KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

AHMEDABAD REGION
50 SURE SHOT QUESTIONS
(LONG ANSWER TYPE)

1.

Define electric field intensity and electric dipole moment. Derive expression for
electric field intensity at any point along the equatorial line of an electric dipole
and at a point on the axial line of a dipole.

2.

(a) Deduce the expression for the torque acting on a dipole of dipole
moment p⃗ in the presence of a uniform electric field E⃗ .
(b) Consider two hollow concentric spheres, S1 and S2, enclosing charges 2Q and
4Q respectively as shown in the figure. (i) Find out the ratio of the electric flux
through them. (ii) How will the electric flux through the sphere S1 change if a
medium of dielectric constant 'εr' is introduced in the space inside S1 in place of
air ? Deduce the necessary expression.

3.

(a) Define electric dipole moment. Is it a scalar or a vector? Derive the expression
for the electric field of a dipole at a point on the equatorial plane of the dipole.
(b) Draw the equipotential surfaces due to an electric dipole. Locate the points
where the potential due to the dipole is zero.

4.

Using Gauss”s law deduce the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly
charged spherical conducting shell of radius R at a point
(i) outside and (ii) inside the shell.
Plot a graph showing variation of electric field as a function of r > R and r< R.
(r being the distance from the centre of the shell)

5.

(a) Using Gauss law, derive an expression for the electric field intensity at any
point outside a
uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R and charge density s C/m 2 .
Draw the field lines
when the charge density of the sphere is (i) positive, (ii) negative.
(b) A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2×5 m in diameter has a surface
charge density of
100 mC/m 2 . Calculate the
charge on the sphere (ii) total electric flux passing through the sphere.

6.

State Gauss’s theorem in electrostatics. Using this theorem, derive an expression

for the electric field intensity to infinity long straight wire of liner charge density
𝜆𝐶𝑚−1

Derive an expression for the electric field intensity to infinity at a point near a thin
infinite plane sheet of charge density 𝛼𝐶𝑚−2

7.

(a) State Kirchhoff's rules and explain on what basis they are justified.
(b) Two cells of emfs E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in
parallel. Derive the expression for the (i) emf and (ii) internal resistance of a single
equivalent cell which can replace this combination.
8.

State the underlying principal of potentiometer.

Describe briefly, giving the necessary circuit diagram, how a potentiometer is
used to measure the
internal resistance of a given cell.

Explain how potentiometer can be used to compare the emfs of two primary cells.

9.

(a) State Ampere's circuital law. Use this law to obtain the expression for the
magnetic field inside an air cored toroid of average radius 'r', having 'n' turns per
unit length and carrying a steady current I.
(b) An observer to the left of a solenoid of N turns each of cross section area 'A'
observes that a steady current I in it flows in the clockwise direction. Depict the
magnetic field lines due to the solenoid specifying its polarity and show that it
acts as a bar magnet of magnetic momentum = NIA.

10.
(a) Deduce an expression for the frequency of revolution of a charged particle in a
magnetic field and show that it is independent of velocity or energy of the
particle.
(b) Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain, giving the essential details of
its construction, how it is used to accelerate the charged particles.

11.
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer. Describe briefly its
principle and working.
(b) Answer the following:
(i) Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil of a
galvanometer?
(ii) Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily
increase its voltage sensitivity. Explain, giving reason.

12.
(a) Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain clearly the role of crossed
electric and magnetic field in accelerating the charge. Hence derive the
expression for the kinetic energy acquired by the particles.
(b) An 𝛼-particle and a proton are released from the centre of the cyclotron and
made to accelerate.
(i) Can both be accelerated at the same cyclotron frequency?
Give reason to justify your answer.
(ii) When they are accelerated in turn, which of the two will have higher velocity
at the exit slit of the does?

13.
(a) Using Biot − Savart”s law, derive the expression for the magnetic field in the
vector form at a point on the axis of a circular current loop.
(b) What does a toroid consist of? Find out the expression for the magnetic field
inside a toroid for N turns of the coil having the average radius r and carrying a
current I. Show that the magnetic field in the open space inside and exterior to
the toroid is zero.
14.
(a) Write the expression for the force, , acting on a charged particle of charge
‘q’, moving with a velocity in the presence of both electric field and
magnetic field . Obtain the condition under which the particle moves
undeflected through the fields.
(b) A rectangular loop of size l x b carrying a steady current I is placed in a uniform
magnetic field . Prove that the torque acting on the loop is give by
where is the magnetic moment of the loop.
15.
(a) Explain, giving reasons, the basic difference in converting a galvanometer into
(i) a voltmeter and (ii) an ammeter.
(b) Two long straight parallel conductors carrying steady currents I1 and I2 are
separated by a distance 'd'. Explain briefly, with the help of a suitable diagram,
how the magnetic field due to one conductor acts on the other. Hence deduce the
expression for the force acting between the two conductors. Mention the nature
of this force.

16.
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer. Describe briefly its
principle and working.
(b) Answer the following:
(i) Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil of a
galvanometer?
(ii) Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily
increase its voltage sensitivity. Explain, giving reason.
17.
A long straight wire of a circular cross-section of radius ‘a’ carries a steady current
‘I’. The
current is uniformly distributed across the cross-section. Apply Ampere’s circuital
law to calculate
the magnetic field at a point ‘r’ in the region for (i) r <a and (ii) r >a.
Two infinitely long straight parallel wires, '1' and '2', carrying steady currents
I1 and I2 in the same direction are separated by a distance d. Obtain the
expression for the magnetic field B due to the wire '1' acting on wire '2'. Hence
find out, with the help of a suitable diagram, the magnitude and direction of this
force per unit length on wire '2' due to wire '1'. How does the nature of this force
changes if the currents are in opposite direction? Use this expression to define
the S.I. unit of current.
18.
(a) Show that a planar loop carrying a current I, having N closely wound turns and
area of cross-section A, possesses a magnetic moment M=N I A

(b) When this loop is placed in a magnetic field B, find out the expression for the
torque acting on it.
(c) A galvanometer coil of 50 W resistance shows full scale deflection for a corrent
of 5 mA. How
will you convert this galvanometer into a voltmeter of range 0 to 15 V?

19.

(a) State Lenz’s law. Give one example to illustrate this law. “The Lenz’s law is a
consequence
of the principle of conservation of energy.” Justify this statement.
(b) Deduce an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids
but
having different radii and different number of turns.

20.

(a) Define mutual inductance and write its S.I. units.

(b) Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids
of same length wound one over the other,
(c) In an experiment, two coils c1 and c2 are placed close to each other. Find out
the expression for the emf induced in the coil c1 due to a change in the current
through the coil c2.
21.
(a) What are eddy currents? How are these currents reduced in the metallic cores
of transformers?
(b) A step down transformer operates on a 2×5 KV line. It supplies a load with 20
A. The ratio of
the primary winding to the secondary is 10: 1. If the transformer is 90% efficient,
calculate:
(i) the power output,
(ii) the voltage, and
(iii) the current in the secondary.
22.
State the working principle of an AC generator with the help of a labelled
diagram.
Derive an expression for the instantaneous value of the emf induced in coil.
Why is the emf maximum when the plane of the armature is parallel to the
magetic field?

23.

A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source having voltage v = vmsin wt.

Derive the expression for the instantaneous current J and its phase relationship to
the applied voltage.
Obtain the condition for resonance to occur. Define ‘power factor’. State the
conditions under which it is (i) maximum and (ii) minimum.

24.

Draw a necessary arrangement for winding of primary and secondary coils in a

step-up transformer. State its underlying principle and derive the relation
between the primary and secondary voltages in terms of number of primary and
secondary turns. Mention the two basic assumptions used in obtaining the above
relation.
State any two causes of energy loss in actual transformers.

25.

Draw a labelled diagram of a step-up transformer and explain briefly its working.
Deduce the expressions for the secondary voltage and secondary current in terms
of the number of turns of primary and secondary windings.
How is the power transmission and distribution over long distances done with the
use of transformers?

26.

(a) A point object 'O' is kept in a medium of refractive index n1 in front of a convex
spherical surface of radius of curvature R which separates the second medium
 of refractive index n2from the first one, as shown in the figure.
Draw the ray diagram showing the image formation and deduce the
relationship between the object distance and the image distance in terms
of n1, n2 and R.

(b) When the image formed above acts as a virtual object for a concave spherical
surface separating the medium n2 from n1 (n2 > n1), draw this ray and write the
similar relation. Hence obtain lens maker’s formula.

27.
Draw a labelled ray diagram of a refracting telescope. Define its magnifying power
and write the expression for it.
Write two important limitations of a refracting telescope over a reflecting type
telescope.

28.

Derive an expression for the magnifying power of a compound microscope when

the image is formed at the near point.

(a) A ray of light is incident in glass on a glass-water boundary. The angle of

incidence is 50°.

Calculate the angle of refraction. Refractive index of glass = 1.50; refractive index
of water = 1.33.

29.

Derive an expression for the refractive index of prism material in terms of angle
of the prism and the angle of minimum deviation.

(a)The refractive index of the material of a prism of 60° angle for yellow light is
(2)1/2.

Determine the angle of minimum deviation

30.

Trace the rays of light showing the formation of an image due to a point object
placed on the axis of a spherical surface separating the two media of refractive
indices n1 and n2 . Establish the relation between the distances of the object, the
image and the radius of curvature from the central point of the spherical surface.
Hence, derive the expression of the lens maker’s formula.

31.

(a) For a ray of light travelling from a denser medium of refractive index n1 to a
𝑛
rarer medium ofrefractive index n2 , prove that 1 = sin𝑖𝑐 , where icis the critical
𝑛2
angle of incidence for the media.
(b) Explain with the help of a diagram, how the above principle is used for
transmission of video signals using optical fibres.

32.

Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope, in the normal

adjustment position and write the expression for its magnifying power. An
astronomical telescope uses an objective lens of focal length 15 m and eye-lens of
focal length 1 cm. What is the angular magnification of the telescope?
If this telescope is used to view moon, what is the diameter of the image of moon
formed by the
objective lens? (Diameter of moon =3×5 ´106 m and radius of lunar orbit =3×8
´108 m).

33.

(a) With the help of a suitable ray diagram, derive the mirror formula for a
concave mirror.
(b) The near point of a hypermetropic person is 50 cm from the eye. What is the
power of the lens required to enable the person to read clearly a book held at 25
cm from the eye?

34.

(a) Draw a ray diagram for formation of image of a point object by a thin double
convex lens having radii of curvatures R1 and R2 and hence derive lens maker’s
formula.
(b) Define power of a lens and give its S.I. units. If a convex lens of focal length 50
cm is placed in contact coaxially with a concave lens of focal length 20 cm, what is
the power of the combination?

35.

(a) Using Huygens's construction of secondary wavelets explain how a diffraction

pattern is obtained on a screen due to a narrow slit on which a monochromatic
beam of light is incident normally.
(b) Show that the angular width of the first diffraction fringe is half that of the
central fringe.
1 𝜆
(c) Explain why the maxima at 𝜃 = 𝑛 + become weaker and weaker with
2 𝑎
increasing n.
36.
(a) In Young's double slit experiment, describe briefly how bright and dark fringes
are obtained on the screen kept in front of a double slit. Hence obtain the
expression for the fringe width.
(b) The ratio of the intensities at minima to the maxima in the Young's double slit
experiment is 9 : 25. Find the ratio of the widths of the two slits.
37.
(a) Describe briefly how a diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen due to a
single narrow slit illuminated by a monochromatic source of light. Hence obtain
the conditions for the angular width of secondary maxima and secondary minima.
(b) Two wavelengths of sodium light of 590 nm and 596 nm are used in turn to
study the diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture 2 × 10−6 m. The
distance between the slit and the screen is 1·5 m. Calculate the separation
between the positions of first maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained in the
two cases.
38.
(a) In Young's double slit experiment, derive the condition for
(i) constructive interference and
(ii) destructive interference at a point on the screen.
(b) A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 800 nm and 600 nm is used to
obtain the interference fringes in a Young's double slit experiment on a screen
placed 1 · 4 m away. If the two slits are separated by 0·28 mm, calculate the
least distance from the central bright maximum where the bright fringes of the
two wavelengths coincide.
39.
(a) Use Huygens' principle to show the propagation of a plane wavefront from a
denser medium to a rarer medium. Hence find the ratio of the speeds of wave
fronts in the two media.
(b) (i) Why does an unpolarised light incident on a Polaroid get linearly
polarised ?
(ii) Derive the expression of Brewster's law when unpolarised light passing
from a rarer to a denser medium gets polarised on reflection at the inteface.

40.
(a) How does an unpolarized light incident on a polaroid get polarized? Describe
briefly, with the help of a necessary diagram, the polarization of light by reflection
from a transparent medium.
(b) Two polaroids “A”and “B” are kept in crossed position. How should a third
polaroid “C” be placed between them so that the intensity of polarized light
transmitted by polaroid B reduces to 1/8th of the intensity of unpolarized light
incident on A?
41.
(a) What is plane polarised light? Two polaroids are placed at 90° to each other
and the transmitted intensity is zero. What happens when one more polaroid is
placed between these two, bisecting the angle between them ? How will the
intensity of transmitted light vary on further rotating the third polaroid?
(b) If a light beam shows no intensity variation when transmitted through a
polaroid which is
rotated, does it mean that the light is unpolarised ? Explain briefly.
42.
Using Bohr”s postulates, derive the expression for the frequency of radiation
emitted when electron in hydrogen atom undergoes transition from higher
energy state (quantum number ni) to the lower state, (nf).
When electron in hydrogen atom jumps from energy state ni = 4 to nf = 3, 2, 1,
identify the spectral series to which the emission lines belong.
43.
(a) Draw the plot of binding energy per nucleon (BE/A) as a function of mass
number A. Write two important conclusions that can be drawn regarding the
nature of nuclear force.
(b) Use this graph to explain the release of energy in both the processes of
nuclear fusion and fission.
(c) Write the basic nuclear process of neutron undergoing 𝛼-decay.
Why is the detection of neutrinos found very difficult?
44.
Write Einstein”s photoelectric equation and point out any two characteristic
properties of photons on which this equation is based.
Briefly explain the three observed features which can be explained by this
equation.
The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is −13.6 eV. If and electron make a
transition from the energy level −0.85 eV to −3.4 eV, calculate spectrum does his
wavelength belong?
45.
(a) Explain the formation of ‘depletion layer' and ‘barrier potential’ in a p-n
junction.
(b) With the help of a labelled circuit diagram explain the use of a p-n junction
diode as a full
wave rectifier. Draw the input and output waveforms.

46.
(a) Describe briefly, with the help of a diagram, the role of the two important
processes involved in the formation of a p-n junction.
(b) Name the device which is used as a voltage regulator. Draw the necessary
circuit diagram and explain its working.
47.
a) Give a circuit diagram of a common emitter amplifier using an n-p-n transistor.
Draw the
input and output waveforms of the signal. Write the expression for its voltage
gain.
(b) Identify the equivalent gate for the following circuit and write its truth table.
48.
(i) With the help of circuit diagrams distinguish between forward biasing and
reverse
biasing of a p-n junction diode.
(ii) Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (a) forward bias, (b) reverse
bias

49.
(a) Draw I-V characteristics of a Zener diode.
(b) Explain with the help of a circuit diagram, the use of a Zener diode as a
voltage-regulator.
(c) A photodiode is operated under reverse bias although in the forward bias the
current is known
to be more than the current in the reverse bias. Explain giving reason.
50.
Explain how a transistor in active state exhibits a low resistance at its emitter base
junction
and high resistance at its base collector junction.
Draw a circuit diagram and explain the operation of a transistor as a switch.