Electromagnetic Interference and

Electromagnetic Compatibility
IIT Bombay - EE 785

Lecture-1
Introduction to the Course and Understanding EMI/ EMC
Kushal R. Tuckley
[email protected] (Cell: +91 9869069155)
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 Pre-requisites
No conditions in terms of particular courses completed
Basic knowledge of following topics
a. Maxwell Equations
b. Relation Between Current and associated EM fields
c. Electromagnetic waves and propagation
d. Microwave transmission lines and Components
Course Evaluation
Quiz- 10%,
Mid-Semester Examination 25%
Presentation + Assignment 25%
End Semester Examination 40%
Minimum Attendance of 50% is mandatory
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 Course Objectives (EE 785)
To make the Students
• Understand the nature of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
and its effect on the operation of the electronic equipment
• Appreciate the need to address the EMI and make the
electronic gadgets with Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
• Know various standards for EMI/EMC compliance and
certification process
• Quantify the EMI in terms of electrical/ field parameters
• Design the systems to be electromagnetically compatible to
the environment where it is expected to operate
• Evaluate the EMC performance in terms of certain established
parameters
• Develop basic understanding of the bio-medical effects of the
Electromagnetic waves.
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 References
1. David Watson, “Electromagnetic Compatibility: Methods, Analysis Circuits and
Measurements” CRC press, 3rd Ed. 2016.
2. V Prasad Kodali, “Engineering Electromagnetic Compatibility”, IEEE Press, Newyork,
2001.
3. Henry W. Ott, “Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering”, John Wiley & Sons Inc,
Newyork, 2009
4. Daryl Gerke and William Kimmel, “EDN‟s Designer‟s Guide to Electromagnetic
Compatibility”, Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2002
5. W Scott Bennett, “Control and Measurement of Unintentional Electromagnetic
Radiation”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., (Wiley Interscience Series) 1997.
6. Dr Kenneth L Kaiser, “The Electromagnetic Compatibility Handbook”, CRC Press 2005,
7. Clayton R. Paul, “Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility”, 2nd ed., Wiley (2010)
ISBN-10: 9788126528752 ISBN-13: 978-8126528752.
8. David K. Cheng, “Field and Wave Electromagnetics” 2nd ed. Pearson Education, (2009).
9. William G Duff, “Designing Electronics Systems for EMC”, SciTech Publishing (15th May
2011) ISBN-10: 1891121421, ISBN-13: 978-1891121425
10. MIL-STD-461 G, “REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
Lecture
INTERFERENCE Notes will be theOF“Syllabus”
CHARACTERISTICS SUBSYSTEMS for ANDthis course AMSC”
EQUIPMENT
Department of Defense, USA. (Draft released on 2nd March 2015)
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 What is
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
• All Electro-magnetic (EM) activities/ interaction result in
‘Energy Exchange’
• This energy exchange in driven by a ‘EM Radiation or induced
current’ from one entity on the other
• Manmade technology activities are always carried out with
some ‘purpose’ or is expected to perform certain function
• These activities are always accompanied by some
unintended energy leakage/ exchange with another entity
• The undesirable effects on the performance of one entity
due to electromagnetic activities of other electronic unit(s) is
called ‘electromagnetic interference (EMI)’

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 What is
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
• All EM activities/ interaction result in ‘Energy Exchange’
• As a result, there is continual energy exchange by multiple entities
take place. This leads to the presence of EM energy everywhere!
• Due to this, every electrical/ electronics instrument is expected to
function in an environment where unwanted EM energy is present.
• The ability of the equipment/ device to perform its intended function
in the presence of unwanted EM energy is called Electromagnetic
Compatibility (EMC)
• The researchers have studied and quantified the extent of EM energy
that is ‘expected to be present’ in different types of environments
• The equipment/ device under test, referred as (EUT/DUT) must be
compatible to its operating environment

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What is Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

Disturbance in television picture due to operation of a food processor in kitchen

Disturbance in computer screen due to cell phone operation

 Mishaps Due to EMI

(a) USS Forrestal (Vietnam 1969): ZUNI rocket was

accidentally launched by a ship radar, 134 dead, 27
aircrafts destroyed
(b) HMS Sheffield (Falkland Islands-1982)- Surprise hit by
undetected EXOSET Missile! EMI caused degradation in
Radar, 21 dead, Ship sunk after 4 days.
(c) Pershing II (Germany) Missile motor exploded during
routine maintenance- 3 dead. Electrostatic discharge was
identified as cause.
(d) Blackhawk Helicopters (Germany and USA 1987):
several potentially fatal incidences and one crash. They
were caused due to the interference ofhigh power radio
transmitters.
 Fundamental Forces

In practical Technology applications, most of the energy exchanges are from EM waves;
(a few from gravitational force)
Understanding EM waves and their interplay is significant for all operational units
 Free Space EM Wave Propagation

Propagating wave: Schematic

Visualization
Standing wave: Schematic
Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Orders of Magnitudes
Long scale (British) Short Scale (American) Prefix (Symbol) Power of 10

quadrillionth septillionth yocto- (y) 10−24

trilliardth sextillionth zepto- (z) 10−21
trillionth quintillionth atto- (a) 10−18
billiardth quadrillionth femto- (f) 10−15
billionth trillionth pico- (p) 10−12
milliardth billionth nano- (n) 10−9
millionth millionth micro (µ) 10−6
thousandth thousandth milli- (m) 10−3
hundredth hundredth centi- (c) 10−2
tenth tenth deci- (d) 10−1
one one 100
ten ten deca (da) 101
hundred hundred hecto- (h) 102
thousand thousand kilo- (k) 103
million million mega- (M) 106
milliard billion giga- (G) 109
billion trillion tera- (T) 1012
billiard quadrillion peta- (P) 1015
trillion quintillion exa- (E) 1018
trilliard sextillion zetta- (Z) 1021
quadrillion septillion yotta- (Y) 1024
 Lower Frequency Bands
Class Frequency Wavelength Energy
Ultra high 3 GHz 1 dm 12.4 μeV
UHF
frequency 300 MHz 1m 1.24 μeV
Very high
VHF
frequency 30 MHz 10 m 124 neV

Micro-waves HF High frequency

3 MHz 100 m 12.4 neV
and
radio waves Medium
MF
frequency 300 kHz 1 km 1.24 neV

LF Low frequency
30 kHz 10 km 124 peV
Very low
VLF
frequency 3 kHz 100 km 12.4 peV

Ultra low
ULF
frequency 300 Hz 1 Mm 1.24 peV

Super low
SLF
frequency 30 Hz 10 Mm 124 feV

Extremely low
ELF 3 Hz 100 Mm 12.4 fe
frequency

Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum
 Higher Frequency Bands
Class Frequency Wavelength Energy
300 EHz 1 pm 1.24 MeV
γ Gamma rays
30 EHz 10 pm 124 keV
HX Hard X rays
Ionizing 3 EHz 100 pm 12.4 keV
radiation
SX Soft X-rays 300 PHz 1 nm 1.24 keV

30 PHz 10 nm 124 eV
Extreme Ultra-
EUV
Violet 3 PHz 100 nm 12.4 eV
Visible
NUV Near Ultra Violet
300 THz 1 μm 1.24 eV
NIR Near Infrared
30 THz 10 μm 124 meV
MIR Mid infrared
3 THz 100 μm 12.4 meV
FIR Far Infrared
300 GHz 1 mm 1.24 meV
Micro- Extremely high
EHF
waves frequency 30 GHz 1 cm 124 μeV
and
radio SHF Super High Frequency
3 GHz 1 dm 12.4 μeV
waves

6.626 X 10-34 X frequency =Voltage X 1.602 X 10-19 Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

6.626 X 10-34 X 300X 1012= 1.9878X10-19=1.24 X 1.602 X 10-19 ≈ Gaps in atomic orbits (Lyman Balmer Paschen)
 Effect of EM Energy at a Distance

0 I
B=
2 a

B field due to a current carrying conductor

E field due to a charged line E and H field distribution of Power lines

 Helmholtz Coil
Most popular and convenient way of generating linear magnetic field

The magnetic field due to Helmholtz coil is

given by

8 0  I  N
B=
Where,
125  R
μ0 is permeability=4πX 10-7 Hm-1(or)NA-2.
I is current, N is number of turns
R is radius and the distance between the
coils. It may be noted that for practically
uniform field, this condition is necessary.
Transmission Lines and Loss Coefficients
Transmission Lines are the structures that confine electric and magnetic fields and
allow propagation of EM energy in certain direction (say along z-axis)

The Expressions for the Voltage and Current are Line Impedance (Z)= V / I
𝑉(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑉𝑒 𝑗(ω𝑡−β𝑧) and I(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝐼𝑒 𝑗(ω𝑡−β𝑧) Wave Number (β)=ω/c

Propagation mode is called TEM When the E and H are transverse to ‘z-axis’
We have characteristic Impedance of the dielectric medium as (η) = 𝝁/𝜺
TEM lines are modelled with Inductance (L’) and capacitance (C’) per unit length
1 1
Where, L’= μ Z/η and C’= ε η/Z ➔ Z= 𝑳′Τ𝑪′= = ′ ′
√𝜀𝜇 √𝐿 𝐶

Realistic Transmission Lines are lossy

Their model needs two additional parameters R’ L’
Resistance (R’) and Conductance(G’) per unit length C’ G’
Losses are parameterized with
Conducting (αc) and Dielectric (αd) loss coefficients For conducting sheets the
𝑉(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑉𝑒 − α𝑑+α𝑐 𝑧 𝑒 𝑗(ω𝑡−β𝑧) surface resistance (Rs) is
expressed in Ω /□
and I(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝐼𝑒 − α𝑑+α𝑐 𝑧 𝑒 𝑗(ω𝑡−β𝑧)
Different Types of Transmission Lines
 Magnetohydrodynamics-2
Non-mechanical pump: Concept

For pumping molten metals and ionic fluids

 Magnetohydrodynamics-2
Non-mechanical pump: Special purpose Use
EMI-EMC in The Context of a PC
 EMI-Modes

EM Source Causes
interference by its
Emissions

EM emissions are
received by the Victim.
If it tolerates, it is
compatible!!
 Intra-System EMI

Simultaneous Switching Noise

Source: EMI/EMC Analysis for High Speed Digital Designs, Keysight Technologies
 EMI/EMC Automobile Electronics
Following electronic Systems operate simultaneously,
Motor, Battery, Cooling systems DG converters, Sensor electronics, RF comm. equipment

RF Comm. Antenna
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
 Processing for MRI Pictures
External Magnetic Field (B)
(Increasing Magnitude)

Resonant
Frequency Sweep Frequency
RF Pulsed Response of
Transceiver Specific Tissues
(Radar Principle) is Proportional
to the Magnetic
Field
MRI Pictures
 Positron Emission Tomography

PET system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron emitting radionuclide
(commonly called as tracer). Tracer is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule.
(e.g. Flurodeoxyglucose (FDG), similar to glucose, concentration indicates high metabolic activity
explores the possibility of cancer)
Localization of the Tissue With Event

Localization by intersection of two near opposite rays,

Often correlating with CAT scan/ MRI Images
 Questions?

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