TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Blvd, Cubao, Quezon City, 1109 Metro Manila

Initial Title: Reimagining Rehabilitation: A User-Centric Approach through a proposed project to the
Redevelopment of Quezon City Jail for Enhanced Inmate Experience and Well-being

AR 402 - ARCH42S4 - Architectural Design 8

Prelim Requirement: Research Proposal Draft

Submitted by:
Group 3
Carpio, Franz Mika
Garcia, Justine
Rosca, Carla Pauline

Date Submitted:
February 12, 2024
Chapter 2: Design Foundations

2.1 DESIGN PROCESS (Framework and Methodology)

This chapter discusses the involvement of scrutinization of the design theories, concept development,
related literatures and case studies. In - lined with the desirable redevelopment of the Quezon City Jail, the
statistics are narrowed to specific details that ensure a foundation for the focal point of the project.

1. Identify and Definition

● Observation
Observation entails observing the circumstances within the Quezon City Jail and paying
close attention to the issues surrounding the jail's historical structure. Keep a close eye on
any interactions, activities, behaviors, or other elements that might be connected to the
issue with Quezon City Jail.
● Interview
Conduct an interview with Quezon City Jail officers and inmates of the possible problem.
● Survey
Create a survey with clear and concise questions. To collect quantitative and qualitative
data, ask a mix of closed-ended and open-ended questions.

2. Research and Analysis

Research analysis determines the overall steps involved in the project, therefore the following are
the processes on how the project would eventually reach a desirable goal:
● Comprehensive Gathering of Data
The gathering of data shall be in the process of involving both the project makers as well
as the benefactors of the study. In this case, the researchers shall conduct a study towards
the living conditions of prisoners in Quezon City Jail.
● Analyzation of Existing Studies
The analysis of existing studies such as the type of studies that tackle the improvement,
rehabilitation and redevelopment of Quezon City Jail. Existing studies that also idealizes
the welfare and overall living conditions of Quezon City Jail Detainees that underline the
due process of the project.
● Conducting Surveys, Interviews and Creating the Statement of the Problem
The statement of the problem shall serve as a basis for the intended project goals and
objectives. The statement of the problem for the project would rely and come from ideas,
concepts, perspectives and observational activities such as conduction of surveys on the
Quezon City Jail detainees.
 3. Concept Development
Generating the idea and concept of the project can be initiated through the gathering of different
architectural theories that are aligned with the project. Amongst the architectural theories that have been
gathered, the theory would most likely come from the theory of Empiricism. The concept that then follows
with the selection of empiricism as an Architectural Theory would then result in the following ideas for the
project:
● Harmony of Space and its Users
It is important to consider that the users of projects such as city jails would rely heavily on
their surroundings, environment. Therefore spaces such as the cells themselves should
not be cramped and at least promote human rights practices.
● Enhanced Quezon City Jail Experiences
Not only does the project visualize the welfare of the Quezon city jail inmates but also
other forms of users such as its law enforcers, maintenance teams, doctors should also
benefit from the overall redevelopment of the Quezon City Jail.
● Free - Will in Solitary Confinement
Despite the idea of being in solitary confinement, detainees, Quezon city jail prisoners
would still experience the idea of free - will. Due to the application of theory in Empiricism,
detainees would not be limited with its use of its own space and that the spaces designed
per detainee are carefully planned.

4. Design Development
City jails and its users deserve the necessary space design in order to meet the standards with
regards to appealing to societal and world issues such as poor health and attack on human rights
unwantedly experienced on detention places like such. Through the initial idea of redevelopment, the
project would integrate the design theory of empiricism in a careful manner of ensuring each space is
designed in a specific use or function.
● Space Arrangement
The process of how the space arrangement would be considered begins with
understanding the due process of analyzation of the project problem. Once analyzed,
developing the project goals would then result in the proper consideration of space
arrangement for the Quezon City Jail.
● Redevelopment from the Ground - Up
The idea of redevelopment of the Quezon city jail is a project that would settle with
rebuilding from the ground - up. Tax declaration rather than as - build plans are the main
design development initiative in order to understand the lot bearings and orientation of the
availability of the land used for the current Quezon city jail to be redeveloped.
● Balance in User - Centric Approach
The balance in user - centric approach is the design development process wherein how
the project would intricately focus on different uses of spaces for a specific and type of
user in the Quezon City Jail. The concept and theory of Empiricism would spearhead the
understanding in how one user would learn the specific type of space and environment.
 5. Evaluation and Refinement
Prisons are meant to be places where criminals are segregated, allowed to consider their guilt, and
judged. Long sentences are given to many prisoners, and the number of prisoners is rising over time. One
of the issues with today's jails is overcrowding, as a result of the jail's already full capacity and the
consequent impact on the physical and mental well-being of its inmates. The following are plans for the
Quezon City Jail to be more accurate and refined for other city jails to follow design and project concepts:
● Thorough Investigation
After relying heavily on the conduction of surveys, the researchers would then evaluate the
project through the means of applying the foundation laid by related projects that also
tackle issues regarding city jail design prospects.
● Evaluation of Related Literature and Case Studies
With the presence and application of related literatures, case studies, the project would
arrive at a refining process by which the project would use the purpose of the related
studies and literatures. The related studies and literature would serve as a basis for the
project to understand how different ideas and concepts highly affect the well - being of the
Quezon city jail inmates, detainees and other users.
● Consideration of the Laws, Regulations, Sentencing Processes
Not only does the project rely on surveys, interviews and observation but also through the
process of evaluating, learning and studying the different laws covering the sentences for
criminal actions. In studying the laws, the project may be refined in designing the proper
spaces specific for the weight of the criminal offense but not to be limited in enhancing
detainee experience.

6. Documentative and Communication

Quezon City Jail, originally meant for only 800, now houses over 4,000 inmates, leading to
inhumane conditions and a slow legal system further worsened by the "war on drugs." Understanding this
situation, a redesign that prioritizes the well-being of inmates through improved rehabilitation takes a
user-centric approach. Even though it is promising, it recognizes that more work has to be done, especially
to address the issue of long-term overpopulation.
● Communicative Process with Quezon City Jail Detainees and Enforcers
In the specific interview process, the researchers would rely heavily on conducting
communicative processes with the Quezon city jail detainees and its enforcers. Having a
chance to at least understand the perspective of the city jail prisoners and the enforcers
would help in documentation.
● Documentation through Discretion of Videos and Recordings
The documentation process involves the use of videos and recordings. Through the
discretion of the individuals involved in the interview, answers in surveys, the research
project would be able to gather and serve as proof for the living conditions of the Quezon
city jail. Eventually having to arrive in a promising project, the documentation would also
serve as the basis on observing how different types of users of the city jail act accordingly
on the spaces provided currently.
2.2 REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND CASE STUDIES

2.2.1 Review of Related Literature

Initial Title: Reimagining Rehabilitation: A User-Centric Approach through a proposed project to the
Redevelopment of Quezon City Jail for Enhanced Inmate Experience and Well-being

Rehabilitation
● Recreational Activities
Shalev, S. & Dagan, N. (2023) stated that It is a standard practice in prisons all over the
world to subject inmates to solitary confinement, which involves isolating them from their fellow
inmates for 22–24 hours a day in cramped rooms that are often devoid of anything. Individuals who
are held in solitary confinement are often denied not just the opportunity to interact with other
people but also the opportunity to take part in educational, vocational, and recreational activities,
as well as access to therapeutic and rehabilitative therapy. This has a significant impact on the
health and welfare of these individuals. A prisoner's immediate circumstances of imprisonment,
quality of life, and health are all impacted by the choice to put them in solitary confinement.

When contemplating the layout of a city jail, it is recommended that rehabilitation for the
purpose of ensuring the well-being and health of inmates inside the facility should also be given
priority. It is also possible to meet the promotion of welfare and well-being via activities that are
educational, vocational, and recreational or recreational in nature. It is recommended that the
design of the city jail, taking into mind the available areas, be the starting point for the
implementation of these desired activities. Being a prisoner is still associated with the right to
undergo rehabilitation; hence, these persons are entitled to the chance to at least better their
situation for the time being and to also be favorably influenced by the decision to be placed in
solitary confinement setting.
● Mentoring
Henderson, M. & Meek, R. (2023) has mentioned that the notion of mentoring is
well-established within the fields of professional development and education, and it is now
frequently employed within the context of child justice. However, it is only more lately becoming a
popular trend within the realm of rehabilitation programs for adult offenders. Newburn and Shiner
state that mentoring was offered as a solution to these problems and with the capacity to offer
"great promise and almost limitless potential." Traditional mentoring approaches were initially
established in the United States as a response to issues of social marginalization and welfare.
Newburn and Shiner state that mentoring was offered as a solution to these problems.

Mentoring is part of the rehabilitation process involved in improving the quality of life for
prisoners, detainees. Mentoring is a general process that comes with teaching and incorporating to
the minds of the detainees what should be done and what experiences would be felt amidst the
time of imprisonment. It would seem that it is best to enhance the welfare of prisoners and
 detainees regarding their condition through the terms of monitoring, being able to develop
desirable coping mechanisms and teach social interactions that may develop the necessary
relationships. It is said to be a crucial component to be teaching the proper way of life of
imprisonment, therefore, the social rehabilitative method of mentoring is to be used as an initiative.
● Criminal Behavior
Umusig Jr., E; Calimpong, C; Gordo, R; and Bandolos, I. (2024) states that determining the
way of thinking of prisoners in city jails is a way for a rehabilitation action to initiate. For a
considerable amount of time, the way in which criminals think has been an essential predictor of
their illegal activity. In spite of this, there have been a very small number of studies that have
investigated the relationship between criminal thought processes and personality in offenders. In
the twenty-first century, criminologists began to investigate a variety of aspects in order to provide
an explanation for why a person might commit a crime. Furthermore, it is of the utmost importance
to keep in mind that decision-making, which encompasses both intellectual and emotional aspects,
has a considerable effect on human conduct and demonstrates that such aspects may influence
criminal behavior.

In order to keep up with the demand of finding ways to improve quality of life for prisoners,
one must first understand the reasons, the prevailing factors that influence the thinking of
individuals to commit unwanted actions such as crimes. Once the initiative to study the mental,
emotional status of criminals, prisoners has started, it can be then a followthrough of a series of
involvement with the detainee. Rehabilitation is a process that helps detainees understand that
there is a chance for a better change provided that the detainees are to be educated to learn the
triggering factors that make these people commit crimes. More so, it is with greater understanding
that detainees are aware of the consequences that come with committing crimes. Despite such, it
is better to provide the necessary care for the prisoners in city jails in order to instill the desirable
learnings and knowledge at a rehabilitation process.
● Shifts in Attitude
According to Cabonilas, L. (2024) persons deprived of liberty (PDL) in the municipal jail of
Mabinay in Negros Oriental, Philippines experience challenging prison conditions. These difficulties
are found to be related to restrictions in visitation times as well as food provisions, only adding to
the negative transformation of prisoners’ mindset. The study found that despite these obstacles,
the lives of probationers and parolees were positively impacted during their time in prison. These
positive impacts included shifts in attitude and behavior, the development of values and skills, as
well as advancements in education and spirituality, which inspired them to work towards achieving
their freedom. In the end, their time spent in prison worked as a catalyst for good changes, guiding
them away from engaging in illegal activities and motivating them to make decisions that prevent
them from falling into conflict or being involved in any other criminal proceedings.

If people were to adhere to the head of the gravity of the life of detainees, prisoners will
never overlook the condescending tone that comes with finding the right solution for a better
change. Rehabilitation as a general idea is one of the key ways understood in the related study as
 a form of changing factor for inmates in a Philippine city jail context to experience positive outlooks.
Through rehabilitation, it has been found in the study that the positive impacts include improved
attitude or behavior and that skills are advanced and well - developed to the extent that prisoners
wouldn’t be limited with their actions in time of being detained. With the proper guidance and
teachings, the rehabilitation initiative for detainees would set a basis and a standard for all
practices that should promote utmost welfare or well - being for detainees in the Philippines. More
so, it is a privilege not to be taken for granted by those who implement the law that the prisoners,
detainees also have the right for a positive change.
● Detainee Engagement
As for Sagen et al., (2024) The active participation of patients in the process of goal-setting
and the creation of rehabilitation plans that are driven by the patient's goals are essential
components of patient engagement in rehabilitation procedures. Patient-directed, mutually agreed
upon, or staff-driven goal-setting processes are all viable options for establishing both short-term
and long-term objectives. Mutual understanding or mutual agreement between the patient and its
clinician is an important key objective that drives a rehabilitation process into a success. As a
general idea, rehabilitation processes or plans are derived from how patients, individuals desire a
positive change, an outlook for other people in the society to see. Rehabilitation procedures come
with different involvement, mainly with the person to be changed and the person viewed as a
professional, licensed to change.

Rehabilitation on its own is an understanding of how people are obliged to find ways for a
positive persona. Rehabilitation is a process that doesn’t just involve oneself into changing for a
desirable outlook but rather also relying on the environment one is in. In that environment comes
the people who are not obliged but rather working in the profession of changing a person’s life for
the better. With such learnings, people would know how to see things positively and rehabilitation is
a learning process, a mere form of a classroom that teaches humans to accept facts,
consequences, therefore opting to oneself that a positive change must be met. In rehabilitation
people will learn to trust and find ways to earn trust, evolving into establishing mutual respects,
understandings, harmonious relationships across a desirable society and environment.

Architectural Aspects and Status of Quezon City Jail

● Plentitude of City Jail Facilities
Enano, J. (2018) reports that A courtyard that also functions as a basketball court is
located on the ground level of the male detention facility in Quezon City. During the day, convicts at
the Quezon City jail are permitted to wander about in this courtyard. The situation is somewhat
different, however, as night falls and inmates begin to compete with one another for every square
inch of sleeping space in the courtyard, on the stairs, and within their tight cells. On the other hand,
as the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) starts building a new facility to
accommodate its fast growing population, detainees at the Quezon City Jail may begin to look
forward to improved living circumstances while they are being held in custody.
 The Quezon City jail and its architectural aspects lead to the spaces that have been
carefully chosen to be part of the jail’s premises. In addition to the courtyard being a space for
inmates to freely roam about, a healthcare center was also established in order to rehabilitate and
give extensive care to inmates. This literature states that there is a major improvement in terms of
the living circumstances of inmates in Quezon City Jail but still manages to fight problems when a
day ends and every inmate would have to squeeze again in jail cells. Despite the presence of a
courtyard and healthcare facility, architects and lawmakers should take action on considering the
desirable amount of inmates per cell space in order to prevent inhumane living conditions such as
contracting time - to - time diseases. This prevention method may benefit city jails in the long run,
for healthcare facilities not to be overcrowded and that the likes of courtyards are not taken for
granted.
● Overcrowding and Poor Conditions of Quezon City Jail
McKirdy, E. (2016) espoused before that the Quezon city jail was the Philippines’ most
overcrowded jail. It is clearly seen that the quality of life for prisoners in the Quezon City Jail was
very poor given its status in the said year. In what must be one of the most densely inhabited jails
of the Philippines, there are over 4,000 convicts living side by side. At this point, the number of
inmates continues to grow. The inside is mentioned to be breathtaking in its conditions. Every
possible place is crowded with people wearing yellow T-shirts. In the oppressive and stifling heat of
Manila, the men were forced to spend their days sitting, crouching, and standing. Nearly sixty
percent of the inmates in this facility are there for drug offenses.

This goes to show that the architectural aspect of the Quezon city jail way back 2016 was
poorly designed and managed by lawmakers and law enforcers. Designed not to house and cater
overcrowding problems, the Quezon City jail at the very beginning can be observed according to
the stated literature as a city jail that is in dire need of major improvement, mainly in spaces. Built
in 1953, the original plans were said to only cater about eight hundred (800) inmates but at the time
of the release of the article, the city jail now has 4,000 detainees. The original plans of the Quezon
city jail can be sensed as poorly designed, not being futuristic with the idea that at a given
timeframe, a great number or population of detainees would house the facilities of the city jail.

● Improvement of Spaces for Quezon City Jail

Caliwan, C. (2021) states that following the handover of Phase 1 of the New Quezon City
Jail Male Dormitory at Payatas Road on Wednesday, the unfortunate position of people deprived of
liberty (PDLs) in the cramped Quezon City Jail Male Dormitory would significantly improve. This will
be the case that the situation will be much improved. At the present moment, the old Quezon City
Jail Male Dormitory in Barangay Kamuning, which is home to 3,184 PDLs, has a congestion rate of
1,066 percent, which is a number that is far lower than the norms for a habitable jail. The current
living conditions found in the old Quezon City Jail Male Dormitory will improve in accordance to
complying to the standards of human rights set also by the United Nations.
 This is to provide a sense of humanity, an involvement in refraining to forget that inmates,
detainees also deserve a good quality living space despite having limited freewill. Improving the
Quezon City Jail as a whole is a step forward for Philippine jail settings to follow in terms of
designing, building humanistic and holistic approaches in city jails. The data that can be studied
and seen regarding the number of detainees and the percentage of congestion rate would become
the initiative to the design process of the capstone, knowing how to immediately eradicate
problems such as congestion in city jails. The congestion and poor living qualities found in the
Quezon city jail is also said to be the main reason for the overall poor quality of life such as poor
hygiene, poor health conditions and poor food needs. With this article, there is a sense of not just
being able to think outside the box but to rather specify a very obvious problem experienced in city
jails in the Philippines.
● Disarray in Management for Quezon City Jail
The literature of Worley, W. (2016) states that 3,800 prisoners are being housed inside the
Quezon City Jail, which is located in Manila. This is roughly five times the number of people that
the building was intended to house. This is a reflection of a criminal justice system that is in
disarray, and it is expected to become even more chaotic as the state continues to wage an
aggressive war on drugs, which was initiated by Rodrigo Duterte, the hardline President of the
Philippines. It is possible to observe prisoners jammed body-to-body on concrete floors and
stairways. These prisoners are now awaiting trials that may take years to complete. Some people
feel compelled to sleep in a seated or standing position. Some were observed to be having the
hardest time to simply think.

The poor situation of the Quezon City jail according to the related literature is also said to
mirror other living conditions of other city jails across the Philippines. It would seem that no city jail
was ready enough to accommodate the overflowing wave of detainees, prisoners that would live in
the city jails because of the immediate action on the war on drugs. The initiative of former
President Rodrigo Duterte to wage war on drugs tested the designs of these city jails, therefore
also leading to the overflowing questions in human rights. The aspects and conditions found in the
Quezon City Jail has become the basis for many city jails across the country to refrain
overcrowding of detaining facilities. No local government unit was ever ready for the massive
increase of inmates and in the case of Quezon City Jail, it can be observed across related studies
and articles that only then were the facilities improved and redeveloped to the desirable extent.
● The High Prevalence of Criminal Activity
And as for Belen, G; Escalona, G; Ubana, A. & Arjay, D. (2020) As a result of the high
prevalence of criminal activity and the government's ongoing fight to combat the drug trade, the
Philippines has a large number of jails. In addition to carrying out its duties, the Corrections Pillar is
responsible for the rehabilitation of criminals who have been convicted of a crime. The purpose of
this was to serve as a guide for evaluating the requirements of our incarceration system in order to
improve the living conditions of these individuals who are incarcerated at the Quezon City Jail. In
light of the significance of the research in terms of both policy and practice in the Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology (BJMP) prison facilities, a comprehensive study was carried out to
 investigate the ways in which the fundamental requirements of inmates may be efficiently met in
order to enhance their overall well-being or health.

It is also the obligation of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) to provide
the necessary care and processes in enhancing the overall well - being and health of its inmates.
In the context and case of the Quezon City Jail, it can be seen in the related literature that the living
conditions of those who are incarcerated in the said city jail live under poor managed living
conditions. With such, the best move that the BJMP has done was to provide the ideal
redevelopment of the Quezon City Jail through the incorporation of new parts and spaces in the
facilities. However the deal may be in regards to the improvement of the Quezon City Jail, it is to
be observed how the spaces have withstood from the time the new spaces and the facility was
introduced to the public up to the current extent. The Quezon City Jail’s facilities, let alone the
spaces that the inmates sleep and take a rest should be the main focus of the BJMP for it sets its
probable standards for other city jails to follow in terms of its design and solutions to every city jail
problems.

Enhanced Inmate Experience and Well-being

● Mental Health
Almeida, Caridade, Cruz, Cunha, Dias, Peixoto, and Rodrigues (2023) demonstrated how
prison terms have a negative impact on inmates' mental health and a null or criminogenic effect on
recidivism, which both negatively affect the inmates' ability to successfully reintegrate into society
and reduce recidivism. There is a high prevalence of mental health disorders among criminals, but
little is known about how incarceration exacerbates or prolongs mental health symptoms. This
research attempts to comprehend the effects of incarceration on the mental health and general
well-being of both male and female offenders, both during their time behind bars and following their
release.

Enhancing knowledge of the mental health conditions of prisoners and the effects of
incarceration on mental health and well-being is important, as is taking pre-imprisonment factors
into account and being able to create practical preventative and reduction plans. aim to draw
attention to the detrimental effects of such penalties, on both the individual and the entire society,
and to challenge the conventional wisdom regarding prison sentences and their impact on people's
rehabilitation. Additionally, this research will provide crucial hints for creating and implementing
more successful, evidence-based preventive and intervention plans to deal with mental health
disorders among inmates and ex-offenders. These plans will enhance the inmates' capacity to
successfully reintegrate into society and lower recidivism rates.

Anderson (2021), studied the potential effects of prisoners on the jail environment, rules,
and practices for each person behind bars. Their mental health is one factor that may have an
impact. It is thought that the severe rules, segregation from the outside world, and jail atmosphere
negatively affect the mental health of prisoners. Facilities for inmates' mental health concerns are
scarce in jails. The prisoners claimed that their mental health had gotten worse while they were
behind bars. Additionally, prisoners who were kept in solitary confinement displayed signs of their
mental health degrading. During their confinement, they displayed emotions like hopelessness,
loneliness, depression, and shame. Initiatives that support the stabilization of inmates' mental
health should be given top priority by mental health providers and jails. Furthermore, the social
welfare system ought to interact with prisoners both during their incarceration and after their
release.

The findings of their research indicate that even though prisoners commit crimes, we
cannot treat them like animals and imprison them. Even though they have sinned, they are still
human beings with rights. They can still think about their transgressions in private. A growing issue
in jails due to an increase in the number of inmates with criminal records is mental health. Both
recent arrivals and long-term prisoners experience self-loathing, confusion, and depression. When
new inmates enter the jail, proper facilities must be provided, as well as information about the rules
and regulations. Every jail facility should be upgraded.

According to Corcoran (n.d.), even after a brief period of incarceration, confined individuals
frequently exhibit a variety of physiological symptoms. Inmates in isolation frequently experience
symptoms that are similar to hypertension, including extreme dizziness, sweaty palms, trembling,
chronic headaches, and palpitations. Moreover, eating and digestion problems are common,
especially during the first three months of solitary confinement. An inability to eat and rapid weight
loss are frequently accompanied by irregular digestion, especially diarrhea. Prisoners kept in
isolation may also have trouble falling asleep; some may even develop insomnia. As a result,
prisoners complain of persistent fatigue.

In this study, solitary confinement's physiological and psychological effects pose a serious
risk to prisoners' health. However, the fact that many prisoners had mental health issues prior to
being imprisoned limits research on the psychological effects, making it challenging to determine
whether psychological symptoms are caused directly by solitary confinement. In addition, the
environments in which studies must be carried out place restrictions on research. Control groups
are absent from naturalistic studies carried out in real prisons (Constanzo et al., 2012; Smith,
2006). Studies conducted in artificial environments are also constrained because the researchers'
ethical duties prevent them from accurately simulating the harsh conditions of prisons.

Edin, Jegannathan, Pat, Sebastian and Sundberg (2023) This study focuses on juvenile
offenders, who are among the most susceptible demographics in society to mental health issues
and general well-being. Understanding their social, psychological, and physical circumstances is
therefore vital. The purpose of this study is to investigate the experiences, perceptions,
determinants, and coping mechanisms of young Cambodian prisoners with regard to mental health
and well-being. A total of 48 juvenile offenders, 50% men and 50% women, between the ages of
15 and 24, were under the respondents' care. The discussions were facilitated by semi-structured
questions, and the data was analyzed using the thematic analysis method.

In this study, young prisoners described their diverse experiences with mental health and
well-being. The majority described negative mental health experiences, while some reported
improved well-being, which was influenced in part by socioeconomic support from outside the
prison and previous involvement or non-involvement in drug abuse. Loneliness in overcrowded
prisons was a major concern, highlighting the need for prison reforms that provide more space.
The experience of physical overcrowding without emotional attachment among the other prisoners
was perceived as the overarching determinant of loneliness and mental health problems, while
socio-emotional support and rituals were described as the most important coping mechanisms.
Interventions such as ensuring peer solidarity, training room leaders to be mental health first-aid
providers, promoting culturally accepted, non-harmful traditional practices, and ensuring family
visits may be considered to address the mental health needs of young prisoners.

Vuk (2017), discussed the experiences of male prisoners, the activities they partake in,
and the reasons behind their involvement. When coupled with incentives for participation, the
activities that prisoners engage in serve as stress-reduction strategies. Stated differently, this
investigation looks into the extent to which male prisoners engage in various activities to help them
manage the stress of being confined. Furthermore, this study clarifies the motivational elements
that influence male prisoners' activity choices within the framework of prisoner culture. Negative
emotional outcomes are a significant issue for the participants in this study. The majority of inmates
report elevated levels of depression and anxiety, with nearly half stating that incarceration is a
highly stressful and uncontrollable experience for them. Although prisons are not intended to be
comfortable or pleasurable environments, and some stress is expected, high levels of distress
impede rehabilitation because they can lead to more serious behavioral issues. But idleness is
more than just a subjective feeling. Reports of activity participation show low levels of productive
time utilization.

The majority of prisoners with mental health issues are men who lack personal time, as the
researcher notes. Prisoners spend a large portion of their free time engaging in unstructured
recreational activities. Even when they do occur, leisure and recreation activities in prison
environments are rarely as autonomous and enjoyable as they are outside of them. Indeed, during
a survey, a number of prisoners noted that there isn't free time in prison. It is not surprising, in fact,
that prisoners are unable to recognize self-determination in their use of time, given the high levels
of control and the dearth of opportunities for productive use of leisure time. While people's
participation in religious and spiritual activities was higher than in national samples, the lack of
structure in time use is also evident in their lower than expected participation in sports and
rehabilitation programs.
● Quality of Life of Inmate
Araña(n.d), evaluated to find out how well they are living in the Iligan City jail. There are
eight environmental concerns that impact inmate behavior and adjustment to prison life: privacy,
safety, structure, support, emotional feedback, social stimulation, activity, and freedom. Measuring
their quality of life satisfaction can generate baseline data needed to create and design appropriate
and effective rehabilitation programs. The consequences of not having these issues addressed
include weakened immune systems and tolerance levels in prisoners, poor physical and mental
health, and an increase in violent and aggressive incidents. To inform us about the current state of
prisoners, it is important to comprehend their quality of life as an understudied population.
Assessing their level of satisfaction with life could provide the baseline information needed to
develop rehabilitation plans that are both appropriate and successful.

This study clarifies that the complex relationship between male and female offenders'
coping strategies, adjustment, and well-being differs significantly. Certain safeguards must be in
place to ensure that inmates stay in touch and visit with their loved ones, especially since many of
them are housed far from their places of residence. Giving prisoners more control over their
surroundings and daily schedule may also be advantageous. Inmates may also benefit from
programs and activities that promote friendships or group work, especially since research indicates
that most offenders are "quite dependent on a mate." It is necessary for the jail administration to
think carefully when creating a successful rehabilitation program. In the criminal justice system,
gender is important. It is essential that programs offer proper screening and assessment of each
client's needs, as well as a variety of programs tailored to fulfill those requirements. Gender
disparities are also a major factor in coping mechanisms, behavioral patterns, and prison
adjustment. By addressing the routes taken by offenders to enter the criminal justice system, the
disparities in offense patterns between male and female offenders, their experiences within the
system, and their reactions to programs, prisoner quality of life could be enhanced.

Saad (2022) sheds light on an inmate's life. The most inhumane thing society does to
prisoners may be its blatant disregard for their rights. The majority of people don't know that
prisoners have human rights. Every prisoner has rights guaranteed by the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the
Treatment of Prisoners, even though denial of certain civil rights is a part of prisoner punishment.
This study makes an effort to take a viewpoint that should aid in understanding the sociological and
psychological effects of incarceration. to discover the underappreciated viewpoint of an inmate on
life behind bars. It attempts to investigate the kinds of problems and difficulties that prisoners
encounter on a daily basis.

When a lot of damage has been done, the criminal justice system only proceeds to the
point of imprisonment. But just as jail reform wouldn't work without social change, social change
wouldn't work without jail reform. Depending on the individuals' feelings for one another, both
 outcomes are plausible. The nation's prison system currently functions similarly to a poorly
designed sewage treatment plant. It simply returns newly accepted humans in the same or worse
condition after a recycling process, having accepted more rejected humans from society.

● Well-being
Atianzar, Juan, Ramos(2019), conducted research and found that the majority of
respondents agree with the effects of jail congestion on their physical and psychological well-being.
Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the effect of jail congestion on inmates'
well-being when they were divided by gender and age. This study found that the majority of
respondents were male, accounting for 240, or 88.9%, of the population, with only 30, or 11.1%,
being female. The high number of inmates in the BJMP can be attributed to a lack of self-control,
which was strongly associated with deviant behavior in both genders but was especially significant
in males.

According to the study, the majority of respondents were between the ages of 36 and 40,
accounting for 19.2% of the total population; 16.7% were between the ages of 31 and 35; 13.8%
were between the ages of 26 and 30; and 12.3% were between the ages of 21 and 45. The other
age bracket received the fewest responses. The majority of respondents are in their peak years,
when environmental and life pressures are unavoidable. Most crimes have a peak age of
involvement well before the age of 25, with many peaking before the age of 20 and beginning to
decline sharply before the age of 25. For physical attributes such as strength, stamina, aerobic
capacity, motor control, sensory perception, and speed of movement that are reasonably thought to
influence a person's ability to commit crimes, peak functioning is usually reached between the ages
of 25 and 30. Even though decline begins soon after these peak years, it doesn't really start until
the early 50s because, at this age, physical capabilities are fading and one is less likely to engage
in criminal activity or face accusations. It is necessary to enhance the physiological and
psychological components of the current correctional treatment programs implemented by jail staff
by first thinking about giving prisoners larger cells because it is constitutional to value human life. In
the event that resources are insufficient, a flexible rest schedule might be taken into consideration.
Additionally, you should think about employing psychology majors to assist with the prisoners'
psychological rehabilitation. Other profile variables, such as the type of crime committed and the
length of the prison sentence, should be included in similar research projects in the future.

● Depression

According to Barredo, Cailan, and De Guzman (2020), there is an increasing issue with the
care of elderly prisoners. The correctional aging crisis is an emerging phenomenon that requires
urgent attention from multiple sectors, requiring a comprehensive and collaborative approach.
More empirical studies that look into prison life and services are needed in developing nations like
the Philippines, where prison congestion is concerning. These studies will help inform penal policy
and practice, which will improve health outcomes for those who are incarcerated. The purpose of
 this study is to determine how much depression influences the dietary choices of elderly Filipino
prisoners.

The survey results in this study were subjected to conjoint analysis and structural equation
modeling, and the researcher employed the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 24.
Interestingly, taste was the most valued attribute (30.765%) and portion size (9.759%) was the
least valued among the elderly Filipino prisoners. This research was limited to two Philippine prison
environments. Remarkably, depression significantly improves their food preferences in every way
except for portion size. The conjoint analysis results can be used to inform strategies for
developing individualized meal plans for each elderly prisoner. It is imperative that a substantial
amount of government funding be allocated to ensure that the food served to elderly Filipino
prisoners is rich in nutrients.

● Awareness

Cano, Chua, Omega (2023), highlighting the individual experiences of the informants both
inside and outside of prison. This study offers a crucial platform for raising public awareness and
comprehending the experiences of people deprived of their liberty who have undergone change but
still have to deal with obstacles both inside and outside of jail. It also covers each PDL's positive
and negative experiences. These PDL experiences may encourage and impact young people to
abstain from criminal activity and make them aware that prison life is not as simple as they may
believe. People can gain awareness of what life would be like inside the jail through these
experiences, and they may also cultivate a more constructive awareness of their own lives.

According to the research, 23 concepts were developed from significant meaning units.
The concepts were divided into five propositions, from which four themes were extracted:
connection, self-reflection, difficulties and challenges, and adaptation for survival. These findings
provide an important foundation for increasing public awareness and understanding that the
experiences of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL) inside jail are not as simple as others believe.
Furthermore, it strives to educate people about their experiences while in jail and how these
experiences shape them into better people. These experiences, both positive and negative,
contributed to PDL's changed life. Despite the difficulties they faced while in jail, they learned to
pray seriously and to know God more deeply.

Redevelopment of City Jails

● Population and Budget

Global Prison Trends Report states that, approximately 11 million individuals were
incarcerated at the beginning of 2020, with the majority being under-trail. Based on estimates of
national population levels by the United Nations, there are over 10 million prisoners worldwide, with
144 prisoners per 100,000 people. (Walmsley et. al, 2016). The Philippines' correctional facilities
were marked by underfunding, corruption, and poverty. According to reports, there were 140
prisoners for every 100,000 people, or 142,168 inmates overall. (Narag and Jones (2017)

The combined capacity of the seven prisons in the Philippines is 12,251, but as of June 30
2022, there were 51,561 inmates living there, or 421% of the total population. As of June 30 2022,
the population of the state penitentiary New Bilibid Prison, which houses 30,701 persons deprived
of liberty (PDLs), was 477% occupied. It can house up to 6,345 prisoners. (Statista, 2024) As per
BJMP’s data, its detention centers are 380% overcapacity on average. Over 2,000% of the jail's
capacity is reached in one of the most crowded facilities. Human Rights Watch (HRW) reports that
the Philippines is home to the greatest number of pre-trial detainees in the Southeast Asian region.
A variety of factors are responsible for this situation (Santos, 2016).

As a result, there is not enough inmate space in Philippine jails, which causes
overcrowding. The combined capacity of the jails and prisons in the Philippines is typically about
300 percent over capacity. For instance, there are presently 14,356 prisoners housed in NBP's
maximum security compound, whereas there is only room for 5,500 (286%) of them. The Manila
City Jail was initially designed to house 1000 inmates, but it is currently 300 percent overcrowded
with about 4000 inmates. According to a study, some of the most frequently reported horrifying
conditions of the jail facilities are poorly maintained restrooms, an inadequate food supply, a limited
water supply, unsanitary conditions, mistreatment (torture), unjust prolonged detention, poor
ventilation, a lack of natural lighting, inadequate sleeping quarters, and a lack of adequate medical
care (Conde, 2016). It is easy to see how the shocking circumstances in Philippine prisons lead to
a multitude of health problems for prisoners (Auro et al., 2021; Kumar, & Nayar, 2021).

Overcrowding in city jails is so bad that it is beyond its combined capacity by over 300
percent. This terrible reality is demonstrated by the New Bilibid Prison, which currently houses
477% of its intended inmates, and the Manila City Jail, which is 300% over capacity. Studies have
shown that the overcrowding in prisons leads to a breeding environment for suffering, with little
food, unsanitary surroundings, and inadequate medical care endangering the health and wellbeing
of individuals who are housed there. The problem is made worse by high rates of pre-trial
imprisonment. Taken urgently, this complex situation needs to be addressed. To provide basic
needs, enhance conditions, and increase capacity, more cash is required. The number of people
behind bars may be decreased with the aid of judicial changes targeted at speeding trials and
simplifying pre-trial detention. Both individuals and society benefit from funding evidence-based
rehabilitation programs because they promote rehabilitation and lower relapse. To ensure humane
treatment and stop abuses, strong oversight and accountability systems are necessary. The
Philippines can only move toward a more efficient and compassionate criminal justice system with
a range of approaches driven by compassion, transparency, and workable legislative solutions.
 Human rights should be upheld, good results for prisoners should be encouraged, and society as a
whole should eventually gain from this system.

For food allowance alone, each prisoner receives a budget of PhP40.00. Around 30,000
prisoners are housed in the New Bilibid Prison (NBP) in Muntinlupa City, as well as all major penal
institutions in the nation. To feed them, these facilities require a daily budget of one million two
hundred pesos (PhP1,200,000.00) or an annual budget of four hundred thirty eight million pesos
(PhP438,000,000.00), not counting the funds needed for other basic necessities like soap,
toothpaste, slippers, and medications (Bautista, 2014).

● Effects of the population

The commons situation inside the jail are the changing trend in prison population,
overcrowding in correctional facilities, adjustments in prison conditions, and an increase in
drug-related offenders seem to be just a few of the major contemporary issues addressing
correctional administrators as a result of these social, economic, and environmental changes
(Kreager & Kruttschnitt, 2018).

The extreme levels of overcrowding in prisons across many countries cause lack of food
and water, shortage of beds, lack of sanitation and hygiene, violence between inmates and staff,
and institutional mismanagement (Carranza, 2014; Inter-American Commission on Human Rights,
2017). Because of this, there's a higher chance of riots, violence, escapes, relapses, and the
spread of fatal infectious diseases. Violence can be indirectly encouraged by overcrowding,
frequently due to a lack of proper internal and external categorization. Furthermore, rival gangs in
Venezuela and Brazil have erupted into numerous violent prison riots. (Krygier, 2018; Cowie,
2017).

The criminal justice systems in the Philippines are facing a variety of related problems that
have put them at a disadvantage. The harsh fact that 30,000 prisoners at New Bilibid Prison alone
must survive on a low PhP 40 daily allotment of food reveals the system's severe overcrowding
and insufficient resources. This amounts to millions of peso spent a year only on food, emphasizing
the lack of funding for other essentials like hygienic living conditions, healthcare, and sanitation.
These problems provide a foundation for additional ones, such as violence, institutional
incompetence, a shortage of food and water, and hygiene challenges. Additionally, riots, escapes,
relapse, and the spread of disease are all made more likely by overcrowding, endangering not just
the prisoners but also the staff and the general public. A shift can be facilitated by taking inspiration
from other nations' successful interventions and emphasizing a rights-based strategy. This will
create an environment that supports rehabilitation, enhances well-being, and eventually helps both
prisoners and society as a whole.

Preventing chaos within the prison is the main responsibility of prison administrators at
New Bilibid Prison's (NBP) maximum security compound, which is among the biggest in the world.
 The prison's extreme overcrowding, outdated infrastructure, and lack of funding make this task
challenging. Because of the high prisoner-to-guard ratio, inmates' basic needs for security and
protection are not being sufficiently met by the correctional system.

According to the Frederick Report of the National Economic and Social Forum, prisons try
to lower the likelihood of reoffending in a number of ways: by making prisons into the worst places
to live and undermining human dignity; by keeping inmates incarcerated for as long as possible
and adding to the state's financial burden; or by creating prison environments that are capable of
preparing inmates for productive and law-abiding lives after release. Prisons are frequently kept
secret from the general public, and inmates are portrayed as outcasts.

● Redevelopment

The central jail's land use change to a public area is anticipated to have a positive effect on
the neighborhood (Song et al., 2016). Redevelopment and regeneration of these areas are
anticipated, with the potential to improve the area's physical, social, economic, and environmental
conditions through a combination of building, renovating, and demolishing homes while adhering to
urban design principles (Said et al., 2014). In order to improve the current state of the surrounding
areas, it should take place in a planned manner. Additionally, it is necessary to make sure that the
community's hopes and aspirations are reflected in the change in surrounding land use.
Accordingly, local people's involvement in planning is necessary to meet their needs and
expectations (Mwiru, 2015).

The conversation around prisons shifts between two harsh realities. The Frederick Report
presents a bleak image, criticizing punitive strategies that place an emphasis on harsh
punishments and long terms, violating prisoners' human dignity and failing to adequately prepare
them for release. The idea of turning prison land into public spaces presents an optimistic picture,
which is very different from this. In order to promote good transformation through better social and
economic circumstances, the emphasis now switches to rehabilitation and community integration.
The secret is to close the divide between society and prisons as well as transform the criminal
justice system itself. Understanding and support for reform is limited by the lack of transparency
surrounding prisons and misleading images of prisoners. By taking into account the needs and
goals of the local community, the redevelopment project shows the value of openness and
community involvement. This joint strategy marks a departure from purely disciplinary systems and
opens the door to a future in which formerly imprisoned areas become assets to their communities.
Prioritizing community involvement, embracing rehabilitation, and promoting openness all become
key elements in the transition to an equal and efficient criminal justice system. By starting a chain
reaction that helps not just ex-offenders but also society at large by investing in people and their
capacity for positive transformation.
2.2.2 Case studies

Case study: A Case Study of Overcrowding in a County Jail in the Southeast United States
Author/s: Marquice Robinson

Prison overcrowding has become a serious issue. However, it is an incomprehensible

phenomenon; both international and national actors have been dealing with the issue for decades. The jail
should be operating at 104% capacity, with a minimum of 2500 inmates. Due to overcrowding, two inmates
had to share a small cell designed for one. The two people had to spend the entire time together, sharing
everything. This caused disagreements among them. This has overcrowded the facility, resulting in serious
health problems as well as other accidental cases of self-harm within the prison. Overcrowding in the
county jail is primarily caused by mental health inmates, young adults aged 18–25, and the facility's size.
Mental health and young adult inmates account for more than 80% of the county jail population. Reducing
mental health inmates and young adult offenders could result in a 50% reduction in the county jail
population, addressing overcrowding issues. Reducing overcrowding will require collaborative efforts from
lawmakers and government officials.

In a small cell, two inmates should be accommodated to have more privacy among themselves.
Their mental health will not be affected due to overcrowding. And to have mental health facilities, especially
for those incarcerated who will be separated from normal inmates, and to stabilize the inmates themselves,
especially since many young people have already entered jail.

Case study: A Case Study of Motivating Inmate Change and Facilitating a Successful Community Re-entry
Author/s: Falcon

The characteristics of a jail's built environment can have a direct or indirect impact on an inmate's
mental health due to overcrowding and a notable increase in the number of inmates housed there.
Compared to people with less severe mental health conditions, severely mentally ill prisoners may be more
susceptible to the negative psychological effects of jail environments. Unfavorable built environments such
as housing that is too isolated, lack of sunlight, and few or no amenities can affect a prisoner's psychosocial
development indirectly. This can then have a direct effect on the prisoner's motivation, focus, weariness,
and depressive symptoms, as well as their sense of personal control and worth.

Jails are overcrowded as a result of the increased number of incoming inmates. Every new
prisoner, as well as those who stay longer, has mental health issues. A prisoner's mental health suffers as a
result of overcrowding, which makes it difficult for them to adjust, especially before being imprisoned. There
is no privacy to reflect, and those who are guilty but have mental health issues should have their own
facilities separate from those who do not. Due to the lack of cells for the inmates to enter they make
themselves uncomfortable. Their cells should be improved so that those entering are not shocked by the
surroundings and especially for the old ones who have been in jail for a long time, their mental health is not
affected.

Case Study: Lived Experiences of Reintegration: A Case Study of How Former Persons Deprived of
Liberty (PDL) Experienced Reintegration in a Local Context
Author/s: Cherry P. Reamico

According to the general public, the Philippines was regarded as one of the nations that had the
highest incarceration rate. This was measured in terms of the number of persons who were incarcerated for
every one hundred thousand inhabitants. Those individuals who are deprived of their liberty, also known as
PDLs, are subject to the supervision of the United Nations (UN) under the humanitarian approach. During
the course of the case study, it is important to be aware that the process of reintegrating people with
disabilities (PDLs) is fraught with difficulties. Along with these difficulties come the coping methods that
have a significant impact on the experiences of the PDLs. Prior to eventually having the opportunity to
reintegrate with society outside of the Philippines, PDLs who are subject to the Philippine penal system
would make certain that the reintegration process itself is a consequence rather than an option for
imprisonment. This is due to the fact that PDLs would nevertheless be released at some point in the future,
regardless of the circumstances surrounding their incarceration. The persistent struggle for reintegration is
accompanied by the horrible living circumstances that have been discovered to be suffered by PDLs while
they are serving their sentences.

Case Study: Ethical Prison Architecture: A Systematic Literature Review of Prison Design Features
Related to Well - Being.

Author/s: Kelsey V. Engstrom, & Esther F.J.C. Van Ginneken

Despite the fact that the layout of prisons may have a significant influence on the actual experience
of being incarcerated, there is still a lack of study on the connection between the physical environment of
prisons and the state of happiness. After conducting a comprehensive assessment of the relevant
literature, it was determined that there are sixteen environmental categories that constitute the "ethical
architecture" of prison conditions. In this sense, ethical prison architecture is a reflection of the connection
between the characteristics of prison design and the health and safety of those who utilize the structure.
The idea that has been given here has the potential to serve as a basis for further investigation into the
relationship between prison architecture, prison environment, and the lived experience of wellness. It has
been determined that the idea of "ethical prison architecture" is founded on latent theoretical conceptions
such as humane treatment, autonomy, and stimulus.

Case Study: In a Prison, Architecture is the World: “Damning denunciation of the Devils Isle”

Author/s: Eloise Baker

 The existing prison system in New Zealand faces a critical challenge in its use to rehabilitate
offenders and facilitate their successful reintegration into society. This involves including architectural
elements that build a rehabilitation-friendly atmosphere. Mainly, the design should place a high priority on
bringing in as much natural light as possible, maximizing air flow, including optimistic color schemes, and
arranging spaces in meaningful ways. A complete plan that includes educational programs, career training,
and psychological support will also help with offenders' successful return back into society. The effective
application of this novel prison design type requires cooperation between psychologists, architects, and
experts in the field of changes.

Case study: Revitalization of old central jail area: through selective redevelopment

Author/s: Durdana Karim

The fast urbanization of Dhaka creates a difficult task. The city's rich historical fabric is in danger
due to unchecked expansion, as demonstrated by the damaged Dhaka Central Jail, a building rich in British
and Mughal architectural history. Continuous overcrowding at this historic building puts at risk the health of
convicts and blocks efforts at rehabilitation. In addition, Old Dhaka, a highly crowded neighborhood rich in
cultural significance, is severely lacking in green areas and community institutions. The lack of public
spaces has a negative impact on the well-being and standard of living of the community by limiting
possibilities for social interaction, recreation, and outdoor enjoyment.Central Jail relocation offers a rare
opportunity, but realizing its full potential will involve finding a way to preserve historical sites while also
providing much-needed public space and promoting social and economic development in the
neighborhood. The key to securing a sustainable and fulfilling future for the historic site and the
neighborhood is to find a solution that strikes a balance between these many requirements and goals.

2.2.3 Summary of Findings

The findings that have come from a countless number of related literature and case studies have
provided the capstone an idea to be utilized for the creation process of the design phase. Initiated with the
consideration of design philosophies and architectural theories, a city jail design and project should be
focused on how spaces, environment affect its users. It can be observed to many of the related literatures
and studies under a specific subtopic gathered from the study’s title that in order to adhere to the standards
both nationally and internationally in human rights proposed by the United Nations, a city jail like in Quezon
City should at least cater the right amount of detainees at the right time. More so, Promoting wellness,
overall humane conditions and well - being has stood out to be the main goal for the capstone and to push
through with the redevelopment of the Quezon City Jail as a whole. Regardless whether it is the men or
women’s dormitories, the Quezon City Jail in general is in need of further understanding, observation and
research that entails a design phase.
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[15] Enano, J. (2018). New QC Jail Will Have Skills Center, Power Station, Cafeteria. Retrieved from:
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https://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/handle/10361/1940

[23] Rais G. (2018). Our Prisons Punitive or Rehabilitative? An Analysis of Theory and Practice Retrieved
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[24] Saad, S.Y. (September 2022). Experience of Being Prisoner: An Exploratory Study. Sharda University.
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[25] Sagen, J; Kjeken, I; Habberstad, A; Linge, A; Simonsen, A; Lyken, A; Irgens, E; Framstad, H; Lyby, P;
Klokkerud, M; Dagfinrud, H. & Moe, R. (2024). Patient Involvement in the Rehabilitation Process
Associated with Improvement in Function and Goal Attainment: Results from an Explorative Longitudinal
Study. Retrieved from: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/2/320

[26] Shalev, S. & Dagan, N. (2023). Solitary Confinement and Social Rehabilitation. Retrieved from:
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[28] Statisca (2023) Number of detainees and sentenced individuals in jails in the Philippines as of June
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[29] Umusig Jr., E; Calimpong, C; Gordo, R; and Bandolos, I. (2024). Thinking Styles of Persons Deprived
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[30] Vuk, M. (2017). Inmate Time Utilization And Well-Being. University of South Carolina Scholar
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Case Studies References:

Baker, E. (2019). In a prison, architecture is the world: damning denunciation of the Devil's Isle. Retrieved
from:
https://www.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10652/4804/MArch%28Prof%29_2019_Eloise%20Baker
%20%2b.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y&fbclid=IwAR2nbxE-eEUI1IUW1QavpdycS91Xzo8fb8SHNDOq6F
WMsNxXV-kKEWQxEFs

Durdana K. (2017). Revitalization of old central jail area: through selective redevelopment. Retrieved from:
https://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/handle/10361/7764

Engstrom, K. & Van Ginneken, E. (2022). Ethical Prison Architecture: A Systematic Literature Review of
Prison Design Features Related to Well - Being. Retrieved from:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/12063312221104211?icid=int.sj-abstract.citing-articles.1

Falcon. (n.d). Motivating Inmate Change and Facilitating a Successful Community Re-entry. Built
Environments and Mental Health in Jails. Retrieved from
https://www.falconinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Falcon_WhitePaper_Case-3_r2rev1.pdf

Robinson, M. (2018). A Case Study of Overcrowding in a County Jail in the Southeast United States..
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. Retrieved from
https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6691&context=dissertations
Reamico, C. (2022). Lived Experiences of Reintegration: A Case Study of How Former Persons Deprived
of Liberty (PDL) Experienced Reintegration in a Local Context. Retrieved from:
https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT22MAY1251.pdf?fbclid=IwAR18qNkEqWODz9CloD-sz9O_lGHD
Cyh9ntkxPq_qD7QiIiNTDstUWSXylV4