MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

2024-26

SEM1

1.ANTENNA

U1. Antennas: Review of Basic Fundamental Concepts of antenna and its parameters such as: Radiation
intensity, Directive gain, Directivity, Power gain, Beam Width, Band Width, Gain and radiation pattern
from simple dipole and aperture, horn antenna, microstrip antenna, parabolic disc antenna, Antenna by
biomedical applications

U2. Concept of antenna arrays, end fire and broadside arrays, Expression for electric field from two and
three element Arrays. Uniform linear array. Method ofmultiplication.
Binomial/Tchebychev/Taylor/Bayliss array. Use of method of images for antennas above ground

U3. Microstrip Antenna design: Basic characteristics of microstrip antennas, feeding methods, methods
of analysis, design of rectangular patch antenna and its analysis.

U4. Basic Concepts of Smart Antennas: Concept and benefits of smart antennas, fixed weight beam
forming basics, Adaptive beam forming.

U5. Antenna Measurements: return-loss measurement, Antenna Ranges, Radiation Patterns, Gain
Measurements, Directivity Measurements, Radiation Efficiency measurement, Impedance
Measurements, Current Measurements, Polarization Measurements.

2. OPTICAL COMMUNICATION:

U1. Introduction to ray theory of light, wave theory of light; review of optical sources, fibers and
detectors.

U2. Optical Coherent Transmission Systems, Optical signalling schemes viz. IM, PL, PCM, PCM/PL, digital
PPM, PRM etc. Optical Line coding schemes

U3. Receiver configurations-Direct Detection, Homodyne and Heterodyne.

U4. Noise sources in optical communication-modal noise, speckle noise, shot noise, phase noise, thermal
noise, Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculation; optimization of SNR; MDP and NEP; photon counter,
receiver limits; Performance evaluation of optical receiver for various modulation and demodulation
schemes and their comparative study

U5. Optical Amplifiers, WDM Systems, Radio over Fiber Systems

U6. Optical fiber link design – splicers, couplers, power budget, time budget and maximum link length
calculation.

3. SEMICONDUCTOR OPTOELECTRONICS
1. Fundamentals of semiconductor device physics, Energy bands in solids, the E-k diagram, Density of
states, Occupation probability, p-n junctions, Semiconductor optoelectronic materials, Bandgap
modification.

2. Fundamentals of optical interband transitions in semiconductors, Rates of emission and absorption,

Spontaneous emissions, Stimulated emission, Absorption

3. Optical sources (LED and LASER): Radiation and amplification, optical gain, basic structure, working
principles and device characteristics, quantum efficiency. Quantum-well lasers; DFB-, DBR- and vertical-
cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs)

4. Optical detectors (PIN and APD): Device structure, working principles and spectral characteristics,
speed of operation, noise, responsivity

5. Optical Amplifiers (EDFA, SOA), Electro-optic modulators

4. MICROWAVE:

1. Review of basic microwave theory: Transmission lines and wave guides, concepts of characteristics
impedance, reflection coefficient, standing and propagating waves, equivalent circuit. Smith chart.

2. Network analysis: Z, ABCD, Y, T, S-parameters, Impedance matching technique, Implementation using

simulators. Planar transmission lines and wave guides

3. Filters lumped as well as distributed element realization, Implementation using simulators. Direction
couplers and Power divider.

4. Familiarization of photolithography process, mask making using intellectual and measurement using
Network Analyzer in the laboratory classes.

5. Design, optimization, fabrication and testing of planar components and determining equivalent
circuits. Manufacturing waveguide, milling machine (CNC), 3D printing, metal coating.

5. SEMICONDUCTOR MICROWAVE DEVICES:

1. Physical properties of semiconductors, the p-n Junction: built in potential, depletion width, junction
capacitances and field distribution, Schottky Contact: barrier voltage, junction capacitance and depletion
width.

2. Microwave diodes (construction, working and their applications): PIN diode, Schottky diode, Varactor
diode, Step recovery diode, Point contact diode, IMPATT diode, Tunnel diode, GUNN diode

3. Microwave Bipolar junction transistors and Field effect transistors: construction, functionality,
frequency response, temperature behaviour, limiting values and noise performance, (HEMTs): Physical
Structure, Operational Mechanism, Performance Characteristics, Transistors (MOSFETs): Physical
Structure, Electronic Mechanism, Modes of Operation. HBT and MESFET
4. Active RF component modelling: Diode linear and non-linear models, BJT and FET small and large
signal models, measurement of DC and AC parameters of BJT and FET, S-parameters device
characterization

6. MICROWAVE MEASUREMENT:

1. Introduction Radio Frequency Band, microwave and millimeter wave, Power Measurement, Different
Technique to measure frequency

2. Vector Network Analyzer (VNA): Concept of vector network analyzer, Basic block diagram of vector
network analyzer (VNA), Application of vector network analyzers. Scalar Network Analyzer (SNA):
Definition of network analyzer, Difference between SNA&VNA, Basic block diagram Scalar Network
Analyzer, TDR VNA Calibration, Error calculation/ correction (calibration), Wave guide based VNA
calibration

3. Spectrum Analyzer: Basic block diagram of a spectrum analyzer, functions & applications of a spectrum
analyzer.

4. Noise Measurement: Noise Measurement Basics, Phase Noise Measurement Techniques

Microwave Signal Generation: Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) and PLL-Based Synthesizers

Antenna measurement Techniques: Near-field and far-field measurement, Simulated far field.

SEM2.

1. OPTICAL ELECTRONICS:

U1 : Basics of Electromagnetic Theory, Maxwell's equations, Light propagation in Anisotropic Media,

Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction

U2: Optical Fiber Waveguides: Modal Analysis, Vector Modes, Dispersion

U3. Optical Resonators, Laser Systems, Detection Systems, Noise in Optical Generation and Detection

U4. Electro-Optic Modulation of Laser Beams: Phase and Amplitude Modulation, Modulator Design,
Transit time Limitations, Design Considerations, Electro-optic switches

U5: Acousto-optic Modulation of Laser Beams: Raman Nath and Bragg Diffraction, Acousto-Optic
Modulators, Acousto-Optic Deflectors, Acousto-Optic Spectrum Analyzers
U6: Non-linear effects: Second Harmonic Generation, Parametric Oscillation, Self phase modulation and
Soliton formation.

2. . MICROWAVE ACTIVE CIRCUITS:

U1: Basic introduction of Microwave circuits: Design and analysis of microwave phase shifters, switches
and attenuator.
U2: Microwave Amplifier design and analysis: RF amplifiers- low noise, maximum gain, stability, matching
circuits, travelling wave amplifiers. Power amplifiers- Efficiency, CAD, device modelling, measurement.

U3: Analysis and design of microwave mixers. Single ended, balanced, double balanced, different
configurations for microstrip, waveguide etc., noise properties, simulation using harmonic balance.

U4: Oscillators: various configurations depending on active device, stability and noise, resonators, VCO,
transient analysis using SPICE, harmonic balance analysis, frequency synthesis using DDS, PLL.

3. ELECTIVE SUBJECT 1
4. ELECTIVE SUBJECT 2

SEM3: MINOR PROJECT

SEM4: MAJOR PROJECT