Heat Transfer (CHE-234)

BSc. Chem. Engg. (3rd Semester)

Course Outline
• Modes of heat transfer,
• Heat transfer coefficient,
• Conduction in steady state and unsteady state cases for one dimension,
• Heat transfer by convection (natural & Forced Convection),
• Application of dimensional analysis to convection,
• Heat transfer by Radiation,
• Radiation from black and real surfaces, radiation between black surfaces,
radiation between grey surfaces, radiation from gases,
• Heat transfer in plane, Heat transfer in circular body, Heat transfer in nano
fluids
Recommended Books
• Cengel Yunus A., “Heat Transfer-A practical approach”, 1988, McGraw Hill
Book Compnay
• Kern Donald Q., “Process Heat Transfer”, 1997, McGr aw Hill Book
Company
• Incopera Frank P, De Witt David P., “Fundamentals o f Heat and Mass
Transfer”, 5th Edition 2002, John Wiley and Sons
• Coulson J.M., Richardson J.F., “Chemical Engineerin g”, Vol-I, 1999, The
English Book Society and Pergamon Press
• Couson J.M., Richardson J.F., “Chemical Engineering ”, Vol-II, 5th Edition,
2002, The English Book Society and Pergamon Press
• Hewitt & Bott, “Process Heat Transfer”. J.P. Holman, “Heat Transfer”, 2002,
McGraw Hill Book Company
Introduction
• Heat transfer is a science, which deals with the flow of heat from a
higher temperature to lower temperature region.
• Heat can not be stored and it is defined as the energy in transit due to
the difference in the temperatures of the hot and cold bodies.
• The study of heat transfer not only explains how the heat energy
transports but also predicts about the rate of heat transfer.
• When a certain amount of water is evaporated or condensed, the
amount of heat transferred in either of the processes is same.
However, the rate of heat transfer in both the cases may be different.
Heat Transfer Vs Thermodynamics
• The science of thermodynamics deals with the amount of heat
transfer as a system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state
to another,
• It makes no reference to how long the process will take. But in
engineering, we are often interested in the rate of heat transfer,
which is the topic of the science of heat transfer.
• For example, we can determine the amount of heat
transferred from a thermos bottle as the hot coffee
inside cools from 90°C to 80°C by a thermodynamic
analysis alone.
• But a typical user or designer of a thermos is primarily
interested in how long it will be before the hot coffee
inside cools to 80°C, and a thermodynamic analysis
cannot answer this question.
• Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states and changes
from one equilibrium state to another.
• Heat transfer, on the other hand, deals with systems that
lack thermal equilibrium, and thus it is a non equilibrium
phenomenon.
• The temperature difference is the driving force for heat
transfer, just as the voltage difference is the driving force for
electric current flow and pressure difference is the driving
force for fluid flow.
• The rate of heat transfer in a certain direction depends on
the magnitude of the temperature gradient
Application Areas of Heat Transfer
• Human body Vs Surrounding environment
• Industrial Heat Exchangers, Boilers, Evaporators, Reactors
• heating and air-conditioning system, the refrigerator and freezer, the
water heater, the iron, and even the computer, car radiators, solar
collectors etc.
• Any other???
Engineering Heat Transfer
• Heat transfer equipment such as heat exchangers, boilers,
condensers, heaters, furnaces, refrigerators, and solar collectors are
designed primarily on the basis of heat transfer analysis.
• The heat transfer problems encountered in practice can be
considered in two groups:
(1) rating and
(2) sizing problems.
• The rating problems deal with the determination of
the heat transfer rate for an existing system at a
specified temperature difference.
• The sizing problems deal with the determination of
the size of a system in order to transfer heat at a
specified rate for a specified temperature difference.
• A heat transfer process or equipment can be studied
either experimentally(testing and taking
measurements) or analytically (by analysis or
calculations).
Continue…
• The experimental approach has the advantage that we deal with the
actual physical system, and the desired quantity is determined by
measurement, within the limits of experimental error.
• However, this approach is expensive, time-consuming, and often
impractical. Besides, the system we are analyzing may not even exist.
• For example, the size of a heating system of a building must usually
be determined before the building is actually built on the basis of the
dimensions and specifications given.
Continue…
• The analytical approach (including numerical approach) has the
advantage that it is fast and inexpensive,
• but the results obtained are subject to the accuracy of the
assumptions and idealizations made in the analysis.
• In heat transfer studies, often a good compromise is reached by
reducing the choices to just a few by analysis, and then verifying the
findings experimentally.
Continue…
• Phases of a substance (solid, liquid, and gas) are associated with its
energy content.
Modes of heat transfer
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
Conduction

• Conduction is the transfer of heat in a continuous substance

without any observable motion of the matter.
• Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic
particles of a substance to the adjacent, less energetic ones
as a result of interactions between the particles.
• It microscopic phenomenon, and happen due to
Direct communication of molecules
By dirft of free electron in case of pure metals
Convection

• When a macroscopic particle of a fluid

moves from the region of hot to cold
region, it carries with it a definite amount
of enthalpy. Such a flow of enthalpy is
known as convection.
• Convection may be natural or forced.
• In natural convection, the movement of the
fluid particles is due to the buoyancy forces
generated due to density difference of
heated and colder region of the fluid
• Whereas, in forced convection the
movement of fluid particles from the
heated region to colder region is assisted
by some mechanical means too
Radiation

• Medium is required for the heat

transfer in case of conduction
and convection. However, in
case of radiation,
electromagnetic waves pass
through the empty space.
• Waves travel at the velocity of
light in vacuum. These waves are
absorbed, reflected, and/or
transmitted by the matter,
which comes in the path of the
wave.
 Material properties for heat transfer
Thermal conductivity
• Thermal conductivity is the property of a particular substance and
shows the ease by which the process takes place. Higher the thermal
conductivity more easily will be the heat conduction through the
substance.
• Thermal conductivity of a substance would be dependent on the
chemical composition, phase (gas, liquid, or solid), crystalline
structure.
• Thermal conductivity of the liquids is more than the gasses and the
metals have the highest.
• Thermal conductivity of the gases and liquids increases with the
increase in temperature.
• Thermal conductivity is affected by the phase change.
Specific heat capacity

• Specific heat capacity or specific heat is the capacity of

heat stored by a material due to variation in temperature.
• Thus the specific heat capacity (unit: kJ/kg·oC) is defined as
the amount of thermal energy required to raise the
temperature of a unit amount of material by 1oC.
Fourier Law of Conduction
• The heat flow per unit area per unit time (heat
flux, ) can be represented by the following
relation,

• where, proportionality constant k is the thermal

conductivity of the material, T is the
temperature and x is the distance in the
direction of heat flow. This is known as
Fourier’s law of conduction.
• The flat wall of thickness dx is separated by two regions,
the one region is at high temperature (T1 ) and the other one
is at temperature T2 .
• The wall is very large in comparison of the thickness so
that the heat losses from the edges are negligible.
• Consider there is no generation or accumulation of the heat
in the wall and the external surfaces of the wall are at
isothermal temperatures T1 and T2 .
• The area of the surface through which the heat transfer
takes place is A.
• The negative sign shows that the heat flux is from the
higher temperature surface to the lower temperature
surface and is the rate of heat transfer through the wall.
Problem:
The two sides of a wall (2 mm thick, with a
cross-sectional area of 0.2 m2) are maintained at 30oC
and 90oC. The thermal conductivity of the wall
material is 1.28 W/(m·oC). Find out the rate of heat
transfer through the wall?

Solution.
Assumptions
1. Steady-state one-dimensional conduction
2. Thermal conductivity is constant for the temperature
range of interest
3. The heat loss through the edge side surface is
insignificant
4. The layers are in perfect thermal contact
Given,
• Assumptions:
1. Steady-state one-dimensional conduction.
2. Thermal conductivity is constant for the temperature range of
interest.
3. The heat loss through the edge side surface is insignificant.
4. The layers are in perfect thermal contact.