0% found this document useful (0 votes)
23 views32 pages

Week6 7 Torsion Mech2308 Cive2310

Uploaded by

j79443006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
23 views32 pages

Week6 7 Torsion Mech2308 Cive2310

Uploaded by

j79443006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

Strength of Materials

MECH2308-CIVE2310
Week:6
Stress Transformations Principles

Course Learning Outcomes:


• Calculate various stresses acting on thin walled cylinders subjected to internal
pressure.
• Calculate the torsional shear stress and angle of twist on circular shaft
subjected to torques.

Lecturer Name: Dr. Norie Akeel


Academic Year: 2022-2023
Course Coordinator Name: Dr. Norie Akeel
Stress Transformations Principles

Stress Pressurere
Torsion
Transformation Vessels

Introduce the systematic methods for solving


engineering problems and compute stress
transformation, Mohr's circle, pressure vessels
and torsion forces in solid mechanics.
Torsion of Circular Shafts
What is Torque?
• It is a moment that twists a member about its longitudinal axis.
• Torsion is caused by action of two oppositely directed torsional
moments applied to a given member (both active or one active and one
reactive
• If the angle of rotation is small, the length of the shaft and its radius will
remain unchanged.

• Torsional Deformation of a Circular Shaft


• The Torsion Formula
• Angle of Twist
• Power Transmission

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Torsional Deformation of a Circular Shaft-
Shear Stress & Strain

• When a shaft is subjected to a torque or twisting, a


shearing stress is produced in the shaft.
• The shear stress varies from zero in the axis to a maximum
at the outside surface of the shaft.

Before After

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Sign Convention

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Example

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
TORSION OF CIRCULAR SECTIONS

• This analysis can only be applied to solid or hollow circular


sections

• The material must be homogeneous

• Torque is constant and transmitted along bar by each section


trying to shear over its neighbor.

• Transverse planes remain parallel to each other.

• For small angle of rotation, the length of shaft and its radius
remain unchanged.
The Torsion Formula

Assumptions
• Linear-elastic material
• Hooke’s law applies
 = G
To prove that:
Tc T
 max  or  
J J

• max occurs on the outer


surface

•  = (/c) max
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
The Torsion Formula
A B x Given:
T
o T – Applied torque (Nm)
L – Length of shaft (m)
r
x r – radius of shaft (m)
T L
 – arbitrary radius (m)
dF – shear force at  (N)
A B   – shear stress at 
o  dA – area of the ring (m²)

r
T

Assumption: Shaft is loaded by a torsional couple in planes


that are perpendicular to the axis of the shaft.

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
The Torsion Formula

1. Equilibrium Equation
Applied Torque  Resistive torque in the
cross section
T   dF

T     .dA (1)
A

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
The Torsion Formula
2. Geometry of Deformation
Assumption:
Cross-sections which are plane before twisting remain plane and undistorted after twisting.

T
R
 o
q r
P Q 

L
PQ – Longitudinal generator
 – shear strain at  (rad.)
q – angle of twist (radians)

Circular arc QR  q  L (2)


Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
The Torsion Formula
3. Stress – Strain Relation
 Assumption: Shear stress does not
P.L.
exceed the proportional
limit.
G
G – shear modulus (N/m²)


  G (3)
Torsion Formula

Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) results in


 q   Gq
  G  or  (4)
 L   L
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
The Torsion Formula
Torsion Formula (cont)
Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (1) gives
 Gq 
T   dA
A 
L 
Gq
T
L A  ² dA

Gq
T .J
L
where J = Polar Second Moment of Area

T Gq
or  (5)
J L

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
The Torsion Formula
T  Gq TORSION FORMULAE
 
J  L
Where J = Polar Second Moment of Area
Solid Shaft of radius R, diameter D :

Hollow Shaft with Inner Radius Ri and Outer radius Ro:

Thin Walled Tube with t < R/10:

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Polar Second Moment of Area – Hollow Cylinder
d ri = Inner radius

 ro = Outer radius
dA = Area of the ring shaped
element

dA     d ²   ²  2d


ro
So, J    ²dA    ².2d J
2
r o
4
 ri 4 
A ri
ro

 2   ³d
ri
and for a Solid Cylinder

  4 ro
ro4
 2   ri  0 ; J
 4  ri 2
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Thin Walled Tube with t < R/10:

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Shear Stress Distribution

• Shear stress occur on axial planes (normal to the x-


section
• Linear variation

Tube Shaft

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

Constant torque and x-sectional area

TL
 or q 
JG

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Angle of Twist: Multi-segment Shaft

• Several segments with


various x-sections
• Variable torque, but
constant for the individual
segments

Ti Li
 or q  
i J i Gi

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Wood Shaft Failure- Torsion Shear Stress

• Tendency to split along the axial plane or along


fiber
• Anisotropic material

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Power Transmitted
• Power is defined as the work performed per unit of time
• P = Power transmitted, in;
= Watts (W).
= Joules / second
= Nm/s
w = Angular velocity, radians / second
f = Frequency, in Hz = revolutions / second
T = Torque, Nm
We have then: P  Tw  T .2f
or PP
T 
w 2f
Power Transmission-N
• Work = F x d = F * (2 π r) * (# revolutions).

• The Power sent down the shaft is then the Work per unit time, or if we
divide the equation for Work above by the time we can write:

• Power=Work/Time = F*(2πr)(#rev)/(time)

• If we now rewrite the above equation slightly, as below:


• Power = 2 π ( F * r) * (# rev/sec)
• Then we recognize the (F * r) term is the torque in the shaft, and we can
rewrite as:
• Power = 2 π T*N (ft-lb./sec) where T = Torque in ft-lb.; N = #
rev/sec
• This is the formula for power transmitted in foot-pounds/second. It is often
more convenient to express it in horsepower (1 hp = 550 ft-lb./sec) as
shown below.
• Power hp = [2 π T*N/ 550 ft-lb/sec/hp] but w=2 π N
Torsion Formulas

F 
Tension / Compression    E
A L
V
Shear    G
A
 M E
Bending  
y I R
 T q
Torsion  G
 J L
Loading Definitions

Structural Element Loading

Tie Tension

Strut Compression

Beam Bending/Shear

Column Buckling

Joints Shear

Shaft Torsion
Example
Find the internal torque at any section for the shaft shown in the figure. The
forces are shown in the figure.

Step 1
The 50N.m torque is balanced by the two torques of 35 and 15 N.m at A and B respectively.
Therefore, the body as a whole is in equilibrium.
Step 2
We obtain the free body diagram of the part of the shaft, by passing a plane perpendicular to
the shaft at any point between A and B. So we have Σ Mx = 0, this implies TAB = 35N-m. The
conclusion reached is that resisting torque developed between shaft A and B is 35N-m

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Step 3
On similar grounds the internal torque resisted between B and C is 50 N-m

Concepts involved:
1) Torsional stress
2) Torsion formula
Formulae used:
1. Polar moment of inertia

2. Torsion formula

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Solution: Step 1:
The maximum internal torque resisted by the shaft is known
from the previous problem to be 50 N-m
Step 2: Calculate J for the section using the first formula

Step 3: Substitute in the torsion formula


Example
A solid steel shaft AB is to be used to transmit 3750 W from the motor M to which
it is attached. If the shaft rotates at w =175 rpm and the steel has an allowable shear
stress of allow τallow =100 MPa, determine the required diameter of the shaft to the
nearest mm.
The torque on the shaft is P  Tw
 175  2 
3750  T    T  204.6 Nm
 60 
 max T

r J
J T r 4 T 2T
 ,  , r3 
r  max 2r  max  * max
2 * 204.6 *1000
r3  10.92mm
 *100
D  2r  2 *10.92  21.84mm
OR
D  22mm
Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Example
The shaft is supported by two bearings and is subjected to three torques. Determine
the shear stress developed at points A and B, located at section a–a of the shaft.

From the free-body diagram of the left segment,

M x  0; 4250  3000  T  0  T  1250 kNmm

The polar moment of inertia for the shaft is


J 754  4.97 107 mm
2
Since point A is at ρ = c = 75 mm,

Likewise for point B, at ρ =15 mm, we have

Tc 125015
B    0.377 MPa (Ans)
J 4.97 107

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Example

A torque of magnitude T = 100 Nm is


applied to shaft AB of the gear train
shown below. The diameters of the
three solid shafts are: dAB = 21 mm,
dCD = 30 mm, dEF = 40 mm.
Determine the maximum shearing
stress in:
a) shaft AB
b) shaft CD
c) shaft EF

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Solution:

To determine the shearing stresses in the other shafts, the torques need to be
computed. The radius of gear B is rB = 25 mm, and the force that gear C exerts on gear
B is TAB

Hibbeler R. C, (1999)
Reference

• Hibbeler R. C, (1999). Mechanics of Materials, 8th Edition, Prentice


Hall.

• James M. Gere, Barry J. Goodno. (2008), Mechanics of Materials 7th


Edition, Cengage Learning.

You might also like