FLUID MECHANICS

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Fluid Kinematics

FLUID KINEMATICS

Hello Science majors! Welcome to the world of FLUID MECHANICS.

INTRODUCTION:

This course introduces students to fluid This course will provide the student with a basic understanding
of fluid properties, fluid statics, dynamics and fluid flow. Then the students apply these concepts to application
in problem solving and in real life situation.
The module will give you an overview to understand the behavior of fluid under various forces, at different
atmospheric conditions and to select the proper fluid for various applications.

II. OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

1. State the definition of fluid kinematics
2. Differentiate the Langrarian descriptions from Eularian’s description, and the five types of fluid.
3. Investigate each types of fluid flow.

III. PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES:

Before you proceed to the main lesson, test yourself in this activity.

In this module, we will have a closer look at Trigonometry. We will discuss how do fluids flow? First,
let us solve this crossword puzzle by the help of some hint listed below.

Tidal Effects Mechanics Velocity Instantaneous Non uniform Flows

Speed

Unsteady Flow Uniform Flow Average Velocity Steady Flows Average Speed
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GREAT!!!
You may now proceed to the main lesson.

Based on the preliminary activities, what did you notice about it?
___________________________________________________
CONGRATULATIONS!
You may now proceed to the lesson.
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IV. LESSON PROPER

FLUID KINEMATICS
It deals with describing the motion of the fluid without necessarily considering the forces and
moments that cause the motion.
There are two types of description to discuss in fluid kinematics.
The Lagrangrian descriptions of fluid flow and Eulerian THINGS TO REMEMBER!
description of fluid These two descriptions are pertaining Acceleration- the rate of change of
to a flow of fluid. the velocity of an object with respect
to time.
LANGRARIAN DESCRIPTIONS Continuum- can be treated as
● A fluid of motion after the Italian mathematician continuous, even though, on a
Joseph Louis Langrange (1736- 1813). microscopic scale or from microscopic
point of view.
● This analysis is analogous to the system analysis
that you learned in your thermodynamic; namely we Flow domain- Control volume
follow a mass of fixed identity. Kinematics -Study of motion
● As you can imagine, this method of describing motion
Fluid Flow-Deals with the motion of
is much more difficult for fluids than a billiard ball. fluid particles without the considering
- First of all, we cannot easily define and identify the agency producing the motion.
particles of fluid as they move around.
Velocity-is the rate of change of its
- Secondly, a fluid is continuum, so interactions position with respect to frame of
between parcels of fluid are not easy to describe as reference, and is a function of time.
interactions between distinct objects like billiard balls
or hockey pucks.
- Furthermore the fluid parcels continue to deform as they move in flow.
● From a microscopic point of view, a fluid is composed of billions of molecules that are continuously
banging into one another, somewhat like billiard balls: but the task of following even a subset of these
molecules is quite difficult even the fastest and largest computers.

● Practical applications of Langrarian descriptions such as :

- Tracking of passive scalars in a flow.
- Rare field gas dynamics calculations concerning about
The reentry of spaceship into the Earth’s
Atmosphere (figure 1.1).
- Development of flow measurement system based on a
particle imaging (shown in Figure 1.2. It states that in Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2

Langrarian description, one must keep track of the

position and velocity of individual particles.)
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EULERIAN DESCRIPTIONS OF FLUID MOTION

● Name after the Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler (1707- 1783).
● In Eulerian description of fluid flow, a finite volume called
fluid domain or control volume is defined through which fluid flows
in and out.
● We do not need to keep track of the position of the velocity of a
mass of fluid particle or fixed identities. Instead we define field variable
functions of space and time, within the control volume.
● Example: the pressure field is a scalar field variable;
For general unsteady three-dimensional fluid flow in Cartesian coordinates.

Eq. 1.1

Eq. 1.2

Eq. 1.3

● Collectively, these (and other) field variables define the flow fluid.
Leonard Euler
The velocity field of Equation 1.2 can be expanded in Cartesian
Coordinates (x,y,z), (i,j,k)

Eq. 1.4

● A similar expansion can be perform in acceleration field of Eq.1.3. In this Eulerian descriptions, all
such field variables are defined at any location (x,y,z) in the control volume and at any instant time
t(figure 1-3)
● In fluid particles; rather we are concerned with the pressure, velocity, acceleration, etc. Of whichever
fluid particle happens to be at the location of interest at the time of interest.
● The difference between these two descriptions is made clearer by imagining a person standing beside
a river, measure its properties.In the Langrarian approach he throws in a prove that moves
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Fluid Kinematics
downstream in the water. In Eularian approach, he anchors the probe at a fixed location in the
water.
● While there are many successions in which the Langrarian description is useful, The Eulerian
description is often more convenient for fluid mechanics applications.
● Furthermore, experimental measurements are generally more suited to the Eulerian description.
● In a wind tunnel, for example, velocity or pressure probes are usually placed at a fixed location in the
flow, measuring V (x,y,z,t) or P(x,y,z,t).
● However , whereas the equations of motion in the Langrarian description following individual fluid
particles are well known (e.g. Newton’s second law), the equations of motion of fluid are not so readily
apparent in the Eulerian description must be carefully derived.

FIVE TYPES OF FLUID

1. IDEAL FLUID
This fluid cannot be compressed and have no viscosity falls in the category of an ideal fluid.It is not
found in actual practice but it is an imaginary fluid because all the fluid that exist in environment has
viscosity. So there is no ideal fluid in reality
2. REAL FLUID
A fluid which is having some viscosity is called real fluid. Actually all the fluids existing in the
environment are called real fluids.
3. NEWTONIAN FLUID
The fluid which obeys Newton’s law of viscosity is known as Newtonian fluid.
Examples: Water, benzene and all gases and most liquids which have simpler molecular formula
and low molecular weight
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4. NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID -
The fluid which does not obey Newton’s law of viscosity is called Non- Newtonian fluid.
Examples: ketchup, silly putty, and quicksand
5. IDEAL PLASTIC FLUID
A fluid having the value of shear stress more than the yield value and it is proportional to the shear
strain (velocity gradient) is known as ideal plastic fluid.
Example: toothpaste
FLUID FLOW
It is a part of fluid mechanics and deals with fluid dynamics. Fluid such as gases and liquids in motion are
called fluid flow. It involves the motion of a fluid subjected to unbalanced forces.
TYPES OF FLUID FLOW
1. STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOWS
● STEADY FLOW

The steady flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid characteristics
Velocity , density, pressure etc. At a point do not change with the same time.

● UNSTEADY FLOW
It is defined as that type of flow in which the
fluid characteristics like velocity, density, pressure,
etc.at a point change respected to time.
2. UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM FLUID FLOW
● UNIFORM FLOW OF FLUID
This uniform fluid flow is defined as the type of flow in which the
velocity at any given time does not change with
respect to space (I.e.0 length of direction of the
flow).
● NON-UNIFORM FLOW OF FLUID

It is defined as the type of flow in which the given

velocity at any given time changes with respect to space
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(i.e. length of the direction of the flow) For pipe flow, the type of flow is
determined by a non-dimensional number
[(VD)/(v)nuo] called Reynolds Number.
3. LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLUID FLOW
Where
● LAMINAR FLUID FLOW D = Diameter of pipe

This laminar fluid flow defines as the type of flow V=Velocity of the pipe

in which the fluid particles move along well define paths or K= Kinematic viscosity of the fluid

If Reynold Number is less than 2000,

streamline and all the streamlines are straight and parallel. the flow is Laminar Flow

● TURBULENT FLUID It is defined as the type of flow in Reynold Number is more than 4000,
the flow is called Turbulent Flow
which the fluid particles move in a zigzag way, If the Reynold Number is lies
between 2000-4000, the flow may
the eddies formation takes place in which responsible be laminar or turbulent flow

for high energy loss.

4. COMPRESSIBLE AND INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW
● COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW
It defined as the flow in which the density is not constant which means the density of the fluid
changes from point to point.
ρ≠ constant Gases are
compressible fluid
● INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID
flow but whereas
It is defined as the flow in which the the liquid is in-
compressible fluid
density is constant which means
flow.
the density of the fluid does not
change from point to point.
ρ=constant

5. ROTATIONAL AND IRROTATIONAL FLUID FLOW

● ROTATIONAL FLUID
The rotational fluid flow is defined as the type of fluid flowing which the fluid particles while flowing
along streamline and also rotate about their own axis.
● IRROTATIONAL FLUID
It is defined as the type of fluid flowing which the fluid particles while flowing along the streamline
and do not rotate about their own axis.
6. ONE, TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW
● ONE DIMENSIONAL FLUID
One dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter such as velocity is a function
of time and one space co-ordinate only, say x.
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U = f(x), v =0 and w = 0
Where u,v,and w are velocity in x,y and z directions respectively.
● TWO DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW
Is the type of flow in which the velocity is a function of time and two rectangular space co-ordinate,
say x and y.
u=f1(x,y), v=f 2(x,y) and w =0
● THREE - DIMENSIONAL FLUID
It is the type of fluid in which the velocity is a function of time and three mutually perpendicular
directions. The function of three space coordinates (x,y,z).
U=f1(x,y,z), v= f2(x,y,z) and w = f3(x,y,z)

We had just finished the discussion on the Fluid Kinematics. Let’s move on
to the next higher level of activity/ies or exercise/s that demonstrate your potential
skills/knowledge of what you have learned.
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V. ANALYSIS, APPLICATION AND EXPLORATION

ACTIVITY 1
Name: ______________________________ Year & Section: __________________
Define the following terms:
1. Fluid
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2. Kinematics
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3. Fluid Kinematics
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4. Flow
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5. Eulerian Description
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6. Langrarian Descriptions
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ACTIVITY 2
Name: ______________________________ Year & Section: __________________
I. DIRECTIONS. Identify the following descriptions of fluid kinematics as Langrarian
Descriptions or Eulerian Descriptions.
_________________1. Individual fluid elements are tracked in time.
_________________2. Fluid properties are observed at points in space.
_________________3. Equations of motion known
_________________4. Too many fluid elements track at once
_________________5. Equation of motions are more complicated
_________________6. More convenient for experiment
_________________7. Fluid elements can deform as they move.
_________________8.The pressure field is a scalar field variable
_________________9. This analysis is analogous to the system analysis that you learned in your
thermodynamic; namely we follow a mass of fixed identity.
_________________10. It is more convenient for fluid mechanics applications.
II. IDENTIFICATION. Choose and write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before
the number.

A. Real Fluid B. Ideal Plastic Fluid c. Non-Newtonian Fluid

d.Newtonian Fluid e. Ideal Fluid f. Non Ideal Fluid

________1. The fluid which obeys Newton’s law of viscosity.

________2. It is not found in actual practice, but it is an imaginary fluid because all the fluid that exist in
environment has viscosity.
________3. This fluid has the value of shear stress more than the yield value and it is proportional to the
shear strain (velocity gradient)
________4. This fluid does not obey Newton’s law of viscosity
________5. Actually all the fluids existing in the environment are _________________.
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ACTIVITY 3
Name: ______________________________ Year & Section: __________________
EXPERIMENT 3.1
Investigation of Different Types of Fluid Flows Using Osborne Reynold’s Apparatus
(By visual observation)
DIRECTION: Watch this video below as your reference:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ontHCuI6eB4
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to determine different types of flows under different conditions
visually.
Types of Flow
S Types of Reynold’s Remarks
Flow Number
No.

1 Laminar
Flow

2 Transition
Flow

3 Turbulent
Flow

PROCEDURE:
Fill the reservoir with dye.
Fix the apparatus on the bench and connect the inlet water supply pipe with the
MATERIALS/
bench feet. APPARATUS:
1. Lower Hydraulic Bench
the dye injector until it’s just above the bell mouth inlet.
Open the bench inlet valve and slowly fill the head tank up to the overflow level. And
2. then close
Osborne
it. Reynold’s Apparatus
3. OpenDye the velocity control valve to enter water to the flow visualization pipe.
Open the control valve slightly and adjust the dye control valve until slow flow with
4. thin dye
Thermometer
line is obtain (laminar flow)
Increase the rate till the dye takes a wave form (transition flow)
Further increase of flow rate will completely disappear the dye from the Eddies
( turbulent flow )
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CONCLUSION:
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OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS _______________________________
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Finally, let us summarize the lesson of what we had discussed today.

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VI. GENERALIZATION

Reflection
After learning a lot of concept about Fluid Kinematics, it is time for you to reflect about the things you found
out, the things that you found interesting and the question you still have in your mind. Just complete the table
below.

Things I learned Things I found interesting Things I still want to know

CONGRATULATIONS!
You have come to an end of Module 3.
OOPS! Don’t forget that you have still an assignment to do.
Here it is….
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VII. ASSIGNMENT
Name:
_____________________________ Year & Section: ______________

Experiment 3.2
PROCEDURE
Place a sheet of newspaper flat on a table.
-Put the mixing bowl in the middle of the newspaper.
QUESTIONS:
-Add ¼ cup of dry cornstarch to the bowl.
Use another sheet of paper in answering - Add about 1/8 cup (2 tablespoons, or 30 cm3) of water
these sets of questions. to the corn starch and stir slowly.
-Add water slowly to the mixture, with stirring, until all of
the powder is wet.
-Continue to add water until the cornstarch acts like a
1. Have you ever turned a liquid into a solid
liquid when you stir it slowly.
just by tapping on it? -When you tap on the liquid with your finger, it shouldn't
2. Why does the cornstarch mixture behave splash, but rather will become hard.
like this? -If your mixture is too liquid, add more cornstarch. Your
3. What do think would happen to the semi- goal is to create a mixture that feels like a stiff liquid
when you stir it slowly, but feels like a solid when you
solid, semi-liquid form that you prepared if
tap on it with your finger or a spoon.
pressure were applied to it by other water in -Scoop the cornstarch mixture into the palm of your
the drain? State your answer in 2 to 3 hand, then slowly work it into a ball.
sentences. -As long as you keep pressure on it by rubbing it
4. Is this type of experiment has something to between your hands, it stays solid.
-Stop rubbing, and it “melts” into a puddle in your palm.
do with types of fluid? How do you say
Can you think of other tests you can do with it?
so?Justify your answer.

MATERIALS:
corn starch (about ¼ cup, or 60 cm3)
water (about ¼ cup, or 60 cm3)
a bowl for mixing
Newspaper

(This assignment will be submitted on ________________.)

After your long journey of reading and accomplishing the module, let us now
challenge your mind by answering the evaluation part of this module.
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VIII. EVALUATION

Name:______________________________ Year and & Section: __________________

Choose the letter of the correct answer and write the letter of your choice on the space provided.
________1. The pressure within the fluid decreases when an ideal fluid moves faster through a pipe with
decreasing diameter.
A. TRUE. B. FALSE
________2. Carbon dioxide is not a fluid.
A. TRUE B. FALSE
________3. Helium is an example of fluid.
A. TRUE B. FALSE
________4. A river flowing slowly in a straight line is NOT an example of turbulent flow.
A. TRUE B. FALSE
________5. A fluid has definite shape
A. TRUE B. FALSE
________6. Turbulent Flow is NOT a characteristic of ideal fluid.
A. TRUE B. FALSE
________7. A river moving slowly in a straight line is not an example of laminar flow.
A. TRUE B. FALSE.
________8. A resultant flow is obtained when a uniform flow is flowing through a doublet.
A. TRUE B. FALSE
________9. Oobleck is an example of non-Newtonian fluid.
A. TRUE B. FALSE
________10. Fluid Kinematics deals with the describing the motion of fluids without necessarily considering
the forces and moments that cause the motion.
A. TRUE B. FALSE

CONGRATULATIONS on reaching the end of this module!

You may now proceed to the next module.
Don’t forget to submit all the exercises, activities and portfolio on ___________________.
KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK.
Well Done!!!