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Lesson 4 Major Subsystems - 102422

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15 views

Lesson 4 Major Subsystems - 102422

Uploaded by

Jenelyn Flores
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS

1. Structural framing and foundations


2. Enclosure systems
3. Plumbing
4. Lighting
5. Acoustics
6. Safety systems
7. Vertical-circulation elements
8. Electric power and signal systems
9. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC)
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Superstructure – the portion of a building that extends above the
ground level outside.
Substructure – portion below the outside ground level
Foundations – parts of the substructure that distribute building
loads to the ground. It may take the form of walls.

When the ground


under the building is
excavated for a cellar,
or basement, the
foundation walls have
the additional task of
retaining the earth
along the outside of
the building,
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Continuous spread footing – footing under a wall.
Individual spread footing – where a slender structural member, such as
a column is seated.
When the soil is so weak, however,
that the spread footings for
columns become very large, it
often is economical to combine the
footings into a single footing under
the whole building. Such a footing
is called a raft, or mat, footing or a
floating foundation.

Piles – are slender structural


members that are hammered or
otherwise driven through the weak
soil, often until the tips seat on
rock or a strong layer of soil.
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
In most buildings, the superstructure structural system
consists of floor and roof decks, horizontal members that
support them, and vertical members that support the
other components.
Horizontal members are generally known as beams, but they also
are called by different names in specific applications. For example:

Joists – are
closely spaced
to carry light
loads.
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Stringers –
support stairs.
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Purlins – are placed horizontally to carry level roof
decks.
Rafters – are placed on an incline to carry sloping
roof decks.
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Girts – are light horizontal members that span
between columns to support walls.
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Lintels – are light horizontal beams that support walls at


floor levels in multistory buildings or that carry the part of
walls above openings for doors and windows
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Spandrels – carry exterior walls and support edges


of floors and roofs in multistory buildings
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Trusses – serve the same purposes as girders but
consists of slender horizontal, vertical and inclined
components with large open spaces between them.
The spaces are triangular
in shape.
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Girders – may be heavily loaded beams or


horizontal members that support other beams.
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Load-bearing construction – the
system comprising of decks, beams,
and bearing walls

Skeleton framing – system composed


of decks, beams, and columns.
Both types of systems must be designed to
transmit to the foundations vertical loads,
vertical components of inclined loads,
horizontal loads and horizontal components of
inclined loads.

But acting alone, these structural members are inadequate for


resisting lateral forces.
1. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Ways to provide lateral stability:

1. To incorporate diagonal members in the system


called bracing. Bracing, columns, and beams then
work together to carry the lateral loads downward.
2. Rigidly connect beams to columns to prevent a
change in the angle between the beams and
columns, thus making them work together as rigid
frame to resist lateral movement.
3. To provide long walls, known as shear walls, in two
perpendicular directions.
2. ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
Some commonly used types of roof:

Flat roof – is nearly


horizontal but has a slight
pitch for drainage
purposes.

Shed roof – more


sloped roof.
Skylights – glazed opening for
daylighting the building interior.
2. ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
Some commonly used types of roof:

Pitched roof– a
combination of two
inclined planes

Hipped roof/ Gambrel


roof – combination of
four inclined planes.
Hipped Gambrel
2. ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
Some commonly used types of roof:

Mansard roof– similar


to a hipped roof,
composed of additional
planes, encloses a larger
volume underneath.

Monitored roof – are


sometimes used for
daylighting and ventilating
the interior.
Monitor – a row of windows
installed vertically, or nearly Sawtooth roof – a
so, above a roof. variation of a
monitored roof.
2. ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
Other types of roof:
2. ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS

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