Dogo Rangsang Research Journal UGC Care Group I Journal

ISSN : 2347-7180 Vol-10 Issue-07 No. 6 July 2020

MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

PREDICTIONS OF NORMAL AND SELF COMPACTING
CONCRETE INCORPORATING GGBS
Dr Suresh Singh Sankhla1, Krishan Kumar Saini2 Tarun Gehlot3
1
Associate Professor, Structural Engineering Department, MugneeramBangur Memorial
Engineering CollegeJodhpur, India.
2,3
PhD Scholar Structural Engineering Department, MugneeramBangur Memorial Engineering
College Jodhpur, India.

Abstract:Generally Concrete strength is influenced concrete strength criteria. we know that for civil
by many parameters which involves in its composite engineering projects quality assertion is important
mechanism. In This research attempt to estimate and it could not have negotiated but for large scale
compressive strength of normal and self-compacting construction projects involving various phases, time
concrete using early strength data’s at various ages bound work execution play important role for
Utilization of early strength data’s has been financially viability. so it is suggested for early
investigated to forecast the compressive strength of preparations which could accumulate both time and
concrete. Mathematical model could forecast the financial factors. so if we have predicted strength
compressive strength and we use the benefit of that results than we could at least manage and execute the
by implementing linear, polynomial and power project without waiting for new and require test
equations for normal and self-compacting concrete. results for concrete.
We approach the polynomial equation consists of A math’s model generally involves the function
two constant coefficients than later in justified model consist of two variables namely dependent and
we propose the new power equation which could independent but if we use such model function than
easily give values of constants rather than it would not easy for calculations and for such cases
polynomial equation which requires cumbersome if we have relationship b/w concrete strength and its
calculations. this research put forward relationship constituent’s properties than an accurate and justified
between constants𝜆 (strength) with strength values of model could prepared
normal concrete (NC) andself-compacting concrete Various researchers have attempted in past for
(SCC) at any age (days). this empirical relation such model by adopting variables which influence
capable to predict and evaluate the concrete strength the concrete strength. we have attempted to predict
with good accuracy and precision. Data collected the concrete strength of normal concrete (NC) and
from some previous studies of research scholars at self-compacting concrete (SCC) .by using preceding
M.B.M. engineering college jodhpur and our recent age strength results. we know that normal concrete
experimental works conducted at RCC laboratory. has ingredients cement, CA, FA and water. we
data’s sets include group 1 having strength values include GGBS along with general constituents in
for normal concrete (NC) and group 2 having SCC sample preparations and others SCC data’s. we
strength values for self-compacting concrete (SCC) adopted two groups G1 and G2. Group G1 consists
used with variation of ground granulated blast of 28 concrete strength data’s results of normal
furnace slag (GGBS). we observed justified and good concert (NC) and Group G2 Consist of 21 concrete
accuracy in strength prediction of both NC and SCC strength data’s results of Self compacting concrete
at ages of 7 ,14, and 28 days with anticipated math (SCC) with variation of GGBS.
model. Concrete strength and its age are two parameters here
which has been correlated by empirical math
Keywords:Normal concrete (NC), Self-compacting prediction model. Regressions equations are
concrete (SCC), GGBS, W/C, CA, FA etc. developed in this model establish relationship
between strength and age. Constants found in
1. Introduction relations has been computed by regression equations
and justified with several other results. Some results
Quality of concrete is mainly affected by its of concrete strength for both NC and SCC has been
compressive strength and it is determined by testing adopted from recent experiments conducted by us in
the concrete specimen at particular days. RCC laboratory and other concrete test results data
characteristics strength results directly influence the was acquired from past work andresearch paper
design parameters of any structure. generally, it’s journal by scholar who has estimated the strength of
evaluated by compressive test for concrete specimen concrete (NC and SCC) in past in Reinforced
which is cured for 28 days. international codes Cement concrete laboratory at M.B.M. engineering
including Indian standards (IS) has accepted 28 days’ college jodhpur.

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 Dogo Rangsang Research Journal UGC Care Group I Journal
ISSN : 2347-7180 Vol-10 Issue-07 No. 6 July 2020

2. Previous studies using solitarycompressive strength result of a dayas

a substitute of using the supplementary key variables.
The Compressive strength of concrete depends
upon various variables involved in its complex 3. Data selections
mechanism
Various studies have been executed on this In the field problem of concrete strength
parameter but to made good probability for concrete modeling is done to establish and compute a well
strength prediction. It is important to have awareness define relationship between strength and other
of strength gaining patterns in concrete at any age. variables. once a relationship is setup we need
Quality of concrete and design assurance both could several data’s and results to justify and check the
regulated in good manner from concrete strength accuracy of model. we used data of concrete
prediction. several methods like ANN (an artificial strength results (both NC and SCC with GGBS) from
neural networks), computational techniques, crushing tests conducted in Reinforced Cement
statistical procedures and general math’s modeletc. Concrete laboratory at M.B.M. engineering college.
in past has been utilized for concrete strength Some concrete strength results (both NC and SCC
prediction. with GGBS) is selected from previous works of
In statistical procedures regression models of both research done scholars in RCC laboratory.Various
linear and nonlinear are very useful in concrete data’s selected in different parameter conditions will
strength prediction. various studies have attempted amplify the validity and forecast of model.
such regression models and developed curvefitting We adopted two groups data’s. Group G1
equation in past. Consists of data of concrete strength results of
General equation of linear regression which is normal concrete (NC). Total of 28 data has been used
frequently use in strength prediction, relates (w/c) in group G1. group G2 Consists of 21 data of
ratio to concrete strength is as follow concrete strength results of self-compacting concrete
F = A + B (w/c) (SCC) with different percentage variation of GGBS.
Where, F = compressive strength of concrete. &A, B Locally available aggregates (CA and FA) and
are coefficients. ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was used in both
The foundation of the above Abram’s equation two groups G1 and G2. Group G1 has concrete
motivates for several variable linear regression strength data’s of Normal concrete (NC) with its
equations which is as under general ingredient’s Cement (C), Fine aggregate
f = 𝐹 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 𝑥3 … … … 𝑥𝑛 ) (FA), Coarse aggregate (CA), and Water (W)
Or, f = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥1 + 𝑐𝑥2 + … … … … … … … … .. whereas we observed influence of GGBS along with
Where 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 𝑥3 … … … 𝑥𝑛 are variables which can general constituents of concrete in compressive
be substituted by the parameters that effects the strength data’s of Self compacting concrete. (SCC
concrete properties like (W/C) ratio,amount of G2) many Different mixes of various constituents is
cement (C),amount of coarse aggregate (CA), selected for this research.
amount of fine aggregate (FA) and others constitutes
like GGBS, etc. are concrete mix and a, b, c are Table- I: Properties of Group G1 (NC) And G2 (SCC
coefficients of equation for proposed model. with Variation of GGBS)
We may also prefer many variable power equation as
an efficient model for forecast of strength of various Units NC (G - 1) SCC(G - 2)
ages of concrete.
The general power equation can𝑎be as follow Cement Kg/m3 345 – 410 345 - 425
𝑓 =𝑎 . 𝑋 𝑎 0 𝑋 𝑎 1 𝑋 𝑎 2 𝑋 3 … … … 𝑋 𝑎𝑚 GGBS Kg/m3 0 80 - 150
𝑎3
𝑓 = 0 1 𝑎0 2 𝑎1 3 𝑎2 1 (𝑊/ 𝑚
FA Kg/m3 745 - 805 750 - 880
𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎0 . 𝐶 𝑊 𝐹𝐴 𝐶𝐴
CA (10mm) Kg/m3 375 - 510 660 - 780
𝐶) 𝑎4 𝐺𝐺𝐵𝑆 𝑎5
CA (20mm) Kg/m3 480 - 710 120 - 350
Where, C = Cement, CA = Coarse aggregate,FA =
Water Kg/m3 145 - 186 185 - 205
fine aggregate W/C = water cement ratio, W =
Water, andGGBS = Ground granulated blast furnace Admixture Kg/m3 3.0 - 4.4 2.5 - 3.9
slag. F M of FA 2.48 - 2.75 2.52 - 2.80
7 days Mpa 8.12- 15.32 18.56- 31.59
All values of 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ………
14 days Mpa 20.15-29.42 29.11– 49.80
𝑎𝑚 are computed from analysis of the statistical 28 days Mpa 28.59-42.56 37.02- 69.26
data and it’s possible toforecast the strength of
concrete for a specific age directly. the majority of
the models explained above reflect on
4. Regression Model
variousproperties of concrete which also effect the
strengthattainment pattern and behavior. In this study First step for preparation of any math model is to
is exemption because it explainedthe significance of define a function which can correlate relationship
between the variables effecting the problem. sound

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 Dogo Rangsang Research Journal UGC Care Group I Journal
ISSN : 2347-7180 Vol-10 Issue-07 No. 6 July 2020

information of behavior of mechanism w.r.t. both value 𝜆&µ of equation i could be used for different
experimental and practical are important in process ages (days ).
of making an accurate model We found that Equation i&iii of researchmodel has
This research attempted to estimate predictable potential to forecaststrength of concrete for different
concrete strength from previous day test results. days but it has 5 coefficients which can make it
Research explained that on graphing curve b/w cumbersome. also many constants are difficult to
strength and age forset of data group 1 (NC), strength calculate. if it’s possible that we may reduce the
set up a correlation with its age accordingthis number of constant. then our model shall be more
equation as follow precise and important.when we have analyzed the
math model we detect that the value of 𝜆 Could
a easily to calculate. In that case we can use power
f (a) = μ ---------- (i) equation for analysis instead of polynomial function.
a+λ with statistical techniques of regression, we may
design the power equation:
Where, f (a) is function of strength defining depends
on age (a) in days.
λ and μare constants for each curve and also 𝜆 = t (f(a)) S .............................................. (4)
different for different data sets (Group G1 (NC) and
Group G2 (SCC )) (a)is concrete strength at age (days) and t & S
This equation also developed according to data set of (coefficient of correlation) are coefficients.
group G1 (NC). It is also have mentioned that
equation i is similar to equation anticipated by ACI When we worked on data of group I NC and group II
committee (ACI 209-71) for evaluation ofage of (SCC) we determine best curve fit equation and
compressive strength of concrete on the base of 28 gotten the value of t & S. we saw the pattern that
days’ strength. value of t different for test results of different days
but value of S is not change and approach to i. we
picked the value of constant of R to 0.85 with
(f c) t = 𝑡 (f c)28d
----------- (ii) rounding off to decimal. Calculated values of t & S
𝑎+𝑏𝑡 are in table II and with using the value of t & S we
calculate value of 7days, 14days, and 28 daysof
Where, a and b are constants concrete strength which is in table III. Than we
(fc)28d= 28 days’ crushing strength of cylinder and calculated value of 𝜇with using concrete strength
t is time in days result of 7days, 14days and 28 days and obtained
Though, in this research, equation i is basic equation value of 𝜆 in final step by evaluating values of 𝜆&𝜇in
which is define the compressive strength of concrete equation i, now we are in that position to predict the
as function of age (days). We found that value concrete strength at any age (days).
compressive strength is regulated with values of
Table II: Coefficients T for Age of Different (Days)
λ&μ .Hence in order to use of equation i it’s Strength
required to obtain value of λ&μ in each case.
Simple way to evaluate value of λ&μ has been use Concrete age Regression
strength test results of two different age(days) and t S
(days) equation
solve two equation at the same time. 7 2.8 0.85 𝜆= 2.8 f0.85
Additionalmethod to find value of λ&μ is to use 14 1.4 0.85 𝜆= 1.4 f0.85
regression analysis. in that method we maymake a 28 1.1 0.85 𝜆 = 1.1 f0.85
polynomial function in which λ could convey in
form of μ& f(a) as follow

𝜆 = k1+k2µ +k3f(a) +k4µ f(a) + k5f(a)2(iii)

Where, k1, k2, k3, k4 and k5 are coefficients andf(a)is

strength of SCC at particular age (days)

Coefficients value will differ for compressive

strength test for different days and may be calculated
from regression analysis for different sets of data
forspecificdays’ test. if we know the strength of 7
days and 14 days than in equation i and iii may
resolved with values of , k1 , k2, k3 k4 and k5will give
value of 𝜆and µ for particular concrete after getting

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 Dogo Rangsang Research Journal UGC Care Group I Journal
ISSN : 2347-7180 Vol-10 Issue-07 No. 6 July 2020

𝑛
ASRE = 1 | 𝑃𝑖 − 𝐴𝑖 |2
𝑛 𝑖=1

| 𝑃𝑖 −𝐴𝑖 |
UE = {1 - 1 𝑛 } × 100 %
𝑛 𝑖=1 𝐴𝑖

Where, Ai = actual value, Pi = Forecast value and n =

data’s in number

Number of 49 datasets are used in this research

amongst them 28 data sates are used for test of
modeling the concrete strength problem & rest 21 are
for performance assessment. group G1 data (NC) are
used for development of the model and Group G2
(SCC with GGBS) are used for performance
evaluation.

6. Results
In this research model types use of the strength
Graph 1: concrete strength with Variation 𝜆Values accomplishmentscharacteristics of normal concrete
and self-compacting concrete groups G1 (NC) of test
results are used to mature the model even though its
5. Performance Assessment
performance is tested with groups G2 (SCC with
Acknowledgment of any research model is GGBS) of test outcomes. Performance calculation is
depending upon performance. there are many steps evaluated with various data groups and the value is
for calculating performance of research predicate for a specific day. The performance
modelthoughworkout with statistical variables is a computing statistical limits are used to evaluate the
best method for analysis of performance any model. efficiency. There are three significant statistical
which is linked to classification of output results variables are like average Total error (ATE), average
values from research model with actual results. There square root error (ASRE) and Universal efficiency
are three valuable statistical variables like average (UE) are used to determinethe performances of the
total error (ATE), average square root error (ASRE) research model for each sets of data group. Chart II
and universal efficiency (UE) can calculatethe explain variation of efficiency forecast for different
performances of forecast mathematical research sets of data group. From overall inspection, it can be
model. accomplished, All the performance calculating
parameters are within satisfactoryrange.
𝑛
ATE = 1 | 𝑃𝑖 − 𝐴𝑖 |
𝑛 𝑖=1

Table III: The Strength is predicated by Using Proposed Research Model for Group G1 Data (NC)

Mix no. Actual Strength (Ai) Predicted strength (Pi)

7D 14 D 28 D with 7 D & with 7 D &
14 D 14 D 14 D 28days
values values values
1 8.12 20.15 28.59 20.17 28.63 8.24 28.77
2 8.16 20.33 29.33 20.34 29.54 8.55 29.54
3 8.20 20.66 30.77 20.75 30.96 8.31 30.86
4 8.26 20.91 31.11 20.98 31.50 8.34 31.32
5 8.30 21.04 32.44 21.12 32.74 8.43 32.55
6 8.55 21.11 33.77 21.21 33.96 8.77 33.66
7 8.76 21.22 34.04 21.35 34.33 8.87 34.22
8 9.03 22.31 35.11 22.39 35.45 9.14 35.28
9 9.34 22.41 35.45 22.57 35.71 9.41 35.55
10 9.55 23.64 35.66 23.71 35.95 9.78 35.71
11 9.77 23.88 35.88 24.03 36.12 9.95 36.03
12 10.11 24.44 36.05 24.67 36.24 10.33 35.95
13 10.44 24.88 36.44 25.06 36.11 10.87 35.77

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 Dogo Rangsang Research Journal UGC Care Group I Journal
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14 10.67 24.97 36.89 25.17 36.24 10.87 36.95

15 10.88 25.03 37.04 25.33 37.14 11.03 37.18
16 11.09 25.11 37.41 25.62 37.11 11.33 37.31
17 11.44 25.33 37.67 25.66 37.44 11.54 37.36
18 11.78 25.44 37.91 25.84 37.55 11.96 37.37
19 12.33 25.77 38.01 25.96 38.35 12.47 38.18
20 12.77 25.88 38.11 26.12 38.04 13.04 38.08
21 13.66 26.11 38.21 26.31 38.65 13.83 38.11
22 13.88 26.23 38.44 26.48 38.44 13.98 38.22
23 14.08 27.77 39.09 28.12 39.13 14.16 39.11
24 14.33 27.94 40.13 27.17 40.56 14.78 40.44
25 14.77 28.12 40.21 28.08 40.44 14.50 40.33
26 14.89 28.33 40.30 28.18 41.04 14.53 40.11
27 15.07 28.44 41.37 28.34 41.11 15.01 41.24
28 15.32 29.42 42.56 29.38 42.17 15.04 42.21

Table IV: Model Performance report for Group G1 Data (NC)

StrengthBase 7D 14D
Predicted strength(Pi) 14 D 28 D 7D 28 D
ATE 1.03 2.01 1.34 1.54
ASRE 1.39 1.45 1.04 1.28
UE (%) 89.42 91.37 82.54 87.88

Table V: The Strength is predicated by Using Proposed Research Model for Group G2 Data (SCC)

Mix no. Actual strength (Ai ) Predicted strength (Pi)

7D 14 D 28 D With 7 D values With 14 D values
14 D 28 D 7D 28 D
1 18.56 29.11 37.02 29.31` 37.50 18.75 37.04
2 19.33 31.12 38.88 31.34 38.56 19.66 38.06
3 20.89 32.23 39.33 32.43 39.13 20.95 39.05
4 21.94 32.67 40.78 32.77 40.08 21.06 40.17
5 22.40 33.12 41.04 33.22 41.77 22.68 41.00
6 23.78 33.44 43.44 33.91 43.10 23.00 43.24
7 24.19 34.66 46.55 34.77 46.11 24.77 46.05
8 24.44 35.03 46.91 35.11 46.61 24.67 46.40
9 24.77 36.19 47.35 36.45 47.10 24.89 47.00
10 25.03 37.91 48.12 37.13 48.01 25.45 48.01
11 26.33 38.02 49.33 38.21 49.06 26.56 49.06
12 27.77 39.15 50.66 39.31 50.07 27.97 50.09
13 28.91 40.44 51.88 40.54 51.68 28.08 51.68
14 29.03 42..96 53.13 42.76 53.03 29.09 53.17
15 29.14 43.07 55.44 43.33 55.14 29.10 55.08
16 29.44 44.44 56.04 44.34 56.03 29.37 56.33
17 29.55 45.88 59.43 45.58 59.91 29.57 59.00
18 30.01 46.13 62.56 46.06 62.11 30.66 62.07
19 30.22 47.37 63.08 47.70 63.01 30.00 63.12
20 30.91 48.44 66.33 48.04 66.12 30.07 66.27
21 31.59 49.80 69.26 49.15 69.16 31.21 69.06

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 Dogo Rangsang Research Journal UGC Care Group I Journal
ISSN : 2347-7180 Vol-10 Issue-07 No. 6 July 2020

Table VI: Model Performance report for Group G2 Data (SCC)

Strength base 7D 14 D
Predicted strength (Pi) 14 D 28 D 7D 28 D
ATE 0.82 1.02 0.85 1.05
ASRE 0.91 1.15 0.88 1.18
UE (%) 90.57 91.08 91.28 92.50

In this model shows significant of two

independent constant 𝜆 &𝜇 those regulate the
strength of SCC age in days.
2.01 Our Research also explainthat there is apower
equation of correlationb/w𝜆 and strength of SCCon
specific day & an appropriate relation can be set up
1.45 b/w𝜆 value and 7 days,14 days, and also 28 days’
1.18 strength of SCC.
1.03 1.05 1.04
0.82 0.88 In this research model we are capable to forecast
the strength of normal concrete (NC Group G1 Data)
and self-compacting concrete (SCC) with different
percentagereplacement of GGBS. (Data sets fit in to
group G2).
ATE ASTE
This anticipated research model also established
NC SCC with various data’s taken by different sources and it
is show a considerable efficiency to forecaststrength
of concrete.
Bar Chart 1: Variation of ATEand ASTE Value for It could be consistent research method determine
Groups G1 (NC) & G2 (SCC with GGBS) for evaluating the designed concrete strength from
initial or early age test result which could facilitate to
save both project work execution period and
expenditure of huge multi-phase construction
82.54
91.37 90.57 92.5 projects.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are very glad and thankful to Ministry of
Human Resource Development (MHRD) for PhD
NC SCC scholar-ship at MugneeramBangur Memorial
Engineering College Jodhpur, Rajasthan under
UE (%) Technical Education Quality Improvement Project
TEQIP III.

Bar Chart 2: Variation of UE (%) Value for 8. References

Different Groups G1(NC) And G2 (SCC with
GGBS) 1. ACI COMMITTEE 209, “Creep Shrinkage
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SCC test result of compressive strength. pp. 18-22.

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 Dogo Rangsang Research Journal UGC Care Group I Journal
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4. Zain M. F, Abd M., Sopian K. Jamil M. and Che-Ani

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