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Detailed Contents
Energy ♦ Voltage ♦ Current ♦ Resistance ♦ Ohm's
Law ♦ Series Circuits ♦ Parallel Circuits
♦Series/Parallel Circuits ♦ Power Formula ♦
Power
Hand Tools ♦ Hand Tool Safety ♦ Power-Operated
Tools ♦ Power Tool
Safety ♦ Multimeters ♦ Clamp-on Ammeters ♦
Megohmmeters ♦ Oscilloscopes ♦ Continuity Testers
♦ Voltage Testers ♦ Digital Logic Probes ♦
Phase Sequence Indicators ♦ Ground Resistance
Testers ♦ Receptacle
Testers ♦ Branch Circuit Identifiers ♦ Noncontact
Temperature Probes ♦
Optical Time Domain Reflectometers
Electrical Safety ♦ National Electrical Code® ♦
Qualified Persons ♦
Safety Labels ♦ Electrical Shock ♦ NFPA 70E ♦
Electric Motor Safety ♦
Personal Protective Equipment ♦ Protective Clothing
♦ Arc Blast Protection ♦ Lockout/Tagout ♦ Lockout
Devices ♦ Fire Safety ♦ Confined
Spaces ♦ Overhead Power Line Safety
Language of Control ♦ Pictorial Drawings ♦ Electrical
Symbols and
Abbreviations ♦ Wiring Diagrams ♦ Schematic
Diagrams ♦ Line
Diagrams ♦ Electrical Circuits ♦ Manual Control
Circuits ♦ Automatic
Control Circuits ♦ Magnetic Control Circuits ♦
Printreading
Basic Rules of Line Diagrams ♦ Load Connections ♦
Control Device
Connections ♦ Line Number Reference ♦ Numerical
Cross-Reference
Systems ♦ Wire Reference Numbers ♦
Manufacturer's Terminal Numbers ♦ Line
Diagrams—Signals, Decisions, and Action ♦ Logic
Functions ♦ Common Control Circuits ♦ Control
Circuit Troubleshooting
•a
Magnetism ♦ Electromagnetism ♦ Solenoids ♦
Solenoid Characteristics ♦ Selecting Proper
Solenoids ♦ Solenoid Applications ♦
Troubleshooting Solenoids ♦ DC Generators ♦ DC
Motors ♦ Troubleshooting DC Motors
AC Generators, Transformers, and AC Motors 153
Single-Phase AC Generators ♦ Three-Phase AC
Generators ♦ Voltage
Changes ♦ Transients ♦ Transformer Operation ♦
Transformer Connections ♦ Control Transformers ♦
Transformer Selection ♦ Troubleshooting
Transformers ♦ AC Motors ♦ Single-Phase Motors ♦
Three-Phase Motors ♦ AC Motor Maintenance ♦
Troubleshooting AC Motors
Power Distribution Systems ♦ Generator Phase
Connections ♦ Transformer Installation ♦
Substations ♦ Switchboards ♦ Panelboards and
Branch Circuits ♦ Motor Control Centers ♦ Feeders
and Busways ♦
Grounding ♦ Troubleshooting Power Distribution
Systems ♦ Phase
Unbalance ♦ Voltage Unbalance ♦ Single Phasing ♦
Improper
Phase Sequence ♦ Voltage Surges ♦
Troubleshooting Fuses and
Circuit Breakers ♦ Testing Control Transformers
Contactors and Magnetic Motor Starters
Manual Switching ♦ Manual Contactors ♦ Manual
Starters ♦
Magnetic Contactors ♦ Magnetic Motor Starters ♦
Contactor and
Magnetic Motor Starter Modifications ♦ International
Standards ♦
Troubleshooting Contactors and Motor Starters
Motor Drives ♦ Motor Drive Control Circuit ♦
Programming Motor
Drives ♦ DC Motor Drives ♦ AC Motor Drives ♦
Controlling Motor
Speed and Torque ♦ AC Motor Drive, Motor, and
Load Test
Industrial Pushbuttons ♦ Selector Switches ♦
Joysticks ♦ Limit Switches ♦
Foot Switches ♦ Daylight Switches ♦ Pressure
Switches ♦ Temperature
Switches ♦ Flow Switches ♦ Smoke/Gas Switches ♦
Level Switches ♦ Wind
Metering ♦ Automated Systems ♦ Troubleshooting
Control Devices ♦
Smart (Intelligent) Input Devices
Reversing Motors Using Manual Starters ♦
Reversing Motors Using Drum Switches ♦ Reversing
Motors Using Magnetic Starters ♦
Magnetic Reversing Starter Applications ♦ PLC
Reversing Circuits
♦ Motor Control Wiring Methods ♦ Troubleshooting
Reversing
Circuits
o
Solid-State Devices and System Integration
Electronic Control Systems and Devices ♦ Diodes,
Rectification, and
Power Supplies ♦ Solid-State Power Sources ♦ Input
Devices ♦ Amplification ♦ Processing ♦ Switching
Devices ♦ Communication ♦
Interfacing Solid-State Devices ♦ Output/Display
Devices ♦ Troubleshooting Solid-State Devices
363
409
Timers ♦ Timing Functions ♦ Wiring Diagrams ♦
Multiple Contact
Timers ♦ Timer Applications ♦ Troubleshooting
Timing Circuits ♦
Counters
Relays ♦ Electromechanical Relays (EMRs) ♦ Solid-
State Relays
(SSRs) ♦ Stand-Alone and Programmable Logic
Relays ♦ Solid-State
Motor Starters ♦ Troubleshooting Relays
Sensing Devices and Controls
Photoelectric Sensors ♦ Photoelectric Control
Applications ♦ Ultrasonic Sensors ♦ Proximity
Sensors ♦ Photoelectric and Proximity
Outputs ♦ Proximity Sensor Installation ♦
Troubleshooting Photoelectric and Proximity
Sensors
467
chapter
irammable Controllers 503
Programmable Controllers ♦ PLCsand PCs ♦ PLC
Parts ♦ Interfacing
Solid-State Controls ♦ Programming Programmable
Timers ♦ PLC
Applications ♦ Programmable Logic Relays (PLRs) ♦
Multiplexing
♦ Troubleshooting PLCs
Reduced-Voltage Starting ♦ DC Motor Reduced-
Voltage Starting ♦
Reduced-Voltage Starting for Three-Phase Induction
Motors ♦ Primary
Resistor Starting ♦ Autotransformer Starting ♦ Part-
Winding Starting
♦ Wye-Delta Starting ♦ Solid-State Switches ♦ Solid-
State Starting
♦ Starting Method Comparison ♦ Troubleshooting
Reduced-Voltage
Starting Circuits
Accelerating and Decelerating Methods 571
Braking ♦ Speed Control ♦ Multispeed Motors ♦ DC
Motor Speed
Control ♦ AC Motor Speed Control ♦
Troubleshooting Drive and
Motors Circuits
[Oj
Preventive and Predictive Maintenance Systems
609
Preventive Maintenance ♦ Work Orders ♦ Alignment
♦ Bearings ♦
Flexible Belt Drives ♦ Preventive Maintenance Tests
♦ Predictive Maintenance ♦ Vibration Analysis ♦
Maintenance Technician Resources ♦
Technical Service Bulletins and Troubleshooting
Reports
Review Question Answer Key 643
Appendix 647
Glossary 663
Index 679
♦ Using This CD-ROM ♦ Applying Your Knowledge
♦ Quick Quizzes® ♦ Motor Control Library
♦ Illustrated Glossary ♦ Media Clips
♦ Flash Cards ♦ www.ATPeResources.com
♦ Review Questions

Introduction
Electrical Motor Controls for Integrated Systems,
Fourth Edition, is the industry-leading reference for
electrical, motor,
and mechanical devices and their use in industrial
control circuits. This book provides the architecture
for acquiring the
knowledge and skills required in an advanced
manufacturing environment. The book begins with
basic electrical and
motor theory, builds on circuit fundamentals, and
reinforces comprehension through examples of
industrial applications.
Special emphasis is placed on the development of
troubleshooting skills throughout the book. This book
is a practical
resource for technicians working in electrical,
maintenance, manufacturing, industrial, boiler, and
HVAC operations
who have some background in electrical theory.
Expanded content areas include the following:
Electrical safety, including NFPA® 70E, PPE, arc
flash, and arc blast
AC and DC motor drives
Preventive and predictive maintenance systems
The latest in green technology and energy efficiency
Programmable logic relays
Electrical test tools and test instruments
Printreading
The Interactive CD-ROM included with the book is a
study aid with the following features:
• Quick Quizzes® that reinforce fundamental
concepts, with 10 questions per chapter
• An Illustrated Glossary of industry terms, with links
to illustrations, video clips, and animated graphics
• Flash Cards that enable a review of common
electrical terms, definitions, and test tools
• Review Questions that reinforce comprehension of
motor control concepts, provided in Microsoft® Word
format
• Applying Your Knowledge questions that provide
interactive motor control exercises
• A Motor Control Library that provides access to
interactive motor control resources
• Media Clips that depict electrical and motor control
principles through video clips and animated graphics
• Access to ATPeResources.com, which provides a
comprehensive array of instructional resources
To obtain information on related training products,
visit the American Tech web site at www.go2atp.com

Chapter 1 Electrical Quantities and Circuits

All electrical circuits must have a source of power to

produce work. Voltage is the amount of electrical
pressure in a circuit. Current is the amount of
electrons flowing through an electrical circuit.
Current flows through a circuit when a power source
is connected to a device that uses electricity.
Resistance limits the flow of current in an electrical
circuit.

ENERGY
Energy is used to produce electricity. Energy is the
capacity to do work. The two forms of energy are
potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy
is stored energy a body has due to its position,
chemical state, or condition. For example, water
behind a dam has potential energy because of its
position. A battery has potential energy based on its
chemical state. A compressed spring has potential
energy because of its physical condition. Kinetic
energy is the energy of motion. Examples of kinetic
energy include falling water, a rotating motor, or a
released spring. Kinetic energy is released potential
energy. Energy released when water falls through a
dam is used to generate electricity. Energy released
when a motor is connected to a battery is used to
produce a rotating mechanical force. Energy
released by a compressed spring is used to apply a
braking force on a motor shaft. The sources of
energy used to produce electricity are coal, nuclear
power, natural gas, and oil. Wind, solar power, and
water also provide energy. These energy sources
are used to produce work when converted to
electricity, steam, heat, and mechanical force. Some
energy sources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas,
are consumed in use. Energy sources such as wind,
solar power, and water are not consumed in use.
See Figure 1-1. Coal is used to produce
approximately 50% of the electricity produced,
nuclear power approximately 20%, natural gas
approximately 18%, and oil approximately 3%. Wind,
solar power, and water account for approximately
9% of the electricity produced. Wind and solar power
are growing as sources of electricity. Electricity is
converted into motion, light, heat, sound, and visual
outputs. Approximately 62% of all electricity is
converted into rotary motion by motors. Three-phase
motors use the largest amount of electricity in
commercial and industrial applications. Three-phase
motors are used because they are the most energy-
efficient motors.
Approximately 20% of all electricity is converted into
light by lamps. The most common lamp used in
residential lighting is the incandescent lamp. The
most common lamps used in commercial and
industrial lighting are fluorescent lamps for office
installations and high-intensity discharge (HID)
lamps for warehouse and factory installations. HID
lamps include low-pressure sodium, mercury-vapor,
metal-halide, and highpressure sodium lamps. HID
lamps are also the most common lamps used for
exterior lighting applications. Approximately 18% of
all electricity is used to produce heat, linear motion,
audible signals, and visual outputs. When the total
number of individual electrical loads is considered,
this group is the largest group of electricity-using
components because it includes a large number of
loads that consume very little power compared to
motors.

Production of Electricity
Electricity is produced by converting potential energy
directly or indirectly into electricity. For example,
solar cells convert solar energy directly into
electricity. The majority of all electricity is produced
indirectly by converting potential energy into
electricity using a generator. A generator (alternator)
is a device that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy by means of electromagnetic
induction. A generator produces electricity when
magnetic lines of force are cut by a rotating wire coil
(rotor). The magnetic lines of force are produced by
the magnetic field present between the north and
south poles of a permanent magnet or
electromagnet (stator). As the rotor rotates through
the magnetic field, electric current flow is produced
through the wire coil(s) of the rotor. See Figure 1-3.
Electric current from the wire coil is conducted to the
load through slip rings. The voltage produced by a
generator depends on the strength of the magnetic
field and the rotational speed of the rotor. The
stronger the magnetic lines of force and the faster
the rotational speed, the higher the voltage
produced. The output of a generator may be
connected directly to the load, as in a portable
generator located on a construction site; connected
to transformers; or connected to a rectifier, as in an
automobile alternator. In large generator
applications, the generator output is connected to
transformers. A transformer is an electric device that
uses electromagnetism to change voltage from one
level to another or to isolate one voltage from
another. Transformers normally step up voltage so
power can be transmitted at a lower current level. As
AC voltage is increased, current is reduced for any
fixed amount of power. Alternating current allows
efficient transmission of electrical power between
power stations and end users.
Reduced current allows small conductors to be used
to conduct electricity. The conductor current rating
depends on the wire size, insulation used, conductor
temperature rating, and wire type (copper or
aluminum). The allowable amount of current a wire
may safely carry is listed in National Electrical
Code® (NEC®) tables. An AC generator that has
only one rotating coil produces a single-phase
output. Single-phase generators are used for small
power demands, but are not practical or economical
for producing large amounts of power. To produce
large amounts of power, three single-phase coils are
coupled to produce three-phase power. The three
separate coils are spaced 120 electrical degrees
apart. The individual AC voltage outputs are phase 1
(A), phase 2 (B), and phase 3 (C).
Electrical Abbreviations/Prefixes
Electrical abbreviations are used to simplify the
expression of common electrical terms and
quantities. An abbreviation is a letter or combination
of letters that represents a word. The exact
abbreviation used normally depends on the use of
the electrical unit. For example, voltage may be
abbreviated using a capital letter E or V. A capital
letter V is used to indicate voltage quantity because
voltage is measured in volts. These abbreviations
are often interchanged and both can be used to
represent voltage. See Figure 1-5. Prefixes are used
to avoid long expressions of units that are smaller or
larger than the base unit. A base unit is a number
that does not include a metric prefix. To convert
between different units, the decimal point is moved
to the left or right, depending on the unit. The
decimal point is moved to the left and a prefix is
added to convert a large base value to a simpler
term. For example, 1000 V can be written as 1 kV.
The decimal point is moved to the right and a prefix
is added to convert a small base value to a simpler
term. For example, .001 V can be written as 1 mV.

Find the Full Original Textbook (PDF) in the link

below:

CLICK HERE