Original Article

Sexual Crime in India: Is it Influenced by

Pornography?

Suresh Bada Math, Biju Viswanath, Ami Sebastian Maroky, Naveen C. Kumar, Anish V. Cherian1,
Maria Christine Nirmala2

ABSTRACT
Purpose: Studies on whether pornography poses a greater risk for sexually aggressive behavior have revealed conflicting
results. This study aims to examine the relationship between the consumption of pornography and the subsequent increase
in sexual violence, thus testing the hypothesis that increase in consumption of pornography is related to increased sexual
crime, in the Indian scenario. Materials and Methods: The current study explored the association between reported
incidence of crime over a period of four decades - 1971-2008 (time periods being divided into: Pre-liberalization and
post-liberation - India adopted liberalization policy in 1992) and availability of pornography over internet with a particular
focus on crime against women (such as rape, sexual harassment, and crime against women). Results: Comparison of pre-
liberalization and post-liberalization growth of rape rates was not significant. Though there were statistically significant
positive correlations between the number of internet users and sexual crime rates, the association was non-significant
after controlling for the effects of population growth using regression analysis. Conclusion: Results presented needs
to be interpreted with extreme care and caution. Nevertheless, the results from this study suggest that easy access to
pornography did not have a significant impact on rape rates and crime rate against women.

Key words: Crime against women, pornography, sexual behavior, sexual violence

INTRODUCTION Indian Penal Code by Lord Macaulay[2] wherein Indian

culture was admixed with the Victorian system of
Eroticism in ancient India was a well-studied concept ethical and moral standards. Subsequent growth of the
as shown by the Kamasutra, written by Mallanaga pornography industry, fuelled by the recent advances
Vatsyayana sometime during the 2nd or 5th century.[1] It in information and technology, has also further shaped
was considered to be an integral part of adult education the sex culture in India.
at time. However, major changes appear to have
occurred following the British entry and drafting of the The pornography industry is involved in the production
and distribution of sexually explicit materials including
Access this article online literature, photos, audio, animation, movies, toys, and
Quick Response Code video games.[3] The most popular modes of access
Website:
are magazines, compact discs, digital versatile discs,
www.ijpm.info
and the internet . It is estimated to be a $57 billion/
year industry worldwide with its revenue being larger
DOI: than the combined revenues of all the professions,
10.4103/0253-7176.130976 even football, baseball, and basketball franchises put
together.[4,5]

Departments of Psychiatry, 1Psychiatric Social Work and 2Private Multinational Company, National Institute of Mental Health and
Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Address for correspondence: Dr. Suresh Bada Math,

Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), (Deemed University), Bangalore - 560 029,
Karnataka, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine | Apr - Jun 2014 | Vol 36 | Issue 2 147
 Math, et al.: Impact of pornography

The advent of the ‘internet’ and ‘world wide web’ rape crisis center, 28% reported that their abuser used
in India has significantly influenced pornography pornography and that for 12%, pornography was
distribution and access. It has provided legal loopholes imitated during the abusive incident.[18] However, a
and made monitoring difficult, aiding the manufacturers strong criticism of these studies is that the population
and distributors, while for the consumer round-the- surveyed is not representative of the true consumer.
clock availability, easy accessibility and anonymity
were served. Internet access in India has grown from 5 Laboratory studies involve recruitment of volunteers who
million in 2004 to 40 million in 2007 and continues undergo assessments (such as their attitude to women,
to grow at the rate of 17% a year, according to web violence, rape, aggression, and sex) pre- and post-exposure
metrics firm.[6] India’s growth rate is the third highest to pornography.[19-21] Results indicated that the aggressive-
in the Asia Pacific region.[6] Alongside this, accessing pornographic materials increase aggression against
pornographic material has also increased with 12% of females.[22] However, personality and substance use were
internet websites being related to pornography, and found to be confounders.[23,24] Behavioral disturbances
viewers being estimated to spend roughly 3000 to 4000 that occurred post-exposure were in individuals who
dollars per second.[10] Younger individuals were found showed more global disturbances of personality.[25] The
to be more likely to use the internet both for viewing major drawback of these laboratory studies was again
pornographic material and chat.[7] that volunteers may not be representative of consumers
in a society and that the studies were short term. The
Against this background, the well-known feminist impact of multiple exposures, duration of exposure, pre-
dictum: “Pornography is the theory — rape is the exposure personality, and long-term effect on a person
practice” has raised serious concern,[8] especially among had not been studied.
parents and policy makers. Defining what constitutes
pornography plays a crucial role in research, policy, and General population studies include surveys of consumers
law making. Pornography is a Greek word, which originally and indirect data including comparison of consumption
meant ‘writing about prostitutes.’[9] The definition of of pornographic material in a society against reported
what constitutes pornography varies considerably levels of sex crimes in that population. These studies
across persons, gender, cultures, religions, communities, assess the prevalence of violence after exposure to
countries, time, and also across generations. The pornography using questionnaires. [26] Some have
definition used for this study is a modified version of reported that exposure to pornography on the internet
Kuhn et al.. 2007,[10] which states that ‘pornography is can be described as a normative experience. [27] It
a communication material provided for the purpose of appears that like all other stimuli, pornography does not
sexually arousing or gratifying a user in isolation from have a single, homogenous effect on all consumers.[28]
others or in company of others.’ The overall findings in a study of self-perceived effects
of pornography consumption in Denmark suggest that
The existing literature on the effects of pornography can many young adults believe that pornography has had
be broadly categorized into three; studies on convicted primarily a positive effect on various aspects of their
sex offenders and victims, laboratory studies, and lives such as their sexual knowledge, attitudes toward
general population studies. sex, attitude towards and perception of the opposite sex,
sex life, and general quality of life.[29,30] A study of the
Studies comparing those convicted for sex offences United States of America (USA), Denmark, Sweden,
(rape, molestation, immoral trafficking, domestic and West Germany during the period 1964-1984
violence etc.) and internet sex offenders have found showed that there was no increase in rape rates in the
contradictory results. Some have found that internet face of evidence that during this period, the availability
sex offenders were of lesser risk to the community and of various forms of pornography had developed from
had lower prevalence of anti-social variables, such as, extreme scarcity to relative abundance.[31,32] On the
‘acting out’ and breaking social rules,[11] while some of other hand, a recent meta-analysis showed an overall
them found that they were equally dangerous to the significant positive association between pornography
society.[12] Psychiatric morbidity was found to be high use and attitudes supporting violence against women.[33]
in convicted sex offenders.[13] With respect to the role
of pornography in commission of sexual offences also, Thus, the relation between consumption of pornography
there are varying results from having only a minor and sexual violence remains inconclusive. In view of
role[14] to primary involvement where child victims its impact on policy-making and judicial decision-
are involved.[15] Partners of battered women have been making process (freedom of speech vis-à-vis regulating
reported to have read or viewed significantly greater the behavior of an individual in private), this issue
amounts of pornographic materials than those in a needs to be further explored. This study aims to
comparison group,[16,17] while among survivors at a test the hypothesis that increase in consumption of

148 Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine | Apr - Jun 2014 | Vol 36 | Issue 2
 Math, et al.: Impact of pornography

pornography is related to increased sexual crime, in refers to the economic reforms in 1991, which allowed
the Indian scenario. the Indian market to open trade leading to exponential
growth of the electronics and communication industry.
MATERIALS AND METHODS In addition, the total number of internet users per year in
India was tabulated.[35] We used the ‘number of internet
The reported crime rates in India particularly with users’ as a surrogate measure for ‘number of pornography
reference to sexual crimes and crime against women consumers’ because the reliable estimates of this measure
over a four decade period were critically reviewed. were unavailable. Disclaimer and limitation of the data
made available by NCRB is disclosed on the website.[34]
Data extraction
‘Crime in India’ is an annual publication of the Statistical analysis
National Crime Records Bureau,[34] Ministry of Home Independent sample t test was done to detect
Affairs, Government of India with an objective to make whether there are statistical differences in crime rates
available pan India crime-related data in one place for between pre- and post-liberalization periods. Pearson’s
all stakeholders. The near regular publication helps to correlation analysis was used to find the relationship
chart trends and guide police, other agencies, and policy between internet use and crime against women. To
makers to prevent, contain, and combat crime. Both control for the influence of population growth, linear
national and state-level statistics on major cognizable regression was done using the number of Rape cases
crimes, local Acts, and special laws applicable in the as the dependent variable; total population and other
country are reported along with district-wise statistics of crime rates as independent variables.
the major cognizable crimes under the Indian Penal Code
(IPC). Relevant data (rape, sexual harassment, total crime RESULTS
against women, and the percentage of total crimes that
were directed against women) was extracted. The available Total number of reported rape cases across four
data which spanned four decades was broadly divided decades
into two time periods; pre-liberalization (before 1991) As depicted in Table 1, there has been a slow and steady
and post-liberalization (after 1991). ‘Liberalization’ rise in the number of rapes and the total number of

Table 1: Total number of reported rape cases, natural growth rate of population, and growth rate of cognizable crimes
under Indian Penal Code across four decades (India adopted liberalization policy in 1992)
Incidence of crime during pre-liberalization period (before 1991)
Year No. RR Growth of Natural ‘G’ No of Co Growth Co Year No. Growth of Natural ‘G’ No of Co Growth
‘R’ rate rate IPC IPC RR ‘R’ rate rate IPC Co IPC
1971 1 952581 1981 5409 7.68 21.4 1385757 1.26
1972 2605 4.74 19.7 984773 3.38 1982 5427 0.33 21.9 1353904 −2.20
1973 2919 12.05 19.1 1077181 9.38 1983 6019 10.91 21.8 1349866 −0.30
1974 2962 1.47 20.0 1192277 10.68 1984 6740 11.98 21.3 1358660 0.65
1975 3376 13.98 19.3 1160520 −2.66 1985 7289 8.15 21.1 1384731 1.92
1976 3893 15.31 19.4 1093897 −5.74 1986 7952 9.1 21.5 1405835 1.52
1977 4058 4.24 18.3 1267004 15.82 1987 8559 7.63 21.3 1406992 0.08
1978 4558 12.32 19.1 1334968 5.36 1988 9099 6.31 20.5 1440356 2.37
1979 4300 −5.66 20.3 1336168 0.08 1989 9752 7.18 20.3 1529844 6.21
1980 5023 16.81 20.9 1368529 2.42 1990 10068 3.24 20.5 1604449 4.88
Incidence of crime during post-liberalization period (after 1991)
1991 10410 3.4 19.7 1678375 4.61 2001 16075 −2.55 17.0 1769308 −0.10
1992 11708 12.47 19.1 1689341 0.65 2002 16373 1.85 16.9 1780330 0.62
1993 12218 4.36 19.4 1629936 −3.52 2003 15847 −3.21 16.8 1716120 −3.61
1994 13208 8.1 19.4 1635251 0.33 2004 18233 15.06 16.6 1832015 6.75
1995 13754 4.13 19.3 1695696 3.70 2005 18359 0.69 16.3 1822602 −0.51
1996 14846 7.94 18.5 1709576 0.82 2006 19348 5.39 16.0 1878293 3.06
1997 15330 3.26 18.3 1719820 0.60 2007 20737 7.18 15.7 1989673 5.93
1998 15151 −1.17 17.5 1778815 3.43 2008 21467 3.52 — 2093379 5.21
1999 15468 2.09 17.4 1764629 −0.80
2000 16496 6.65 17.3 1771084 0.37
RR = Total number of reported rape cases, Growth of R rate = Growth of rape rate compared to previous year, Natural ‘G’ rate = Natural growth
rate of population compared to previous year, No Co IPC = Total number of cognizable crimes under Indian Penal Code, Growth Co IPC = Growth rate
of cognizable crimes under Indian Penal Code compared to previous year

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 Math, et al.: Impact of pornography

cognizable offences under Indian penal code (IPC) over population, number of internet users, and other crime
the last four decades. Comparison of growth of rape rates as independent variables. None of the variables
rates between pre-liberalization and post-liberalization were significant.
era was non-significant (Mean SD = 7.78 ± 5.61 versus
4.40 ± 4.76, t = 1.97, P = 0.06). DISCUSSION
Number of crimes against women cases reported and Authors of the study would like to emphasize that this
the total number of internet users across last 15 years article does not attempt to take a definitive position
As shown in Table 2, in the preceding decade and a half, on pornography but rather to examine the available
the overall percentage of crimes showed an increase evidence to test the relationship between pornography
ranging from 3% to 9.4%. There was also evidence to and sexual violence. The study contained large available
show that various forms of crimes against women were data and had a very specific hypothesis. However, this
also increasing, viz.: Rape, sexual harassments, total study has its own limitations as it relies on the data
crime against women, and the percentage of total crime published by NCRB. The results of this study need to
which is directed against women. There was also a clear be interpreted carefully and cautiously because sexual
rise in the number of internet users from 1998 onwards. crimes are likely to be underreported. In addition, the
number of internet users was used for analysis because
Relationship between the total number of internet there was no reliable method to establish the number
users and crimes against women of pornography consumers.
There were statistically significant positive correlations
between number of internet users and; total number In this study, we did not find a significant relationship
of rapes (r = 0.857, P < 0.002), total crimes against between internet use and sexually aggressive behavior such
women (r = 0.791, P < 0.006), and the percentage as rape, sexual harassment, and total crime against women.
of total crime that was directed against women (r = Findings of this study are consistent with the findings from
0.842, P < 0.002). There was no correlation between U.S.A., Denmark, Sweden, and West Germany, which
the number of internet users and total number of sexual reported no significant change in the crime rate in relation
harassment cases (r = 0.335, P = 0.313). However, to pornography consumption.[31,32] However, some studies,
there was also a significant positive correlation between including a recent meta-analysis,[33] have found positive
total population and; total number of rapes (r = 0.933, associations between consumption of pornography and
P < 0.001), total crimes against women (r = 0.95, sexual aggression.[36]
P < 0.001), the percentage of total crime that was
directed against women (r = 0.933, P < 0.001), and It is a popular notion that pornography influences the
the total number of sexual harassment cases (r = 0.844, behavior of Indian men more than in other cultures.
P < 0.001). In addition, total population positively Trans-cultural variations are described as the common
correlated with number of internet users (r = 0.935, reason. In India, any discussion about sex is considered
P < 0.001). Hence, to control for the influence of “taboo,” and most people do not have even basic sex
population growth, linear regression was done using education. Sex education provides factual information
the number of rapes as the dependent variable; total about sexuality, which counteracts the messages

Table 2: Number of crime against women cases reported and the total number of internet users across last 15 years
Year Rapes Sexual Total crime against % total IPC crime Number of internet Total population
harassment women against women users (in millions)
1995 13754 4689 109259 6.4 * 9322
1996 14846 5671 115723 6.8 * 9488
1997 15330 5796 121265 7.05 * 9654
1998 15151 8053 131338 7.38 1, 40, 000 9822
1999 15468 8858 135771 7.69 2, 80, 000 9990
2000 16496 11024 141373 7.98 5, 50, 000 10160
2001 16075 9746 143795 8.13 7, 00, 000 10320
2002 16373 10155 143034 8.03 16, 50, 000 10490
2003 15847 12325 140601 8.19 22, 50, 000 10640
2004 18233 10001 154333 8.42 39, 20, 000 10800
2005 18359 9984 155553 8.53 50, 60, 000 10950
2006 19348 9966 164765 8.8 40, 00, 000 11100
2007 20737 10950 185312 9.3 42, 00, 000 11250
2008 21467 12214 195856 9.4 * 11400

150 Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine | Apr - Jun 2014 | Vol 36 | Issue 2
 Math, et al.: Impact of pornography

about sexuality presented in pornography.[37] Without pornography on other indicators. One of the possible
adequate sex education, it is suggested that pornography methods to at least minimize the effect of pornography
would serve to act as a “permission giving” agency is to promote sex education in schools and colleges.
by promoting wrong notions about the sexuality of There is an immediate need to inculcate sex education
women and children, thus breeding sexual violence.[36] in the curriculum in order to prevent the development
However, these notions are mostly not supported by of wrong notions about sexuality among adolescents.
evidence. Hence, it is not surprising to note that such
a relationship could not be established in this study. As ACKNOWLEDGMENT
previously stated, this finding is similar to studies in
European countries and the USA. It has been suggested Authors would like to sincerely thank the officers and staff
that pornography might act as an “aphrodisiac” for of the statistical branch of the National Crime Records
males rather than a blueprint for rape.[31,32] The ability Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, India, who have done
to release sexual tension by masturbation following a commendable job by compiling the crime reports and
publishing in public domain.
pornography consumption might reduce the possibility
of real-time sexual aggression or rape. It seems that the
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