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Paxis

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS: STATICS

CONTENTS

Chapter 7: Inertia

7.5 Inertia Intro: Parallel Axis


Theorem
There are two great uses for the parallel axis theorem:

1. Finding the inertia of a complex object with multiple parts.


Previous: 7.4 Mass Moment of Inertia

Source: Jacob Moore et al. Next: 7.7 Examples


mechanicsmap.psu.edu/websites/A2
_moment_intergrals/parallel_axis
_theorem/parallelaxistheorem.html

2. Rotating an object about an axis other than through the center of mass (y’)

Source (image): By Jack Ver,


https://commons.wikimedia.org/
w/index.php?curid=6613952
To begin with, the parallel axis theorem is equal to the inertia about the center of
mass (Icm) plus the distance between the axes of rotation squared times the mass.
2
I = Icm + md

Example 1:

For a disk, the distance between axes y and y’ is d and the I cm


=
1

2
mr
2
.

Adapted from: Adapted from source:


mechanicsmap.psu.edu/websites/A2_moment_intergrals/parallel_axis_theorem/parallelaxi
stheorem.html

2
1 2 2
3 2
I = Icm + md = mr + mr = mr
2 2

You will need the table of common geometric shapes in the previous section to
find the Icm for each object.

I is the moment of inertia of an object with respect to an axis


from which the center of
mass of the object is a distance d.
ICM is the moment of inertia of the object with respect to an axis
that is parallel to the first axis and passes through the center of
mass.
m is the mass of the object.
d is the distance between the two axes.

The parallel axis theorem relates the moment of inertia ICM of an


object, with respect to an axis through the center of mass of the
object, to the moment of inertia I of the same object, with respect to
an axis that is parallel to the axis through the center of mass and is at a
distance d from the axis through the center of mass.

A conceptual statement made by the parallel axis theorem is one that


you probably could have arrived at by means of common sense, namely
that the moment of inertia of an object with respect to an axis through
the center of mass is smaller than the moment of inertia about any axis
parallel to that one. As you know, the closer the mass is “packed” to the
axis of rotation, the smaller the moment of inertia; and; for a given
object, per definition of the center of mass, the mass is packed most
closely to the axis of rotation when the axis of rotation passes through
the center of mass. The PAT is visually shown below, as z represents
the axis on which the objects COM rotates about, z’ is the axis it is now
going to rotate about, and d is the distance between these two axis’.

Source: Calculus-Based Physics 1, Jeffery W. Schnick.


https://openlibrary.ecampusontario.ca/catalogue/item/?id=ce74a181-
ccde-491c-848d-05489ed182e7

Steps for finding the MMOI of an object

1. Determine the shape of the object (or shapes, if it a composite object).


2. Determine which axis the object is rotating about.
3. Find the center of mass for each individual shape.
4. Find the ICM (inertia about its center of mass) for each shape.
5. Determine the distance from the CM of the shapes to the axis of rotation.
6. Use the Parallel Axis Theorem to find the inertia for each shape.
7. Add up all these individuals inertias to find IT.

Example 2:

Find the moment of inertia of a uniform rod with ICM=0.05kgm2, L=0.08m, and
mass=0.250kg, with respect to an axis that is perpendicular to the rod and passes
through at 1/4 of the length of the rod.

We know the distance (d) to be L/4 = 0.08m / 4 = 0.02m away from the z axis.
Here we present the solution to the problem:

I=ICM + md2

I=0.05 kgm2 + (0.250kg)(0.02m)2

I=0.0501 kgm2

Example 3

A dumbbell consists of two .2 meter diameter spheres, each with a mass of 40 kg,
attached to the ends of a .6 meter long, 20 kg slender rod. Determine the mass
moment of inertia of the dumbbell about the y axis shown in the diagram.

Source:
mechanicsmap.psu.edu/websites/A2_moment_intergrals/parallel_
axis_theorem/parallelaxistheorem.html

Organize the known and unknown data in a table to complete as you go:

Find the center of mass:

For each sphere, the rcm is 0.3m + 1/2 radius = 0.3m + 1/2 (0.2m) = 0.4m
For the bar, the rcm is at 0.

Find the inertia about the center of mass for each shape separately. Use the
rectangle equation:

For the sphere:

2 2
2 2
Icm−sph = mr = ∗ (40kg) ∗ (0.1m)
5 5
2
= 0.16kgm

For the rod,

1 2
1 2
Icm−rod = ml = ∗ (20kg) ∗ (0.6m)
12 12
2
= 0.6kgm
Next the parallel axis theorum is needed to change the axis of rotation from the
cm of the sphere to the system cm. The distance between axes of rotation is 0.3m
+ 1/2 radius = 0.3m + 1/2 (0.2m) = 0.4m
2 2 2
Io−sph = Icm−sph + md = 0.16kgm + (40kg) ∗ (0.4m)

2
= 6.56kgm

Finally, add up the parts: the 2 spheres and the cm of the rod:

Itotal = 2 ∗ Io−sph + Icm−rod

2 2
= 2 ∗ (6.56kgm ) + (0.6kgm )

2
Itotal = 13.72kgm
––––––––––––––––––––

Source:
mechanicsmap.psu.edu/websites/A2_moment_intergrals/parallel_axis_theore
m/parallelaxistheorem.html

Key Takeaways

Basically: The parallel axis theorem helps you to find the inertia about a
different axis of rotation than the cg, and it lets you combine multiple
objects.

Application: Find the total inertia of shape with multiple objects.

Looking Ahead: This will be used throughout dynamics.

LICENSE SHARE THIS BOOK

Engineering Mechanics: Statics


Copyright © by Libby (Elizabeth)
Osgood; Gayla Cameron; Emma
Christensen; Analiya Benny; and
Matthew Hutchison is licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
International License, except where
otherwise noted.
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