SEC. 72. Matrix Multiplication 263 7.2. Matrix Multiplication Matrix multiplication means that one multiplies matrices by matrices. Its definition is standard but it looks artificial. Thus you have to study matrix mudtiptication carefully, ‘multiply a few matrices together for practice until you can understand how to do it. Here then is the definition. (Motivation follows later.) DEFINITION | Multiplication of a Matrix by a Matrix ‘The product C = AB (in this order) of an mv m matrix A = [ayy] times an r X p matrix B = [bj] is defined af and only if r =n and is then the m % p matrix C= [ej] with entries 2 ja leoym ex = Daehn = abun + aeabas t+ inde am =a ‘The condition r = 1 means that the second factor, B, must have as many rows as the first factor has columns, namely n. A diagram of sizes that shows when matrix multiplication is possible is as follows: AB c [m xn] [wx p] = [rm x pl ‘The entry cj. in (1) is obtained by multiplying each entry in the jth row of A by the corresponding entry in the kth column of B and then adding these » products. For instance, 2 = dayby1 + daghay + *** + daydys, and So on. One calls this briefly a multiplication of rows into columns. For n ~ 3, this is illustrated by pee pod Sa oS is ie Os] Pia bs] Pen ee 55 an @ea)| | bax P| =| [Ge cn me Ba be Notations in a product AB = € ‘where we shaded the entries that contribute to the calculation of entry ep just discussed. “Matrix multiplication will be motivated by its use in linear transformations in this section and more fully in Sec. 7.9. Let us illustrate the main points of matrix multiplication by some examples. Note that ‘matrix multiplication also includes multiplying a matrix by a vector, since, after all, a vector is a special matrix, EXAMPLE 1 Matrix Multi Herwep) = 3°24 5-54 (-1)-9 = 22,andsoon. The entry in the box sexs ‘The product BA isnot defined264 EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 4 CHAP. 7. Linear Algebra: Matrices, Vectors, Determinants. Linear Systems EEE) — Et] = Products of Row and Column Vectors v r 361 36 n2;=t9), |2|p 6 y=|6 m2 . 4 4 nom 4, ‘CAUTION! Matrix Multiplication Is Not Commutative, AB # BA in General “This is ustated by Examples 1 and 2, whore one ofthe two products is not even defined, and by Example 3, where the two procts have different sizes, But it also holds for squire mates. For instance, ho t)_[o o 4 ~ ut roo wol| 1-1)" fo 0 1a 1s interesting tha this also shows that AB = 0 does not necessarily imply BA = Vor A = 0 or B shall discuss this fuer in See. 7.8 long with reasons when this happens roo 100 100, -(2 9s) Our examples show that in matrix products the order of factors must always be observed very carefully. Otherwise matrix multiplication satisfies rules similar to those for numbers, namely. (2) (RA)B = MAB) = AGB) written KAB or AB (b)— A(BE) = (AB)C written ABC (©) (A+B) = AC + BC 2 (@) CA +B) = CA + CB provided A, B, and C are such that the expressions on the left are defined; here, k is any scalar. (2b) is called the associative law. (2c) and (2d) are called the distributive laws. Since matrix multiplication is a multiplication of rows into columns, we can write the defining formula (1) more compactly as 8) Gre = ayy, ? sm B= Ayes p, where a is the jth row vector of A and by is the Ath column vector of B, so that in ‘agreement with (I), bu abe = [a ge ain] | 2 | = aidan + ajabase +o + ainPake nk,