Exp 1 Friis free space path loss, log distance and data path loss

1.4.1 Friis Free Space Path loss Model:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
%-----------Input section------------------------
Pt=5; % Transmitted power in dB
Gt=2; % Gain of the Transmitted antenna in dBi
Gr=3; % Gain of the Receiver antenna in dBi
d =1:10:100; % Distance in meters
L=2; % Other System Losses
f=2.4e9; % Transmitted signal frequency in Hertz
lambda=(3*10^8)/f; % Wavelength in meters
Pr=Pt+Gt+Gr+(20)*log10(lambda)-(20)*log10(4*pi*d)-L;
PL=Pt-Pr;
plot(d,PL,'b-*'
,'LineWidth',2);
xlabel("Distance between Transmitter and Receiver (d) in meters");
ylabel("Path loss in dB");
grid on;
1.4.2 Log distance path loss model:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
Pt=5; % Input transmitted power in dB
Gt=3; % Gain of the Transmitted antenna in dBi
Gr=2; % Gain of the Receiver antenna in dBi
f=2.4e9; % Transmitted signal frequency in Hertz
d0=1; % Let’s assume reference distance = 1Km
d=1:0.1:50; % Array of distances to simulate
L=2; % Other System Losses, No Loss case L=1
sigma=2;% Standard deviation of log Normal distribution
n=2; % path loss exponent
lambda=3*10^8/f; % Wavelength in meters
Pr_d0=Pt+Gt+Gr+((20)*log10(lambda))-(20*log10(4*pi*d0))-(10*log10(L));
% Received power at reference distance
PL_d0=Pt-Pr_d0; % Path loss at reference distance
X = sigma*randn(1,numel(d)); % Normal random variable
PL_d1=PL_d0+10*n*log10(d/d0);% Mean Path loss
PL_d2=PL_d0+10*n*log10(d/d0)+X;% Log Distance path loss
plot(d,PL_d1,'r-o');
hold on;
xlabel("Distance between Transmitter and Receiver (d) in Km");
ylabel("Path loss in dB");
plot(d,PL_d2,'b-o');
grid on;
legend('Median Path loss','Path loss due to shadowing');
1.4.3 Hata Path loss Model:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
 ht=30; % Height of the transmitter
hr=3; % Height of the receiver
d=1:5:100; % Distance in Km
%---------------------------For small and medium city-------------%
f1=100; % Frequency in MHz
cf_medium=((1.1)*log10(f1)-0.7)*hr-((1.566)*log10(f1)-0.8); %
Correction factor
PL_medium=69.55+((26.26)*log10(f1))-((13.82)*log10(ht))-
(cf_medium)+(44.9-6.55*log10(ht))*log(d); % Path loss
gure(1);
plot(d,PL_medium,'b-*'
,'LineWidth',1)
xlabel("Distance between Transmitter and Receiver (d) in Km");
ylabel("Path loss in dB");
title("Path loss with Hata model for small or Medium city");
grid on;
%----------- For Large city with Frequency<=300MHz——————————
f2=200; % Frequency in MHz
cf_large1=(8.29*(log10(1.54)*hr).^2-1.1); % Correction factor
PL_large1=69.55+(26.26)*log10(f2)-(13.82)*log10(ht)-cf_large1+((44.9-
(6.55)*log10(ht)))*log10(d); % Path loss
gure(2);
plot(d,PL_large1,'r-o','LineWidth',1)
xlabel("Distance between Transmitter and Receiver (d) in Km ");
ylabel("Path loss in dB");
title("Path loss with Hata model for Large city for frequency
<=300MHz");
grid on;
%--------------------For Large city with Frequency >=300MHz
f3=350; % Frequency in MHz
cf_large2=(3.2*(log10(11.75)*hr).^2-4.97); % Correction
factorPL_large2=69.55+(26.26)*log10(f3)-(13.82)*log10(ht)-cf_large2+((44.9-
(6.55)*log10(ht)))*log10(d); % Path loss
gure(3);
plot(d,PL_large2,'m-+','LineWidth',1)
xlabel("Distance between Transmitter and Receiver (d) in Km");
ylabel("Path loss in dB");
title("Path loss with Hata model for Large city for frequency
>=300MHz");
grid on;

Exp2 power delay pro le, fcf and doppler power spectrum

2.4.1 Power Delay Pro le (PDP) and Frequency Correlation Function (FCF):
% Power Delay Pro le (PDP) and Frequency Correlation Function (FCF)
Ps = [0 -2.9 -5.8 -8.7 -11.6]; % list of received powers in dB
Ts = [0 50e-9 100e-9 150e-9 200e-9]; %list of propagation delays
%Plot Power Delay Pro le (PDP)
gure(1);
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
 PDP=stem(Ts,Ps,'linewidth',2);
set(PDP,'basevalue',
-14); %to show the stem plot bottom up
xlabel('Relative delays \tau (s)');
ylabel('Power P(\tau)');
title('Power Delay Pro le');
grid on;
2.4.2 Frequency Correlation Function (FCF):
%Frequency Correlation Function (FCF)
Ps = [0 -2.9 -5.8 -8.7 -11.6]; % list of received powers in dB
Ts = [0 50e-9 100e-9 150e-9 200e-9]; % list of propagation delays
Pi = 10.^(Ps/10); % Power levels in linear scale
nfft = 256; % FFT size
FCF = fft(Pi,nfft)/length(Pi); % Take FFT of PDP
FCF_N = abs(FCF)/max(abs(FCF)); % Normalize
dTau=50e-9; %Spacing of propagation delay in the PDP
f2 = 1/dTau/2*linspace(0,1,nfft/2+1); % X-axis frequency bins
gure (2);
plot(f2,FCF_N(1:nfft/2+1),'r-
'
,'linewidth',2);%FCF plot
title('Frequency Correlation Function');
xlabel('Frequency difference \Delta f (Hz)');
ylabel('Correlation \rho(\Delta f)');
grid on;
2.4.3 Doppler Power Spectrum:
% Doppler Power Spectrum
clc;
clear all;
close all;
fc=1800E6; % Carrier frequency (Hz)
fm=200; % Maximum Doppler shift (Hz)
trms=30e-6; % RMS Delay spread (s)
Plocal = 0.2; % local-mean power (W)
f_delta=fm/30; % Step size for frequency shifts
f=(fc-fm)+f_delta:f_delta:(fc+fm)-f_delta; % Normalized freq shifts
tau=3e-5; % Propagation delays
% Scattering function equation
Z =Plocal./(4*pi*fm*sqrt(1-((f-fc)/fm).^2)).*1/trms.*exp(-tau/trms);
gure;
plot(f,Z,'b-+','linewidth',2);
title('Doppler Power Spectrum');
xlabel('Doppler shift in Hertz');
ylabel(' S(\it f )');
grid on;

Exp 3 rayleigh fading , ricin fading

3.4.1 Rayleigh Fading:

%----Rayleigh_PDF-----------------------------------------
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N=1000000; % Number of samples to generate
variance = 0.2; % Variance of underlying Gaussian random variables
% Independent Gaussian random variables with zero mean and unit variance
fi
fi
fi
 x = randn(1, N);
y = randn(1, N);
% Rayleigh fading envelope with the desired variance
r = sqrt(variance*(x.^2 + y.^2));
% De ne bin steps and range for histogram plotting
step = 0.1;
range = 0:step:3;
% Get histogram values and approximate it to get the pdf curve
h = hist(r, range);
SimulatedPDF = h/(step*sum(h)); % Simulated PDF from the x and y samples
% Theoritical PDF from the Rayleigh Fading equation
theoreticalPDF = (range/variance).*exp(-range.^2/(2*variance));
plot(range, SimulatedPDF,'b*', range, theoreticalPDF,'r');
title('PDF of received signal due to Rayleigh Fading')
xlabel('r');
ylabel('Probability Density Function (PDF) ');
grid on;
legend('Simulated PDF','Theoretical PDF’)
3.4.2 Rician Fading:
%Simulate PDF of Rician fading
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N = 10^5; % Number of received signal samples to generate
K_factors = [0 3 7 12]; % Ricean K factors
colors={'b','r','k','g'};
index=1;
for K=K_factors g1 = sqrt(K/(2*(K+1))); % Simulate for each K factors
% Generate variables for K-factors
g2 = sqrt(1/(2*(K+1)));
r1 = (g2*randn(1,N)+g1)+1i*(g2*randn(1,N)+g1); % Generate Rician fading samples
[val,bin] = hist(abs(r1),50); % PDF of envelope the samples
plot(bin,val/trapz(bin,val),[colors{index} 'O']);% Normalized PDF
% Compute theoretical PDF
r2 = 0:0.05:3; % Ricean random variables
Omega=1; % Total average power
z = 2*r2*sqrt(K*(K+1)/Omega); % generate modi ed Bessel function
I0_z= besseli(0,z); % Modi ed Bessel function of rst kind
pdf = (2*r2*(K+1)/Omega).*exp(-K-(r2.^2*(K+1)/Omega)).*I0_z;
hold on;
plot(r2,pdf,colors{index});
index=index+1;
end
title('PDF of received signal due to Rician Fading');
xlabel('r');
ylabel('Probability Density Function (PDF)');
legend('K=0 (Theory)','K=0 (Simulated)','K=3 (Theory)','K=3 (Simulated)','K=7
(Theory)','K=7 (Simulated)','K=12 (Theory)','K=12 (Simulated)');
grid on;

EXP 4 BPSK AND QAM

% Eb/N0 Vs BER for BPSK Modulation over Rayleigh Channel and AWGN
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N=10^6; %Number of BPSK symbols to transmit
d=rand(1,N)>0.5; %binary datax=2*d-1; %BPSK symbols 0->-1, 1->1
fi
fi
fi
fi
EbN0dB=1:1:20; %Range of Eb/N0 values
simBER_rayleigh=zeros(1,length(EbN0dB));
simBER_awgn=zeros(1,length(EbN0dB));
for i=1:length(EbN0dB)
noise=1/sqrt(2)*(randn(1,N)+1i*randn(1,N)); % AWGN noise
n = noise*10^(-EbN0dB(i)/20); %Scaling the noise for required Eb/N0
h=1/sqrt(2)*(randn(1,N)+1i*randn(1,N)); %Rayleigh Flat Fading factor- single tap
y_awgn=x+n; %received signal through AWGN channel
y_rayleigh=h.*x+n; %received signal through Rayleigh channel
%Coherent Receiver for Rayleigh Channel
y_rayleigh_cap=y_rayleigh./h; %Assuming that h is known at the signal accurately
%Receiver for Rayleigh fading channel
r_rayleigh=real(y_rayleigh_cap)>0; %received symbols = 1 is real part > 0 or else
it is 0
%Receiver for AWGN channel
r_awgn=real(y_awgn)>0;
simBER_rayleigh(i)=sum(xor(d,r_rayleigh)); %Finding out bits in error for Rayleigh
simBER_awgn(i)=sum(xor(d,r_awgn)); %Finding out bits in error for AWGN
end
simBER_rayleigh=simBER_rayleigh/N; % Averaging the error per bit in Rayleigh
simBER_awgn=simBER_awgn/N; % Averaging the error per bit in AWGN
% Plotting
semilogy(EbN0dB,simBER_rayleigh,'r*-','LineWidth',2);
hold on;
semilogy(EbN0dB,simBER_awgn,'b+-','LineWidth',2);
axis([1 20 10^-5 1.2]);
legend('Rayleigh','AWGN');
title('Eb/N0 Vs BER for BPSK over Rayleigh and AWGN Channels');
xlabel('Eb/N0(dB)');
ylabel('BER');
grid on;
4.4.2 Bit Error Rate (BER) Performance with QAM:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N = 100000;
% Range of SNR over which to simulate
Eb_No = 0: 1: 20;% Convert Eb/No values to channel SNR
SNR = Eb_No + 10*log10(Eb_No);
% Start the main calculation loop
for i = 1: 1: length(SNR)
% Initiate variables
T_Errors = 0;
T_bits = 0;
% Keep going until you get 100 errors
while T_Errors < 100
% Generate some random bits
uncoded_bits = round(rand(1,N));
% Split the stream into 4 substreams
B = reshape(uncoded_bits,4,length(uncoded_bits)/4);
B1 = B(1,:);
B2 = B(2,:);
B3 = B(3,:);
B4 = B(4,:);
% 16-QAM modulator
% normalizing factor
a = sqrt(1/10);
% bit mapping
tx = a*(-2*(B3-0.5).*(3-2*B4)-j*2*(B1-0.5).*(3-2*B2));
% Generate Rayleigh Fading Channel
 ray = sqrt((1/2)*((randn(1,length(tx))).^2+(randn(1,length(tx))).^2));
% Signal transmission through Rayleigh fading channel
rx = tx.*ray;
% Noise variance
N0 = 1/10^(SNR(i)/10);
% Add Noise
rx = rx + sqrt(N0/2)*(randn(1,length(tx))+1i*randn(1,length(tx)));
% 16-QAM demodulator at the Receiver
a = 1/sqrt(10);
B5 = imag(rx)<0;
B6 = (imag(rx)<2*a) & (imag(rx)>-2*a);
B7 = real(rx)<0;
B8 = (real(rx)<2*a) & (real(rx)>-2*a);
% Merge into single stream again
temp = [B5;B6;B7;B8];
B_hat = reshape(temp,1,4*length(temp));
% Calculate Bit Errors
diff = uncoded_bits - B_hat ;
T_Errors = T_Errors + sum(abs(diff));
T_bits = T_bits + length(uncoded_bits);
end% Calculate Bit Error Rate
BER(i) = T_Errors / T_bits;
end
gure(1);
semilogy(Eb_No,BER,'xr-','Linewidth',2);
xlabel('E_b / N_o (dB)');
ylabel('BER');
title('E_b / N_o Vs BER plot for 16-QAM Modualtion in Rayleigh Channel');
hold on;
theoryBerAWGN = 0.5.*erfc(sqrt((10.^(Eb_No/10))));
semilogy(Eb_No,theoryBerAWGN,'b-+','Linewidth',2);
grid on;
legend('Rayleigh', 'AWGN');
axis([Eb_No(1,1) Eb_No(end) 0.00001 1]);

Exp 5. BPSK modulation

clc;
clear all;
close all;
N = 10^5; % Number of bits
% Transmitter
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % Generating 0,1
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
nRx = [1 2];
Eb_N0_dB = [0:15]; % Eb/N0 values
for jj = 1:length(nRx)
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx(jj),N) + j*randn(nRx(jj),N)]; % Noise
h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx(jj),N) + j*randn(nRx(jj),N)]; % Rayleigh fading
channel
% Channel and Noise addition
sD = kron(ones(nRx(jj),1),s);
y = h.*sD + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n;% Equal gain combining
yHat = y.*exp(-j*angle(h)); % removing the phase of the channel
yHat = sum(yHat,1); % adding values from all the receive chains
% Decoding at the receiver
ipHat = real(yHat)>0;
% counting the errors
fi
 nErr(jj,ii) = size( nd([ip- ipHat]),2);
end
end
simBer = nErr/N; % Average BER
gure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer(1,:),'ro-','LineWidth',2);
hold on;
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer(2,:),’bs-','LineWidth',2);
axis([0 15 10^-5 0.5])
grid on
legend(' No. of Receiver=1', 'No. of Receiver=2');
xlabel('Eb/No (dB)');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate (BER)');
title('BER for BPSK modulation with Equal Gain Combining in Rayleigh channel');
5.4.2 Bit Error Rate (BER) Performance with BPSK with Maximal Ratio
Combining (MRC):
clc;
clear all;
close all
N = 10^5; % Number of bits
% Transmitter
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % Generating 0,1
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
nRx = [1 2];
Eb_N0_dB = [0:15]; % Eb/N0 values
for jj = 1:length(nRx)
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx(jj),N) + j*randn(nRx(jj),N)]; % Noise
h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx(jj),N) + j*randn(nRx(jj),N)]; % Rayleigh fading
channel
% Channel and noise Noise addition
sD = kron(ones(nRx(jj),1),s);
y = h.*sD + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n;
% Maximal ratio combining
yHat = sum(conj(h).*y,1)./sum(h.*conj(h),1);% Decoding at receiver
ipHat = real(yHat)>0;
% Counting the errors
nErr(jj,ii) = size( nd([ip- ipHat]),2);
end
end
simBer = nErr/N; % Average BER
gure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer(1,:),'ro-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer(2,:),'bs-','LineWidth',2);
axis([0 15 10^-5 0.5])
grid on
legend( 'No. of Receiver=1', 'No. of Receiver=2 ');
xlabel('Eb/No (dB)');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate (BER)');
title('BER for BPSK modulation with Maximal Ratio Combining in Rayleigh channel’);

Exp 6 ISI eye diagram

clc;
clear all;
close all;
% Set the RRC lter, modulation scheme, and plotting parameters.
span = 10; % Filter span
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
 rolloff = 0.2; % Roll off factor
sps = 8; % Samples per symbol
M = 2; % Modulation Order
k = log2(M); % Bits/symbol
phOffset = pi/4; % Phase offset (radians)
n = 1; % Plot every nth value of the signal
offset = pi/4; % Offset value
% Create the lter coef cients using the rcosdesign function.
ltCoeff = rcosdesign(rolloff,span,sps);
% Generate random symbols for an alphabet size of M.
rng default
data = randi([0 M-1],5000,1);
% Apply modulation.
dataMod = pskmod(data,M,phOffset);
% Filter the modulated data.
txSig = up rdn(dataMod, ltCoeff,sps);
% Calculate the SNR for an oversampled QPSK signal.
EbNo = 20;
snr = EbNo + 10*log10(k) - 10*log10(sps);
% Add AWGN to the transmitted signal.
rxSig = awgn(txSig,snr,'measured');
% Apply the RRC receive lter.
rxSigFilt = up rdn(rxSig, ltCoeff,1,sps);
% Demodulate the ltered signal.
dataOut = pskdemod(rxSigFilt,M,phOffset,'gray');
%Eye Diagram: Display 1000 points of the transmitted signal eye diagram over two
symbol periods
eyediagram(txSig(sps*span+1:sps*span+1000),2*sps)
%Display 1000 points of the received signal eye diagram.
eyediagram(rxSig(sps*span+1:sps*span+1000),2*sps)

Exp 7 CDMA

clc;
clear all;
close all;
%------------------ Data Sequence ------------------------------------
data=[1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1];
gure();
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(rectpulse(data,100));
axis([0 length(rectpulse(data,100)) -0.2 1.2]);
title('Message Signal');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
grid on;
% ------------------NRZ form of Data Sequence---------------------------------------------
data(data(:)==0)=-1;
length_data=length(data);
msg=rectpulse(data,100);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(msg);
title('Message Signal in NRZ form');
xlabel(’n');
ylabel('x(n)');
axis([0 100*length_data -1.2 1.2]);
grid on;
% ------------------BPSK Modulated Data----------------------------------------------------
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
 N=length_data; % Length of Data Sequence
T=1;
fc1=10;
tb=1;
Tb = 0.0001; % Time period of one bit
nb=100;% Sampling factor
br = 1/Tb; % Bit rate
Fc = br*10; % Frequency of chip sequence
t2 = Tb/nb:Tb/nb:Tb;
t1=0.01:0.01:length_data;
bpskmod=sqrt(2/T)*cos(2*pi*fc1*t1);
bpsk_data=msg.*bpskmod;
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(bpsk_data)
title(' BPSK signal');
xlabel('Time Period(t)');
ylabel('x(t)');
axis([0 100*length_data -2 2]);
grid on;
% ---------------Generation of Psedo Noise (PN) Sequence---------------------------------------------------
sr=[1 -1 1 -1];
pn1=[];
for i=1:length_data
for j=1:10
pn1=[pn1 sr(4)];
if sr (4)==sr(3)
temp=-1;
else temp=1;
end
sr(4)=sr(3);
sr(3)=sr(2);
sr(2)=sr(1);
sr(1)=temp;
end
end gure();
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(pn1);
axis([0,length(pn1),-1.2,1.2])
title('PN sequence for data')
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
grid on;
% ----------------Upsampling of PN sequence-------------------------------------------------------
pnupsampled1=[];
len_pn1=length(pn1);
for i=1:len_pn1
for j=0.1:0.1:tb
pnupsampled1=[pnupsampled1 pn1(i)];
end
end
length_pnupsampled1=length(pnupsampled1);
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(pnupsampled1);
axis([0,length(pnupsampled1),-1.2,1.2])
title('PN sequence for data upsampled');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
grid on;
% -----------------Generation of CDMA data sequence----------------------------------------------------
subplot(3,1,3);
fi
 sigtx1=bpsk_data.*pnupsampled1;
plot(sigtx1);
title('CDMA Signal');
xlabel('Time Period(t)');
ylabel('x(t)');
grid on;
%---------------Propagating of CDMA Data sequence in AWGN channel-----
sigtonoise=20;
composite_signal=awgn(sigtx1,sigtonoise);
gure();
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(composite_signal);
title(' CDMA signal through AWGN Channel');xlabel('Time Period(t)');
ylabel('x(t)');
grid on;
%--------------------CDMA Receiver---------------------------------------------------
rx=composite_signal.*pnupsampled1;
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(rx);
title('CDMA Demodulated signal');
xlabel('Time Period(t)');
ylabel('x(t)');
grid on;
%--------------BPSK Demodulation---------------------------------------
y=[];
bpskdemod=rx.*bpskmod;
for i=1:100:size(bpskdemod,2)
y=[y trapz(t1(i:i+99),bpskdemod(i:i+99))];
end
y(y(:)<=0)=-1;
y(y(:)>=0)=1;
rxdata=y;
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(rectpulse(rxdata,100));
axis([0 length(rectpulse(rxdata,100)) -1.2 1.2]);
title('Recieved Message Signal in NRZ');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
grid on;
%---------------------NRZ to Data Sequence-------------------------------------------------
rxdata(rxdata(:)==-1)=0;
rxdata(rxdata(:)==1)=1;
rxmsg=rxdata;
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(rectpulse(rxmsg,100));
axis([0 length(rectpulse(rxmsg,100)) -0.2 1.2]);
title('Recieved Message Signal');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
grid on;

Exp 8 FDMA AND TDMA

%Frequency Division Multiplexing

% Signal Parameters
Fs=25e3;
T=0.02;
t=0:1/Fs:T;
fi
 % First Signal
fc1=2500;
ct1=cos(2*pi*fc1*t);
st1=sin(2*pi*100*t);
S1=ct1.*st1;
subplot(3,2,1)
plot(t,S1);
title('Time domain representation of S1');
xlabel('Time duration');
ylabel('Amplitude');
S1fft=abs(fft(S1));
subplot(3,2,2)
plot(t,S1fft);
title('Frequency domain representation of S1');
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Second Signal
fc2=1200;
ct2=cos(2*pi*fc2*t);st2=sin(2*pi*50*t);
S2=ct2.*st2;
subplot(3,2,3)
plot(t,S2);
title('Time domain representation of S2');
xlabel('Time duration');
ylabel('Amplitude');
S2fft=abs(fft(S2));
subplot(3,2,4)
plot(t,S2fft);
title('Frequency domain representation of S2');
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Third Signal
fc3=3000;
ct3=cos(2*pi*fc3*t);
st3=sin(2*pi*120*t);
S3=ct3.*st3;
subplot(3,2,5)
plot(t,S3);
title('Time domain representation of S3');
xlabel('Time duration');
ylabel('Amplitude');
S3fft=abs(fft(S3));
subplot(3,2,6)
plot(t,S3fft);
title('Frequency domain representation of S3');
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Original Message Signals
gure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,st1);
title('Message signal 1');
xlabel('Time duration');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,st2);
title('Message signal 2');
xlabel('Time duration');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,1,3);
fi
 plot(t,st3);
title('Message signal 3');
xlabel('Time duration');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Multilexing all signals
gure;
Xfdm = S1+S2+S3;
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,Xfdm);
title('Mulitplexed signal');
xlabel('Time duration');
ylabel('Amplitude');
Xfdm_fft=fftshift(abs(fft(Xfdm,length(Xfdm))));
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(Xfdm_fft);title('Frequency domain Mulitplexed signal');
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Bandpass Filter for First signal S1 (2400Hz - 2600Hz)
BPF1=2400:1:2600;
gure
S1_Filtered=conv(BPF1,Xfdm);
subplot(3,2,1)
plot(S1_Filtered);
xlim([0 610]);
title('Filtered rst signal S1');
xlabel('Time duration');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,2,2)
S1_Filtered_FFT=fftshift(abs(fft(S1_Filtered,length(S1_Filtered))));
plot(S1_Filtered_FFT);
title('Frequency domain representation of ltered rst signal S1');
xlim([0 610]);
title('Frequency domain ltered Second signal S1');
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Bandpass Filter for First signal S2 (1150Hz - 1250Hz)
BPF2=1150:1:1250;
S2_Filtered=conv(BPF2,Xfdm);
subplot(3,2,3)
plot(S2_Filtered);
xlim([0 610]);
title('Filtered Second signal S2');
xlabel('Time duration');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,2,4)
S2_Filtered_FFT=fftshift(abs(fft(S2_Filtered,length(S2_Filtered))));
plot(S2_Filtered_FFT);
title('Frequency domain ltered Second signal S2');
xlim([0 610]);
title('Frequency domain ltered Second signal S2');
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% BPF3 for DSBSC2 bandpass (2880hz - 3120hz)
BPF3=2880:1:3120;
S3_Filtered=conv(BPF3,Xfdm);
subplot(3,2,5)
plot(S3_Filtered);
xlim([0 610]);
title('Filtered Second signal S3');
xlabel('Time duration');
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,2,6)
S3_Filtered_FFT=fftshift(abs(fft(S3_Filtered,length(S3_Filtered))));
plot(S3_Filtered_FFT);
xlim([0 610]);
title('Frequency domain ltered Second signal S3');
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Demodulaton Process After Filteration gure
% Signal 1
S1_Demod=demod(S1,fc1,25e3);
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(t,S1_Demod);
title('Original message signal S1 after Demodulation');
xlabel('Time duration');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Signal 2
S2_Demod=demod(S2,fc2,25e3);
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(t,S2_Demod);
title('Original message signal S2 after Demodulation');
xlabel('Time duration');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Signal 3
S3_Demod=demod(S3,fc3,25e3);
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(t,S3_Demod);
title('Original message signal S3 after Demodulation');
xlabel('Time duration');
ylabel('Amplitude');
11.4.2 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
% Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
clc;
close all;
clear all;
% Signal generation
x=0:.5:4*pi;
sig1=8*sin(x); l=length(sig1);
sig2=8*triang(l); % Display of Both Signal
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(sig1);
title('Sinusoidal Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(sig2);
title('Triangular Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
% Display of Both Sampled Signal
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(sig1);
title('Sampled Sinusoidal Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(sig2);
title('Sampled Triangular Signal');
% Generate 1st Sinusoidal signal
% Generate 2nd Traingular Signalylabel('Amplitude');
fi
fi
 xlabel('Time');
l1=length(sig1);
l2=length(sig2);
for i=1:l1
sig(1,i)=sig1(i); sig(2,i)=sig2(i);
end
% TDM of both Quantized signals
tdmsig=reshape(sig,1,2*l1);
% Display of TDM Signal
gure
stem(tdmsig);
title('TDM Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
% Demultiplexing of TDM Signal
demux=reshape(tdmsig,2,l1);
for i=1:l1
sig3(i)=demux(1,i); sig4(i)=demux(2,i);
end
% Display of demultiplexed signal
gure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(sig3);
title('Recovered Sinusoidal Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(sig4);
title('Recovered Triangular Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel(‘Time');

Exp 9 OFDM
lc;
clear all;
close all;
%% Initializing parameters
L=64; % FFT Length
Ncp=L*(1/4);% Cyclic Pre x
%% Transmitter
% data generation
rng default;
Tx_data=randi([0 15],L,Ncp);
% QAM modulation
mod_data=qammod(Tx_data,16);
%Serial to Parallel Conversion
s2p=mod_data.';
% IFFT Operation
OFDM_IFFT=ifft(s2p);
% Parallel to Series Conversion
p2s=OFDM_IFFT.';
% Cyclic Pre xing
CP_part=p2s(:,end-Ncp+1:end); %Cyclic Pre x part to be appended.
cp=[CP_part p2s];
% Reciever
%Adding Noise using AWGN
c=0;
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
r=zeros(size(0:1:25));
for snr=0:1:25
c=c+1;
noisy=awgn(cp,snr,'measured');
% Remove cyclic pre x
cpr=noisy(:,Ncp+1:Ncp+Ncp); %remove the Cyclic pre x
% Series to parallel
parallel=cpr.';
% FFT
OFDMdemod=fft(parallel);
% Parallel to serial
rserial=OFDMdemod.';
% QAM demodulation
Umap=qamdemod(rserial,16);
% Calculating the Bit Error Rate
[n, r(c)]=biterr(Tx_data,Umap);
end
%% Plotting BER vs SNR
snr=0:1:25;
semilogy(snr,r,'-ok');
grid;
title('Bit Error Rate (BER) VS Signal To Noise Ratio (SNR)');
ylabel('BER');
xlabel('SNR [dB]');
fi
fi