- For instance, a 100-watt lamp filament

ELECTRICAL ENERGY UNIT OF ELECTRICAL on 120-volt service carries approximately

- Electricity is costly due to its low POTENTIAL 0.8333 ampere, while a desk calculator's
conversion efficiency, typically around motor carries around 1.00 ampere of
40%. 1) VOLT "V" current.

- It's naturally occurring but mainly in - Electricity is the movement of electrons

forms like static discharges or galvanic driven by creating a positive charge
cells. differential on a conductor. POWER & ENERGY
- Unlike fuels or heat, electricity can't be - Various methods can create this charge 1) ENERGY
stored, necessitating generation and usage difference, including electrochemical
simultaneously. action like in batteries. - IT IS EXPRESSED IN UNITS OF:
- In batteries, chemical reactions  BTU (CALORIES)
accumulate positive charges at the  FOOT POUNDS (JOULES)
ALTERNATING CURRENT (a-c) positive terminal and negative charges at  KILOWATT-HOURS
the negative terminal, creating an
- is the primary form of electricity used, Energy/Work= Power × Time
electromotive force (emf) analogous to
generated by a-c generators known as
pressure in hydraulic systems.
ALTERNATORS.
- The potential difference (voltage) 2) POWER
produced by a battery or generator causes - Electrical power is the rate of energy
DIRECT CURRENT (d-c) current to flow when connected by a consumption or the rate of work done.
conductor.
- generators are reserved for specific - It denotes the consistent use of energy at
applications like elevator work. a specific rate over an extended period.
- Smaller amounts of d-c are used for 2) AMPERE
telecommunications, signal equipment,
- Current, represented as amperage or ENGLISH vs SI SYSTEM
controls, and specialized purposes,
amps, is denoted by the symbol "A" in Horsepower Joules per sec
sourced from batteries or rectifiers.
equations. BTU per sec Watts
- One ampere of current signifies 6.25 x Kilowatt Kilowatts
10^18 electrons passing through a given
cross-section of a conductor in one
second.
 - This device acts like a programmed clock
ELECTRIC CONTROL LOAD with switches for multiple circuits or loads.
• Determine load priorities.
- Load control method aims for efficient
energy utilization to achieve a high load • Load can be shed ( disconnected )
factor. : Typical Applications manually and reconnected.
- Results include lowering demand - Control of HVAC (heating, ventilation, air • This type of control practical only for
charges, incentivizing users to reduce peak conditioning) loads, lighting loads, and limited size installation.
loads, and decreasing energy costs by process loads.
• Facility operator may be inclined to set
reducing overall energy consumption.
Usefulness of Duty-cycle: the alarm point higher that it should be to
affect all possible savings.
- Elimination of energy waste by shutting
Level 1: Load Scheduling and Duty- down units when not required.
Cycle Control - Automatic control features like Level 3: Automatic Instantaneous
- It's the simplest method applicable to all preheating and precooling, leading to Demand Control
types of facilities. lower power and energy consumption.
- Also known as "Rate Control."
- Electric loads are analyzed and scheduled - Establishment of efficient equipment
scheduling without continual manual - An automated evolution of Level 2.
to limit demand, allowing large loads to
shift to off-peak hours and prevent supervision. - The unit receives instantaneous kilowatt
coincident operation. load data from the utility system, either as
continuous current readings or more
LEVEL 2: DEMAND METERING ALARM sophisticated pulsed energy data.
Advantages include:
• If in conjunction with a duty-cycle - It compares this data to the present
- Doesn't necessitate immediate controller some type of continuous kilowatt limit (rate control) and
operations like battery charging. demand metering is automatically disconnects and reconnects
loads as necessary.
- Controls can be manual or automated installed which will go into alarm when a
via duty-cycle controllers. predetermined demand level is exceeded, - It doesn't recognize the utility's metering
a basic interval but continuously acts based on
load comparison.
load control system will have been
Duty-Cycle Controller establish.
Analysis:
Level 4: Ideal Curve Control - Units operate by continuously Alternating Current (AC)
forecasting the amount of energy - occurs when the flow of current is
- Operates by comparing the actual rate of remaining in the demand interval based periodically varying in time and direction,
energy usage to the ideal rate. on kWh pulse data received. as indicated by symmetrical positive and
- Controls kilowatt (kw) demand by negative loops or sine waves.
- They assess the status priority of each
managing the total energy used within a connected load and decide on a course of
metering interval. action accordingly. ELECTRICAL COD
- Repeated straight lines represent a National Electric Code: Rule IX –
constant rate of energy used over a ELECTRICAL Electric Regulations
demand interval.
MEASUREMENTS: In accordance with
- The utility company calculates demand - Energy measurement requires sections 102, 203, and 1301 of the
over the demand interval by integrating introducing the factor of time because
kilowatt-hour (kWh) energy over the
National Building Code (PD 1096),
energy equals power multiplied by time.
interval and dividing by the interval time. the following rules govern the
installation of primary and
- Users are given a block of energy (kWh) - Alternating current (a-c) watt-hour
that can be utilized at any desired rate, not secondary distribution lines,
meters are essentially small motors, where
necessarily at a constant rate. the speed is proportional to the power transformers, and other
being used. equipment in subdivisions along
- The number of rotations of these meters public and private roads and
Level 5: Forecasting System is connected to dials calibrated directly in attached to or over buildings:
kilowatt-hours.
- These systems are the most
sophisticated, expensive, and effective. 1. General Locational
DIRECT CURRENT AND Requirements:
- Best applied to large structures with
numerous loads, complex load patterns, ALTERNATING CURRENT - In towns, subdivisions, human
and operations that make manual Direct Current (DC): settlements, industrial areas, and
operation impractical. - occurs when the flow of electric current similar settings, overhead
- Frequently installed as part of takes place at a constant time rate, transmission and/or distribution
computerized central control systems in practically unvarying, and in the same
direction around the circuit.
lines/systems, including
large industrial plants, skyscrapers, and
transformers, poles, towers, and
very large institutional facilities.
the like, shall be located and pavement when crossing highways - From Curbs: Not less
installed following standard and 7.5 meters from the top of the than 150 mm measured from the
design, construction, and shoulder or sidewalk when curb away from the roadway.
maintenance protocols. installed along the side of
highways or streets in highly 3. Attachments on Clearances
2. Location of Poles and urbanized areas. from Buildings:
Clearances of Power Lines along A. Attachments supporting power
Public Roads: d. Secondary, neutral, and service lines, cables, transformers, and
lines should have a minimum communications lines on buildings
Panels: vertical clearance of 7.5 meters must be covered by an approved
a. All poles erected on public roads from the crown of the road attachment plan from the local
must adhere to an Approved Pole pavement when crossing highways building office.
Location (APL) plan from the and from the top of the shoulder
Highway District City/Municipal or sidewalk when installed along B. For buildings exceeding 15
Engineer. the side of highways or streets in meters in height, overhead lines
highly urbanized areas. should be arranged, where
b. Poles and transformer supports feasible, to leave a clear space or
should be located no more Clearances of Supporting zone at least 2 meters wide. This
than 500 mm inside from the road Structures: space should either be adjacent to
right-of-way or property line. They - From Fire Hydrants, not less than the building or beginning not
must not obstruct sidewalks, 5 meters. over 2.5 meters from the building.
pedestrian paths, or road drainage - From Street Corners: Where This arrangement facilitates the
canals or structures, whether hydrants are located at street raising of ladders for firefighting
existing or proposed. corners, poles and towers should purposes.
be set far enough from the corners
c. Primary lines must maintain a to necessitate the use of flying 4. Open Supply Conductors
minimum vertical clearance of 10 taps that are inaccessible from the attached to building
meters from the crown of the poles. For the attachment of open
supply conductors to buildings: - If clearances cannot be met, combustible materials.
conductors should be shielded or - Ensure indoor dry type
a. Conductors over 300 volts grounded, or primary cables transformers have 300 mm
should be guarded or kept away bundled and supported by separation from combustibles.
from the building's surface. grounded messenger wires. - Connect askarel-insulated
transformers' pressure relief vents
b. Conductors and current-carrying 6. Clearance of Service Drops: to chimneys to vent gases outside
parts must be well clear of ground - Service drop conductors buildings.
or guarded to prevent accidental under 600 volts must not be
contact by unauthorized readily accessible. 9. Provisions for transformers
individuals. - Clearance Over Roof: vaults
Conductors must be at A. New Building
c. Metal-sheathed cables, least 2.5 meters above the highest - Requiring an expected load
conduits, and fixtures in urban point of roofs they pass over, with demand of 200 KVA or above shall
areas, prone to charge exceptions for lower voltages and be provided with transformer
over 300 volts, must be isolated or specific roof configurations. vault.
guarded against accidental B. Location
contact. Alternatively, they can be 7. Wiring Methods: - Vaults shall be located where
grounded effectively. - Remove abandoned lines. they can be ventilated to the
- Keep poles and lines clear of outside air.
5. Conductors Passing by or Over attachments. C. Wall roof and floor
Buildings: - Ground metallic sheaths of - Wall and roof of vault shall
- Unguarded supply conductors overhead cables when consist reinforced concrete not
under 300 volts may run beside or transitioning to underground. lessthan 150 mm thick, masonary
over buildings. or brick not less than 200mm thick
- Supply conductors of 300 volts 8. Transformers: , or 300 mm load bearing hollow
or more must be properly - Protect outdoor oil-insulated concrete block shall have a coating
guarded. transformers from fires near of cement or gypsum plaster not
less than 20 mm thick. - Applies to capacitor installation F. The emergency supply system
D. Door Way in electric circuits or buildings. can consist of various types
1 . TYPE OF DOOR . 1. Must meet requirements for covered in section 12.7 and must
- Shall be provided a tight fitting such apparatus. meet applicable requirements.
door 2. Must comply with additional
2 . SILLS requirements in PEC section 400- G. Storage batteries, installed
- Shall be provided and in no case 401. according to section 200 of the
shall be height be less PEC, should maintain a non-more-
than 100 mm 12. Emergency Systems: than 90% system voltage for at
3 . LOCK A. Applies to circuits, systems, and least half an hour of emergency
- Lock and latches shall be so equipment for supplying light power.
arranged that the door may be illumination and power during
readily and quickly opened from normal supply failure or H. Generators, with sufficient
the inside. . emergencies. capacity and rating, should power
circuits with emergency lights.
10. Ventilation: B. All requirements in this section
- Ventilation must be sufficient pertain to emergency systems. I. Two services, in accordance with
to prevent transformer section 200 of the PEC, should be
temperatures from exceeding C. Equipment for emergency widely separated electrically and
prescribed values. systems must be approved. physically to minimize
1. Location simultaneous power interruptions.
2. Arrangement D. Testing and maintenance are
3. Size necessary. J. Connection on the line side of
4. Dampers the main service must be
5. Drainage E. Emergency system should have sufficiently separated to prevent
6. Water Pipes and Accessories adequate capacity and rating for simultaneous supply interruptions.
all connected equipment.
11. Capacitors: K. Sections 12.3 and 12.6 also
apply to installations where the P. Branch circuits supplying should be accessible only to
entire electrical load on a service equipment classified as emergency authorized persons.
or sub-service is arranged to be must have an automatic transfer
supplied from a second source. to an emergency supply source. W. With permission from the
authority having jurisdiction,
L. Audible and visual signal devices Q. Emergency circuit wiring must illumination may consist of:
should be provided: be entirely independent and not 1. Battery
1. To warn of emergency or share the same raceway with 2. Battery charging
auxiliary source malfunction. other wiring and equipment. 3. One or more lamps
2. To indicate when the battery 4. A relying device arranged to
or generator set is in use. R. Switches in emergency lighting automatically energize the lamps
3. To indicate proper functioning circuits should be arranged to be upon failure of the normal building
of a battery charger. controlled only by authorized supply.
individuals.
M. Equipment required for
emergency use should be supplied S. Manual switches for controlling FLOOR RACEWAYS
by emergency lighting circuits. emergency circuits must be
located at the most accessible - Floor raceways, enclosed conduits for
electrical wiring, safeguard wires from
N. Emergency illumination must be place for authorized persons
various threats. The NEC recognizes
provided for all required exit lights responsible for their operation. three types: underfloor, cellular metal,
and other lights necessary for and cellular concrete. Common in
sufficient illumination. T. Exterior lights not needed for office spaces, they facilitate outlet
illumination in daylight may be placement beneath furniture.
O. Branch circuits for emergency controlled by an approved Installation involves channeling the
lighting should provide immediate automatic light-actuated device. floor, adding conduit, and connecting
service when the normal lighting to wall outlets. Electrical extension
options include drilling through the
supply is interrupted. V. Overcurrent devices in
floor to link new outlets to existing
emergency circuit branch circuits ones via ceiling conduits or installing
surface floor raceways, available in b. Ceiling system outlets are - Header ducts provide feed for these
single or two-level designs, for flexible unsuitable. cells, typically installed in concrete fill
wiring routes. above hollow core structural slabs.
c. Frequent furniture rearrangement
However, feed from the ceiling below
The NEC recognizes three types of and the need for electrical and signal
is also feasible.
floor raceways: services.
- Cells can serve for air distribution and
- Underfloor raceways CELLULAR METAL FLOOR even piping purposes.
- Cellular metal floor raceways RACEWAY
- Cellular concrete floor raceways CEILING RACEWAY
- Underfloor duct systems suit known SYSTEMS
furniture layouts and rectilinear setups
in office landscapes. - Limited budgets and high costs of
The two-level system features feeder
underfloor electrical raceway systems
and distribution ducts on different - Cellular (metal) floors integrate
prompted the creation of over-the-
levels, eliminating the need for structural and electrical systems,
ceiling alternatives.
complex junction boxes. This design allowing full or partial electrification.
offers unlimited feeder capacity, - Over-the-ceiling systems offer greater
- Two or three electrified cells,
eliminating the necessity for flexibility compared to underfloor
alongside structural floor cells, offer
supplemental conduit feeds required in options as they provide lighting,
sufficient coverage.
the single-level system. power, and telephone facilities.
- Electrified cells can power lighting
Underfloor duct systems can - They enable rapid layout changes at a
outlets in the floor below for added
significantly increase the building's lower cost, making them advantageous
functionality.
electrical system cost by up to 50%, for facilities requiring electrical
exclusive of construction expenses. To flexibility.
justify their use, the building should
meet specific criteria: Precast Cellular Concrete
- A cell is a single, enclosed, tubular 1. Header ducts (wireways)
space within a floor made of precast
-;link to electrical panels and
a. Open floor areas necessitating cellular concrete slabs, aligned parallel
telephone cabinets in power and
outlets away from walls and partitions. to the floor member's direction.
telephone closets, respectively.
2. Telephone headers 1. Splice boxes 2. TRANSFORMER
- typically larger than power headers positioned in raceway runs where -- Extensively utilized in low power
and can accommodate low-voltage splices or taps are needed, with the distribution systems.
signal equipment. NEC prohibiting splices inside conduits
- Primary windings supply a three-wire
but allowing them in wireways and
balanced load to the utility company.
troughs with removable covers.
3. Distribution ducts (laterals) - Secondary windings furnish the
necessary 4th-wire neutral or earth
- connect to the headers, serving as
2. Pull boxes connection.
subdistribution wireways in some
cases or directly feeding fixtures and - interrupt conduit runs for wire pulling 3. PROVISION FOR TRANSFORMER
poles. points, determined by pulling friction VAULTS
in the system and the size depending
PREWIRED CEILING - Vaults housing oil-insulated
on the number and size of incoming
transformers must be situated to allow
conduits, the direction of conduit exits,
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS and the presence of splices.
ventilation to the outside air.
- Manufacturers offer pre-wired plug- - Ventilation should be achieved
in type equipment to reduce on-site ELECTRICAL SYSTEM AND without the need for flues or ducts.
labor costs. MATERIALS WIRING 4. VENTALATION
- Plug-in systems not only save
1. WIRING METHODS - the process of "changing" or
assembly time but also allow for easy
replacing air in any space to provide
and rapid modifications if necessary. -to install conductors, such as a
high
raceway,
indoor air quality.
cable, or enclosures (300.3).
BOXES AND CABINETS
- Install all conductors of a circuit
- Pull boxes and splice boxes are
essential components in electrical in the same raceway, cable,
raceway systems. trench, cord, or cable tray.
5. CAPACITOR - Energy considerations hold significant
importance beyond economic factors
-a device used to store an 2. CURRENT
alone.
electric charge, consisting of one or - The current rating of electrical
- Electrical equipment possesses
more equipment is established by the
economic and energy "ratings"
maximum operating temperature at
pairs of conductors separated by an alongside purely electrical
which its components can function
characteristics.
insulator. properly continuously.
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT - This rating is influenced by the types
RATINGS of insulation utilized.
6. EMERGENCY SYSTEM
- Different electrical equipment is
- The provision of the section that 1. VOLTAGE
rated differently: a motor is rated in
apply to the installation, - The voltage rating of electrical horsepower (or kW), a transformer in
equipment represents the maximum kVA, and a cable in amperes.
operation and maintenance of voltage it can safely handle
circuits. continuously. INTERIOR WIRING
- This rating may not always SYSTEMS
correspond to the voltage applied
7. EFECTIVELY - The primary function of any wiring
during normal use.
system is to conduct electricity from
-All primary and secondary supply lines - For instance, a typical wall electrical one point to another.
already shall comply with the provision receptacle is rated at 250 volts
of the rules within two (2) years from - If the main objective is to distribute
maximum, despite usually receiving
the effectively of the rule. electrical energy, the system is known
only 120 volts during normal
as an ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM.
operation.
ENERGY CONSIDERATION - Conversely, if the purpose is to
- The rating is determined by factors
- Energy costs play a crucial role in transmit information, the system is
like insulation type and quantity, as
economic analysis. called an ELECTRICAL SIGNAL SYSTEM.
well as physical spacing between
electrically energized parts.
1. EXPOSED INSULATION CABLES weight advantages over copper, NON-METALLIC SHEATHED
resulting in lower installation costs. CABLE (ROMEX)
Types of wiring systems:
- However, aluminum wiring is not Trade Name: ROMEX
 NM (‘’Romex’’), recommended extensively because it
 AC (‘’BX’’) forms an oxide that is adhesive and has -The NEC types NM and NMC, are
 MI (Mineral Insulated), poor conductivity. similar to type AC (BX) but lack the
 ALS protection of metallic armor.
 CS. - COPPER CONDUCTORS are preferred
in most applications. - These cables are assembled into two
- ALS and CS represent metal-jacketed or more plastic insulated conductors or
varieties. - If aluminum conductors are used, it ground wires covered with a plastic
should be restricted to sizes not jacket.
- These wiring systems rely on the smaller than #AWG.
cable construction for protection of CONDUCTORS FOR GENERAL
and from the ‘’hot’’ conductors. WIRING
- Raceways are not required for FLEXIBLE METAL CLAD CABLE
- These types of wires consist of a
installation with these wiring systems. (BX) copper conductor covered with
- Trade Name: BC insulation and a jacket.

2. INSULATED CABLES IN OPEN - The most common type of cable - Type TW wire consists simply of the
RACEWAYS (Trays) without raceways is the NEC type thermal conductor with thermoplastic
covering.
-This system is designed specifically for - BX consists of assembled wires,
industrial applications. typically plastic insulated, bound SPECIAL CABLE TYPES
together or braided, and then wrapped
- It relies on both the cable and the
with interlocking strips of steel tape. 1. MINERAL INSULATED (MI) CABLE
tray for safety purposes.
- This type of installation is frequently - Comprises an integral assembly of
COPPER AND ALUMINUM used in residences. copper conductors, mineral insulation,
CONDUCTORS and jacketed to water and gas seal.
- ALUMINUM WIRING has become - The MI is flameproof and cold
more prevalent due to its inherent resistant, and the entire construction is
explosionproof, lightweight, non-aging, CABLE - Heat is generated due to the current
and self-contained. flowing through the conductor and its
- A single insulated conductor NO.6
resistance (I²R).
MI CABLE TERMINATION AWG or larger, or several conductors
of any size assembled into a single unit - In a given environment (open-air or
TERMINATIONS are made with
enclosed), the ampacity increases with
compression rings, glands, and sealing WIRE:
increasing conductor size.
compound sleeves installed on the
- Single conductors No. 8 AWG and
exposed bare conductors to provide - If more than three conductors are
smaller
insulation between the wires and the placed in a conduit, the temperature
metal box. No. 10 is heavier wire than No. 12 rise necessitates derating the
and lighter (thinner) than No. 8 the conductors, as shown in a provided
4/0 size is the largest AWG table
2. Jacketed Cables designation.
CONDUCTOR INSULATION AND
- Assembled with two or more JACKETS
insulated conductors
CIRCULAR MILL - Insulation on conductors prevents
- Jacket material determined by cable them from contacting other wiring or
application - an area measurement grounded raceways, and it also guards
- Cables for underground use - Represents the square of the cable against accidental contact.
designated type UF diameter in mils (thousandths of an - INSULATION acts as a shield against
inch) heat, water, and other elements,
- Calculated as the diameter squared although outer jackets usually provide
CONDUCTOR when expressed in mils additional protection.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS (wiring) - In an analogy to hydraulics,
CONDUCTOR AMPACITY
conductors are like pipes; when
- the means by which the current is
- CONDUCTOR CURRENT CARRYING OR pressure (or voltage) is high, thicker
conducted
AMPACITY is explained above by the insulation is needed for safety and
through the electrical system, maximum operating temperature that efficiency.
corresponding to the piping in the its insulation can stand continuously.
hydraulic analogy.
INSULATORS - Its primary drawback is bulkiness,
potentially affecting installation and
- USED AS SUPPORTS AND FOR
space requirements.
ADDITIONAL PROTECTION FOR WIRE
- specified by material, number of FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLIES
buses (typically three or four plus
BUSWAY ground), current capacity, type, 1. FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLIES
voltage, and maximum voltage drop.
- is field constructed
comprises two, three, or four No. 10
"PLUG-IN" DESIGN AWG conductors.
- When large amounts of current -enables switches, circuit breakers, - It is installed in a rigidly mounted 1
(power) need to be carried, the options etc., to be directly plugged into the 5/8-inch square structural channel.
are using several conductors in parallel busduct, akin to inserting a plug into a
or a single large conductor. - Power tap devices puncture the
receptacle.
insulation of one phase conductor and
- Using multiple conductors in parallel the neutral.
can become expensive as the size and
number of cables increase, especially "LOW IMPEDANCE" DESIGN - Electrical connections are made to
with additional tap offs. pigtail wires extending from the tap
- aims to minimize voltage drop, devices.
- However, a single large cable ensuring efficient power distribution.
becomes less efficient for wire sizes - Enables energizing receptacles in
above 750 MCM, as larger cables outlet boxes.
require more cross-section per ampere CABLE BUS - Allows hanging lighting fixtures from
than smaller ones. the Fe cable channel using Fixture &
- This inefficiency doesn't apply to flat Hanger attachments.
- similar to ventilated busduct, except
conductors, known as BUSBARS, which
that it uses insulated cables instead of
maintain efficiency across various
busbars these cables are rigidly 2. LIGHTING TRACK
sizes.
mounted in an open space-
BUSDUCT
frame.
 and relatively drawbacks of • support the conductors
low cost this system.
This rigid metallic conduit or raceway
must be corrosion resistant.
-is factory prepared and field mounted CLOSED RACEWAYS (4) ways in which steel conduit is
- Special tap-off devices contact the manufactured.
Included here are conduit pipes,
track's electrified conductors to carry
surface raceways and underfloor ducts
power to attached lighting fixtures. 1. Hot-d.p. galvanized (dipped into
which
molten zinc}.
- Lighting tracks are generally rated at
are first installed, then the wiring is 2. Enameled (coated with a
20 amperes and restricted to 120 volts,
inserted and pulled in later . corrosion - resistant enamel).
unlike Flat Cable (Fe) assemblies.
3. Sherardized (coated with zinc
dust)
Steel Conduit 4. Plastic covered.
CABLE TRAY
- The purpose of conduit is to:
• protect the
enclosed wiring
from mechanical (3) TYPES OF STEEL CONDUIT
- Provides continuous open support injury and
for approved cables. corrosion. 1. Heavy-wall steel conduit or simply
( Rigid Steel Conduit)
- Must use self-protected, jacketed • provide a grounded metal enclosure 2. Intermediate Metal Conduit ( IMC)
types like type TC when employed as a for the wiring in order to avoid shock 3. Electric Metallic Tubing, (EMT or
general wiring system. hazard. thin-wall conduit)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • provide a system ground path.
Offers free-air Bulkiness and • protect surroundings against fire
rated cables, the necessity for hazard as a result of overheating or 1. RIGID STEEL CONDUIT (RSC)
easy installation, accessibility are arcing of the enclosed
maintenance, notable
conductors.
 - Conduits should have an outside - Typically, it doesn't necessitate
diameter (OD) no greater than 1/3 of painting.
the slab thickness.
- Conduits running parallel should be
- Rigid Steel Conduit (RSC) and 3. Flexible Metal Conduit
spaced at least three times the OD of
Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC)
the largest conduit center-to-center. - Known Trade:
utilize the same fittings and threading.
Greenfield
- Conduits running parallel to beam
- Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT)
axes should not run above beams. - a conduit
doesn't feature threading due to its
construction
thin walls, utilizing set screw and - Conduit crossings should be as close
featuring empty spirally wound
pressure fittings instead, which are not to a right angle as possible.
interlocked armor raceway.
advisable for concrete embedding or
- A minimum cover over conduits of
hazardous areas. - Primarily used for motor connections
3/4" is required.
or areas with vibration, movement, or
- IMC provides a larger inside diameter
physical obstructions necessitating its
for easier wire pulling and is lighter
use.
compared to rigid steel conduit. 2. ALUMINUM CONDUIT
- Has surged due
to its weight 4. Liquid-tight Flexible Metal Conduit
PULL BOXES, CONNECTION BOXES
advantage over
Trade Name: Sealtite
provide access to the conduits for steel, even
installing the necessary wires and for lighter than EMT. - similar in
making connections to them, the construction to
- Labor cost savings surpass the
continuous conduit runs are flexible conduit but
material's additional cost.
interrupted at frequent intervals by features a liquid-tight
sheet-metal or cast-metal boxes. - Aluminum offers superior corrosion jacket.
resistance in various atmospheres.
- Primarily used for connections
- Nonmagnetic properties reduce requiring flexibility and resistance to
Key guidelines include:
voltage drop, and it's nonsparking. liquids.
5. Non-Metallic Conduit
- Non-Metallic
Conduit includes
raceways formed
from materials
like fiber,
asbestos-cement, soapstone, rigid
poly-vinyl chloride (PVC), and high-
density polyethylene.
- Such materials used as electric
raceways must be labeled and
resistant to moisture and chemical
corrosion.

6. Metal Surface Raceways

- Suitable for dry, non-
hazardous, and non-
corrosive locations.
- They typically contain
wiring operating below
300 volts and are installed in exposed
areas not prone to physical damage.