Trigonometry

July 11, 2022

Contents
1 Sine rule 3

2 Cosine rule 4

3 Stewart theorem 6

4 Apollonius theorem: 8

5 m-n theorem: 8

6 Properties of angle bisector in triangle 8

7 Projection rule 9

8 Area of a triangle 9

1
9 Polygons 9
9.0.1 Identities in triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9.0.2 Special Properties of tan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2
 Warm up problem:
For each natural number k, let Ck denotes the circle with radius k centime-
ters and center at origin O. On the circle Ck a particle moves k centimeter
in counterclockwise direction. After completing its motion on Ck , the particle
moves to Ck+1 in the radial direction . the motion of the particle starts at (1, 0).
If the particle crosses the positive direction of the x axis first time on Cn , find
n.

1 Sine rule
In triangle ABC, a
sinA = b
sinB = c
sinC = 2R

Problem set 1:
1. Prove that the area 4 of triangle ABC is equal to 4R .
abc

2. Sine Lemma: In triangle 4ABC , D ∈ BC such that ∠BAD = α and

csinα
∠CAD = β then BD
CD = bsinβ

3. Point D lies on base AC of equilateral triangle ABC. Prove that the radii
of the circumscribed circles of triangles ABD and CBD are equal.

4. (The Angle-Bisector Theorem) Let D be a point on the sideline BC

of triangle ABC. Then DBDC = AC if and only if AD is an angle bisector of
AB

angle A (either internal or external).

5. In an acute triangle ABC heights AA1 and CC1 are drawn. Points A2
and C2 are symmetric to A1 and C1 through the midpoints of sides BC
and AB, respectively. Prove that the line that connects vertex B with the
center O of the circumscribed circle bisects A2 C2 .
6. Through point S lines a, b, c and d are drawn; line l intersects them at
points A, B, C and D. Prove that the quantity BC·AD
AC·BD
does not depend
on the choice of line l.
7. In 4ABC ∠A = 2∠B . Show that a2 = b(b + c)

3
 8. Let ABCDE be a convex pentagon . Let its sides meet in its exterior to
form a star. Let A1 ∈ CB ∩ DE , B1 ∈ CD ∩ AE, C1 ∈ DE ∩ AB, D1 ∈
BC ∩ AE,E1 ∈ CD ∩ AB then prove that A1 C·B1 D·C1 E·D1 A·E1 B =
A1 D·B1 E·C1 A·D1 B·E1 C.
9. In an isosceles triangle ABC with base AC bisector CD is drawn. The
line that passes through point D perpendicularly to DC intersects AC at
point E. Prove that EC = 2AD.
10. Diagonal AC of square ABCD coincides with the hypothenuse of right
triangleACK, so that points B and K lie on one side of line AC. Prove
that BK = |AK−CK|
√
2
and DK = |AK+CK|
√
2
.

11. In an acute triangle ABC heights AA1 and CC1 are drawn. Points A2
and C2 are symmetric to A1 and C1 through the midpoints of sides BC
and AB, respectively and let C1 − C2 − B and A1 − A2 − B. Prove that
the line that connects vertex B with the center O of the circumscribed
circle divides segment A2 C2 in halves.
12. Given lines a and b that intersect at point O and an arbitrary point P .
Line l that passes through point P intersects lines a and b at points A and
( OA )
B. Prove that the value of OB does not depend on the choice of line l.
( PP B
A
)
13. Two similar isosceles triangles have a common vertex. Prove that the
projections of their bases on the line that connects the midpoints of the
bases are equal.
14. (RMO2016 Delhi) Given are two circles ω1 , ω2 which intersect at points
X, Y . Let P be an arbitrary point on ω1 . Suppose that the lines P X, P Y
meet ω2 again at points A, B respectively. Prove that the circumcircles of
all triangles P AB have the same radius.
15. Let ABC be a triangle with ∠BAC = 40◦ and ∠ABC = 60◦ . Let D and
E be the points lying on the sides AC and AB, respectively, such that
∠CBD = 40◦ and ∠BCE = 70◦ . Segments BD and CE meet at F . Show
that AF ⊥ BC.

2 Cosine rule
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
In triangle cosA = b +c2bc−a , cosB = a +c −b
2ac ,cosC = a +b −c
2ab
That is a = b + c − 2bc cosA, b = c + a − 2ca cosB , c2 = a2 + b2 −
2 2 2 2 2 2

2ab cosC.

4
Problem set 2:
1. Find all the unknown sides and angles in the triangles below.

2. Pythagoras’ Theorem is usually quoted as follows: In a right angled tri-

angle the square on the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares on the
other two sides.
(a) Prove pythagoras theorem and it’s converse.
(b) Find the condition for triangles to be acute and obtused angles.
3. The sides of a parallelogram are equal to a and b and its diagonals are
equal to d and e. Prove that 2(a2 + b2 ) = d2 + e2 .
4. SquareABCD has side length 2. M is the midpoint of CD, and N is the
midpoint of BC. P is on M N such that N is between M and P , and
m∠M AN = m∠N AP . Compute the length of AP .
5. ABCDEF is a cyclic hexagon with sides AB = BC = CD = 1 and
DE = EF = F A = 2 Find the radius of the circumcircle.

5
 √ √ √
6. √
In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, AB = 20, BC = 99, CD = 22, DA =
97 then find the area of Quadrilateral.

7. Let BCDK be a convex quadrilateral such that BC = BK and DC =

DK . A and E are points such that ABCDE is a convex pentagon
such that AB = BC and DE = DC and K lies in the interior of the
pentagon ABCDE. If ∠ABC = 120o and ∠CDE = 60o and BD = 2
then determine the area of the pentagon ABCDE.
8. p
If x, y, z are the sides of the triangle then Prove that x2 + y 2 − xy +
p
√
y 2 + z 2 − yz ≥ z 2 + x2 + zx
9. For x, y, z ∈ R+ then , prove that
2 2
(x + y + z) (xy + yz + zx) ≤ 3 x2 + y 2 + xy y 2 + z 2 + yz z 2 + x2 + zx

10. The positive reals x, y, z satisfy the equation

y2
x2 + xy + = 25
3
y2
+ z2 = 9
3
z 2 + zx + x2 = 16,
then, find the value of xy + 2yz + 3zx (AUO 1984)
q q
11. Prove that cos A2 = s(s−a)
bc and sin A
2 = s(s−a)
bc .

12. In triangle ABC , AB = 5, AC = 10, BC = 13 . Let P, Q be the points on

sides AB and ACsuch that A[4ABC] = 4A[4AP Q], find the minimum
value of P Q .
13. Given that the circumcenter of acute triangle ABC is D, the circle passing
through A, B, D intersects AC and BC at M and N respectively. Prove
that the radius of the circumcircle of 4M N C is equal to the radius of the
circumcircle of 4ABD.
14. (CROATIA/2008) In the 4ABC, the angle bisector BK of ∠B intersect
AC at K. If BC = 2, CK = 1, BK = √32 , find area of 4ABC.

3 Stewart theorem
Statement: In 4ABC , cevian AD = p and BD = m and CD = n , then

nc2 + mb2 = a(p2 + mn)

6
 Proof: By cosine rule in 4ABD and 4ACD we get

c2 = p2 + m2 − 2pmcosθ − − − −(1)

b2 = p2 + n2 − 2pmcos(π − θ) = p2 + n2 + 2pmcosθ − − − − − (2)

Multiplying (1) by n and (2) by m we get

∴ nc2 = np2 + m2 n − 2pmncosθ

∴ mb2 = mp2 + mn2 + 2pmncosθ

Adding we get

∴ nc2 + mb2 = (n + m) p2 + m2 n + mn2

∴ nc2 + mb2 = (n + m) p2 + mn (n + m)
nc2 + mb2 = a(p2 + mn)

1. In an isosceles triangle with two sides of measure 17, a line measuring 16

is drawn from the vertex to the base. If one segment of the base, as cut
by this line, exceeds the other by 8, find the measures of the two segments.

2. In point E is on AB, so that AE = EB. Find CE if AC = 4, CB = 5,

and AB = 6.

3. Prove Apollonius theorem using Stewart theorem.

4. Prove that the sum of the squares of the distances from the vertex of
the right angle, in a right triangle, to the trisection points along the hy-
potenuse is equal 95 times the square of the measure of the hypotenuse.

7
 5. Prove that the sum of the squares of the measures of the sides of a paral-
lelogram equals the sum of the squares of the measures of the diagonals.

4 Apollonius theorem:
In 4ABC , let D be the midpoint of BC , then 2 b2 + c2 = 4m2a + a2

Hence median ma from A is given by 4m2a = 2b2 + 2c2 − a2

5 m-n theorem:
Let D be the point on the side BC of 4ABC
andBD · DC = m : n .
∠ADB = θ, ∠BAD = α, ∠CAD = β, then
(1) (m + n) cot θ = m Cot α − n Cot β
(2) (m + n) cot θ = n cot B − m cot C

6 Properties of angle bisector in triangle

1. In 4ABC , let internal bisector of ∠A meet BC at point D, then

• BD
DC = AB
AC = cb .

• BD = ac
b+c and CD = ab
b+c

a2 bc
• Length of internal angle bisector Ia2 = bc − BD · CD = bc − (b+c)2 =
bc 2 2
(b+c)2 ((b + c) − a )

8
 • Length of internal angle bisector Ia = 2bc·cosA
(b+c)

2. In 4ABC , let external bisector of ∠A meet BC at point D, then

• BD
DC = AB
AC = cb .

• BD = ac
b−c and CD = ab
b−c

7 Projection rule
In triangle ABC, a = b · cosC + c·cosB

8 Area of a triangle
1 1 1
A(4ABC) = absinC = bcsinA = acsinB
2 2 2
1. In equilateral triangle ABC with interior point D, if the perpendicular
distances from D to the sides of triangle are 4,5 and 6 respectively, find
the area of triangle.
2. Prove that for convex quadrilateral ABCD with the angle ϕ between the
diagonals we have SABCD = 12 AC · BDsinϕ.
3. A triangle has sides 6, 7 and 8. The line through its inccntrc parallel to
the shortest side is drawn to meet the other two sides at P and Q. Then
find the length of the segment P Q
4. If the sides of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 7 : 8,then find R : r.
5. If Sn is the area of the regular polygon with n sides, find: S3 , S4 , S6 , S8 , S12 , S20
in relation to n, the radius of the circle inscribed in the polygon.

6. Let ABCDEF be a convex hexagon in which the diagonals AD, BE, CF

are concurrent at O. Suppose the area of triangle OAF is the geometric
mean of those of OAB and OEF ; and the area of triangle OBC is the
geometric mean of those of OAB and OCD. Prove that the area of triangle
OED is the geometric mean of those of OCD and OEF .

9 Polygons
Properties
1. The sum of all angles of a n sided polygon is (n − 2)π.
(n−2)π.
2. Each angle of a regular n -gon is n

9
 3. The sum of all exterior angles of a n sided polygon is 2π.
4. For regular polygon with side length a , inradius r , circumradius R and
area of polygon 4 ,
a) a = 2rtan nπ
b) a = 2Rsin nπ
c) 4 = nr2 tan nπ
d) 4 = 12 nR2 sin nπ

problems.
1. Carnot’s Theorem. In any triangle A1 A2 A3 , the sum of the distances
(suitably signed) from the circumcenter O to the sides, is R + r, the sum
of the circumradius and the inradius: OO1 + OO2 + OO3 = R + r.

2. Let a convex polygon, which is inscribed in a circle, be triangulated by

drawing all the diagonals from one of the vertices, and let the inscribed
circle be drawn in each of the triangles. Then the sum of the radii of all
these circles is a constant which is independent of which vertex is used to
form the triangulation.

3. A 100 sided polygon has 30 points in the interior such that no three of
these 130 points are collinear. this polygon is to be cut into triangles with
all vertices from these 130 points . How many triangles will be formed?

4. Prove that the sum of angles at rays of any (nonregular) five-angled star
is equal to 180◦ .
5. If the area of the circle is A1 and the area of the pentagon inscibed inside
is A2 find the ratio A1 : A2

10
 6. Prove that the area of a regular polygon of 2n sides inscribed in a circle is
the geometric mean of the areas of the inscribed and circumscribed poly-
gons of n sides.

Basic identities
1. sin (A ± B) = sin A ·cosB ± cosA ·sinB

2. cos (A ± B) = cos A· cosB ∓ sin A ·sinB

tan A± tanB
3. tan (A ± B) = 1∓ tan A· tanB
2tan A
4. sin2A= 2sin A ·cosA = 1+tan A
2

1−tan A
2
5. cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A = 2cos2 A − 1 = 1 − 2sin2 A = 1+tan A
2

2tan A
6. tan 2A = 1−tan A
2

7. sinC+ sin D =2 sin C+D C−D

2 ·cos 2

8. sinC- sin D =2 sin ·cos C+D

C−D



2 2

9. cosC+ cos D =2 cos C+D ·cos C−D

2 2

10. cosC- cos D =(−)2 sin C+D ·sin C−D =2sin C+D D−C





2 2 2 · sin 2

11. 2sin A· cos B= sin (A + B) + sin (A − B)

12. 2cos A· sin B= sin (A + B) − sin (A − B)
13. 2cos A· cos B= cos (A + B) + cos (A − B)

14. 2sin A· sin B= cos (A − B) − cos (A + B)

11
Properties of triangle
9.0.1 Identities in triangle
In triangle A + B + C = π , hence,
1. sin (A + B) = sin C, sin (B + C) = sin A, sin (C + A) = sin B
2. cos (A + B) = (−) cos C, cos (B + C) = (−) cos A,cos (C + A) = (−)
cos B

3. tan (A + B) = (−) tan C, tan (B + C) = (−) tan A,tan (C + A) = (−)

tan B
4. sin A+B = cos C2 , sin B+C = cos A2 , sin C+A = cos B2




2 2 2

5. cos A+B = sin C2 , cos B+C = sin A2 , cos C+A = sin B2

2 2 2

6. tan A+B = cot C2 , tan B+C = cot A2 , tan C+A = cot B2

2 2 2
q q q
7. sin A2 = (s−b)(s−c)
bc , cos A
2 = (s)(s−a)
bc , tan A
2 = (s−b)(s−c)
s(s−a) ,

8. a) sinA + sinB + sinC = 4cos A2 cos B2 cos C2

b) sinA + sinB − sinC = 4sin A2 sin B2 cos C2
c) cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4sin A2 sin B2 sin C2 = 1 + r
R
d) cosA + cosB − cosC = −1 + 4cos A2 cos B2 sin C2
9. a) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA · sinB · sinC
b) sin2A + sin2B − sin2C = 4 cosA · cosB · sinC
c) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = −1 − 4cosA · cosB · cosC
d) cos 2A + cos 2B − cos 2C = 1 − 4 sinA · sinB · sinC

10. a) cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1 − 2cosA · cosB · cosC

b) cos2 A + cos2 B − cos2 C = −1 + 2cosA · cosB · cosC
c) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2 + 2cosA · cosB · cosC
d) sin2 A + sin2 B − sin2 C = 2 sinA · sinB · sinC

9.0.2 Special Properties of tan

These are valid for any A + B + C = nπ

1. tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA · tanB · tanC

2. tan A2 · tan B2 + tan C2 · tan A2 + tan B2 · tan C2 = 1
3. cotA · cotB + cot B · cotC + cot C · cot A = 1

4. cot A2 + cot B2 + cot C2 = cot A2 · cot B2 · cot C2

12
Problems
1. Let a, b, c be real number, all different from −1 and 1 such that a + b + c =
abc Prove that 1−a a
2 + 1−b2 + 1−c2 = (1−a2 )(1−b2 )(1−c2 ) .
b c 4abc

2. Let x, y, z be real numbers each of whose absolute value is different from

3 3 3
√1 such that x + y + z = xyz . Prove that 3x−x2 + 3y−y2 + 3z−z 2 =
3 1−3x 1−3y 1−3z
3x−x3 3y−y 3 3z−z 3
1−3x2 · 1−3y 2 · 1−3z 2

3. In triangle ABC , the incircle touches sides BC, CA, AB at points P, Q, R

respectively. Let r1 , r2 , r3 be in-radii of @ARIQ, @BP IR, @CQIP respec-
tively, then, prove that
r1 r2 r3 r1 r2 r3
+ + = .
r − r1 r − r2 r − r3 r − r1 r − r2 r − r3

4. If x, y, z be the distances of the vertices of 4ABC respectively from the

orthocenter, then, prove that xa + yb + zc = xyz
abc

13