Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181

Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

Specifications and Analysis of Digitized

Diagnostics of Automobiles: A Case Study of on
Board Diagnostic (OBD II)
Medashe Michael Oluwaseyi *, Abolarin Matthew Sunday
Mechanical Engineering Department
Federal University of Technology,
Minna, Nigeria

Abstract— On-board diagnostics, (OBD) is an automotive This management system performs diagnostic testing, record
term that refers to a vehicle’s self-diagnostic and reporting the result of the tests, and request the test fail actions [2].
ability. OBD systems enable owner of vehicles or automobile
repair technician to gain access to the condition of the various On-board diagnostics, (OBD) is an automotive term that
vehicle sub-systems. Modern motor vehicles are highly refers to a vehicle’s self-diagnostic and reporting ability. OBD
sophisticated machines that incorporate development in systems enable owner of vehicles or automobile repair
electrical, electronics and mechanical engineering. The technician to gain access to the condition of the various vehicle
traditional “trial-and-error” mode of diagnosis could no longer sub-systems. The available diagnostic information through
be efficient to meet up with the need for maintenance and repairs OBD has considerably been improved, as its introduction dates
on such vehicles. Therefore, this probes a challenge to meet up back to the early 1980s. The early versions of OBD simply
with the technological trend, and hence it becomes imperative to illuminates a malfunction indicator light if there was any
adopt new mode of diagnosis with high efficiency on the new prevailing fault detected, but has no capability of further
generation motor vehicles. To facilitate and enhance the early providing any information about the nature of the fault. The
detection of faults and malfunctions related to emissions control modern OBD systems have become more sophisticated and
components, different diagnostic tools like Launch X-431 and now adopt a standardized digital communications port to
Autel Maxidiag (Elite Series) were used and from the research provide real time data in addition to a standardized series of
carried out and the various results obtained from the various
diagnostic trouble codes, (DTCs), which allow one to quickly
diagnostics of some selected automobiles from German Make,
identify and repair malfunctions within the vehicle, as it
American Make, and Japanese Make vehicles, the diagnostics
results provided an appreciated feedback through the triggering provides almost complete control and also monitors parts of
of Malfunction Indicator Light (MIL) and thereby with the use of chassis, body and accessory devices as well as the diagnostic
diagnostic scan tools, the failures and faults within the engine control network of the vehicle.
compartment were detected. It was evident that On Board All vehicles (light and medium duty) built since January 1,
Diagnostic has the capacity to facilitate and enhance the early 1996, in the United States, or in Asia and Europe designed to
detection of vehicle malfunction and faults related to emissions U.S specifications has On Board Diagnostics Version II (OBD
control components and as a result reducing high emissions
II) specification, although some early OBD 2 vehicles were not
caused by emission related malfunctions.
100% compliant. The OBD-II standard specifies the type of
Keywords— Diagnostic Trouble Code; Malfunction Indicator diagnostic connector and its pinout, the electrical signaling
Light; On-board Diagnostics protocols available, and the messaging format. It also provides
a candidate list of vehicle parameters to monitor along with
how to encode the data for each. OBD-II provides access to
I. INTRODUCTION numerous data from the engine control unit (ECU) and offers a
Every automobile is equipped with an electrical valuable source of information when troubleshooting problems
instrumentation panel that is used as a driver information inside a vehicle.
centre, formerly known as a dashboard. It contains various OBD II was developed by the State of California Air
gauges and indicators that provide valuable information to the Resources Board (CARB) and the United States Environmental
driver [1]. Gauges provide scaled indication of the system Protection Agency (EPA) and is standardized in the US by the
condition such as distance, engine speed, vehicle speed, and Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE) and worldwide (as E-
fuel level. Whereas, the indicator lights supply information of OBD) by the International Organization for Standardization
something is being turned on or warn the driver about system (ISO). The SAE (J1979) standard defines a method for
malfunctioning problems. However, this instrumentation panel requesting various diagnostic data and a list of standard
has limitation in providing more information on specific areas parameters that might be available from the ECU. The various
such as malfunctioning problems, trip information, scheduled parameters that are available are addressed by “parameter
maintenance reminder and data logging system. The identification numbers” or PIDs which are defined in (J1979).
information displayed on the dash board is retrieved from the OBD-II PIDs are codes used to request data from a vehicle,
electronic control unit (ECU) of the vehicle. The ECU that can used as a diagnostic tool. All cars sold in the United States are
provide this information normally has on-board diagnostic required to use the ISO 15765-4 signaling a variant of the
(OBD) software (known as a diagnostic management system). Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. OBD-II data can be

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 91
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

collected through one of five communication protocols that are Autel scan tools are powerful and professional auto tools for
listed thus; SAE J1850 (PWM), SAE J1850 (VPW), ISO 9141- diagnosis. Autel Scan tools have many different series
2, ISO 14230-4 (KWP 2000), ISO 15765-4 (CAN). The format including maxidiag, maxidas, autolink and more. Autel new
of the request command has to follow the SAE J1979 standard MaxiDiag Elite Series, is the most advanced and
(common diagnostic test mode). The OBD-II standards were multifunctional scan tools powered by its exclusive
primarily developed to regulate vehicles emission level technology and designed for technicians to troubleshoot either
standards. Many supporting systems were developed to the basic four systems or all the systems for most of the major
improve the quality and performance of the instrumentation vehicles on the road today.
panel available in a car [3]. OBD is not a new field of study,
Method/Procedure in Carrying out Diagnosis
but poor documentation, complicated interface requirements
The data processed in this report were all gather at Sarki Pawa
and an industry stranglehold has prevented major
advancesalthough the various table text styles are provided. Automobile Workshop along Kpakungu- Gidankwano
The formatter will need to create these components, expressway Minna, Niger state, Nigeria during the period of
incorporating the applicable criteria that follow. this research for different make and model of automobiles.
The information obtained includes the following; model year
(MY), make, model, Engine Number, and the Diagnostic
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Trouble Codes (DTC) for all the automobiles covered in this
The materials that were used in the course of carrying out this report.
research were the different diagnostic tools that were Although there are generalised procedures of carrying out
employed in carrying out diagnosis of fault on automobile at diagnostics, but individual diagnostic tool has their specific
Sarki Pawa Automobile Workshop, along Kpakungu – procedures of carrying out their diagnostics.
Gidankwano Expressway, Albishirin, Minna Niger state,
Nigeria. The different diagnostic tools were Launch
X431(Normal) and Autel MaxiDiag (Elite Series).
The Launch X431 auto scan tool is a new generation of
product developed by Launch Tech. Available X431 products
developed by Launch Tech. among others are Launch X431
(Normal), Launch X431 (Infinite) and Launch X431 (Super
scanner). It is a perfect union between automotive electronic
technology and information networking. X431 adopts open
diagnostic technology, which is the most advanced in the
world as well as the future of automotive diagnosis. It carries
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) functions apart from reading Figure 2a: Autel Scan Tool (MaxiDiag Elite Series)
trouble code, data stream and actuation test, sensor waveform
and digital code control. Important characteristics of Launch
X431 include the following among others; to interface with
computer with X431-PCLINK so as to store test data in
vehicle service record; To simulate and test sensors with the
help of sensor box; To test the parameters of the battery and
conduct analysis on battery conditions through battery box;
To print out test data any time with built-in printer; Easy
operation through input on large touch sensitive screen; As
generic diagnostic equipment, it can interface with diagnostic
adaptors of all vehicles models in the world; Strong test
capacity to cover all electronic systems; Unique reading of
data stream to ensure fast data updating; Strong waveform
Figure 2b: Complete package of Autel Scan Tool (MaxiDiag Elite Series) –
display to monitor any change in the data stream; Embedded
Scan tool, DLC, DVD, Carry Case, USB Cable, and user manual.
operation system and open-platform diagnosis to make .
effective diagnosis possible; Integrated adaptors featuring
compact design and reliability; Multi-language choices and Diagnostic with Launch X-431
easy update through the Internet. To carry out diagnostic with X-431, the following are the step
by step procedure to be undertaken;
There are a few things to keep in mind when using the X-431.
i. Always use the OEM connector that comes with the
X-431, even if the vehicle has an OBDII socket.
ii. If the unit is cold, the monitor may not function
properly. Allow it to warm up before using.
iii. The X-431 is powered by the vehicle’s battery. If the
battery voltage is less than 10, the unit will
Figure 1: Complete package of a Launch X431 (Normal) with adapters for notify you by beeping.
connectors of several vehicle manufacturers.

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 92
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

By now the Scan tool is ready to be connected to the car. The

following are the steps to be followed;
1. Take the appropriate connector and attach it to the free end
of the main cable. Then take that end and attach it to the car.
2. Press the On/Off button to turn the X-431 on.
3. Allow it to run until you see “LAUNCH” displayed across
the screen.
Then press the Hot Key (button above the power key). The
following screen will appear:

Figure 6: Selecting the software version

The latest version will be listed on top. Select it and then press
OK.
7. The Smart box will now be initialized (that is, the software
stored on the
CF Card will be uploaded to the Smart box), as shown below.

Figure 3: Startup screen of X-431

4. Touch START. A screen resembling the following will be

displayed for the vehicle make to be selected.

Figure 7: Initialization of the smart box

When initialization is finished, press OK.

8. Launch X-431 is now ready for diagnosis. A screen similar
to the following is displayed. (It is worthy to note, for some
vehicles lines, you may be required to select the vehicle model
on which you are working before this screen is displayed.)

Figure 4: Selecting the Vehicle make

5. Select the car line to which you are connected (Volkswagen

was selected). From this point on, the X-431 mirrors the OEM
factory tool.

Figure 8: Selecting Menu

At this point, the X-431 scan tool will become highly intuitive
and is really very user friendly. Then from the systems
displayed, it can be chosen to find out which systems have
codes.
Figure 5: OEM factory tool Diagnostics with Autel (MaxiDiag Elite Series)
Location of the Data Link Connector (DLC)
6. Choose the software version that you would like to use to The DLC (Data Link Connector or Diagnostic Link
scan the vehicle. Connector) is the standardized 16-cavity connector where
diagnostic scan tools interface with the vehicle’s on-board
PCM. The DLC is usually located from the center of the
instrument panel (dashboard), under or around the driver’s
side for most vehicles. If Data Link Connector is not located

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 93
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

under dashboard, a label will be there telling the location. If The way to enter diagnostic procedure depends on vehicle
the DLC cannot be found, refer to the vehicle’s service manual being tested.
for the location. Vehicle information manual acquisition

Figure 9: Location of Data Link Connector

Figure 12: Different Vehicle Make
Cable connection to vehicle
During vehicle testing, power for the scan tool is usually
provided through the vehicle cable connection. When the scan
tool is not connected to a vehicle, the scan tool can be
powered with an AC/DC external power adapter.
While the scan tool is powered via the vehicle Data Link
Connector (DLC), the following steps can be followed to turn
on the scan tool:
1. Connect the Cable to scan tool. Figure 13: Selecting the vehicle
2. Find DLC on vehicle.
Note: For some vehicles, it may be required to remove a The following steps are to be followed to enter the vehicle
plastic DLC cover before plugging the OBD2 cable. information and begin diagnostics. (Taking Ford as an
example)
1. Turn on the scan tool and wait for the Main Screen to
appear.
2. Select Scan icon in the Main Screen (Figure 3.20) and wait
for the vehicle manufacturer screen. Choose the correct
vehicle make.
3. Step by step, select the right options for your vehicle
according to each screen that appears.
4. Do this until the complete vehicle information is entered.
Then the scan tool will ask your confirmation.
VIN code automatic acquisition
Some vehicles could identify the VIN code intelligently,
Figure 10: Connection of scan tool to the vehicle
saving the technician time to input complex information.
(Taking Renault as an example)
3. Plug the cable to the vehicle’s DLC.
4. Power up the scan tool, and wait for the Main Screen to
appear. (Figure 3.19)

Figure 14: VIN code automatic acquisitions

In this mode, the scan tool will communicate with the vehicle
and read off the VIN code automatically, and then it will ask
for your confirmation if the VIN code is correct. If the VIN
Figure 11: Main Screen of Autel Scan when power up code is incorrect, it will turn to manual mode to input VIN
code.
Entering vehicle information
VIN code manual acquisition
Before using the scan tool to diagnose, it is required to input
For some vehicles, both selecting the options manually and
the vehicle information. There are generally three ways to
acquiring the VIN are available for you to enter the vehicle
input the vehicle information.
information. (Taking Benz as an example)
i. Vehicle information manual acquisition.
ii. VIN code automatic acquisition.
iii. VIN code manual acquisition.

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 94
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

check the latest status of the system. If the system did not
repair, the trouble codes will keep on displaying.

Display DTC: - This option allows you to read DTC

definitions in the highlighted system. If more than one fault is
detected in a system, the scan tool will display an option list to
view different kind of DTCs or freeze frames.
Figure 15: VIN Manual code acquisitions In Auto Scan screen, pressing OK button will turn to
diagnostic operation.
In the Benz Cars menu, choose the item “2”. Select by
entering VIN” and you can enter the VIN code directly.
Diagnostic Operation
This function allows you to read and clear diagnostic trouble
codes (DTCs) from a vehicle.

Read Codes
The Read Codes procedure varies for each vehicle being
tested. This section includes the following Read Codes
procedures.
In the Function Menu screen, select Read Codes. This will
Figure 16: Entering VIN display the Read Codes menu screen.
In the Read Codes menu, select one of the options to proceed.
When you choose to enter VIN directly, a pop-up soft Select one of the DTC options to view detailed diagnostic
keyboard is used to input VIN code. (Figure 3.24) trouble code information.
To pop up the keyboard, press the Function button You can save the code results for later review by selecting
corresponding to Show. Use UP/DOWN scroll button and Save option on the bottom. When you finished viewing the
LEFT/RIGHT scroll button to select digit and character, and DTCs, press the ESC button to return to previous screen.
then press OK button to confirm. Use Backspace button to
delete the previous digit or character. When finished, press the Erase Codes
Function button corresponding to Finish to proceed. The scan After reading and / or reviewing the diagnostic trouble codes,
tool will identify the VIN code and turn to diagnostic use the following steps to erase the codes from the vehicle. If
procedure. Erase Codes is not an available menu option, consult the
manufacturer’s service manual for the correct “clear code”
Diagnostic Test method. This Erase Codes function clears the DTCs from the
After the correct vehicle information has been entered, the selected ECU or provides instructions for how to manually
diagnostic testing selection will display: clear the codes from the ECU. Before performing this
Auto Scan procedure, it is important to ensure the vehicle’s ignition key
Depending on the scan tool model, Auto Scan function will is in the On (Run) position with the engine off. (KOEO)
carry out an overall scan to check the status of all systems or
four systems (engine, transmission, airbag and ABS) on the To Erase DTCs, the following steps are undertaken:
vehicle being tested. Selecting Auto Scan will lead to retrieve 1. With the Function Menu screen displayed, click on Erase
the trouble codes in each system of the vehicle one by one. It Codes. The scan tool displays an instruction message.
will take a few minutes to display. 2. Follow the instructions on each screen that appears until the
Use the UP/DOWN scroll button to select Auto Scan from procedure is complete.
Select an Option menu, and press the OK button. 3. When finished, press any key to exit.
The User is allowed to check the details of each system, 4. Use Read Codes function to check the codes again to see if
quickly erase DTC, save the data, and display DTC from the DTCs have been erased successfully. If any codes remain,
Auto Scan menu screen. To select the options on the bottom, repeat the Erase Codes steps.
simply press the corresponding function button.
III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Save: - You can save the Auto Scan information as The vehicle information (Make, Model Year, and Engine) and
“Vehicle Record” so that you will not need to follow the Diagnostics Trouble Codes (DTCs) used for the analysis
vehicle selection process again on the same vehicle in later carried out in this report were as collected from actual
tests. diagnosis of Customer’s Vehicles at Sarki Pawa Automobile
Quick Erase: - By selecting this option, the scan tool will Workshop. The data collected covers some selected Japanese,
erase all displaying DTCs and once again read the data and German and American vehicles from 2001 Model Year to
2011 Model Year.

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 95
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

Table 1: Vehicle Make, Model Year, Engine and DTCs for some selected German Vehicles
Vehicle Make Model Model Year Engine DTCs
Volvo S60 T5 2001 L5-2.3L Turbo VIN53B5234T3 P1171
Mercedez Benz E320 Sedan (210.065) 2002 V6-3.2L (112.941) P0011
Volvo S80 T6 Executive 2003 L6-2.9L Turbo VIN91B6294T P0300
Mercedez Benz E320 4MATIC Wagon (211.282) 2003 V6-3.2L (112.954) P0156
Mercedez Benz E320 Sedan (211.065) 2003 V6-3.2L (112.949) P0171
BMW 325i Sedan (E46) 2005 L6-2.5L (M56) P1182
Volkswagen Passat Sedan 2008 L4-2.0L Turbo P0056
Mercedez Benz Truck GL450 (164.871) 2008 V8-4.6L(273.923) P0306
Mercedez Benz C300 4MATIC (204.081) 2008 V6-3.0L (272.948) P0154
Volkswagen Passat Sedan 2010 L4-2.0L Turbo (CCTA) P0410
Volkswagen Passat Sedan 2011 L4-2.0L Turbo P0431

Table 2: Vehicle Make, Model Year, Engine and DTCs for some selected American Vehicles
Vehicle Make Model Model Year Engine DTCs
Jeep Truck Cherokee 4WD LHD 2001 L6-4.0L VIN S P0075
Ford Truck Ranger 2WD 2001 V6-4.0L VIN E P0102
Ford Truck Explorer 4WD 2002 V6-4.0L VIN E P0118
Ford Truck Explorer 4WD 2003 V8-4.6L VIN W P1651
Ford Truck Explorer 4WD 2004 V8-4.6L SOHC VIN W P0080
Ford Five Hundred AWD 2006 V6-3.0LVIN 1 P1451
Ford Fusion 2006 V6-3.0L VIN 1 P1650
Jeep Truck Liberty 4WD 2008 V6-3.7L P0506
GMC Truck Envoy 4WD 2009 L6-4.2L P0171
Chevrolet Corvette 2010 V8-7.0L P1860
Ford Truck F 250 2WD Super Duty 2011 V10-6.8L P0102

Table 3: Vehicle Make, Model Year, Engine and DTCs for some selected Japanese Vehicles
Vehicle Make Model Model Year Engine DTCs
Toyota Truck Highlander4WD 2002 V6-3.0L (1MZ-FE) P0500
Toyota Camry LE Sedan 2002 L4-2.4L (2AZ-FE) P1135
Nissan Datsun Sentra XE 2002 L4-1.8L (QG18DE) P0011
Honda Civic LX Sedan 2002 L4-1668cc1.7L SOHC MFI P0420
Mazda Truck MPV 2003 V6-3.0L DOHC P0421
Toyota Corolla CE Sedan 2003 L4-1.8L (1ZZ-FE) P0304
Toyota Truck Highlander 4WD 2004 V6-3.3L (3MZ-FE) P0306
Honda Civic 2007 L4-1.8L P0420
Honda Civic Si 2007 L4-2.0L P0135
Toyota Truck Highlander4WD 2008 V6-3.5L (2GR-FE) P0500
Honda Civic 2009 L4-1.3L Hybrid P0420

Discussion of Results Possible Cause

The experimental results (DTCs) obtained from the various Upper limit:
diagnostic carried out on some selected vehicle Make, MY are ➢ Leakage of intake air
thus, analyzed as follows; ➢ leakage of exhaust system air
➢ low fuel pressure
Analysis of DTCs from Selected German Vehicles ➢ heated oxygen sensor (H S) is defective
P1171: Long Term Fuel Trim Lower limit:
The control module receives information from the heated ➢ leakage of intake air
oxygen sensor (H S) about the fuel-air mixture during the ➢ high fuel pressure
idle cycle at both the lower and upper part-load range. When ➢ leakages of injectors
the short-term fuel trim makes an adjustment, the integrator ➢ defective mass air flow (MAF) sensor
median must be adjusted by the long-term trim. Diagnostic ➢ contaminated engine oil
trouble code (DTC) ECM-261A will be stored when the long- ➢ oil level too high
term trim must be adjusted to almost maximum in the lower ➢ defective heated oxygen sensor (H S)
part load area.

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 96
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

P0011: "A" Camshaft Position - Timing Over-Advanced or Possible Solution

System Performance (Bank 1) If there are no symptoms, the simplest thing to do is to reset or
A code P0011 refers to the VVT (variable valve timing) or erase the code and see if it comes back.
VCT (variable camshaft timing) components and the car's If there are symptoms such as the engine is stumbling or
PCM (powertrain control module, also called an ECM). That hesitating, check all wiring and connectors that lead to the
consists of a few different components but the P0011 DTC cylinders (i.e. spark plugs). Depending on how long the
specifically refers to the camshaft (cam) timing. In this case, if ignition components have been in the car, it may be a good
the cam timing is above a set limit (over-advanced), the Check idea to replace them as part of regular maintenance schedule. I
Engine Light will be illuminated and the code will be set. The would suggest spark plugs, spark plug wires, distributor cap,
"A" camshaft is either the intake, left, or front camshaft. and rotor (if applicable). Otherwise, check the coils (a.k.a. coil
Potential Symptoms packs). In some cases, the catalytic converter has gone bad. If
Most likely a P0011 DTC will result in one of the following: there is smell of rotten eggs in the exhaust, the cat converter
hard starting, poor idle, and/or stalling. There are potentially needs to be replaced.
other symptoms as well. Of course, when trouble codes are
set, the MIL (malfunction indicator lamp, a.k.a. the check P0156: Oxygen ( ) Sensor Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2
engine light) illuminates. Sensor 2)
The (oxygen) sensors measure the amount of oxygen
Causes
content in the exhaust. The PCM (powertrain control module)
A P0011 DTC trouble code may be caused by one or more of
then uses this information to regulate fuel injector pulse. The
the following:
➢ Incorrect camshaft timing sensors are very important for the proper operation of the
➢ Wiring problems (harness/wiring) in intake timing engine. Inaccurate or faulty sensors can cause the PCM to
control valve control solenoid system add or take away fuel based on the faulty sensor voltage
➢ Continuous oil flow to VCT piston chamber which can cause a host of problems. Also for the sensor
➢ Failed timing valve control solenoid (stuck open) heater element there is a battery voltage supply wire and
Possible Solutions another ground circuit for that. The sensor heater allows
This DTC code is a result of a mechanical fault of the VCT the sensor to warm up faster, thus achieving closed loop in
unit or related components, so there is no need for electrical less time than it would normally take for the exhaust to warm
diagnosis. the sensor up to operating temperature. The sensor varies
P0300 – Random/Multiple Cylinder Misfire Detected the supplied reference voltage based on oxygen content in the
Basically this means that the car's computer has detected that exhaust.
not all of the engine's cylinders are firing properly. A P0300
diagnostic code indicates a random or multiple misfire. If the Symptoms
last digit is a number other than zero, it corresponds to the Although do not directly control fuel, often times
cylinder number that is misfiring. A P0301 code, for example, sensor problems present few symptoms since they are inputs
would tell you cylinder number one is misfiring. to the PCM to monitor catalytic converter quality. Sometimes
Unfortunately, the limitation of a P0300 is that it does not tell no symptoms are noticeable. However the following may be
one specifically which cylinder(s) is/are misfiring, nor why. possible on some vehicles:
➢ MIL (Malfunction Indicator Lamp) illumination
Symptoms ➢ Increase in tailpipe emissions
Symptoms may include: Causes
➢ the engine may be harder to start Potential causes of a P0156 code include the following:
➢ the engine may stumble, and/or hesitate
➢ Bad sensor Signal shorted to voltage
➢ other symptoms may also be present like illumination
➢ Wiring problems due to contact with exhaust
of MIL
components
Possible Causes ➢ Holes in exhaust near sensor
A P0300 code may mean that one or more of the following has
happened: Possible Solutions
➢ Faulty spark plugs or wires A scan tool can be used to check the signal voltage for the
➢ Faulty coil (pack) Bank 2, 2 oxygen sensor with the engine at normal operating
➢ Faulty oxygen sensor(s) temperature. Is it stuck low currently? If so, increase RPM for
➢ Faulty fuel injector(s) a few seconds and see if it affects the reading. If it begins
➢ Burned exhaust valve working with increased RPM, check for holes in the exhaust
➢ Faulty catalytic converter(s) near the sensor that may cause a false lean. If the exhaust
➢ Stuck/blocked/leaking EGR valve or passages pipe is intact, this then imply that sensor is sluggish and hence
➢ Faulty camshaft position sensor should be replaceed. If the Bank 2, 2 sensor voltage
reading remains low with increased RPM, unplug it and then
observe the reading. If it did, check for water intrusion or

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 97
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

other connector problems. If none is found, replace the shorted to power the heated circuit. Three wire sensors are usually
sensor. checks out, suspect the PCM. grounded through the exhaust system, and four wire sensors
have a separate ground wire. The P0056 code refers to the
P0171- Fuel Trim System Too Lean sensor after the catalytic converter on Bank 2, which is on the
The adaptive fuel strategy in the vehicle’s computer constantly side of the engine that does NOT contain the number 1
monitors the fuel delivery system to make sure the engine is cylinder. The heater circuit may be supplied power or ground
running at an optimum air to fuel ratio, which is 14.7:1 (15:1 by the PCM/ECM or another source that can be controlled by
approximately). The computer adjusts the injector pulse width the PCM/ECM. It is important to note that this code is similar
to regulate amount of fuel going into the engine. The oxygen to P0030 and basically identical to P0036.
sensors relay information to the powertrain Control Module,
informing it of the content in the exhaust. This information is Symptoms
translated by the computer, and used to determine whether Symptoms of a P0056 DTC includes; MIL (Malfunction
more or less fuel is needed. The computer will then adjust Indicator Light) illumination. You will probably not notice
fuel flow, to keep the correct air fuel mixture. The loop any other symptoms associated with the failure of the heated
continues as long as the engine is running. A P0171 trouble circuit since it only runs momentarily when the vehicle is first
code tells you the fuel mixture is running lean (not enough started. This sensor is also after the catalytic converter, so it
fuel and/or too much air). This code triggered the Check will not affect the air-fuel ratio input to the PCM/ECM; it is
Engine Light when the computer has reached a rich calibration primarily used to verify the catalytic converters efficiency.
and cannot add enough fuel to maintain the correct mixture. Causes
Potential causes of a P0056 trouble code may include: Open
Possible Causes and Remedy circuit inside oxygen sensor or open power or ground wires to
A lean fuel condition can be caused by: oxygen sensor Exhaust system ground strap may have become
➢ Low fuel pressure due to a weak pump or leaky fuel corroded or broken PCM/ECM or oxygen sensor heater circuit
pressure regulator. A fuel pressure gauge can be used wiring has failed
to check fuel pressure at idle cycle. If fuel pressure is Possible Solutions
less than specifications, your fuel filter may be Visually inspect the oxygen sensor wiring for damaged or
plugged, your fuel pump may be failing or have a bad loose wiring to the sensor. Unplug the oxygen sensor and
wiring connection, or the fuel pressure regulator may using a digital volt ohm meter (DVOM) set to the ohms scale,
be leaking. test the resistance of the heater circuit using a wiring diagram
➢ Dirty fuel injectors. Cleaning the injectors with a fuel for reference. The heater circuit inside the sensor should have
system additive, or having the injectors some resistance present, excessive resistance or an over limit
professionally cleaned may solve the problem. reading would indicate an open in the heated portion of the
➢ Vacuum leaks at the intake manifold, vacuum hose circuit and the oxygen sensor will need to be replaced. Back-
connections or throttle body. probe the ground wire at the connector and check for
➢ Leaky EGR valve. Check the operation of EGR valve resistance between a good known ground and the connector to
and system, and for a buildup of carbon under the the oxygen sensor. Back-probe the power supply wire at the
valve. connector with the DVOM set to DC volts with the positive
➢ Leaky PCV Valve or hose. (Check valve and hose lead on the power supply wire and the negative lead at a good
connections) known ground to check for power to supply at the oxygen
➢ Dirty or defective Mass Airflow Sensor (MAF). Try sensor. If no power is present at the connector during initial
cleaning the MAF sensor wires or filament with car startup (cold start), there may be a problem with the power
aerosol electronics cleaner. Do NOT use anything supply circuit to the oxygen sensor or the PCM itself.
else to clean the sensor, and do not touch the sensor
wires. P0306: Cylinder Number 6 Misfire Detected
A P0306 code means that the car's computer has detected that
P1182: Sensor (Bank 1 Sensor 2) Open Circuit during
one of the engine's cylinders is not firing properly. In this case
Coast down Fuel Cut-off
it's cylinder Number 6.
Symptoms
P0056: H S Heated Oxygen Sensor Control Circuit (Bank Symptoms may include:
2 Sensor 2) ➢ the engine may be harder to start
Fuel injected vehicles use heated oxygen sensors in the ➢ the engine may stumble, and/or hesitate
exhaust system before and after the catalytic converters to ➢ other symptoms may also be present
determine oxygen content. This feedback is used to adjust the
fuel system accordingly to maintain a proper air-fuel ratio of Causes
14.7:1 (approximately 15:1). The oxygen sensors used a A code P0306 may mean that one or more of the following has
heated circuit to warm up the sensor for faster feedback happened:
operation. The oxygen sensor may use three or four wires ➢ Faulty spark plug or wire
depending on the vehicle, two are usually used for the sensor ➢ Faulty coil (pack)
feedback to the Powertrain Control Module (PCM) or Engine ➢ Faulty oxygen sensor(s)
Control Module (ECM) and the other wires are for the heater ➢ Faulty fuel injector

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 98
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

➢ Burned exhaust valve ➢ Wiring harness chafing/rubbing on exhaust

➢ Faulty catalytic converter(s) components
➢ Running out of fuel ➢ Water/oil intrusion at sensor connector
➢ Poor compression
➢ Broken lock or loose terminals on sensor
➢ Defective computer
connector
➢ Oil/coolant fouled oxygen sensor
Possible Solutions
If there are no symptoms, the simplest thing to do is to reset or
Possible Solutions
erase the code and see if it comes back. If there are symptoms
First start the engine and bring it up to operating temperature
such as the engine is stumbling or hesitating, check all wiring
and ensure the engine reaches closed loop. Then, using the
and connectors that lead to the cylinders (i.e. spark plugs).
live data function on a scan tool, observe the Bank 2, 1 oxygen
Depending on how long the ignition components have been in
sensor voltage reading. Is it switching properly? If so, the
the car, it may be a good idea to replace them as part of your
problem may be an intermittently bad sensor or more likely a
regular maintenance schedule. I would suggest spark plugs,
spark plug wires, distributor cap, and rotor (if applicable). wiring problem. Visually check the sensor wiring and
Otherwise, check the coils (coil packs). In some cases, the repair as needed. Does the voltage for the Bank 2, 1 oxygen
catalytic converter has gone bad. If there is a smell of rotten sensor appear to be "stuck" and not moving? If so, increase
eggs in the exhaust, it imply the cat converter needs to be idle speed for 30 seconds or so. If the sensor begins switching
replaced. This could in some cases be problems of faulty fuel after a period of elevated idle, visually check the exhaust for
injectors. holes or rust near the sensor that could be affecting the
voltage reading if the exhaust checks out, suspect the sensor to
P0154: Oxygen ( ) Sensor No Activity Detected (Bank 2, be sluggish and replace it. If the Bank 2, 1 oxygen sensor
Sensor 1) appears to be not switching, turn the engine off, and unplug
The oxygen sensors are critical to the engine running properly. the Bank 2, 1 oxygen sensor. With KOEO (Key on engine off)
It basically informs the PCM (Powertrain Control Module) of jumper the sensor signal wire to the ground wire. Now the
oxygen content of the exhaust. The PCM then uses this voltage reading should be low (about 0.1v). If it is, then check
information to regulate fuel into the engine and maintain for a bad connection at the sensor connector. Repair as
proper air: fuel ratio. It is a four wire sensor, with the PCM necessary. If no bad connection is found, replace the
providing a reference/signal voltage of about half a volt (0.5v) sensor and re-check. If when you jumper the signal wire to the
to the sensor. The other two wires are dedicated to the oxygen ground wire the voltage reading isn't low (about 0.1v), remove
sensor heater element. This heater allows the sensor to warm
up faster, which allows the engine to enter closed loop faster, the jumper wire. Now check for voltage at the sensor
reducing startup emissions. The heater element is supplied a signal wire. It should have, with KOEO and sensor
12v feed from the power distribution center (usually) and a unplugged, roughly 0.5 volts. If it does, check also for a good
ground. The oxygen content of the exhaust affects the ground to the sensor as well. Repair as necessary Check for
sensor resistance. This resistance produces a counter voltage loose connections, water intrusion at PCM connector, etc. If
on the reference/signal wire that the PCM will use to analyze you have no 0.5 volt reference voltage, unplug the PCM
oxygen in the exhaust. Lean exhaust produces low voltage, connector and ohm the signal circuit and ground circuits.
while rich exhaust produces high voltage. If for some reason There should be no resistance or any voltage. Repair excessive
resistance. If you still have no 0.5 volt reference voltage,
the sensor doesn't switch properly or "sticks", P0154 may recheck at the PCM connector. It may be necessary to clip the
set. This code indicates the sensor is not operating. signal wire to eliminate the possibility of a short or open
somewhere. If you now have reference voltage present coming
Symptoms out of the PCM, fix open/short in signal circuit. If you have no
Symptoms of a P0154 code may include: reference voltage coming out of the PCM, the PCM will have
➢ MIL (Malfunction Indicator Lamp) illumination to be diagnosed for a fault. It may be the problem.
➢ Other codes indicating rich or lean condition may be
present P0410: Secondary Air Injection (AIR) Malfunction
➢ Poor idle, won't idle The most common trouble codes or P Codes associated with
➢ Misfire at idle or at highway speed broken or cracked vacuum hoses are: P0410 Secondary air
➢ Engine may blow black smoke at tailpipe injection (AIR) system malfunction, P0411 Secondary air
➢ Fuel economy may decrease injection (AIR) system incorrect flow detected or P1423
➢ May start and stall Secondary air injection (AIR) system throughput too small.
This straightforward fix will require VW P/N: 1JM 133 001
Causes vacuum hose. Vacuum hose material changed with
Potential causes of a P0154 code include: introduction of engine codes AVH and AZG. The engine
➢ Faulty bank 2,1 Oxygen sensor number code letters and serial number can be found on the
➢ Holes in exhaust near oxygen sensor front of the engine near the engine / transmission joint. The
➢ Short to voltage or ground on signal circuit engine/serial number may also be located on a label on the
➢ Open or high resistance in signal circuit cylinder head cover and vehicle data plate.

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 99
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

P0431: "Warm up catalyst efficiency below threshold (bank Possible Solutions

2)" The simplest thing to do is to reset or erase the code and see if
Basically this means that the oxygen sensor downstream of the it comes back. Then start with the cheapest, easiest repair
catalytic converter on bank 2 is detecting that the converter is procedures: Verify that the Mass Air Flow Sensor wiring is
not working as efficiently as it should be (according to connected properly and that there are no broken / frayed wires.
specifications). It is part of the vehicle emissions system. Inspect for any air leaks near the MAF sensor. Take the MAF
Symptoms out and clean it using a spray cleaner such as brake cleaner or
You will likely not notice any drivability problems, although electrical contact cleaner. Be gentle with the sensor. Replace
there may be symptoms such as a rough/hard idle when cold. the MAF sensor.

Causes P0118 - Engine Coolant Temperature Circuit High Input

A code P0431 may mean that one or more of the following has The engine coolant temperature (ECT) sensor is a thermostat
happened: screwed into a coolant passage in the cylinder head. Sensor
➢ The catalytic converter is no longer functioning resistance is high when coolant temperature is low and
properly resistance drops when coolant temperature increases. The
➢ An oxygen sensor is not reading (functioning) powertrain control module (PCM) provides a 5 volt reference
properly and a ground to the sensor. The PCM monitors voltage drop to
➢ There is an exhaust leak determine coolant temperature. If the ECT reads less than
freezing temperature, when engine has been running for more
Possible Solutions than a few minutes, the PCM determines a circuit fault and
Inspect for exhaust leaks. Next step is to measure the voltage sets this code. Or if the PCM determines the sensor resistance
at the oxygen sensor on Bank 2. In fact, it would be a good is out of specifications, this code is set.
idea to test each oxygen sensor while you're at it.
Analysis of DTCs from Selected American Vehicles Potential Symptoms
Symptoms of a P0118 could include:
P0075: Intake Valve Control Solenoid Circuit Bank 1 ➢ Very poor fuel economy
Intake Valve Control Solenoid Circuit Bank 1 is the generic ➢ A no start condition
definition for the P0075; however different vehicle's ➢ Vehicle may start, but run very poorly, blowing black
manufacturer may have a different definition and information smoke, running very rough and misfiring
for the P0075 code. ➢ Illumination of MIL
Possible symptoms Causes
- Engine Light ON (or Service Engine Soon Warning Light) A code P0118 may mean that one or more of the following has
Possible Causes happened:
➢ Faulty Intake Valve Control Solenoid Bank 1 ➢ A bad connection at the sensor
➢ Intake Valve Control Solenoid Circuit Bank 1 ➢ An open in the ground circuit between the ECT
harness is open or shorted sensor and the PCM
➢ Intake Valve Control Solenoid Circuit Bank 1 circuit ➢ A short in the voltage feed between the sensor and
poor electrical connection the PCM
➢ A bad PCM (less likely)
P0102: Mass Air Flow (MAF) Circuit Low Input ➢ A bad temperature sensor (shorted internally)
Basically this means that there is a problem with the Mass Air
Flow (MAF) sensor or circuit. A more technical description Possible Solutions
would be that the MAF circuit had lower than expected First, with the help of a scan tool, check the reading of the
voltage (air flow). Other MAF sensor circuit DTC trouble coolant sensor. Does it read a logical number? If so, the
codes are P0100, P0101, P0103, and P0104. problem is likely intermittent. Perform a "wiggle" test by
wiggling the connector and harness to the sensor while
Symptoms watching the reading on the scan tool. Watch for any drop-
You will likely not notice any serious drivability problems, outs. Drop-outs would indicate a bad connection. If the scan
although there may be symptoms such as a general decrease in tool reads an illogical temperature, check the resistance of the
power or sluggishness. temperature sensor. If it is out of specifications, replace it. If it
Causes is in specifications, unplug the sensor and, using a fused
A code P0102 may mean that one or more of the following has jumper wire, jumper the two terminals of the connector
happened: together. The temperature reading should now be maxed out to
➢ The MAF may be disconnected, or a wiring above 250 degrees F ( C). If not, there is likely a problem
connection may be bad with the ground circuit or voltage supply. Check for 5 volts
➢ The MAF may be dirty or otherwise contaminated reference voltage at the connector. Also check for ground
(Note: if you use a reusable oiled air filter, be careful presence at the connector. If you do not have 5V reference
not to apply too much oil or that can contaminate the and/or ground continuity, check for these back at the PCM
MAF). connector. If you have these at the PCM connector, then repair
➢ The MAF sensor may be faulty open or short between the PCM and the sensor. If you do not,

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 100

(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

remove the offending wire from the PCM and then check for solenoid itself. Use the factory specifications or a known good
proper voltage at the PCM pin. If it's present now, repair short control solenoid if available to determine if there is resistance
on the circuit. If it is not present after removing the wire and in the solenoid. If there is an over limit or very low resistance
checking the pin, replace PCM. reading on the DVOM, the solenoid is likely faulty. Short to
P1651: Ford - Power Steering Pressure Switch Input power - Unplug the harness to the PCM/ECM and locate the
Malfunction wires to the control solenoid. With the DVOM set to the volts
Possible causes scale, connect the negative lead to ground and the positive
➢ Vehicle towed with engine running lead to the wire(s) to the control solenoid. Check for voltage,
➢ Faulty Power Steering Pressure (PSP) if there voltage present there may be a short to power in the
➢ Power Steering Pressure (PSP) harness is open or wiring harness. Locate the short to power by unplugging
shorted harness connectors and testing the wiring back to the solenoid.
➢ Power Steering Pressure (PSP) circuit poor electrical PCM / ECM - If all wiring and the control solenoid checks out
connection okay, it will be necessary to monitor the solenoid during
➢ PCM damaged engine operation by back probing the wires at the PCM/ECM.
Using an advanced scan tool that will read the engine
Possible symptoms functions, monitor the duty cycle commanded to the control
- Engine Light ON (or Service Engine Soon Warning Light) solenoid. It will be necessary to monitor the solenoid during
P0080: Exhaust Valve Control Solenoid Circuit High B1 engine operation under various engine RPM's and load. If the
This code is a generic OBD-II powertrain code, which means signal detected from the PCM is constantly on, there may be a
it applies to all makes and models of vehicles (1996 MY-till fault with the PCM itself.
date), although specific repair steps may vary depending on
the model. On vehicles equipped with variable valve timing P1451: Ford EVAP Control System Canister Vent Solenoid
(VVT), the Engine Control Module/Powertrain Control Circuit Malfunction
Module (ECM/PCM) controls the camshaft position by This particular DTC article refers to a P1451 trouble code on
regulating the engine oil through the control solenoid to Ford vehicles. This does not apply to other makes of vehicles.
change the position of the camshaft. The control solenoid is The EVAP system monitors the canister vent (CV) solenoid
commanded using a Pulse Width Modulated signal (PWM) circuit for an electrical failure. The test fails when the signal
from the ECM/PCM. The ECM/PCM monitors this signal and moves outside the minimum or maximum allowable calibrated
if the voltage is above specification, it will set this trouble parameters for a specified canister vent duty cycle by PCM
code and illuminate the Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL). command.
Bank 1 refers to the side of the engine with cylinder number 1. Symptoms
The exhaust valve control solenoid is usually located on the You will likely not notice any drivability problems.
Exhaust manifold side of the cylinder head. This code is
similar to codes P0078 and P0079. This code may also be Causes
accompanied by P0027. A code P1451 may mean that one or more of the following has
happened:
Symptoms ➢ VPWR circuit open
Symptoms of a P0080 may include: Check engine light ➢ Damaged canister vent solenoid
illuminated (Malfunction indicator lamp) Vehicle may suffer ➢ Canister vent solenoid circuit open or shorted to
from poor acceleration and decreased fuel economy. ground, power, etc.
Potential Causes ➢ Damaged Powertrain Control Module (PCM)
Potential causes may include:
➢ Wire harness poor connections or disconnected Possible Solutions
➢ Control solenoid open circuit Short to power Faulty ➢ Verify canister vent solenoid - To verify normal
ECM functioning, monitor the EVAP canister vent solenoid
signal PID EVAPCV and the signal voltage (PCM
Possible Solutions control side). With the valve open, EVAPCV
Wire harness - Check for unplugged harness connections, look indicates 0% duty cycle and a voltage approximately
for corrosion or loose wires to connectors. Unplug harness equal to battery voltage. When the valve is
connectors from Solenoid and PCM, using a wiring diagram commanded fully closed, EVAPCV indicates 100%
locate the + and - wires to the solenoid. The solenoid can be duty cycle, and a minimum voltage drop of 4 volts is
ground side or power side controlled, depending on the normal. Output test mode may be used to switch
application. Check with factory wiring diagrams to determine output on/off to verify function.
the power flow in the circuit. Using a digital volt ohm meter ➢ Replace canister vent solenoid
(DVOM) set to the ohms setting, check for resistance between
each end of the wire. An over limit reading on the DVOM P1650 Ford - Power Steering Pressure Switch Out of Self-
may be an open in the wiring, loose connection or terminal. Test Range
Control solenoid - With the electrical harness to the solenoid In the key on engine off (KOEO) self-test, this DTC indicates
unplugged, using the DVOM set to ohms, check for resistance the PSP input to the powertrain control module (PCM) is high.
between each of the electrical terminals on the control

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 101

(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

In the key on engine running (KOER) self-test, this DTC leaking exhaust into the intake manifold, an EGR valve that is
indicates the PSP input did not change state. allowing too much flow (because the EGR differential
pressure sensor that monitors EGR flow is faulty and is under-
Possible causes reporting EGR flow).
➢ The steering wheel must be turned during key on
engine off self-test Possible Causes
➢ PSP switch/shorting bar damaged If the problem is not enough fuel, the underlying cause may
➢ PSP circuit open or shorted be;
➢ a weak fuel pump,
P0506 - Idle Air Control (IAC) System RPM Lower Than ➢ restricted fuel filter,
Expected ➢ leaky fuel pressure regulator or
This P0506 code is one that's sometimes triggered on vehicles ➢ dirty fuel injectors.
that have electronic throttle control. That is, they don't have a ➢ dirty MAF sensor
regular throttle cable from the accelerator pedal to the engine. ➢ vacuum leaks
They rely on sensors and electronics to control the throttle. In ➢ low fuel volume delivery
this case, the P0506 DTC (diagnostic trouble code) is
triggered when the PCM (powertrain control module) detects P1860: Chevrolet - TCC PWM Solenoid Circuit Electrical
an engine idle speed that is lower than the desired (pre- The Torque Converter Clutch Pulse Width Modulation (TCC
programmed) RPM. PWM) solenoid valve controls the fluid acting on the
converter clutch valve. The converter clutch valve controls the
Potential Symptoms TCC application and release. The solenoid attaches to the
Most likely the only thing that will be noticed is, the idle control valve body within the transmission. The solenoid
speed is lower than normal so it will likely be rougher. There receives ignition voltage through circuit 239. The Powertrain
are potentially other symptoms as well. Of course, when Control Module (PCM) controls the solenoid by providing a
trouble codes are set, the MIL (malfunction indicator lamp, or ground path on circuit 418. Current flows through the solenoid
the check engine light) will illuminates. coil according to the duty cycle (percentage of ON and OFF
time). The TCC PWM solenoid valve provides a smooth
Causes engagement of the torque converter clutch by operating during
A P0506 DTC trouble code may be caused by one or more of a duty cycle percent of ON time.
the following:
➢ A vacuum leak Possible causes
➢ An air restriction in the intake air path or exhaust ➢ Faulty Torque Converter Clutch Pulse Width
➢ A faulty positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve Modulation (TCC PWM) Solenoid
➢ Damaged/failed/dirty throttle body ➢ Torque Converter Clutch Pulse Width Modulation
➢ Internal engine problem (TCC PWM) Solenoid harness is open or shorted
➢ Failed PCM ➢ Torque Converter Clutch Pulse Width Modulation
(TCC PWM) Solenoid circuit poor electrical
Possible Solutions connection.
This DTC is more of an informational code, so if there are any When the PCM detects a continuous open, short to ground or
other codes set, they should diagnosed first. If there are no short to power in the TCC PWM solenoid valve circuit, then
other codes, inspect for vacuum leaks, restrictions and DTC P1860 sets. DTC P1860 is a type B DTC.
damage. If there are no symptoms other than the DTC itself,
just erase the code and see whether it returns. Possible symptoms
Engine Light ON (or Service Engine Soon Warning Light)
P0171: Lean Code for Cylinder Bank 1 Analysis of DTCs from Selected Japanese Vehicles
A General Motors/Ford P0171 is a LEAN code for cylinder P0500: Vehicle Speed Sensor Malfunction
bank 1, and P0174 is a LEAN code for cylinder bank 2. These Basically this means that the vehicle's speed as read by the
codes commonly occur on many GM/Ford vehicles, and are Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) is not working properly.
set when the powertrain control module (PCM) sees the air-
fuel mixture is running too lean (too much air, not enough Symptoms
fuel). When the Check Engine Light comes on, either one of Symptoms of a P0500 DTC may include:
these codes, or both, may be found when a code reader or scan ➢ loss of anti-lock brakes
tool is plugged into the vehicle diagnostic connector. A lean ➢ the "anti-lock" or "brake" warning lamps on the dash
fuel condition may exist if the engine is sucking in too much may be lit
air and/or the fuel system is not delivering enough fuel. If bad ➢ the speedometer or odometer may not work properly
enough, a lean fuel condition may cause lean misfire, a rough (or at all)
idle, hesitation or stumble when accelerating, and/or poor ➢ the vehicle's RPM limiter may be decreased the
engine performance. Unmetered air can enter the engine shifting of an automatic transmission may become
through a vacuum leak, a dirty airflow sensor that is not erratic other symptoms may also be present
reading airflow accurately, an EGR valve is not closing and is

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 102

(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

Causes The shorter pulse width retards valve angle. When ON and
A code P0500 may mean that one or more of the following has OFF pulse widths become equal, the solenoid valve stops oil
happened: pressure flow to fix the intake valve angle at the control
➢ The Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) is not reading position. When there is a gap between angle of target and
(functioning) properly phase-control angle degree, the valve will stop working and
➢ There is a broken/frayed wire leading to the vehicle the ECM will trigger the P0011 code.
speed sensor Possible symptoms
➢ The vehicle's PCM is not correctly configured for the ➢ Engine Light ON (or Service Engine Soon Warning
actual tire size on the vehicle Light)
➢ Possible engine lack/loss of power
Possible Solutions ➢ Possible engine rough idle
The simplest thing to do is to reset the code and see if it comes Possible causes
back. Next, check all wiring and connectors that lead to the ➢ Faulty Intake Valve Timing Control Solenoid Valve
speed sensor. The location of the sensor depends on your ➢ Intake Valve Timing Control Solenoid Valve harness
vehicle. The sensor could be on the rear axle, transmission, or is open or shorted
perhaps the wheel hub (brake) assembly. If the wiring and ➢ Intake Valve Timing Control Solenoid Valve circuit
connectors are OK, then check the voltage at the speed sensor. poor electrical connection
Again, the exact procedure will depend on your make and ➢ Faulty Camshaft Position Sensor
model of vehicle. If everything looks OK, the sensor should be ➢ Camshaft Position Sensor harness is open or shorted
replaced. ➢ Camshaft Position Sensor circuit poor electrical
connection
P1135: Heated Oxygen Sensor Heater Circuit Malfunction ➢ Faulty Crankshaft Position Sensor (POS)
The P1135 is set when the Engine Control Module (ECM)
detects a heated oxygen sensor heater circuit malfunction. Air- Possible Solutions
Fuel Ratio (A/F) sensor need to reach a minimum operating This DTC code is a result of a mechanical fault of the VCT
temperature of F ( C) to produce an accurate (variable camshaft timing) unit or related components, so there
voltage signal. The faster the air-fuel ratio sensor reaches that is no need for electrical diagnosis.
temperature the faster the sensor will start sending an accurate P0420: Catalyst System Efficiency below Threshold (Bank 1)
signal to the Engine Control Module (ECM). In order to This diagnostic trouble code (DTC) is a generic powertrain
achieve the require temperature, a heater element is included code. It is considered generic because it applies to all makes
inside the air-fuel ratio sensor. The ECM controls the air-fuel and models of vehicles (from 1996 MY-Till date), although
ratio sensor heater element based on signals from the engine specific repair steps may be slightly different depending on the
coolant temperature and engine load. The ECM controls the model. So this engine code article applies to Nissan, Toyota,
heater element circuit by allowing current flow to ground. The Ford, GM, etc. The catalytic converter is a part of the exhaust
ECM monitors the voltage signal received through the heater system that looks kind of like a muffler, although its job is
element circuit and determines the state of the circuit by very different from that of a muffler. A catalytic converter's
comparing the voltage detected with the factory specifications. job is to reduce emissions from the exhaust. The catalytic
converter has an oxygen sensor in front and behind it. When
Possible causes the vehicle is warm and running in closed loop mode, the
➢ Faulty Air-Fuel Ratio (A/F) Sensor Bank 1 Sensor 1 upstream oxygen sensor waveform reading should fluctuate.
➢ Air-Fuel Ratio (A/F) Sensor Bank 1 Sensor 1 harness The downstream sensor reading should be fairly steady.
is open or shorted Typically the P0420 code triggers the Check Engine Light if
➢ Air-Fuel Ratio (A/F) Sensor Bank 1 Sensor 1 circuit the readings of the two sensors are similar. This is indicative
poor electrical connection of (among other things) a converter that is not working as
➢ Faulty Engine Control Module (ECM) efficiently as it should be (according to specifications).
Catalytic converters are not normally a "wear" type item. That
P0011 Nissan - Intake Valve Timing Control Performance is they are not designed to wear out and need replacement. If
Bank 1 they have failed, it is likely due to something else that caused
This mechanism hydraulically controls cam phases it to fail.
continuously with the fixed operating angle of the intake
valve. The ECM receives signals such as crankshaft position, Symptoms
camshaft position, engine speed, and engine coolant The main symptom to the driver is the illumination of the
temperature. Then, the ECM sends ON/OFF pulse duty signals MIL (malfunction indicator lamp). You will likely not notice
to the intake valve timing control solenoid valve depending on any drivability problems, although there may be symptoms.
driving status. This makes it possible to control the shut/open For example, if the substance inside the catalytic converter is
timing of the intake valve to increase engine torque in low/mid broken or failed, it may be restricting the exhaust which will
speed range and output in high-speed range. The intake valve result in a feeling of reduced power output from the vehicle.
timing control solenoid valve changes the oil amount and
direction of flow through intake valve timing control unit or
stops oil flow. The longer pulse width advances valve angle.

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 103

(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

Causes P0304 Code - Cylinder Number 4 Misfire Detected

A code P0420 may mean that one or more of the following A P0304 code means that the vehicle's computer has detected
has happened: that one of the engine's cylinders is not firing properly. In this
➢ Leaded fuel was used where unleaded was called for case it is cylinder Number 4.
➢ A damaged or failed oxygen sensor (H S) Symptoms
Symptoms may include:
➢ Downstream oxygen sensor (H S) wiring damaged
➢ the engine may be harder to start
or connected improperly.
➢ the engine may stumble, and/or hesitate
➢ The engine coolant temperature sensor is not working
➢ other symptoms may also be present like
properly
illumination of the MIL
➢ Damaged or leaking exhaust manifold / catalytic
Causes
converter / muffler / exhaust pipe
A code P0304 may mean that one or more of the following has
➢ Retarded spark timing
happened:
➢ The oxygen sensors in front and behind the converter
➢ Faulty spark plug or wire
are reporting too similar of readings
➢ Faulty coil (pack)
➢ Leaking fuel injector or high fuel pressure
➢ Faulty oxygen sensor(s)
➢ Cylinder misfire
➢ Faulty fuel injector Burned exhaust valve
➢ Oil contamination
➢ Faulty catalytic converter(s)
➢ Running out of fuel Poor compression
Possible Solutions
Some suggested steps for troubleshooting a P0420 error code
Possible Solutions
include:
If there are no symptoms, the simplest thing to do is to reset
➢ Check for exhaust leaks at the manifold, pipes,
the code and see if it comes back. If there are symptoms such
catalytic converter. Repair as required.
as the engine is stumbling or hesitating, check all wiring and
➢ Inspect the downstream heated oxygen sensor
connectors that lead to the cylinders (i.e. spark plugs).
(H S), replace if necessary Depending on how long the ignition components have been in
➢ Replace the catalytic converter the car, it may be a good idea to replace them as part of the
The overall and probably the biggest mistake vehicles owners regular maintenance schedule. It is also suggested that spark
make when they have a P0420 code is to simply replace an plugs, spark plug wires, distributor cap, and rotor (if
oxygen sensor (H S). It is important to do proper diagnosis applicable) be replaced. Otherwise, check the coils (coil
so you are not wasting money replacing parts unnecessarily. packs). In some cases, the catalytic converter has gone bad. If
there is smell of rotten eggs in the exhaust, then the cat
P0421: Warm Up Catalyst Efficiency below Threshold (Bank converter needs to be replaced. In other cases the problems
1) may also be faulty fuel injectors.
Basically this means that the oxygen sensor downstream of the
catalytic converter on bank 1 is detecting that the converter is P0135: Oxygen Sensor Heater Circuit Malfunction
not working as efficiently as it should be (according to (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
specifications). It is part of the vehicle emissions system. This code refers to the front oxygen sensor on Bank 1. The
heated circuit in the oxygen sensor decreases time needed to
Symptoms
enter closed loop. As the heater reaches operating
You will likely not notice any drivability problems, although
temperature, the oxygen sensor responds by switching
there may be symptoms. The code may be more likely to
according to oxygen content of the exhaust surrounding it. The
occur after the engine has had numerous cold starts in the past
ECM tracks how long it takes for the oxygen sensor to begin
1-2 days.
switching. If the ECM determines (based on coolant temp)
that too much time elapsed before the oxygen sensor began
Causes
operating properly, it will set P0135.
A code P0421 may mean that one or more of the following has
Symptoms
happened:
It will likely be noticed that poor fuel economy prompt the
➢ The catalytic converter is no longer functioning
illumination of the MIL.
properly
➢ An oxygen sensor is not reading (functioning)
Causes
properly
A code P0135 may mean that one or more of the following has
➢ A spark plug is fouled up
happened:
Possible Solutions ➢ Heater element resistance is high
Measure the voltage at the oxygen sensor on Bank 1 (the rear ➢ Internal short or open in the heater element
sensor, or the sensor after the converter). In fact, it would be a ➢ heater circuit wiring high resistance
good idea to test each oxygen sensor while you're at it. ➢ open or short to ground in the wiring harness

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 104

(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 01, January-2020

Possible Solutions
➢ Repair short or open or high resistance in wiring
harness or harness connectors
Replace oxygen sensor (cannot repair open or short that occurs
internally to sensor)

CONCLUSION
From the research carried out and the various results obtained
from the various diagnostics of some selected automobiles
from German Make, American Make, and Japanese Make
vehicles, the diagnostics results provided an appreciated
feedback through the triggering of Malfunction Indicator Light
(MIL) and thereby with the use of diagnostic scan tools, the
failures and faults within the engine compartment were
detected. It was evident that On Board Diagnostic has the
capacity to facilitate and enhance the early detection of vehicle
malfunction and faults related to emissions control
components and as a result reducing high emissions caused by
emission related malfunctions. Intelligent analysis of the
resulted diagnostic trouble codes provided grounds for better
understanding of present diagnostic systems which thus poses
the weakness of the present On Board Diagnostics inability to
detect a prevailing failure and fault in a situation where the
malfunction indictor light (MIL) fail to trigger ON.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Firstly, I want to thank Almighty God for His Providence
and wisdom, knowledge and understanding. I wish to express
my heartfelt gratitude to my Project Supervisor Engr. Professor
M.S. Abolarin for providing me with guidance and support
throughout the evolution of this project, as well as the
Mechanical Engineering Department of FUT, Minna for
providing me with all the necessary resources and knowledge
to complete this research project. For the important role and
contribution of my Case Study Workshop for the materials and
various data collected for this research I appreciate the Director
of Sarki Pawa Automobile Workshop, Minna and also all the
technicians at the workshop especially Mallam Zakare

REFERENCES

[1] J. Erjavec, Automotive Technology, 4th ed. New York: Thomson

Delmar Learning, 2005.
[2] B. Hollembeak,. Classroom Manual for Automotive Fuels &
Emissions. New York: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2005.
[3] Society of Automotive Engineer. On-Board Diagnostics for Light and
Medium Duty Vehicles Standards Manual, ( 2003) ed. SAE
International: USA.

IJERTV9IS010045 www.ijert.org 105

(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)