Arellano University - Plaridel Campus

Senior High School Department

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

1 Semester - 2 Quarter
st nd
MS. KAREN V. GAVELENIO, LPT
Subject Teacher
 BIOENERGETICS
Lesson 2: The cell as the basic unit of life
❑ Identify the different part of the cell
❑ Differentiate plant cells and animal cell.
❑ Explain how cells carry out functions required for life.
Characteristics of Living organism
1. Cellular Organization / Made up of cells
2. Reproduction
3. Evolutionary Adaption
4. Growth and Develop
5. Response to stimuli
6. Homeostasis
7. Metabolism
 WHAT IS CELL ?
▪ Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.
▪ The human body is composed of trillions of cells.
▪ Cells have different shapes, sizes, and functions.
▪ Basically cells are divided into two (2) types:
(1) Prokaryotic cells
(2) Eukaryotic cells
Cells in Plants
 The Two (2) types of Cells

Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

BACTERIA ANIMAL
PLANT
Prokaryotic VS. Eukaryotic cells
 Prokaryotic VS. Eukaryotic cells
❑These are small cells from bacteria ❑These are complex cell with a
and Archaea domains. membrane bound nucleus and
❑They do not contain a membrane membrane bound organelles.
bound nucleus or other membrane ❑Examples of these cells are Plants,
bound organelles. Animal and Fungi.
Prokaryotic VS. Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes are always unicellular, while
eukaryotes are often multi-celled organisms.
Organelles
❑a cell component which can carry
out its specific function even
outside the cell provided it is given
the similar environment for survival
and functioning as in the cell.

❑Some function carried out by

organelles are the protein building,
information strorage, waste
disposal, transport materials and
energy capture and releases.
PROKARYOTES
BACTERIA EUKARYOTIC
ANIMAL and PLANT
The Eukaryotic cell: ANIMAL CELL
NUCLEUS
- The Brain of the cell/control center of the cell
(Tells the cell what to do).
- Contains Chromatin – Long Strands of DNA,
- DNA – Store generic information
Nucleolus - The site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
synthesis (Forms ribosomes).
Nucleoplasm - The fluid-like substance in the
nucleus of a cell in which the nucleolus and
chromatin are suspended.
Nuclear Envelope - Enclose the nucleus,
separating it from the cytoplasm.
A Nuclear pore is one of a series of openings found
in the cell's nuclear membrane. Nucleopores serve as
channels for the selective transport of nucleic acids
and proteins into and out of the cell nucleus.
The Eukaryotic cell: ANIMAL CELL
RIBOSOMES
• Attached to RER or free in the
cytoplasm
• The organelles in which amino
acids are hooked together to make
proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum
▪ The organelle that makes lipids, breaks
down drugs and other substance, and
packages proteins for golgi bodies.
Two types of Endoplasmic reticulum
(1) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
▪ Rough ER (RER) – has ribosomes
attached to their surfaces on the
membrane
▪ Role in modifying proteins
(2) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
▪ No ribosomes
▪ Produces lipids, Cholesterol, &
Hormones.
▪ Detoxifies drugs and poison (Break
down toxins).
The Eukaryotic cell: ANIMAL CELL
Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Body
▪ The organelle that processes and
transports proteins and other materials in
and out of the cell.
▪ Packaging & shipping station of cell.
▪ Flatten big vesicles

Vesicles are small cellular containers

that perform a variety of functions.
They can be used to move molecules,
secrete substances, digest materials, or
regulate the pressure in the cell.
▪ Move materials within the cell
▪ Move materials out of the cell
The Eukaryotic cell: ANIMAL CELL
Lysosomes
Functions:
▪ It digest food particles
▪ Aid in cell renewal
▪ Break down old cell parts
(destroy old organelles).
▪ Role as “garbage disposal” by
removing any broken organelles.
▪ Transports undigested material
to cell membrane for removal.
The Eukaryotic cell: ANIMAL CELL

Mitochondria
▪ “Powerhouse of the cell” or “energy
factories”
▪ function in making ATP (chemical energy)
from food.
▪ Generate/produce Energy for the cell.
The Eukaryotic cell: ANIMAL CELL
CYTOPLASM
▪ Viscous fluid containing
organelles (Gel-like liquid that fills
the inside of a cell)
▪ Components of cytoplasm:
▪ Interconnected filaments & fibers
▪ Fluid = cytosol
▪ Organelles (not nucleus)
The Eukaryotic cell: ANIMAL CELL
Centrioles / Centrosomes
▪ Centrioles are paired barrel-
shaped organelles located in the
cytoplasm of animal cells near
the nuclear envelope.
▪ Centrioles play a role in
organizing microtubules that serve
as the cell's skeletal system. They
help determine the locations of
the nucleus and other organelles
within the cell.
The Eukaryotic cell: ANIMAL CELL
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a structure
that helps cells maintain their
shape and internal organization.
The Eukaryotic cell: ANIMAL CELL

Cell Membrane
- The cell membrane, also
called the plasma
membrane, is found in all
cells and separates the
interior of the cell from the
outside environment.
- Controls the substance that
comes and out of the cell.
The Eukaryotic cell: PLANT CELL

Chloroplast
▪ Usually found in plant cells
▪ Where photosynthesis
takes place
▪ Contains green pigments
or what we called
chlorophyll.
▪ Capture light to make
organic molecules.
The Eukaryotic cell: PLANT CELL

Chloroplast
▪ an elongated or disc-
shaped organelle
containing chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis (in which
energy from sunlight is
converted into chemical
energy - food) takes place
in the chloroplasts.
The Eukaryotic cell: PLANT CELL

Vacuole
▪ In plant cells, vacuoles
help maintain water
balance.
▪ Help with temperature
regulation and hydration.
▪ Provides structure
support of the cell or cell
shape maintenance.
The Eukaryotic cell: PLANT CELL
Cell wall
▪ Maintain its shape.
▪ Prevents excessive uptake
of water.
▪ More common in plants
▪ The outermost layer of cells
in plants, bacteria, fungi,
and many algae that gives
shape to the cell and
protects it from infection.
The Eukaryotic cell: PLANT CELL
Plasmodesmata
❑ They act as a channel in which
molecules can be transported in
and out of the plant cells.
The Prokaryotic cell: BACTERIAL CELL
Cilia and Flagella
Cilia and flagella are antenna-like, present on many
types of eukaryotic cells.
▪ Cilia/Pili – many in number, size: short, hair-like
▪ Helps in movement of cells or substances (mucus)
▪ Flagella/Flagellum – 1 or 2 on cell surface; very
long
▪ Helps in movement of cells
The Prokaryotic cell: BACTERIAL CELL
Nucleoid
❑ It is an irregularly-shaped region within
the cell of a prokaryote that contains all
or most of the genetic material.
 Compare and Contrast
Plant Cell Both Animal Cell
Cell wall No Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Large Vacuole Small or No Vacuole
Ribosomes
Plasmodesmata Cell Membrane No Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Chloroplast Smaller in size
Golgi Apparatus
Chlorophyll Nuclues have cilia
Rough & Smooth have lysosomes
Larger in size
Endoplasmic
Centrosomes are Reticulum have centrosomes
absent
 THANK YOU!
I hope you learn something new today!