DATA

PRESENTATION
Tabular and Graphical Presentation of Data

Our Lady of Fatima University

College of Medical Laboratory Science

Biostatistics and Epidemiology

 LEARNING EXPECTED OUTCOMES
▪ Explain and discuss data presentation in terms of purpose
and importance
▪ Enumerate correctly the essential components of a table
▪ Discuss the meaning of graphs correctly
▪ Correctly enumerate the advantages and disadvantages
of graphical presentation of data
▪ Identify and appreciate graphs to use for a given data
▪ Discuss the different graphs with regards to its
description and function
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 Review
Basic concepts

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 Pictures of Data
▪ Depict the nature or shape of the data
distribution

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 METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA
▪ Textual

▪ Tabular

▪ Graphical

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 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
1. Organize data 2. Summarize data
▪ Tables ▪ Central Tendency (or Groups’ “Middle
• Frequency Distributions Values”)
• Relative Frequency Distributions • Mean
• Median
▪ Graphs • Mode
▪• Bar Chart or Histogram ▪ Variation (or Summary of Differences
Within Groups)
▪• Stem and Leaf Plot
• Range
▪• Frequency Polygon
• Interquartile Range
• Variance
• Standard Deviation
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 Text Presentation
▪ Main method of conveying information as it is used to explain results
and trends, and provide contextual information.
▪ Data are fundamentally presented in paragraphs or sentences.
▪ For instance, information about the incidence rates of delirium
following anesthesia in 2016–2017 can be presented with the use of
a few numbers:
▫ “The incidence rate of delirium following anesthesia was 11% in
2016 and 15% in 2017; no significant difference of incidence
rates was found between the two years.”
 If this information were to be presented in a graph or a table,
it would occupy an unnecessarily large space on the page,
without enhancing the readers' understanding of the data
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 Table Presentation
▪ Convey information that has been converted into
words or numbers in rows and columns.

▪ Tables are the most appropriate for presenting

individual information, and can present both
quantitative and qualitative information.

▪ Useful for summarizing and comparing quantitative

information of different variables and information
with different units can be presented together
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 WHAT IS A FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
Suppose we ask a sample of 30 teenagers each to tell us how old they are. The list of their
ages is shown in Table 5.1

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 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

It is now easy to see how often each age occurs

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 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
▪ A table listing all classes and
their frequencies

▪ For nominal and ordinal data, a

frequency distribution consists
of a set of classes or categories
along with the numerical counts
that correspond to each one.

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 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
▪ To display discrete or
continuous data in the form
of a frequency distribution,
break down the range of
values of the observations
into a series of distinct, non-
overlapping intervals.

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 Frequency Distributions using class
intervals
▪For instance, the following table shows some test scores from a
math class.

▪To construct a frequency distribution

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 Frequency Distributions using class
intervals
▪If we want to have 6 class intervals then
100−46
CW = =9
6

So the frequency distribution will be:

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 RELATIVE FREQUENCY
▪ The proportion of the total number of
observations that appears in that interval.

▪ It is computed by dividing the number of

values within an interval by the total number
of values in the table, multiplied by 100% to
obtain the percentage of values in the interval.

▪ Relative frequencies are useful for comparing

sets of data that contain unequal numbers of
observations

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 RELATIVE FREQUENCY

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 CUMULATIVE RELATIVE FREQUENCY
▪ Is the percentage of the total
number of observations that have a
value less than or equal to the
upper limit of the interval

▪ It is calculated by summing the

relative frequencies for the
specified interval and all previous
ones.

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 CUMULATIVE RELATIVE
FREQUENCY

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 Graph Presentation
▪ Graphs simplify complex information
by using images and emphasizing
data patterns or trends, and are
useful for summarizing, explaining,
or exploring quantitative data.

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 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

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 A. BAR CHARTS
▪ Popular type of graph used to display a frequency
distribution for nominal or ordinal data.

▪ In a bar chart, the various categories into which the

observations fall are presented along a horizontal axis.

▪ A vertical bar is drawn above each category such that the

height of the bar represents either the frequency or the
relative frequency of observations within that class.
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 B. HISTOGRAMS
▪ A histogram depicts a frequency
distribution for discrete or continuous
data.
▪ It is a bar graph in which the horizontal
scale represents classes and the
vertical scale represents frequencies.
▪ The horizontal axis displays the true
limits of the various intervals.
▪ The true limits of an interval are the
points that separate it from the
23 intervals on either side.
 HISTOGRAM

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 C. PARETO CHART

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 D. PIE CHART
▪ Useful for comparing
individual categories with
the total.

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 E. FREQUENCY POLYGONS
▪ It is constructed by placing a point at the center of each
interval such that the height of the point is equal to the
frequency or relative frequency associated with that
interval.
▪ Points are also placed on the horizontal axis at the
midpoints of the intervals immediately preceding and
immediately following the intervals that contain
observations.
▪ The points are then connected by straight lines.
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 FREQUENCY POLYGONS

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 FREQUENCY POLYGONS
Rating
(Midpoint) Frequency
0 - 2 (1) 20
3 – 5 (4) 14
6 – 8 (7) 15
9 – 11 (10) 2
12 - 14 (13) 1

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 F. SCATTER PLOTS
One-Way Scatter Plots
▪ Another type of graph that can be used to summarize a
set of discrete or continuous observations.
▪ Uses a single horizontal axis to display the relative
position of each data point in the group.

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 F. SCATTER PLOTS
Box Plots
▪ Box plots are similar to one-way
scatter plots in that they require
a single axis; instead of plotting
every observation, however,
they display only a summary of
the data

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 F. SCATTER PLOTS
Two-Way Scatter Plots
▪ Used to depict the
relationship between two
different continuous
measurements.
▪ Each point on the graph
represents a pair of values;
▪ The scale for one quantity is
marked on the horizontal axis,
or x-axis, and the scale for
the other on the vertical axis,
34 or y-axis.
 G. Line Graphs
▪ Similar to a two-way scatter plot in that it can be used
to illustrate the relationship between continuous
quantities.
▪ Each point on the graph represents a pair of values.
▪ Adjacent points are connected by straight lines
▪ Useful for representing time-series data
▪ Useful for studying patterns and trends across data
▪ Also appropriate for representing not only time-series
data, but also data measured over the progression of a
continuous variable such as distance.
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 LINE GRAPHS

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 LINE GRAPHS

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 OTHER PICTURES OF DATA
Dot Plot

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 OTHER PICTURES OF DATA
Stem-and Leaf Plot

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 THANKS!
Any questions?

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