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MUCLecture 2023 10221185

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19 views7 pages

MUCLecture 2023 10221185

Uploaded by

hussein9388hs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation

Consider a thin element of thickness x in a large plane wall. Assume the density of the wall
is ρ, the specific heat is C, and the area of the wall normal to the direction of heat transfer is
A. An energy balance on this thin element during a small time interval Δt can be expressed
as:

or:

But the change in the energy content of the element and the
rate of heat generation within the element can be expressed as:

Volume of element (m3): V =


Mass of element (kg): m = 𝝆.V =

Substitute to get,

Dividing by AΔx gives,

And from Fourier law of heat conduction:

1
, The equation becomes:

  T  T
or k  + g = C [Variable thermal conductivity]
x  x  t
The thermal conductivity in most practical applications can be assumed to remain constant
at some average value, so that:
 2T g 1 T
+ = [Constant thermal conductivity] ( x, y, z) ( r, ϕ, z) ( r, ϕ, θ )
x 2 k  t
where the property  = k/  .C is the thermal diffusivity (m2/s) of the material and represents
how fast heat propagates through a material.
This equation represents one dimensional heat conduction equation. It reduces to the
following forms under specified conditions:
In the same way the one-dimensional heat conduction equation in cylindrical and spherical
coordinate systems can be found. The rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate
systems for the case of constant thermal conductivities are expressed as:

2
For steady state with heat generation
case the above equation be,

 2T g
+ =0
x 2 k
1   T  g
r + =0
r r  r  k
1   2 T  g
2 r 
r + =0
r  r  k

and for steady state without heat generation case the above equation be:

 2T
=0
x 2

1   T 
r  = 0
r r  r 
1   2 T 
r =0
r 2 r  r 

Solving these equations with the boundary conditions give the temperature distribution and
heat transfer for any problems.

3
General Heat Conduction Equation (3dimensional) with Rectangular Coordinates

Consider a small rectangular element of length Δx, width Δy, and height Δz. Assume the
density of the body is ρ and the specific heat is C. An energy balance on this element during
a small time interval Δt can be expressed as:

Noting that the volume of the element is Velement=ΔxΔyΔz, the


change in the energy content of the element and the rate of
heat generation within the element can be expressed as:

Substituting, we get:

Dividing by ΔxΔyΔz gives:

Noting that the heat transfer areas of the element for heat conduction in the x, y, and z
directions are, Ax = yz , Ay = xz , Az = xy respectively, and taking the limit as
Δx, Δy, Δz and Δ t → 0 yields:

The equation becomes:

4
  T    T      T
k  +  k  +  k  + g = C
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

Divide both sides by k , and,  = k/  .C is the thermal diffusivity of the material, and in the
case of constant thermal conductivity the equation reduces to:

 2T  2T  2T g 1 T
+ + + =
x 2 y 2 z 2 k  t

This is the general transient three dimensions heat conduction with heat generation.

In the case of transient three dimensions heat conduction without heat generation:

 2T  2T  2T 1 T
+ + = (Called the diffusion equation)
x 2 y 2 z 2  t

For Steady, three dimensions heat conduction with heat generation.

 2T  2T  2T g
+ + + = 0 (Called the Poisson equation)
x 2
y 2
z 2
k

And for Steady state, three dimensions heat conduction without heat generation:

 2T  2T  2T
+ + = 0 (Called the Laplace equation)
x 2 y 2 z 2

5
Example-1:

Consider a flat plate solar collector placed at the roof of a house. The temperatures at the
inner and outer surfaces of glass cover are measured to be 28°C and 25°C, respectively.
The glass cover has a surface area of 2.2. m2 and a thickness of 0.6 cm and a thermal
conductivity of 0.7 W/m·oC. Heat is lost from the outer surface of the cover by convection
and radiation with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2·°C and an ambient
temperature of 15°C. Determine the fraction of heat lost from the glass cover by radiation.
Solution:

6
Example-2:
A 1.4 m long, 0.2cm diameter electrical wire extends across a room that is maintained at 20
°C. Heat is generated in the wire as a result of resistance heating, and the surface temperature
of the wire is measured to be 240 °C in steady operation. Also, the voltage drop and electric
current through the wire are measured to be 110 V and 3 A, respectively. Disregarding any
heat transfer by radiation, determine the convection heat transfer coefficient for heat
transfer between the outer surface of the wire and the air in the room.
Solution:

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