Unit 3

Fuel supply system for petrol and diesel

engine
 AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

pics covered ;

Fuel Supply System

MPFI
Diesel Fuel System
CRDI
Presented By – Arsalan Hassan
 CARBUR
RETION

The process of formation of combustible fuel-air mixture by mixing the proper amount
of fuel with air before admission to the engine cylinder is called carburetion and the
divide which does this job is called carburetor.
Spark ignition engines normally use volatile liquid fuels. Preparation of fuel-air mixture
s done outside the engine cylinder and formation of a homogenous mixture is normally
not completed in the inlet manifold. Fuel droplets which remain in suspension continue
o evaporate and mix with air even during suction and compression processes. The
process of mixture preparation is extremely important for spark-ignition engines. The
purpose of carburetion is to provide a combustible mixture of fuel and air in the
equired quantity and quality for efficient operation of the engines under all conditions.
 Factors affecting carburetion

▶ Engine Speed

▶ Vaporization Characteristics of the Fuel

▶ Temperature of Incoming Air

▶ Design of the Carburetor

▶ Time available of the mixture preparation

 Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI)

MPFI System is a system which uses a small computer (yes, a small computer
without keyboard or mouse, it’s more like a microchip) to control the Car’s Engine.
A Petrol car’s engine usually has three or more cylinders or fuel burning zones. So
in case of an MPFI engine, there is one fuel –injector
injector installed near each cylinder
that is why they call it Multi-point (more than one points) Fuel Injection.
MPFI emerged an intelligent way to do what the Carburetor does. In MPFI system,
each cylinder has one injector (which makes it multi-point).
multi Each of these Injectors
is controlled by one central car computer. This computer is a small micro-
processor, which keeps telling each Injector about how much petrol and at what
time it needs to inject near the cylinder so that only the required amount of petrol
goes into the cylinder at the right moment.
The working of MPFI is similar to Carburetor, but in an improved way,
because now each cylinder is treated independently unlike Carburetor. But one
major Key difference is that MPFI is an intelligent system and Carburetor is
not.

Based on all these inputs from the sensors, the computer in the MPFI system
decides what amount of fuel to inject. Thus it makes it fuel efficient as it
knows what amount of petrol should go in
 DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM

The function of the diesel fuel system is to inject a precise

amount of atomized and pressurized fuel into each engine
cylinder at the proper time. Combustion in a diesel engine occurs
when this rush of fuel is mixed with hot compressed air. (No
electrical spark is used as in a gasoline engine.)

A diesel fuel system is a critical component of any diesel engine

and its optimum operation is essential for peak performance.
 Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI)

Common rail direct fuel injection is a modern variant of direct fuel injection system
for petrol and engines. On diesel engines, it features a high-pressure (over
1,000 bar or 15,000 psi) fuel rail feeding individual solenoid valves, as opposed to
low-pressure fuel pump feeding unit injectors.
Third-generation common rail diesels now feature piezoelectric injectors for
increased precision, with fuel pressures up to 2,000 bars or 29,000 psi. In gasoline
engines, it is used in gasoline direct injection engine technology.
Solenoid or piezoelectric valves make possible fine electronic control over the fuel
injection time and quantity, and the higher pressure that the common rail
technology makes available provides better fuel atomisation.
atomisation In order to lower
engine noise, the engine's electronic control unit can inject a small amount of diesel
just before the main injection event ("pilot" injection), thus reducing its
explosiveness and vibration, as well as optimizing injection timing and quantity for
variations in fuel quality, cold starting and so on. Some advanced common rail fuel
systems perform as many as five injections per stroke.
Fuel injection system for diesel engine
 Air Injection System

e fuel is injected by means of high pressure air at about 70 bar into the combustion chamber.
compressor to supply compressed air & the fuel pump to draw the desired fuel from fuel tank both to be suppl
r.

antages
des good atomization of fuel.

y viscous fuel can be used .

dvantages
ompressor needs extra maintenance.

m is bulky and expensive.

 Solid or Airless Injection System

fuel is directly injected into the cylinder without the aid of compressed air.
uel does not vaporize at ordinary temperatures & also the fuel supplied needs to be
& mix with air, it requires high injection pressure over 70 bar.

of solid Fuel Injection System

chanical Injection
ctronic Injection

nical Injection is further classified as:

mon rail direct injection (CRDI) system

dual pump system
butor system
Common-Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) System
 tages
system is simple & easy to maintenance.
an control fuel supply as per load & speed of engine.
s only one pump needed for a multi-cylinder engine.

vantages

m needs accurate design .

is a chance of developing leakage at the valve seat.
ion pressure used are in range of 200 – 300 bar pressure
pressure.
Individual Pump System
Distributor System
 Electronic Injection

ses the electronic sensors for precise metering of fuel.

ensors feed the data to an electronic control unit (ECU) which determines the amount of fuel to be injected
ing upon the engine speed & throttle position.

antages

duces fuel consumption & gives better mileage.

duces exhaust emissions.
proves engine power.
vents overheating of engine during braking & idling conditions of the engine.
 Fuel Injection Pumps

ives
eliver accurately metered quantity of fuel.
h pressures in the range of 100 bar to 300 bar needed depending upon the compression ratio of
ne to achieve required atomization of fuel.

must be injected and terminated at the correct timing.

of Injection Pumps

type injection pump ( Bosch fuel injection pump )

ributor type injection pump
Bosch Fuel Injection Pump
Distributor Type Fuel Pump
 Nozzles

le is the part of an injector through which the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber.

gn of nozzle should be such that the liquid fuel leaving the nozzle is atomized which helps in proper mixing
& air.

of nozzle used in an injector depends on the type of combustion chamber used in an engine.

types of Nozzles:

pintle nozzle
single hole nozzle
multi-hole nozzle
pintaux nozzle
 Pintle Nozzle

cations:

e thin ends in the form of pin.

pe of the pin can be varied.
w cylindrical jet or a wide angle spray can be obtained.

tages
oids dribbling of fuel in the combustion
mber
 Single hole nozzle

fications
ingle hole is bored at bottom tip of nozzle.
e diameter is of 0.2 mm.
ay cone angle obtained ranges from 5-20 degrees.

tages
able for open combustion chamber

vantages
s small spray cone angle.
e a tendency to dribble.
 Multiple hole Nozzle

cations
multiple holes bored at the tip of the nozzle.
ber of holes vary from 4 to 8.
eter vary from 0.2 mm to 0.35 mm.

tages
ures proper mixing of fuel in the chamber.

antages

uires high injection pressures in the range of 180 to

ar.
 Pintaux Nozzle

ications
type of nozzle with an auxiliary hole drilled in it.
iary hole injects fuel in a direction upstream the direction of air before the main injection starts.

tages
duces the delay period due to better heat transfer between fuel &

sults into better cold starting performance.