jCe ce=oe kesâ iegCe hej efveYe&j keâjlee
(7) hewâv[j heeFue (Fender pile) nw~ heeFue veeRJe keâe ØeÙeesie ØeeÙe: oueoueer ce=oe hej efkeâÙee peelee nw~

251
 DeefOe-mebjÛevee keâe efvecee&Ce
(Construction of Supper Structure)
1. heeÌ[ šskeâ leLee Heâjceeyevoer helLej keâer efÛeveeF& keâer leguevee ceW FËš efÛeveeF& DeefOekeâ nesleer nw–
DeefivejesOeer nw (Fire resistant)
(Scaffolding, Shoring and Form Work) FËš efÛeveeF& ceW helLej efÛeveeF& keâer leguevee ceW pees[Ì kewâmes nesles nQ–
efkeâmeer Demegjef#ele mebjÛevee keâes DeJeuebye osves kesâ efueS Dehesef#ele cenerve nesles nQ~
DemLeeÙeer mebjÛevee keâe efvecee&Ce keânueelee nw– šskeâyeboer mš^sÛej DeeyevOe kesâJeue mecYeJe nw
šskeâ meefnle Heâcee&yeboerr kesâ Oejve mes nšeÙee pee mekeâlee nw kesâJeue kesâ – DeeOeer FËš oerJeej (Half brick wall)
yeeo– 1 efove cenerve SMuej efÛeveeF& nesleer nw– SMuej efÛeveeF&
ceewpetoe {ebÛes kesâ veerÛes, efyevee Fmekesâ mLeeefÙelJe keâes #eefle hengbÛeeS
Fceejle ceW veS keâeÙe& keâess keâjves kesâ ceeceues ceW keäÙee efkeâÙee peelee nw– Skeâ keâcejs keâes otmejs keâcejs mes efJeYeeefpele keâjves Jeeueer oerJeej keäÙee
Deb[jefheefvebie (Underpinning) keânueeleer nw– efJeYeepekeâ oerJeej
yeesef[Ëie, Jesefuebie (›ebâove) leLee Deeuebyeve mlebYe, efpemes šW^Ûe keâer oerJeej kesâ yeenŸe HeâuekeâeW kesâ yeerÛe kesâ yeefnkeâesCe keâes keäÙee keânles nQ–
YegpeeDeeW keâes šskeâ osves kesâ efueS ueieeÙee peelee nw, kesâ DemLeeÙeer keâesefveÙee (Quoin)
efJevÙeeme keâes kesâ ™he ceW peeve peelee nw– efšcyeefjbie
15 ceeršj keâer TBÛeeF& lekeâ keâcejs kesâ Deboj heWefšbie Deewj cejccele
3. ojJeepee SJeb efKeÌ[keâer (Door and Window)
keâeÙeeX kesâ efueÙes efkeâme Øekeâej kesâ ceÛeeve keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– Éej Ùee efKeÌ[keâer keâer ÛeewKeš kesâ Meer<e& Ùee osnueer kesâ Øe#eshe keäÙee
škeâškeâer ceÛeeve keânueelee nQ– ëe=bie (Horns)
Skeâ DeJeÙeJe pees huesšes keâer leue kesâ yeenjer efJeheâuelee keâes jeskeâves kesâ Jen efKeÌ[keâer pees keâcejs keâer yeenjer oerJeej hej yeenj keâer Deesj ueieer
efueÙes ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, keânueelee nw – ÂÌ{keâejer nesleer nw keäÙee keânueeleer nw– yes efJeC[es (bay window)
2. FËš efÛeveeF&, helLej efÛeveeF&, kesâefJešer Ûeew K eš ceW KeeB Ûee keâneB lekeâ ef ueÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
12mm to 20mm
oerJeej efÛeveeF& (Brick Masonry, Stone Jes efKeÌ[efkeâÙee efpevekesâ Mešj ojJeepes kesâ pewmes Kegueles nQ~ keäÙee
Masonry, Cavity Wall Masonry) keânueeleer nw– ÛeewKeš Jeeueer efKeÌ[keâer
{ueJee ueesns keâer {ueeve keâer lejHeâ yeveer TOJee&Oej efKeÌ[keâer keäÙee
FËš efÛeveeF& kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW Deeceleewj hej Fmlesceeue nesves Jeeues ieejs keânueeleer nw– Úle efKeÌ[keâer (Dormer window)
Ûetves Deewj jsle keâe Devegheele keäÙee nw– 1:2 ojJeepes kesâ øesâce kesâ TOJee&Oej leLee #eweflepe DeJeÙeJe keäÙee keânueelee
10.0mesceer ceesšer oerJeej kesâ efueS efkeâme Øekeâej keâer Ûeeue yeveeF& nw– pescyme leLee Meer<e& (Jambs and head)
peeÙesieer– mš^wefÛebie Ûeeue (Stretching bond) YeerÌ[ kesâ DeeJeeieceve kesâ efueS ojJeepes ceW mes keâewve-mee ojJeepee
Skeâ FËš efpemekeâes efkeâ Fmekeâer uecyeeF& kesâ meehes#e oerJeej keâer uecyeeF& GheÙegòeâ neslee nw–
kesâ uecyeJele jKee ieÙee nw~ Jen keânueeleer nw– nw[j (Header) heefj›eâeceer ojJeepee (Revolving door)
Skeâue keâesš hueemšj kesâ efueS DeeÙeleve kesâ DeeOeej hej Megefkeâkeâe, hewveue leLee jsue kesâ mecegÛÛe keâes efkeâme veece mes peeveles nQ–
Mešj (Shutter)
meercesvš:Ûetvee jsle keâe Devegheele keäÙee nw– 1:1:6
Skeâ Øekeâej keâe ojJeepee efpemekeâe GheÙeesie efKeÌ[keâer Éeje Øeoeve
hueemšj keâesš keâer ceesšeF& keäÙee ueer peeleer nw– 12efceceer efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues Øeeke=âeflekeâ Øekeâej kesâ mechetjkeâ kesâ ™he ceW neslee nw,
Ûetvee hueemšj ceW Ûetvee leLee megKeea keâe Devegheele keäÙee jKee peelee keäÙee keâneueelee nw– keâeefÛele ojJeepee (glazed door)
nw– 1:2 yešveoej ojJeepes ceW yešve efpeme #eweflepe menejs mes ueies nesles nQ Gmes
nwef[bie Ûeeue keâe Deeceleewj hej Fmekesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– keâne peelee nw– efMejeefve#eshe (Ledge)
Skeâ F&š oerJeej oerJeej ceW ojJeepes SJeb efKeÌ[keâer nsleg Deevleefjkeâ oerJeej kesâ TOJee&Oej
nwef[bie Ûeeue efkeâme oerJeej kesâ efueS DeheveeF& peeleer nw– Yeeie keäÙee keânueeles nQ– pewcye he#e (Jambs)
ieesueekeâej oerJeej vej [sueer keâe ØeÙeesie0 efkeâme Øekeâej yeveeves kesâ efueS keâjles nQ–
peye meerceWš Deewj Ûetvee efJeefYeVe efceßeCeeW ceW yevOekeâ heoeLe& kesâ ™he ceW eflejÚs pewcye
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeS, lees cemeeuee keânueelee nw– ojJeepes keâer ieefleMeerue Yeeie keäÙee keânueelee nw– Mešj (Shutter)
iesp[ cemeeuee (Gauged mortor) meerÌ{er keâer Pitch efkeâmemes keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– 250
helLej keâer efÛeveeF& keâeÙe& ceW helLej hej oyeeJe efkeâme efoMee ceW neslee 0
180 hej ceg[Ì jner meerÌ{er keânueeleer nw– Deæ&-IegceeJe meerÌ{er
nw– meerOeer melen keâer efoMee ceW uecyeJele (Half turn stair)
Ùeefo Kegueer oerJeej keâer F&šeW hej hueemšj keâjvee nes lees meercesvš leLee meerÌ{er kesâ Thej Meer<e& TBÛeeF& vÙetvelece efkeâlevee nesvee ÛeeefnS–
jsle kesâ ieejs keâe Devegheele keäÙee nesveer ÛeeefnS– 1:4 2.1ceer0
FËšeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ English Bond neslee nw– cebniee (Costly) meerÌ{er kesâ Skeâ hebefòeâ ceW vÙetvelece efkeâleves keâoceÛes nesles nw– 3
252
 meerÌ{er keâ Skeâ hebefòeâ ceW DeefOekeâlece efkeâleves keâoceÛes nesles nQ– 12 3. English Bond, Flemish Bond, Dutch Bond
meerefÌ{ÙeeW keâer efoMee yeoueves kesâ efueS Øeoeve efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues mšshe pertain to/ FbefiueMe Ûeeue, HeäuesefceMe Ûeeue, leLee [Ûe
keäÙee keânueeles nQ– meesheeve ceesÌ[ (winder) yeeC[ FlÙeeefo efkeâmemes mecyevOe jKeles nQ?
meerefÌ{ÙeeW keâer ßesCeer kesâ Meer<e& Yeeie hej efmLele meceleue huesšHeâece& keäÙee (a) Masonry work
keâneueelee nw– uewef[bie Fceejle (jepe efceŒeer) kesâ efvecee&Ce keâeÙe& mes~
meerÌ{er kesâ HeäueeFš ceW DeefOekeâlece mšshe keâer mebKÙee nesleer nw– 12 (b) Cement bonding/meerceWš keâer yeebeE[ie mes
(c) Bonding between beams
Deb«espeer Ûeeue Je HeäuesefceMe Ûeeue ceW leguevee Oejve kesâ ceOÙe DeeyebOeve mes
Deb«espeer Ûeeue HeäuesefceMe Ûeeue (c) Bonding in foundation/veeRJe ceW DeeyevOe mes
(English Bond) (Flemish Bond) RRB SSE Secunderabad : 21-12-2014
henÛeeve–FmeceW Ùeefo Skeâ jös ceW 1. HeäuesefceMe Ûeeue ceW Skeâ ner Ans : (a) English Bond, Flemish Bond, Dutch Bond.
nw[j efoKeeÙeer osles nw, lees otmejs jös ceW nw[j leLee mš^sÛej efÛeveeF& keâeÙeeX ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(Thej kesâ) jös ceW DeeJeMÙekeâ ™he yeejer-yeejer mes ueieeÙes peeles HeäuesefceMe Ûeeue ceW Skeâ ner jös ceW yeejer-yeejer mes ns[j leLee mš^sÛej
mes mš^sÛej neWies~ nQ~ efoKeeF& heÌ[les nw peyeefkeâ FbefiueMe Ûeeue ceW Skeâ jös ceW meYeer ns[j
efvecee&Ce keâeue–FmeceW oerJeej keâce 2. FËšeW keâes yeej-yeej leesÌ[ves leLee otmejs jös ceW meYeer mš^sÛej efoKeeF& heÌ[les nw~
meceÙe ceW yeve peeleer nw~ keâejeriej kesâ efueS Ûeeue keâes jeskeâvee 4. A roof member directly supporting the roof
covering or rafter and roof battens is called as :
keâe neLe ®keâlee vener~ heÌ[lee nw~ Skeâ Úle DeJeÙeJe pees meerOes Úle DeeJejCe Ùee jwheâšj Deewj
meeceLÙe&–Ùen Ûeeue HeäuesefceMe 3. Fme Ûeeue keâer meeceLÙe& keâce Úle yewšve keâes meneje oslee nw, keânles nw–
Ûeeue mes DeefOekeâ cepeyetle nesleer nw~ nesleer nw~ (a) Truss/š^me (b) Beam/Oejve
oerJeej ceesšeF&–Fme Ûeeue ceW 4. Fkeânjer HeäuesefceMe Ûeeue Skeâ (c) Strut/mš^š (d) Purlin/heeefueËve
oerJeej efkeâmeer Yeer ceesšeF& ceW yeveeÙeer FËš ceesšer oerJeej Ùee Fmemes RRB SSE Shift-III : 01.09.2015
pee mekeâleer nw~ keâce kesâ efueS veneR Ans : (d) heeefueËve š^me ceW Úle DeJeÙeJe kesâ DeeJejCe Deewj Úle
DeheveeÙeer pee mekeâleer nw~ yewšve keâes meerOes meneje oslee nw~
1. A ladder is resting on a smooth ground and 5. According to IS 1200, floor finishes shall be
leaning against a rough vertical wall, the force measured in
of friction acts : IS 1200 kesâ Devegmeej, melen mechete|le keâes efvecve ceW ceehee
meceleue Yetefce hej Gye[-KeeyeÌ[ TOJee&Oej oerJeej mes Skeâ peelee nw–
meerÌ{er efškeâeF& ieF& nw, Ie<e&Ce keâe yeue nesiee- (a) runing meter/ceeršj (b)cubic meter/Ieveceeršj
(a) Towards the wall at its upper end/Thejer Úesj hej (c) square meter/Jeie& ceeršj (d) Thickness/ceesšeF&
oerJeej keâer Deesj RRB SSE Shift-III : 02.09.2015
(b) Downwards at its upper end/Thejer Úesj hej veerÛes Ans : (c) melen mechete|le keâer ceesšeF& efveefMÛele nesleer nw~ Dele: Fmes
keâer Deesj Jeie& ceeršj ceW ceeheles nQ–
(c) Upward at its upper end/Thejer Úesj hej Thej keâer 6. King closers are related to
Deesj vej [sueer efkeâmemes mecyeæ nw?
(d) Away from the wall at its upper end /Thejer Úesj (a) doors and windows/ojJeepes SJeb efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW mes
hej oerJeej mes yeenj (b) Kings post truse/ceOÙeLetveer keQâÛeer
RRB JE RANCHI : 04.01. 2015 (c) Queen post truse/heeMJe& Letveer keQâÛeer
Ans : (c) peye keâesF& meerÌ{er efkeâmeer efÛekeâveer melen hej Kegjogjer (d) Brick Masonry/FËš efÛeveeF&
TOJee&Oej oerJeej kesâ menejs efškeâeÙeer peeleer nw lees Ie<e&Ce yeue Thejer RRB SSE (Bilaspur) Yellow Paper : 21.12.2014
efmejs hej Thej keâer Deesj ueielee nw~ Ans : (d) FËš keâes uecyeeF& ceW DeeOes leLee ÛeewÌ[eF& ceW DeeOes keâešves
2. An earth retention and excavation support hej vej [sueer Ùee vej [sueer Øeehle neslee nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie FËš
technique that retains soil, using steel sheet efÛeveeF& ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
sections with interlocking edges is : 7. In paints, linseed oil is used as
GlKeveve efceóer keâes yeveeÙes jKeves kesâ efueS, mšerue Meerš heWš ceW Deuemeer kesâ lesue keâe GheÙeesie efkeâme ™he ceW GheÙeesie
DevegYeeie keâe GheÙeesie Fbšjuee@efkebâie efkeâveejs kesâ meeLe efkeâÙee peelee nw?
keâjvee keânueelee nw– (a) a solidifier/"esme keâejkeâ
(a) Retaining wall/ØeefleOeejCe oerJeej (b) a driver/Ûeeuekeâ
(b) Anchored wall/Sbkeâefjle oerJeej (c) a vehicle/Jeenkeâ
(c) Sheet piling/Meerš heeFefuebie (d) a water proofing base/peuejesOeer DeeOeej
(d) Interlocked end-bearing piling RRB JE (Guwahati) Yellow Paper : 14.12.2014
Fbšjueekeâ efmeje DeeOeeefjle DecyeejCe Ans : (c) hesš ceW Deuemeer kesâ lesue keâe ØeÙeesie Jeenkeâ kesâ ™he ceW
RRB SSE Shift-II : 01.09.2015 neslee nw~ keâÛÛes lesue ceW kegâÚ Mees<ekeâ, pewmes– efueLeepe& Ùee efmevotj
Ans : (c) Meerš heeFefuebie mšerue kesâ Keb[eW ceW yevee neslee nw efpemekeâes efceueekeâj Ùen lesue lewÙeej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùen lesue Yeerlejer meleneW kesâ
Skeâ-otmejs kesâ meeLe uee@keâ efkeâÙee peelee nw Ùen ce=oe keâes Leeceves kesâ efueS keâeÙe& ceW veneR ueeÙes peeles nQ~ Ùen yeenjer meleneW kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie
efueS Skeâ ØeefleOeejkeâ oerJeej keâer lejn ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
253
 YeJeve heefjmeppee
(Building Finishes)
1. HeâMe& (Floor) hueemšj keâeÙe& mes henues DeeOeej melen kesâ ieºeW keâes Yejkeâ meceleue
keâjves keâes keânles nQ– [efyyebie
Skeâ uekeâÌ[er kesâ HeâMe& ceW, HeâMe& kesâ peesÌ[ keâes oerJeej kesâ peesÌ[ mes
oerJeej kesâ efveÛeues Yeeie hej HeâMe& mes kegâÚ TBÛeeF& lekeâ efkeâÙee ieÙee
efkeâmekesâ Éeje peesÌ[e peelee nw– oeBles oej peesÌ[
DeefOekeâ meeceLÙe& Jeeuee hueemšj keânueelee nw– [w[es
YeJeve kesâ efueS HeâMe& muewye keâer vÙetvelece ceesšeF& efkeâleveer nesleer nw–
hueemšj melen hej yengle cenerve ojejW heÌ[ peevee keânueelee nw–
9mesceer
›esâefpebie (Crazing)
4 mes 6efceceer0 ceeye&ue efÛehme mes efveefce&le HeâMe& keânueelee nw–
peye hueemšj heheÌ[er kesâ ™he ceW Útš keâj efiejves ueielee nw, lees Fmes
šsjepees HeâMe&
keânles nQ– Heäuesefkebâie
ceespeskeâ HeâMe& keâes Ûecekeâeves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ
Dee@keäpewefuekeâ Sefme[ heWš ceW meHesâoe efkeâmekesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw– DeeOeej

HeâMe& kesâ efkeâme Øekeâej ceW 1:5:10 efceßeCe Jeeues Ûetves Ùee meerceWš heWš ceW DeeOeej kesâ ™he ceW keäÙee, keäÙee ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ–
Zinc Oxide, Iron Oxide, White Lead
DeeOeej hej jKee peelee nw– šsjepees HeâMe& jÛevee
veceer otj keâjvee leLee oerJeej keâer megvojlee yeÌ{evee efkeâmekeâe GösMÙe
Skeâ HeâMe& šeFue keâe Deeceleewj hej ceehe neslee nw–
nw– šerhe keâjves keâe
200×200×20efceceer
Deuemeer kesâ lesue leLee JneFefšbie Ûee@keâ keâe efceßeCe neslee nw, efpemekeâe
HeâMe& šeFueW nesleer nQ– DeeÙeleekeâej, Jeiee&keâej
GheÙeesie keâeBÛe kesâ hewveue efHeâkeäme keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw–
efJeMeeue heejiecÙelee Jeeues YeJeve kesâ efueS Kegues ngS mLeeveeW keâe
hegóer
#es$eHeâue DeefOekeâ neslee nw– oerJeej kesâ #es$eHeâue keâe 50³
leejheerve keâe lesue Skeâ hesvš Jeenkeâ nw Ùen keâLeve nw– DemelÙe
2. šerhe Deewj heWš (Pointing & Painting) Deefive ØeeflejesOeer heWš nesles nQ– Smyesmešdme heWš
Ûetves kesâ šerhe ceW Megæ Ûetvee leLee megKeea keâe Devegheele neslee nw– 1:1 Ssmyesmšme hesvš efkeâmemes yeveeÙee peelee nw– KeefvepeeW mes
meercesvš keâer šerhe ceW meercesvš leLee yeeuet keâe Devegheele jKee peelee OeelegDeeW kesâ Dee@keämeeF[ ceW hesš^esefueÙece efmØeš Je jsefpeveer heoeLe&
nw– 1:2 DeLeJee 1:3 efceueekeâj yeveeÙee peelee nw– Fvewceue heWš
šerhe keâjves keâe cegKÙe GösMÙe keäÙee nw–peesÌ[eW keâer meeceLÙe& yeÌ{evee ceewmece kesâ mebheke&â ceW vee Deeves Jeeueer oerJeej keâer Devo™veer melen keâes
efÛeveeF& keâer oerJeejeW keâer Demece Je TyeÌ[-KeeyeÌ[ melen keâes {ebheves efkeâmemes keâesš efkeâÙee peelee nw– ef[mšschej
kesâ efueS megIešŸe heoeLeeX keâe– keâewve-mee oes<e heWš keâer ngF& veceer Ùee Ieesue kesâ JeemheerkeâjCe mes GlheVe
ceesše ueshe(Coat) efkeâÙee peelee nw~ neslee nw– HeâHeâesuee heuevee
254
 uekeâÌ[er heefj#ekeâ ef›eâÙeemeesš efkeâmemes Øeehle efkeâÙee peelee nw– Skeâ «eeceerCe Úle keâes keâJej keâjvee nes, lees Deehe efkeâmekeâer Devegceefle
uekeâÌ[er Ùee keâesÙeuee mes oWies– keâJej keâjves kesâ efueS muesš keâer Devegceefle oWies

{eBÛes keâes jbieves kesâ efueS SkeämešW[me& keâe Fmlesceeue keäÙeeW efkeâÙee efkeâmeer Fceejle keâe Meer<e& Yeeie, efpemes ieceea, yeeefjMe, yeHe&â Deewj nJee
peelee nw– cee$ee ceW Je=efæ keâjves kesâ efueS mes yeÛeeJe kesâ efueS yeveeÙee peelee nw, Gmes keâne peelee nw–
Deef›eâÙe hetjkeâ keâer cee$ee DeeOeej kesâ Yeej keâe efkeâleves mes DeefOekeâ veneR Úle (Roof)

1 peye Úle keâer {eue 100 mes keâce jKeer peeleer nw leye Ùen keânueeleer
efueÙee peelee nw–
4
nw– meceleue Úle
Jen jbieueshe efpemekeâe hejeJele&keâ iegCe GÛÛe nw, keâewve-mee nw–
Meerle kesâ Gme Øeekeâj keâe veece yeleeFS efpemeceW FJejeFš efyeie meeFpe
keâebmÙe heWš
leLee FJeješ mšwC[[& oesveeW nesles nQ– kesâJeue S0meer0 meerš
mvees›eâerš Skeâ hesšWš ™he nw– peue men meercesvš heWš keâe
Skeâ DeJeÙeJe pees huesšeW keâer leue yeenj efJeHeâuelee keâes jeskeâves kesâ
efpebkeâ Dee@keämeeF[ efkeâme ™he ceW efceuelee nw–
efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– ÂÌ{keâejer
cenerve meHesâo heeG[j kesâ ™he ceW
efkebâie heesmš ceW neslee nw– cegKÙe jeHeäšj
mveesmece neslee nw– jbieerve meerceWš
Ûehešer leLee {euet ÚleeW keâer leguevee
jbieueshe Jen DeJeÙeJe pees yebOelJe iegCe Øeoeve keâjlee nw Deewj
DeheejoMeea hejle efveefce&le keâjlee nw, keânueelee nw– Jeenkeâ (CoÛehešer ÚleW (Flat Roof) {euet ÚleW (Slopy Roof)

3. Úles leLee Úle DeeJejCe Thejer melen–Fve ÚleeW keâer Fve ÚleeW keâes meeceevÙele: 250
(Roofs and Roof Covering) Thejer melen meceleue DeLeJee 100 mes 600 keâer {eue (#eweflepe) hej
DeuheJe<ee& SJeb GÛÛe leeheceeve Jeeues cewoeveer FueekeâeW ceW GheÙegkeäle keâesCe (DeefOekeâlece) hej yeveer nesleer mLeeefhele efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Úle keâe Øekeâej nw– meceleue Úle nw~
efkebâie heesmš š^me kesâ {uegDee mkebâOeeW ceW nesles nQ– ueeiele–Ùen {euet ÚeleeW mes Ùen Ûehešer ÚleeW mes memleer nesleer
efØebefmeheue jeHeäšj SJeb Gvekesâ ns[ cenBieer heÌ[leer nw~ nw~
meYeer Ûeej efoMeeDeeW cebs {uevee Jeeueer Úle keânueeleer nw– efnhe Úle heeš–yeÌ[s heešeW (Span) kesâ Ùen nukeâer nesleer nw DelewJe yeÌ[s
cegKÙe jeHeäšj ueieer nesleer nw– {euet efmLeefle ceW efueS Fme Úle keâe efvecee&Ce keâef"ve heešeW kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ jnleer
Skeâ Úle keQâÛeer ceW keäueerš keâe ØekeâeÙe& nw– heÌ[lee nw~ nw~

heefue&ve keâes Pegkeâves mes jeskeâvee GheÙeesefielee–Ùen heJe&leerÙe Je Ùen efnceheele, Je<ee&, heneÌ[er

heefue&ve keâes veerÛes keâer Deesj efHeâmeueves mes jeskeâves kesâ efueS, Fmekesâ Yegkeâche«emle #es$eeW kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ #es$eeW kesâ efueS keâeHeâer GheÙegòeâ
heerÚs Skeâ iegškeâe ueieeÙee peelee nw efpemes keânles nQ– keäueerš veneR nesleer nw~ jnleer nw~

Skeâ {euet Úle keâe Meer<e& jsKee keânueeleer nw– efjpe DeeÙeg–Fmekeâer DeeÙeg keâeHeâer nesleer Fvekeâer DeeÙeg keâce nesleer nw~

efjpe keâe Thejer Yeeie kewâmee neslee nw– ieesueekeâej nw~

255
 YeJeve Devegj#eCe
(Building Maintenance)
efkeâme keâejCe mes YeJeve ceW ojej GlheVe neslee nw– iegveeFš meercesCš Deewj jsle keâe efceßeCe neslee nw efpemekeâe Devegheele–
leeheceeve ceW heefjJele&ve leLee efJemehe&Ce 1:3 efueÙee peelee nw~
DeefOekeâlej heoeLe& mebjvOeÇ nesles nQ Ùen keâLeve nw– melÙe Syeekeämeer jsefpeve keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– hueeefmškeâ heWš ceW
heoeLeeX keâer mebjÛevee DebleejeCeefJekeâ otjer Hewâueleer leLee efmekegâÌ[leer nw Shee@keämeer oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ DeewÅeesefiekeâ jemeeÙeefvekeâ ÙeewefiekeâeW keâer
Ùen keâLeve nw– melÙe ef›eâÙee mes yevee– Leceexhueeefmškeâ neslee nw~
cenerve ojejeW keâer ceesšeF& efkeâleveer nesleer nw– 1efceceer mes keâce
keâewve-mee keâejCe YeJeve efve<eove keâe nw–Kejeye mebnveve leLee
peye keâYeer YeJeve meomÙe ceW Øeefleyeue Gmekeâer meeceLÙe& mes DeefOekeâ nes
keâcepeesj ce=oe OeejCe
peeles nQ lees ojej–
efjyesefjbie lekeâveerkeâer keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw– R.C.C ceW
oes YeeieeW ceW efJeYeeefpele nes peeleer nw~
Øeefle 25–30Jeie& ceer0 Úle melen kesâ efueS efkeâlevee JÙeeme keâe Skeâ
oes<ehetCe& ef[peeFve mes leLee oes<ehetCe& efvecee&Ce leLee megjef#ele Yeej mes
[eGve heeFhe ueieevee ÛeeefnS– 15mesceer
DeefOekeâ Yeej ueieeves hej GlheVe ojej–
mebjÛeveelcekeâ ojej keânueelee nw~ FËšeWst kesâ HeâMeeX keâer DeeÙeg ueer peeleer nw– 40Je<e&

DemebjÛeveelcekeâ ojejW efkeâmekesâ keâejCe GlheVe nesleer nw– ojJeepes leLee efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW keâer DeeÙeg ueer peeleer nw– 30 mes 40Je<e&
Deevleefjkeâ Øeefleyeue kesâ keâejCe šsjespees HeâMe& keâer DeeÙeg ueer peeleer nw– 50Je<e&
Jes ojejW efpevekeâer Ûeew[Ì eF& 1efceceer mes keâce nesleer nw– cenerve ojejW Jeeef<e&keâ cejccele Je<e& ceW efkeâleveer yeej keâer peeleer nw– Skeâ yeej
ceOÙece ojej keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& efkeâleveer nesleer nw– 1 mes 2efceceer
YeJeveeW ceW heWš keâeÙe& cejccele Je<e& DeeBkeâe peelee nw– leerve Je<e&
Jes ojejs efpevekeâer Ûeew[Ì eF& 2efceceer mes DeefOekeâ nesleer nQ–
ÚleeW ceW GlheVe ieºeW ceW meercesvš kebâ›eâerš efkeâme Devegheele ceW Yejves
ÛeewÌ[er ojej keânueeleer nw
ÛeeefnS– 1:2:4
YeJeve ceW iegveeFefšbie kesâ efueS efkeâlevee meerceWš : jsle keâe GheÙeesie
ef[mšschej ceW keäÙee efceueeves mes Fmekeâer hekeâÌ[ DeÛÚer nes peeleer nw–
efkeâÙee peelee nw– 1:3
HesâJeerkeâesue
meercesvš cemeeues DeLeJee cenerve kebâ›eâerš keâes ceMeerve Éeje GÛÛe oeye
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