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B 3.2 Transport

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Kryšpín Karpíšek
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14 views24 pages

B 3.2 Transport

Uploaded by

Kryšpín Karpíšek
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Your monthly moment of


doom

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3
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The 8 hottest months (global average
surface temperature) in the past
100,000+ yrs all happened in the
last 8 months
February 2024 may be the 9th hottest month

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B – Form and function
3 Organisms

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B 3.2 – Tranport

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B 3.2.1 Adaptations of capillaries for
exchange of materials between blood and
the internal or external environment

Living cells require a supply of water, nutrients


(glucose, amino acids, etc.) and oxygen.
Waste products of cellular metabolism must
be removed.
Single-celled organisms can move nutrients
and waste efficiently via diffusion.
Larger organisms require an internal transport
system such as the circulatory system.
Three types of vessel in the circulation system:
• Arteries – carry blood away from the heart
• Veins – carry blood back to the heart
• Capillaries – fine networks of tiny tubes
linking arteries and veins.

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B 3.2.1 Adaptations of capillaries for exchange
of materials between blood and the internal or
external environment

Adaptations for effective exchange of


materials between the blood plasma and
tissue fluid:
• Branching increases surface area
facilitates diffusion
• Thin capillary walls – RBCs close to
capillary wall reduce diffusion distance.
Reduced flow increases diffusion time.
• Fenestrations (gaps in capillary wall)
where exchange rapid exchange is
needed – allows some components of the
blood to escape.
• Capillary walls consist of endothelium
cells (innermost lining layer of arteries and veins)
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B 3.2.2 – Structure of arteries and veins
Arteries carry pulses of high-pressure blood away from the
heart to the organs of the body.
Veins carry a stream of low-pressure blood from the organs
to the heart.
Because of the difference in function, these two types of
blood vessel have a different structure to their walls of cells.

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B 3.2.3 - Adaptations of arteries for
the transport of blood away from
the heart

The wall of the artery is


composed of several layers:
• Tunica externa — a tough
outer layer of connective
tissue with collagen fibers
• Tunica media — a thick
layer containing smooth
muscle and elastic fibers
made from elastin
• Tunica intima — a smooth
endothelium forming the
lining of the artery; in some
arteries the tunica intima
also includes a layer of Smooth muscles allow Elastic fiber recoil after heart
elastic fibers. blood vessel to contract pumps blood – help maintain
and relax - vasodilation pressure in blood vessels
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B 3.2.4 – Measurement of pulse rates

Every time the heart beats, a wave of


blood under high pressure passes along
the arteries. Where an artery is close to
the body surface, this pressure wave
can be felt as a pulse

Is your fancy watch as accurate as you


think? Compare your heart rate using
different methods

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B 3.2.5 - Adaptations of veins for the return of blood to the heart
Veins collect blood from body organs and take it back to the heart. Veins contain pocket
valves which consist of three cup-shaped flaps of tissue projecting into the vein in the
direction of blood flow.

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B 3.2.6 – Causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries

Occlusion – blockage or closing of a


blood vessel.
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels
are primarily due to arherosclerosis,
which causes the occlusion of the
arteries that supply blood to the heart
muscle (the coronary arteries).
Fatty deposits in the artery wall can
become impregnated with calcium
salts, which harden the artery and
make the inner surface rough. This
tends to trigger the formation of a
blood clot (thrombosis).

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B 3.2.6 – Causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries
Multiple risk factors have been identified:
• Hypertension — raised blood pressure
increases the chance of blood clot
formation
• Smoking — raises blood pressure because
nicotine causes vasoconstriction
• Diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol
— promotes plaque formation
• Obesity — associated with raised blood
pressure and high blood cholesterol
concentrations
• High salt intake — a large quantity of
sodium chloride in the diet raises blood
pressure
• High alcohol intake — associated with
raised blood pressure and obesity
• Sedentary lifestyles — a lack of exercise
correlates with obesity and prevents the
return of venous blood from the
extremities leading to a greater risk of clot
formation
• Genetic predisposition — some genes
increase the risk of hypertension and
thrombosis
• Old age — blood vessels become less
flexible. 17
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B 3.2.7 – Transport of water from roots to leaves during transpiration

Transpiration is the evaporation of water


from the spongy mesophyll tissue and its
subsequent diffusion through the
stomata. Loss of water vapor is the
inevitable consequence of gas exchange
in the leaf.
• Evaporated water is continuously
replaced via capillary action – water
comes mainly from extracellular spaces and
from the xylem
• Negative pressure potential (tension)
draws/”pulls” water up the xylem
• Cohesion-tension theory explains the
movement of water upward through
the xylem via a transpiration stream
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B 3.2.8 – Adaptation of xylem vessels for transport of water

• Xylem is formed by columns of cells, arranged


end-to-end.
• Cell wall between cells is largely removed and
the plasma membranes and contents of the
cells breakdown – allows free flow of water
• Thickened vessel walls impregnated with
lignin – resist negative water potential and
lower atmospheric pressure
• Lignified walls are impermeable to water but
gaps along the wall allow to exit xylem

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B 3.2.9 – Distribution of tissues in a stem transverse section of dicotyledonous plant

• The outer layer of cells in all parts of a young plant is the epidermis.
• Dicotyledonous (dicots) plant stems have transport tissue in vascular bundles near the
epidermis
• Vascular bundles consists of xylem vessels on the inner side and phloem on the outside
separated by a layer of cambium (undifferentiated stem cells) Mistake in
your textbook

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B 3.2.9 – Distribution of tissues in a stem transverse section of the root of a
dicotyledonous plant
• Xylem vessels are large, star-
shaped, thick walled and rounded –
walls may stain red due to lignin.
• Other root cells are unlignified and
usually stain blue.
• Phloem cells are smaller with
thinner walls.
• Epidermis cells may have root hairs
protruding.
• Cortex in between vascular tissue
and epidermis has relatively large
and thin-walled cells.

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AHL

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