KEY TERM DEFINITION page # SOCIOLOGIST THEORY / STATEMENT page # revision guide

Merton Objects like cars, houses and clothes function in two ways; manifest
function that refers to the purpose that they are used for, and latent
Sarita Customs eastablished and accepted cultural practices and behaviours 3 function that may function as a status symbol. 3
the way of life of a particular group of people, taught and learnt through Goffman When people adopt a particular identity, they ‘perform’ to others in
Culture socialization 3 order to ‘manage’ the impression the ‘others’ have of them. 7
Cooley Other people are used as a looking glass self in social encounters.
“They are like mirrors reflecting ourself as others see us; when we ‘look
The process through which people learn the various forms of behaviour that go into the mirror’ of how others behave towards us, we see a reflected
Socialization with the membership of a particular culture. 3 image of the person they think we are.” 7
The idea that our perception of what is real is created through a variety of Parsons (1959a) One of the main purposes of secondary socialisation is to ‘liberate the
historical and cultural processes, rather than something that is fixed and individual from a dependence on the primary attachments and
Social construction naturally occurring. 3 relationships formed within the family group’. 9
Saveer Berger & Luckmann While primary socialisation involves ‘emotionally charged identification’,
Roles Patterns of behaviour expected with each position we hold, ex- student
4 secondary socialisation is characterised by ‘formality and anonymity’. 9
Mead Referred to parents as significant others. They shape both our basic
values, such as how to address adults, and our moral values, such as
Beliefs of ideas that are important to people wo hold them. A value expresses a
Values our understanding of right and wrong.
belief about how something should be.
4 10
Crompton (2003) Occupation is a good general measure that can allow us to define
simply class groupings such as walking middle and upper class it also
Norms Socially acceptable ways of behaving in different roles.
suggests ways in which class identities develop out of different work-
4 related experiences. 27
A situation in which people are unable to predict the behaviour of others She argued that we are not born and a 'man' or a 'woman' we become
Anomie
because the system of norms and values is not being followed. 5 Connell (1987) 'men' and 'women; through the social construction of gender identities. 28
Argues that there are 3 types of adult control of children: Space, Time
Social Control Ways in which members of society are made to conform to norms and values.
10 Hood - Williams (1990) and Bodies
Argues that children changed with the growth of television, computers
Sanctions ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.
10 Neil Postman (1994) and videos
Identity construction in post modern societies is 'something that
Agencies of socialisation/ social The social institutions or groups, such as family and the media, which influence
involves assembling or piecing together a sense of identity from many
Control behaviour by providing guidance, examples and sanctions.
10 Rampton (2002) chnaging options'.
Argues that recent global economic changes have resulted in a
Family A social institution comprising a group of people linked with kinship ties.
10 Peele (2004) 'blurring of traditional class identies'
Aditi The political,sociological and economic school of thought based on the work of Argues that, although people still use class categories as a source of
Marxism 11
Karl Marx. Savage (2007) identity
Contemporary global societies are experiencing a crisi of masculine
identity caused by a acombination of long tem unemplyment, loss of
Marxism 11 traditional make employment in manufacturing industries, lower
People of similar status, and usually age, with whom a person has frequent educational achievement relative to girls, the rise of female-friendly
contact. Benyon (2002) service industries
A culture withi a larger culture. Subcultures take many forms, such as religious
groups, fans of a particularr singer or actor, school gangs and so on. Subcultes
Subcultures 11
usually develop with their own norms and values, althought these do not Suggests that assertive female identities are adopted to 'resist male
necessarily conflict with those of wider culture within which they exist. Froyum (2005) power without threatening to overthrow that power'
The general agreement across a society on a set of values; seen by Marxism is a structural conflict approach with emphsises the centrality
Consensus 12
functionalists as essential for society to be stable. Karl Marx of class conflict in nay analysis of society
The repeated experience of wealthy lifestyles and desirable consumer goods
Consumerism 13
that suggest the 'happiness' is something that can be bought.
Patriarchy A male-dominated unit or society 14
A form of sociology, such as funtionalism and Marxism, that focuses on
Structuralist analysing society in terms of its institutional relationships and their effect on 15
individual beliefs and behaviours.
The claim that human behaviour is shaped by forces beyong the immediate
15
Determinism control of individuals, such as social structures of society.
An approach focused on the behaviour of individuals that refers to 3 related
Interationist perspectives (phenomialogy,ethnomethodology,and symbolic interactionism) , 15
based on the concept of social action.
When people have some control over thier lives and can make choices and
Agency desicions rather than thier behaviour being determined by forces beyong their 15
control.
Deviance The behaviour that breaks the norms or values of a group. 17
 The division of society into socio-economic groups with diffrent levels of power
Social Class 17
and wealth.
The relationships between the people involved in production such as between
Relations of Production 18
the owners and the workers.
The ways in which capital can be trasformed throught technology and peoples
Forces of Production 18
labour into goods for sale.
Ideology A set of ideas and ideals which explains how society works or should work. 18
An economic system based on the private ownership of property and the pursue
Capitalism 18
of profit.
A feminist approach which seeks to bring about equal opportunities for men and
Liberal Feminism 19
women without chnaging the system.
A feminist approach that combines feminism with marxism to argue that women
Marxist Feminism 19
are expolited by both capitalism and patriarchy.
A feminist approach which focuses on patriarchy as the cause of womens
Radical Feminism 19
oppression.
Microsociology A type of sociology focused on the study of indivuals in small groups. 19
The criticism of the claim that human beings are simply the product of their
Oversocialised conception of Man socialisation and that behaviour can be understood as merely a response to 20
external influence.
Theory that structure and action are equally significant in terms of our ability to
Sahil Structuration understand the relationship between the individual and society- Giddens 21
Conformity Behaving in a socially acceptable manner 21
Ideology Set of beliefs whose ultimate purpose is to explain something 22
Using intimidation and threats to persuade someone to do something they do not
Force/Coercion want to do 23
Apparatus such as education system, family, media, and religion; that construct
Ideological state apparatus a version of reality to favour the ruling class 23
The ability to make someone do something you want them to do, against their
Power will 23
Charismatic Power People obeying someone in power because they believe it right to do so 24
People doing something based on customs and practice the way things have
Traditional Power always been done 24
The idea that people expect commands to be obeyed because their position in
Rational / Legal authority gives them the right to demand control 24
When people or places are watched over carefully; a way of controlling
Surveillance behaviour 24
Janhavi Consensus 24
Any group of individuals who share similar lifestyles, belief systems, or other
Subcultures commonalities. 25
David Miller David Miller was a sociologist who 25
Non-conformaty When a person acts in ways that go agianst the norms and values of society. 25
Under-socialization Insufficiently assimilated into society; antisocial. 25
The pushing of an indivisual or group to the edge of the group or society,
Marginalization denying them an active voice and identity 25
Cultural Depravation Not having the values and attiudes which are likely to bring success in society. 26
The ways in which people combat and constast the dominant power in a society.
Resistance Used for a wide variety of activities. 26
Any developments from original marxism,adapting it to meet changing
Neo-Marxism circumstances. 26
Paul Hodikson 26

Social Identities Collective or group identities applied to important roles. Cultures classify, group 27
and give meaning to broad identities such as 'male' or 'female' that define how
'men' and 'women' are generally expected to behave.
Nakshatra Age Cohort Group of people who move together from one age to the next. 31
Resistance
The ways in which people combat and contest the dominant power in a society.
Tanvi Used for a wide variety of activities. (negative deviance) 26
Kashvi Social Mobility Class system is more open, people can move up and down the class system 19
Act Up Children behave like adults 33
Act Down Children behave younger than their age to get concessions 33
Generation Gap Few shared interests and different opinions between 2 consecutive generations 33
Globalization Development of global economic and cultural influences 34
Fragmented Identities Identities that are neither global or local but a fragmentation of both 34
Decentred Identities (Result of changing identities) People are less certain about how to behave 34
Personal Narrative Individual Development 34
Cannnot demonstrate traditional male qualities because they are no longer
Marginalised Masculinity control the economic resoursec on which masculinity was based 36
Retributive Masculinity Aim to get back traditional masculinity from there 'emansculated peers' 36
Hegamonic/Traditional Masculinty Firmly patriarchal, agressive, oppositional, reclamational 28, 36
Female identities defined by how could accomodate the interests and needs of
Emphasized/Complicit Femininity men 28
Unable or unwilling to perform hegamonic masculinity, such as those with mental
Subordinate Masculinity or physical disabilities 28
Subversive Masculinty Challenges and undermines hegamonic masculinity 28
Newly feminised masculinity, New man, Taking on aspects of tradition feminine
Complicit Masculinity roles 28
Contingent Femininity
(Normalised) Secondary role to men 29
Contingent Femininity
(Sexualised) Sexual objects for male gratification, Male gaze 29
Women break free from traditional ideas about femininity but not completely
Assertive Femininity setting themselves apart from men 29
Girl Power Identity Emphasixe 'sex as fun' and the importance of female friendship 29
Older age group, new-found female economic and cultural power, indivisualism,
Modernised Femininity liberty, sexual sefl expression 30
Ageing Femininity Assert the right of elderly women to be fashionable, active and sexual beings 30
Competition with men on female terms, highly educated, successful, proffesional
Autonomous Femininity middle class, career-focused 30