Lecture Notes: Compiled by Maqsood Ahmad (A.P. Maths.

) for
students of CUI, Lahore. (FA20-BSM, SP20-BSE).
Some solved problems of 4.2

Solution (1):
(a) Given𝑽 = 𝑷𝟐 (𝒕) = {𝒂𝟎 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒕 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒕𝟐 : 𝒂𝒊 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒂𝟐 ≠ 𝟎 }
= {𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒔}
𝒑(𝒕) = 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕𝟐 ∈ 𝑽
𝒒(𝒕) = 𝟏 + 𝒕 − 𝟐𝒕𝟐 ∈ 𝑽
𝒑(𝒕) + 𝒒(𝒕) = 𝟏 + 𝟓𝒕 ∉ 𝑽
Not closed under Addition.
(b) 𝒄 = 0 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒄. 𝒑(𝒕) = 0. (𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕𝟐 ) = 𝟎 ∉ 𝑽
Not closed under scalar multiplication.
 𝒂
Solution2: (a) Given 𝑽 = 𝑴𝟐𝟐 = {[ 𝒄 𝒃] ∶ 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅 = 𝟎}
𝒅
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟒
(a) Let 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 ∈ 𝑽 where 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ]
𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟓 𝟗
𝟏𝟒
𝑨+𝑩=[ ]. Since the product (1)(4)(-3)(6) is not zero.
−𝟑𝟔
Hence 𝑨 + 𝑩 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝑽.
𝒂 𝒃
(b) Let 𝒌 ∈ 𝑹 and 𝑴 = [ ] ∈ 𝑽 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅 = 𝟎
𝒄 𝒅
𝒂 𝒃 𝒌𝒂 𝒌𝒃
𝒌. 𝑨 = 𝒌. [ ]=[ ]
𝒄 𝒅 𝒌𝒄 𝒌𝒅
Now check 𝒌𝒂 × 𝒌𝒃 × 𝒌𝒄 × 𝒌𝒅 = 𝒌𝟒 (𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅) = 𝒌𝟒 (𝟎) = 𝟎
Hence 𝒌. 𝑨 ∈ 𝑽. Scalar multiplication is closed.
0 0
(c) 𝟎 = [ ] ∈ 𝑽is zero matrix in our set V.
0 0
𝒂 𝒃
(d) 𝑨 = [ ] 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅 = 𝟎
𝒄 𝒅
−𝒂 −𝒃
−𝑨 = [ ]
−𝒄 −𝒅
Now check (−𝒂)(−𝒃)(−𝒄)(−𝒅) = 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 − 𝑨 ∈ 𝑽
(e) Clearly, 𝑽 is not vector space, since it is not closed w.r.t. addition.

Solution3: Do yourself. (Hint: This set forms vector space, see Question 2)
 𝒗𝟏
Solution4: (a) Given 𝑽 = 𝑴𝟐𝟏 = {[𝒗 ] : |𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 | = 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏}
𝟐
𝒗𝟏 𝒖𝟏
(1) Let 𝒗 = [𝒗 ] , 𝒖 = [𝒖 ] are elements of set 𝑽.
𝟐 𝟐

Then |𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 | = 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 and |𝒖𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 | = 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏

𝒖 +𝒗
𝒖 + 𝒗 = [ 𝒖 𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏 ]
𝟐 𝟐

Now check |𝒖𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 | = |𝒖𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 | = |𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 + 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏| = 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏

𝒖 + 𝒗 ∈ 𝑽,Hence, V is closed under addition.
𝟏 𝟔 𝟏 𝟔 𝟑
(b) Let 𝒌 = 𝟐 ∈ 𝑹and = [ ] ∈ 𝑽 . Now, calculate 𝒌. 𝒗 = 𝟐 [ ] = [ ]Clearly, 3+4 =7 and not
𝟖 𝟖 𝟒
even, So 𝒌. 𝒗 does not belong to 𝑽.
𝑽is not vector space as it fails to hold scalar multiplication.

Solution: See Example1

Q6: Show that set of all polynomials of degree less or equal to n is vector
space.
Solution: See Example3
Solution7: Given 𝑽 = 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑹 ∶ 𝒙 > 0}
(1) Clearly, for any number say 2, the additive inverse -2 does not belong to 𝑽.
Show other properties that fail to hold.
𝒗𝟏
Solution8:Given 𝑽 = 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹𝟐 = {(𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 ): 𝒗𝒊 ∈ 𝑹} = {[𝒗 ]: 𝒗𝒊 ∈ 𝑹}
𝟐

(a) (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 ) + (𝒘𝟏 , 𝒘𝟐 ) = (𝒗𝟏 + 𝒘𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒘𝟐 )

(This is standard/ordinary/usual addition)
(Hint+Trick+Concept: If some standard set holds ordinary operation of either
addition or scalar multiplication then it must satisfy related properties)
(b) for scalar 𝒄 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒗 = (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 ) ∈ 𝑽
𝒄. 𝒗 = 𝒄. (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 ) = (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒄𝒗𝟐 )
(property fail) (p7) Consider the property 𝒄, 𝒅 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒗 = (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 ) ∈ 𝑽
(𝒄 + 𝒅)⨀𝒗 = 𝒄⨀𝒗 ⊕ 𝒅⨀𝒗
𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺. = (𝒄 + 𝒅)⨀𝒗 = (𝒄 + 𝒅)⨀(𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 ) = (𝒗𝟏 , (𝒄 + 𝒅)𝒗𝟐 )
𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺. = 𝒄⨀𝒗 ⊕ 𝒅⨀𝒗 = 𝒄⨀(𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 ) ⊕ 𝒅⨀(𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 ) = (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒄𝒗𝟐 ) ⊕
(𝒗𝟏 , 𝒅𝒗𝟐 )=(𝟐𝒗𝟏 , 𝒄𝒗𝟐 + 𝒅𝒗𝟐 )
Clearly, 𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺. ≠ 𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺.
(Home work)(p8) Consider the property 𝒄, 𝒅 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒗 = (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 ) ∈ 𝑽
𝒄⨀(𝒅⨀𝒗) = (𝒄𝒅)⨀𝒗 (Do your self)

𝒗𝟏
Solution9: Given 𝑽 = 𝑹 = {(𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 ): 𝒗𝒊 ∈ 𝑹} = {[𝒗𝟐 ]: 𝒗𝒊 ∈ 𝑹}
𝟑
𝒗𝟑
(a) (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 ) + (𝒘𝟏 , 𝒘𝟐 , 𝒘𝟑 ) = (𝒗𝟏 + 𝒘𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒘𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 + 𝒘𝟑 )
Given addition isstandard,hence 5 operations of addition must satisfy.
(b) for scalar 𝒓 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒗 = (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 ) ∈ 𝑽, scalar multiplication is given by
𝒓. 𝒗 = 𝒓. (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 ) = (𝒗𝟏 , 1, 𝒗𝟑 )
(property fail) (p8) 1. 𝒗 = 𝒗
1. 𝒗 = 1. (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 ) = (𝒗𝟏 , 1, 𝒗𝟑 ) ≠ 𝒗
0. 𝒗 = 0. (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 ) = (𝒗𝟏 , 1, 𝒗𝟑 ) ≠ (0,0,0) = 𝟎
Show other properties that fail to hold.

𝒙
Solution10: Given 𝑽 = 𝑹𝟐 = {[𝒚] : 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎}
𝒗𝟏 𝒖𝟏
(a) For𝒗 = [𝒗 ] , 𝒖 = [𝒖 ] are elements of set 𝑽.
𝟐 𝟐

𝒖𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝒖 + 𝒗𝟏
𝒖 + 𝒗 = [𝒖 ] + [𝒗 ] = [ 𝟏 ]
𝟐 𝟐 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐
𝒗𝟏
(b) For 𝒄 ∈ 𝑹 and 𝒗 = [𝒗 ] ∈ 𝑽
𝟐
 𝒗𝟏 𝒄𝒗𝟏
𝒄. 𝒗 = 𝒄. [𝒗 ] = [𝒄𝒗 ]
𝟐 𝟐

Hint (Additive inverse) Let 𝒗 = [−𝟐] Now −𝒗 = [ 𝟐 ] does not belong to 𝑽.

𝟓 −𝟓

Solution11: Do your self (Hint: p8 : 1.v=v)

Solution12: (An unusual vector space)

Given 𝑽 = 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑹 ∶ 𝒙 > 0}
(a) For 𝒖, 𝒗 ∈ 𝑽 addition is given as 𝒖 ⊕ 𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 ∈ 𝑽 (closed under
addition)
(p1) commutativity. For 𝒖, 𝒗 ∈ 𝑽, then 𝒖 ⊕ 𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 = 𝒗𝒖 = 𝒗 ⊕ 𝒖
(p2) Assosiative law. For 𝒖, 𝒗, 𝒘 ∈ 𝑽, (𝒖 ⊕ 𝒗) ⊕ 𝒘 = 𝒖 ⊕ (𝒗 ⊕ 𝒘)
𝒖𝒗 ⊕ 𝒘 = 𝒖 ⊕ 𝒗𝒘
𝒖𝒗𝒘 = 𝒖𝒗𝒘
(p3) Additive identity: 𝒖 ⊕ 𝟏 = 𝒖(𝟏) = 𝒖. Hence 1 is additive identity of V.
𝟏 𝟏
(p4) Additive inverse: 𝒖 ⊕ = 𝒖 ( ) = 𝟏
𝒖 𝒖

(b) For 𝒄 ∈ 𝑹 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗 ∈ 𝑽 scalar multiplication is given as 𝒄 ⊙ 𝒗 = 𝒗𝒄 (set V

is closed w.r.t. scalar multiplication)
𝒄 ⊙ 𝒗 = 𝒗𝒄 ∈ 𝑽 𝒊𝒇 𝒄 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
−𝟓 ⊙ 𝒗 = 𝒗−𝟓 = 𝟏/𝒗𝟓 ∈ 𝑽 𝒊𝒇 𝒄 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
0 ⊙ 𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 = 𝟏 ∈ 𝑽 𝒊𝒇 𝒄 𝒊𝒔 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐
(p5) For 𝒄 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒖, 𝒗 ∈ 𝑽, 𝒄 ⊙ (𝒖⨁𝒗) = 𝒄 ⊙ 𝒖⨁𝒄 ⊙ 𝒗
 𝒄 ⊙ 𝒖𝒗 = 𝒖𝒄 ⨁𝒗𝒄
(𝒖𝒗)𝒄 = 𝒖𝒄 𝒗𝒄
(p6)For 𝒄, 𝒅 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒖 ∈ 𝑽, (𝒄 + 𝒅) ⊙ 𝒖 = 𝒄 ⊙ 𝒖⨁𝒅 ⊙ 𝒖
𝒖(𝒄+𝒅) = 𝒖𝒄 ⨁𝒖𝒅
𝒖(𝒄+𝒅) = 𝒖𝒄 𝒖𝒅
𝒖(𝒄+𝒅) = 𝒖𝒄+𝒅
(p7)For 𝒄, 𝒅 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒖 ∈ 𝑽, 𝒄 ⊙ (𝒅 ⊙ 𝒖) = (𝒄. 𝒅) ⊙ 𝒖
𝒄 ⊙ 𝒖𝒅 = 𝒖𝒄𝒅
(𝒖𝒅 )𝒄 = 𝒖𝒄𝒅
(p8)1 ⊙ 𝒖 = 𝒖1 = 𝒖
All properties of vector space are satisfied, Hence given set V w.r.t. given
operations is vector space.
Not to Do: Q13, 14,15

What to do:Q16, 17, and 18.

Some solved problems of 4.4
Solution: (a) Spanning sets for vector space 𝑹𝟑
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝑺 = {𝒆𝟏 = [𝟎] , 𝒆𝟐 = [𝟏] , 𝒆𝟑 = [𝟎]}
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟑 𝟎 𝟎
𝑻 = {𝒗𝟏 = [𝟎] , 𝒗𝟐 = [𝟐] , 𝒗𝟑 = [ 𝟎 ]}
𝟎 𝟎 −𝟐
(b) Spanning sets for vector space 𝑴𝟐𝟐
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝑺 = {𝒆𝟏 = [ ] , 𝒆𝟐 = [ ] , 𝒆𝟑 = [ ] , 𝒆𝟒 = [ ]}
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝑻 = {𝑴𝟏 = [ ] , 𝑴𝟐 = [ ] , 𝑴𝟑 = [ ] , 𝑴𝟒 = [ ]}
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 𝟒
(c) Spanning sets for vector space 𝑷𝟐 .
𝑨𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝟐 = {𝒂𝒕𝟐 + 𝒃𝒕 + 𝒄𝒕𝟎 ∶ 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 ∈ 𝑹}
𝑺 = {𝒆𝟏 = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝒆𝟐 = 𝒕, 𝒆𝟑 = 𝟏}
Example: −𝟓𝒕𝟐 + 𝟓𝒕 − 𝟕 = −𝟓(𝒆𝟏 ) + 𝟓(𝒆𝟐 ) − 𝟕(𝒆𝟑 )
𝒂𝒕𝟐 + 𝒃𝒕 + 𝒄 = 𝒂(𝒆𝟏 ) + 𝒃(𝒆𝟐 ) + 𝒄(𝒆𝟑 )
Span S=𝑷𝟐
𝑻 = {𝒑𝟏 (𝒕) = −𝟑𝒕𝟐 , 𝒑𝟐 (𝒕) = 𝟐𝒕, 𝒑𝟑 (𝒕) = 𝟒}
Span T=𝑷𝟐

Solution: In each case number of vectors in set S are not sufficient to span given vector
space.
Solution: Given 𝑺 = {𝒑𝟏 (𝒕) = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏, 𝒑𝟐 (𝒕) = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑, 𝒑𝟑 (𝒕) = 𝒕 − 𝟏}
Consider definition of L.C. 𝒗 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 … … … (𝟏),
𝒑(𝒕) = 𝒂𝟏 𝒑𝟏 (𝒕) + 𝒂𝟐 𝒑𝟐 (𝒕) + 𝒂𝟑 𝒑𝟑 (𝒕) … … … (𝟐)
Our goal is to find scalars𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 and 𝒂𝟑 .

(a) {𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 + 𝟐 = 𝒂𝟏 (𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏) + 𝒂𝟐 (𝒕𝟐 + 𝟎𝒕 + 𝟑) + 𝒂𝟑 (𝟎𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 − 𝟏)

𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 + 𝟐 = (𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 )𝒕𝟐 + (𝟐𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟑 )𝒕 + (𝒂𝟏 + 𝟑𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟑 )
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒌𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂 𝟐 = 𝟏
𝟐𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟏

𝒂𝟏 + 𝟑𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟐}

𝟏 𝟏 𝟎| 𝟏
(𝟐) 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 [𝑨|𝒃] = [𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 | 𝟏] (𝑯𝒊𝒏𝒕)𝑰𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏.
𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏| 𝟐
𝒑(𝒕) ∈ 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝑺
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 |𝟐
(b) [𝑨|𝒃] = [𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 |𝟐] 𝑵𝒐 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 (𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒈𝒆𝒃𝒓𝒂 𝒕𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒌𝒊𝒕)
𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏|𝟑
𝒑(𝒕) ∉ 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝑺
 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 |−𝟏
(c) [𝑨|𝒃] = [𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 | 𝟏 ] 𝑰𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏
𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏|−𝟒

Solution: Given 𝑺 = {𝑨𝟏 = [𝟏 −𝟏] , 𝑨𝟐 = [𝟏 𝟏] , 𝑨𝟑 = [ 𝟐 𝟐]}

𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏
Consider definition of L.C. 𝒗 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 … … … (𝟏),
𝑨 = 𝒂𝟏 𝑨𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝑨𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝑨𝟑 … … … (𝟐)
Our goal is to find scalars𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 and 𝒂𝟑 .
𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
(a) {[ ] = 𝒂𝟏 [ ] + 𝒂𝟐 [ ] + 𝒂𝟑 [ ]
−𝟏 𝟗 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏
𝟓 𝟏 𝒂 −𝒂𝟏 𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝒂𝟑 𝟐𝒂𝟑
[ ] = [ 𝟏 𝟑𝒂 ] + [ 𝟐 𝟐𝒂 ] + [ ]
−𝟏 𝟗 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟏𝒂𝟑 𝒂𝟑
𝟓 𝟏 𝒂 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝟑 −𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝟑
[ ]=[ 𝟏 ]
−𝟏 𝟗 −𝒂𝟑 𝟑𝒂𝟏 + 𝟐𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔
𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝟑 = 𝟓
−𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝟑 = 𝟏
−𝒂𝟑 = −𝟏
𝟑𝒂𝟏 + 𝟐𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟗}

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐|𝟓
(𝟐)implies[𝑨|𝒃] = [−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐|𝟏
]
𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏|−𝟏
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏|𝟗
 (𝑻𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒌𝒊𝒕) 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏 ; 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟏, 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚
𝑨 ∈ 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝑺
Home Work: Question 7 (part d); Question 9 and 10.

Motivation
𝒂
𝟑
Example 1: Let a subspace 𝑾of 𝑹 , where𝑾 = {[ 𝒃 ] : 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝑹}.
𝒂+𝒃
𝒂 + 𝟎𝒃 𝟏 𝟎
Consider [𝟎𝒂 + 𝒃] = 𝒂 [𝟎] + 𝒃 [𝟏]
𝒂+𝒃 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎
Then spanning set for 𝑾is 𝑺𝟏 = {[𝟎] , [𝟏]}, Here are some other spanning sets for 𝑾, e.g.,
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟑 𝟐 𝟎
𝑺𝟐 = {[𝟎] , [𝟏] , [𝟏]} , 𝑺𝟑 = {[𝟎] , [𝟏] , [𝟎] , [𝟑]}, 𝑺𝟒 = {[𝟎] , [𝟏] , [𝟎] , [𝟑] , [𝟎]}
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟎
Efficient spanning set is 𝑺𝟏 as it is smallest and vectors are linearly independent. This gives
rise to our next definition.

Linearly independent set of vectors:

Let𝑺 = {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 , … , 𝒗𝒌 } be the set of vectors in vector space 𝑽. Then the vectors in set 𝑺
are said to be “Linealy Independent (L.I.)” if

𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒌 𝒗𝒌 = 𝟎 gives 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂𝟐 = ⋯ = 𝒂𝒌 = 0
 Some Important examples
Example 2:

We know definition of LI 𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝟎
Example 3:

Example 4:

𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝟎
Example 5:
Solution: (Hint: given number of vectors are more than dimension of space 𝑹𝟑 ,
OR number of unknowns > number of equations (infinite many solutions), hence must be
dependent)

𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 + 𝒂𝟒 𝒗𝟒 = 𝟎 − − − (𝟏)
Find REF of augmented matrix obtained from (1)
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟐| 0 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟐|0
[ 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟐 𝟎| 0] 𝑹𝒐𝒘 𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 ~ [ 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏|0]
−𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎| 0 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎|0

This homogeneous system has non-trivial (infinite) solution, vectors are L.D.
Extra Question! Which of these vectors are L.I.?
Answer (Easy) Select Columns with leading Ones.{𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 }

Solution: Consider equation 𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝟎 − − − (𝟏)

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑|0 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑| 0
(𝟏) ⟹ [𝟏 𝟏 𝟐|0] 𝑹𝒐𝒘 𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 ~ [𝟎 𝟏 𝟏|0]
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐|0 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎| 0
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟎; 𝒂𝟏 + 𝟐𝒂𝟐 + 𝟑𝒂𝟑 = 𝟎
Since 𝒂𝟑 is arbitrary, So we have infinite many solution. Hence given set of vectors
(polynomials) are L.D.

Home Work from exercise 4.5

Question 3, 5, 10, 11(c), 12(c), 13(c).
Example2 (Recall)
The set of vectors{𝒕𝟐 , 𝒕, 𝟏} forms a standard or natural basis for the vector space 𝑷𝟐 (all
polynomials of degree less or equal to 2).
Dimension of 𝑷𝟐 is 𝟑
The set of vectors{𝒕𝟑 , 𝒕𝟐 , 𝒕, 𝟏} forms a standard or natural basis for the vector space 𝑷𝟑 (all
polynomials of degree less or equal to 3).
Dimension of 𝑷𝟑 is 𝟒

Dimension of 𝑷𝒏 is 𝒏 + 𝟏.
Example3 (Recall)
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
The set of vectors 𝑺 = {[ ],[ ],[ ] ,[ ]} forms a standard or natural basis for
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
the vector space 𝑴𝟐𝟐 .
Dimension of 𝑴𝟐𝟐 is 𝟒.
Similarly The set of vectors
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝑺 = {[ ],[ ],[ ] ,[ ],[ ],[ ]} forms a standard or natural
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
basis for the vector space 𝑴𝟐𝟑 .
Dimension of 𝑴𝟐𝟑 is 𝟔.

Some Examples helpful in exercise 4.6

Example 1:

Solution: For this set to become basis for 𝑷𝟐 , it must qualify two conditions.
(1) S must be L.I. (2) Span S=𝑷𝟐 .
First we check Linear independence, for this consider
𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝟎 − − − (𝟏)
1 0 0|0 1 0 0|0
(1)[𝐴|0] → [0 1 2|0] 𝐷𝑜 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)~ [0 1 2|0]
1 −1 2|0 0 0 4|0
𝟒𝒂𝟑 = 0, 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝟑 = 0, 𝒂𝟏 = 0
Hence given set S is L.I.
 (2) (very important) Number of elements in set S=3
The dimension of vector space 𝑷𝟐 =3, guarantees that Span S=𝑷𝟐 . Hence given set form
basis for 𝑷𝟐 .

Example 2:
Solution: For this set to become basis for 𝑹𝟒 , it must qualify two conditions.
(1) S must be L.I. (2) Span S=𝑹𝟒 .
First we check Linear independence, for this consider
𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 + 𝒂𝟒 𝒗𝟒 = 𝟎 − − − (𝟏)

1 0 0 1|0 1 0 0 1 |0
0|0 (𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 )~ 0 |0
(1) → [0 1 2 0 1 2
] [ ]
1 −1 2 0|0 0 0 1 −1/4|0
0 2 1 1|0 0 0 0 1/4 |0
1 1
( ) 𝑎4 = 0 ; 𝑎3 − ( ) 𝑎4 = 0; 𝑎2 + 2𝑎3 = 0; 𝑎1 + 𝑎4 = 0
4 4
Clearly, using backward substitution we get 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = 𝑎3 = 𝑎4 = 0. Hence given set of vectors
are L.I.
(2) (very important) Number of elements in set S=4
The dimension of vector space 𝑹𝟒 =4, guarantees that Span S=𝑹𝟒 .
Hence given set form basis for 𝑹𝟒 .
Example 3:

Solution:For this set to become basis for 𝑾, it must qualify two conditions.
(1) S must be L.I. (2) Span S=𝑾.
First we check Linear independence, for this consider
𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝟎 − − − (𝟏)
 0 0 1 |0 1 0 0 |0 1 0 0 |0 1 0 0|0
(1) → [1 0 0 |0 0 0 1 |0 0 1 0 |0 0 1 0|0
]𝑅 ~ [ ]𝑅 ~ [ ] 𝑅 + 𝑅3 ~ [ ]
0 1 0 |0 12 0 1 0 |0 23 0 0 1 |0 4 0 0 1|0
0 0 −1|0 0 0 −1|0 0 0 −1|0 0 0 0|0
Clearly, we get 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = 𝑎3 = 0
(2) (very important) Number of elements in set S=3
The dimension of vector space 𝑴𝟐𝟐 =4, But 𝑾 is subspace of 𝑴𝟐𝟐 . Hence dimension of 𝑾 is
less than four. This guarantees that Span S=𝑾.
Hence given set form basis for 𝑾, and dimension of W is 3.
Example 4:

Solution: Given: vector space is 𝑽 = 𝑹𝟑 , and set 𝑺 of vectors. What question is asked from
you. (1) verify Span 𝑺 = 𝑹𝟑 (2) Find subset of 𝑺 that is basis for 𝑹𝟑 .
(Recall number of vectors in 𝑺 are more than dimension of 𝑹𝟑 , hence set 𝑺is clearly L.D.)
(2) First we find L.I. subset of 𝑺, for this consider
𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 + 𝒂𝟒 𝒗𝟒 + 𝒂𝟓 𝒗𝟓 = 𝟎 − − − (𝟏)
1 0 1 1 −1|0 1 0 1 1 −1|0
(1) → [0 1 1 2 1 |0] 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 ~ [0 1 1 2 1 |0]
1 1 2 1 −2|0 0 1 1 0 −1|0
1 0 1 1 −1|0 𝑅 1 0 1 1 −1|0
3
𝑅3 − 𝑅2 ~ [0 1 1 2 1 |0] ~ [0 1 1 2 1 |0]
−2
0 0 0 −2 −2|0 0 0 0 1 1 |0
(Recall Extra Question! Which of these vectors are L.I.?
Answer (Easy) Select Columns with leading Ones.)
Thereforeset 𝑻 = {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟒 }is L.I. subset of 𝑺.
(1) Now, number of elements in set 𝑻 = {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟒 } are 3.The dimension of vector space
𝑹𝟑 = 𝟑, guarantees Span T =𝑹𝟑 .Hence set 𝑻 = {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟒 }form basis for 𝑹𝟑 .
Q15:- Find all values of 𝑎 for which vectors 𝑆 = {𝒗𝟏 = [𝑎2 0 1], 𝒗𝟐 = [0 𝑎 2], 𝒗𝟑 =
[1 0 1]} is a basis for 𝑅3 .
Solution: To check linear independence, consider formula 𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏+ 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝟎
 𝑎2 0 1 | 0
[A|0] = [ 0 𝑎 0 | 0] (To continue in this way is difficult when parameter 𝑎 is in vectors)
1 2 1 | 0
(This is special question) Hint: Set of vectors L.I →Matrix A must have Identity form in
RREF→ 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱 𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 → |𝐀| ≠ 0.
𝑎2 0 1
|A| = | 0 𝑎 0| = 0 → 𝑎(𝑎2 − 1) = 0 → either a = 0 or 𝑎2 − 1 = 0
1 2 1
→ 𝑎 = 0, 1, −1given vectors are L.D.
Given set will be L.I for all values of 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 other than 0, 1, −1. Hence form basis for 𝑅3 .

Solution24: 𝑾 = {[𝒂 + 𝒄 𝒂−𝒃 𝒃+𝒄 − 𝒂 + 𝒃]: 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 ∈ 𝑹}

Consider 𝒘 ∈ 𝑾 such that
𝒘 = [𝒂 + 𝒄 𝒂−𝒃 𝒃 + 𝒄 − 𝒂 + 𝒃]
= 𝒂[𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 − 𝟏] + 𝒃[𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏] + 𝒄[𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎]
𝒗𝟏 = [𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 − 𝟏]; 𝒗𝟐 = [𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏]; 𝒗𝟑 = [𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎]
Check LI of 𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝟑 .
Verify 𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝟎

1 0 1 | 0
1 −1 0 | 0
[ ] Doyourself
0 1 1 | 0
−1 1 0 | 0

Home Work fromexercise 4.6: Question 7, 8, 15, 24.