Well Posed Learning Problem – A computer program is said to learn from experience E in context

to some task T and some performance measure P, if its performance on T, as was measured by P,
upgrades with experience E.

Any problem can be segregated as well-posed learning problem if it has three traits –

 Task
 Performance Measure
 Experience

Certain examples that efficiently defines the well-posed learning problem are –

1. To better filter emails as spam or not

 Task – Classifying emails as spam or not

 Performance Measure – The fraction of emails accurately classified as spam or not spam
 Experience – Observing your label emails as spam or not spam

2. A checkers learning problem

 Task – Playing checkers game

 Performance Measure – percent of games won against opponent
 Experience – playing strategy implementation games against itself

3. Handwriting Recognition Problem

 Task – Acknowledging handwritten words

 Performance Measure – percent of words accurately classified
 Experience – a directory of handwritten words with given classifications

4. A Robot Driving Problem

 Task – driving on public four-lane highways using sight scanners

 Performance Measure – average distance progressed before a fallacy
 Experience – order of images and steering instructions noted down while observing a human
driver

5. Fruit Prediction Problem

 Task – forecasting different fruits for recognition

 Performance Measure – able to predict maximum variety of fruits
 Experience – training machine with the largest datasets of fruits images

6. Face Recognition Problem

 Task – predicting different types of faces

 Performance Measure – able to predict maximum types of faces
 Experience – training machine with maximum amount of datasets of different face images

7. Automatic Translation of documents

  Task – translating one type of language used in a document to other language
 Performance Measure – able to convert one language to other efficiently
 Experience – training machine with a large dataset of different types of languages

Design a Learning System in Machine Learning

According to Arthur Samuel “Machine Learning enables a Machine to automatically learn from
Data, Improve performance from an Experience and predict things without explicitly programmed.”

In Simple Words, When we fed the Training Data to Machine Learning Algorithm, this algorithm
will produce a mathematical model and with the help of the mathematical model, the machine will
make a prediction and take a decision without being explicitly programmed. Also, during training
data, the more machine will work with it the more it will get experience and the more efficient result
is produced.

Example : In Driverless Car, the training data is fed to Algorithm like how to Drive Car in
Highway, Busy and Narrow Street with factors like speed limit, parking, stop at signal etc. After that,
a Logical and Mathematical model is created on the basis of that and after that, the car will work
according to the logical model. Also, the more data is fed the more efficient output is produced.

Designing a Learning System in Machine Learning :

According to Tom Mitchell, “A computer program is said to be learning from experience (E), with
respect to some task (T). Thus, the performance measure (P) is the performance at task T, which is
measured by P, and it improves with experience E.”

Example: In Spam E-Mail detection,

 Task, T: To classify mails into Spam or Not Spam.

 Performance measure, P: Total percent of mails being correctly classified as being “Spam”
or “Not Spam”.
 Experience, E: Set of Mails with label “Spam”
Steps for Designing Learning System are:

Step 1) Choosing the Training Experience: The very important and first task is to choose the
training data or training experience which will be fed to the Machine Learning Algorithm. It is
important to note that the data or experience that we fed to the algorithm must have a significant
impact on the Success or Failure of the Model. So Training data or experience should be chosen
wisely.

Below are the attributes which will impact on Success and Failure of Data:

 The training experience will be able to provide direct or indirect feedback regarding choices.
For example: While Playing chess the training data will provide feedback to itself like instead
of this move if this is chosen the chances of success increases.
 Second important attribute is the degree to which the learner will control the sequences of
training examples. For example: when training data is fed to the machine then at that time
accuracy is very less but when it gains experience while playing again and again with itself or
opponent the machine algorithm will get feedback and control the chess game accordingly.
 Third important attribute is how it will represent the distribution of examples over which
performance will be measured. For example, a Machine learning algorithm will get
experience while going through a number of different cases and different examples. Thus,
Machine Learning Algorithm will get more and more experience by passing through more
and more examples and hence its performance will increase.

Step 2- Choosing target function: The next important step is choosing the target function. It means
according to the knowledge fed to the algorithm the machine learning will choose NextMove
function which will describe what type of legal moves should be taken. For example : While playing
chess with the opponent, when opponent will play then the machine learning algorithm will decide
what be the number of possible legal moves taken in order to get success.

Step 3- Choosing Representation for Target function: When the machine algorithm will know all
the possible legal moves the next step is to choose the optimized move using any representation i.e.
using linear Equations, Hierarchical Graph Representation, Tabular form etc. The NextMove
function will move the Target move like out of these move which will provide more success rate. For
Example : while playing chess machine have 4 possible moves, so the machine will choose that
optimized move which will provide success to it.

Step 4- Choosing Function Approximation Algorithm: An optimized move cannot be chosen just
with the training data. The training data had to go through with set of example and through these
examples the training data will approximates which steps are chosen and after that machine will
provide feedback on it. For Example : When a training data of Playing chess is fed to algorithm so at
that time it is not machine algorithm will fail or get success and again from that failure or success it
will measure while next move what step should be chosen and what is its success rate.

Step 5- Final Design: The final design is created at last when system goes from number of
examples, failures and success, correct and incorrect decision and what will be the next step etc.
Example: DeepBlue is an intelligent computer which is ML-based won chess game against the chess
expert Garry Kasparov, and it became the first computer which had beaten a human chess expert.

PERSPECTIVES:

 Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms are
used in other related fields like natural language processing and computer vision.
 In general, there are three types of learning and these are supervised learning, unsupervised
learning, and reinforcement learning.
 Their names tell the main idea behind them actually.
 In supervised learning, your system learns under the supervision of the data outputs so
supervised algorithms are preferred if your dataset contains output information.
 Let me give you an example in there.
 Let’s assume you have a medical statistic company and you have a dataset which contains
patients’ features like blood pressure, sugar rate in their blood, heart rate per minute, etc.

ISSUES:

LACK OF QUALITY DATA

 One of the main issues in Machine Learning is the absence of good data.
 While, algorithms tend to make developers exhaust most of their time on artificial
intelligence.

FAULT IN CREDIT CARD FRAUD DETECTION

 Although this AI-driven software helps to successfully detect credit card fraud, there are
issues in Machine Learning that make the process redundant.
GETTING BAD RECOMMENDATIONS

 Proposal engines are quite regular today.

 While some might be dependable, others may not appear to provide the necessary results.

TALENT DEFICIT

 Albeit numerous individuals are pulled into the ML business, however, there are still not
many experts who can take complete control of this innovation.

MAKING THE WRONG ASSUMPTIONS

 ML models can’t manage datasets containing missing data points.

 Thus, highlights that contain a huge part of missing data should be erased.