Week6 7 Torsion Mech2308 Cive2310
Week6 7 Torsion Mech2308 Cive2310
MECH2308-CIVE2310
Week:6
Stress Transformations Principles
Stress Pressurere
Torsion
Transformation Vessels
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Torsional Deformation of a Circular Shaft-
Shear Stress & Strain
Before After
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Sign Convention
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Example
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
TORSION OF CIRCULAR SECTIONS
• For small angle of rotation, the length of shaft and its radius
remain unchanged.
The Torsion Formula
Assumptions
• Linear-elastic material
• Hooke’s law applies
= G
To prove that:
Tc T
max or
J J
• = (/c) max
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
The Torsion Formula
A B x Given:
T
o T – Applied torque (Nm)
L – Length of shaft (m)
r
x r – radius of shaft (m)
T L
– arbitrary radius (m)
dF – shear force at (N)
A B – shear stress at
o dA – area of the ring (m²)
r
T
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
The Torsion Formula
1. Equilibrium Equation
Applied Torque Resistive torque in the
cross section
T dF
T .dA (1)
A
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
The Torsion Formula
2. Geometry of Deformation
Assumption:
Cross-sections which are plane before twisting remain plane and undistorted after twisting.
T
R
o
q r
P Q
L
PQ – Longitudinal generator
– shear strain at (rad.)
q – angle of twist (radians)
G (3)
Torsion Formula
Gq
T .J
L
where J = Polar Second Moment of Area
T Gq
or (5)
J L
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
The Torsion Formula
T Gq TORSION FORMULAE
J L
Where J = Polar Second Moment of Area
Solid Shaft of radius R, diameter D :
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Polar Second Moment of Area – Hollow Cylinder
d ri = Inner radius
ro = Outer radius
dA = Area of the ring shaped
element
dA d ² ² 2d
ro
So, J ²dA ².2d J
2
r o
4
ri 4
A ri
ro
2 ³d
ri
and for a Solid Cylinder
4 ro
ro4
2 ri 0 ; J
4 ri 2
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Thin Walled Tube with t < R/10:
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Shear Stress Distribution
Tube Shaft
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Angle of Twist in Elastic Range
TL
or q
JG
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Angle of Twist: Multi-segment Shaft
Ti Li
or q
i J i Gi
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Wood Shaft Failure- Torsion Shear Stress
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Power Transmitted
• Power is defined as the work performed per unit of time
• P = Power transmitted, in;
= Watts (W).
= Joules / second
= Nm/s
w = Angular velocity, radians / second
f = Frequency, in Hz = revolutions / second
T = Torque, Nm
We have then: P Tw T .2f
or PP
T
w 2f
Power Transmission-N
• Work = F x d = F * (2 π r) * (# revolutions).
• The Power sent down the shaft is then the Work per unit time, or if we
divide the equation for Work above by the time we can write:
• Power=Work/Time = F*(2πr)(#rev)/(time)
F
Tension / Compression E
A L
V
Shear G
A
M E
Bending
y I R
T q
Torsion G
J L
Loading Definitions
Tie Tension
Strut Compression
Beam Bending/Shear
Column Buckling
Joints Shear
Shaft Torsion
Example
Find the internal torque at any section for the shaft shown in the figure. The
forces are shown in the figure.
Step 1
The 50N.m torque is balanced by the two torques of 35 and 15 N.m at A and B respectively.
Therefore, the body as a whole is in equilibrium.
Step 2
We obtain the free body diagram of the part of the shaft, by passing a plane perpendicular to
the shaft at any point between A and B. So we have Σ Mx = 0, this implies TAB = 35N-m. The
conclusion reached is that resisting torque developed between shaft A and B is 35N-m
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Step 3
On similar grounds the internal torque resisted between B and C is 50 N-m
Concepts involved:
1) Torsional stress
2) Torsion formula
Formulae used:
1. Polar moment of inertia
2. Torsion formula
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Solution: Step 1:
The maximum internal torque resisted by the shaft is known
from the previous problem to be 50 N-m
Step 2: Calculate J for the section using the first formula
J 754 4.97 107 mm
2
Since point A is at ρ = c = 75 mm,
Tc 125015
B 0.377 MPa (Ans)
J 4.97 107
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Example
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Solution:
To determine the shearing stresses in the other shafts, the torques need to be
computed. The radius of gear B is rB = 25 mm, and the force that gear C exerts on gear
B is TAB
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Reference