Background Paper1

Roundtable 1 :
The impact of climate change on human mobility: preventive action,
humanitarian action and development

Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 2
2. Key issues – Setting the scene ............................................................................. 2
3. Main policy considerations ................................................................................. 6
4. Ideas for action: Enhancing regular migration pathways and climate-resilient
development .................................................................................................... 9
5. Three guiding questions for the GRT-debate...................................................... 14
6. Annexes ........................................................................................................... 14

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This background paper outlines discussion areas for the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) Round Table
One (RT1) – The impact of climate change on human mobility: preventive action, humanitarian action and development. It
has been written in consultation with members of RT1 by the International Organization for Migration (Ileana-Sinziana
Puscas as penholder), under the leadership of the co-chairs Argentina, Fiji (Anare Leweniqila), and the GFMD Civil Society
Mechanism (Colin Rajah, Elana Wong). Please note that the content of this paper does not necessarily reflect the views and
official positions of the penholder, the GFMD Chair or the governments or international organizations involved in the GFMD
process.
Contributors (40): (Government of) Australia, (Government of) Belgium, Camões - Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua,
(Government of) Canada, (Government of) Ecuador, European Commission, FAO, (Government of) France, GFMD Business
Mechanism, GFMD Civil Society Mechanism, GFMD Mayors Mechanism, (Government of) Canada, Global Research Forum
on Diaspora and Transnationalism (GRFDT), (Government of) Guatemala, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC),
IOE, UN International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), ILO, IOM, Migration Youth and Children Platform (MYCP),
Mixed Migration Centre (MMC), OECD, Platform on Disaster Displacement (PDD), Secours Catholique - Caritas France,
Secours Islamic, (Government of) Switzerland, Solidarity Centre, International Trade Union Federation (ITUC), Pacific Islands
Association of NGOs (PIANGO), The Populace Foundation International (TPFI), (Government of) Türkiye, (Government of)
United Kingdom, UNDP, UNFPA, UNHCR, (Government of) Unites States, Welcoming America (Welcoming International
initiative), Women in Migration Network (WIMN), (Government of) Zimbabwe.

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1. Introduction
Human mobility has always been linked to the environment. From pastoralists traveling with their
cattle to better pastures, to people displaced by disasters, the environment has played a role in the
decision of people to migrate for centuries. However, climate change is unequivocally exacerbating
the frequency and intensity of both slow and sudden-onset events and processes, threatening
sustainable development gains and influencing the patterns of human mobility across the world.

As reiterated in the 6th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
our window for decisive action is narrow if we want to secure a livable and sustainable future for all.
Migration has the potential to play an important role in offering people an adaptation strategy to
climate change whilst achieving sustainable economic growth.

The success of migration as adaptation is contingent on safe and regular migration pathways and
climate-resilient development. Underpinning this is adequate data as well as enhanced financial
resources in order to respond to the scale and urgency of needs. The implementation of the Global
Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, along with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development, the UN Framework Convention for Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, and the
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, is pivotal in order to address the human mobility in the
context of disasters, climate change and environmental degradation.

This paper supports the 2024 Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) Summit
Roundtable 1 discussions on human mobility in the context of disasters, climate change and
environmental degradation. It builds on the evolution of this topic in the GFMD, since its first edition
in 2007, as well as the plethora of related policy and research discussions (see annex on GFMD topic
history, and on a thematic bibliography). It was also informed by multiple consultations and written
inputs within the 2022-2024 GFMD process (November 2022, April 2023, October 2023) and two
GFMD thematic workshops on "The Impact of Climate Change on Labour Migration" (29 March 2023),
and on "Climate and Human Mobility" (28 June 2023) (see annex on summaries of GFMD conclusions).

2. Key issues – Setting the scene

People have always moved in the context of the environment; however, the impacts of climate change
on human mobility are a growing and documented reality all over the world. The IPCC explained in its
first report in 1990, and reaffirmed in its latest 2022 report, that climate change acts as a risk
multiplier, increasing the intensity and frequency of sudden and slow onset disasters and interacting
with other social and economic factors, shaping human mobility.

The Synthesis Report of the Global Stocktake of the Paris Agreement (2023) shows that the world is
behind on limiting warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. As temperature changes affect
agriculture productivity, and rising sea-levels render territories unhabitable, already vulnerable
communities will be increasingly under threat, such as the particular risks to small island states (IPCC
1.5 Report). This will see more communities already affected today reach the hard limits of adaptation
within their lifetime.

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The Complex Links Between Displacement, Migration and Planned Relocation and Disasters, Climate Change
and Environmental Degradation

Durable, rights-based and long-term solutions for internally displaced persons (IDP) remain
important to development efforts. Some 8.7 million IDPs were in protracted disaster displacement at
the end of 2022, while 2022 saw 32.6 million displacements in the context of disasters (IDMC 2023).
On average, between 2008 and 2022, some 25 million new internal disaster displacements took place
per year (IDMC, 2023). Internal movements are set to increase in the current context. Projections
suggest that by 2050, 216 million people could become internal climate related migrants in six regions
of the world (World Bank 2022). This number could be reduced by as much as 40 per cent, to 86
million, if accelerated climate and development action is taken (World Bank 2022).

Planned relocation strategies, when utilized, are only sustainable when proactively developed
together with affected communities and understood as a measure of last resort. These have become
more prominent options, with recent research identifying planned relocation cases spanning all
inhabited regions and occurring in 75 countries and territories (PDD 2021, IOM 2021). Governments
may undertake relocation as an anticipatory measure where hazards threaten to render certain areas
unhabitable, thus reducing the risk of disasters. Whilst this may also serve as an effective adaptation
strategy, it can only achieve desirable outcomes if designed and implemented in close consultation
and partnership with affected communities, with respect to their livelihoods and socio-cultural
priorities.

Labour migration is important in building climate resilience for both states and communities and in
helping them adapt. Labour migration enables people affected by climate change impacts to diversify
income sources and strengthen their resilience. For this, skilled workers are needed, and studies show
that the demand for green talent is outstripping supply. This green skills gap exists at all skills levels
and plagues employers in every region of the world. Efforts need to be directed towards better
anticipating skills needed for the just transition and capacitating workers with such skills.

Remittances and diaspora investments can also support the resilience of both home and host
communities. Recent research indicates that remittance-receiving families are more likely to adopt
strategies that promote climate resilience in farm and non-farm activities (IFAD 2020, IFAD 2022).
These range from the diversification of productive activities to the increased use of financial services.
However, for such positive impacts to be felt, labour migration must take place through regular and
rights-based pathways ensuring fair recruitment and decent work for migrant workers.

Migration, if safe and regular, has the potential to play an important role in the efforts to move
towards economically sustainable growth, and support the just transition. A just transition can be
understood as a process that “promotes environmentally sustainable economies in a way that is inclusive,
by creating decent work opportunities, reducing inequality and by leaving no one behind” (ILC.111/Record
No. 7A)). Climate change affects markets and skill needs, impacting the stability of employment for
today’s youth and future generations. A lack of social dialogue between governments, employers and
workers in developing labour migration pathways as well as the compounding effects of rigid labour
markets, skills shortages, lack of skill recognition, and a shrinking workforce in many countries, pose

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challenges to the just transition. Partnerships and multi-stakeholder collaboration could thus be
crucial in developing labour and employment- resilience.

Further attention has been called for pastoralism and other resource-based adaptive strategies.
Pastoralism remains one of the most resource-based adaptive strategies and can be found on all
continents from the drylands of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to the highlands of Asia and Latin
America. However, environmental changes undermine usual patterns of livelihood-dependent
pastoralist mobility (IOM 2019). As pastoralists have limited options for and access to income
diversification, their vulnerability to climate change and intercommunal conflict has increased over
the past years.

Structural Factors Play a Role in the Mobility-Environment Nexus

Climate change impacts are accelerating existing trends of urbanization, i.e. rural to urban migration.
People moving in the context of the adverse effects of climate change mainly settle in cities, which
are already the primary destination of international and internal migrants, and home to 70 per cent
of the world’s refugees, internally displaced persons, and stateless people (MMC 2022). For example,
in Freetown, the population might double over the next ten years, in great part due to climate-induced
migration from rural areas of Sierra Leone; Dhaka North already welcomes almost 2,000 people every
day, largely due to climate events that hit other regions of Bangladesh; whilst in Latin America, climate
change alone could drive more than 10 million people to Mexican and Central American cities by 2050
(MMC 2022). As the world population will continue to urbanize over the next three decades to a
projected 68 per cent in 2050 (UN Habitat), populations will be further exposed to higher disaster risk
and thus displacement. Nearly 84 per cent of the fastest growing cities face extreme disaster risks; the
vast majority of which are in Asia and Africa (UNDP). Many high-risk cities are not only located in
challenging development contexts, such as least developed countries, low-income countries and Small
Island Developing States, but also face considerable governance deficits and resource constraints.

Human insecurity, including the destruction of livelihoods, compromise of culture and identity, and
increased displacement is and will continue to be a major challenge to the ability of states to provide
stable conditions (IPCC 2014). For example, sea-level rise, coastal erosion and ocean acidification,
amongst others, are existential threats for some island States, threatening their populations with
displacement and potential statelessness. Such phenomena might also lead to new or reignited
disputes over territorial and maritime claims. In situations already affected by conflict or fragile
contexts, climate change is also exacerbating risks of instability.

In addition, food security is intrinsically linked to the environment and to migration, being both a
cause and an effect. Food insecurity in 2022 was aggravated globally by the joint impacts of conflict,
disasters and displacement (IDMC 2023). Communities dependent on climate-sensitive livelihoods for
food and income, mostly in rural settings, are particularly vulnerable to this, such as in East and Horn
of Africa. Livelihoods are also affected indirectly, as enterprises in key sectors of the economy are
impacted by the adverse effects of climate change. The sustainability of enterprises is central to
ensuring the viability of local economies challenged by climate change and key to meeting the labour
market demands and skills urgently required for the just transition. Ensuring a proper enabling
environment for businesses, especially small and medium enterprises (SMEs), can facilitate,

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accelerate, and incentivize resilient and sustainable enterprises to remain at home. It will also
facilitate the production of green goods and technologies.

The compounded effects of climate change and human mobility on health are often dramatic for
the population on the move, while bringing along both opportunities and challenges for host
communities. Climate change is the biggest global health threat as it affects health directly through
heat waves, droughts and heavy storms, and indirectly through increased propagation of vector- and
water-borne diseases, food and water insecurity and undernutrition.

Women, children, youth, Indigenous Peoples, older persons, persons with disabilities, and members
of the LGBTQIA+ community are disproportionately affected by the adverse effects of climate change
through the deepening of pre-existing situations of vulnerability and marginalization. For both those
who remain and those who move, different levels of access to information, resources and
opportunities before, during and after moving continues to exacerbate inequalities and
disproportionate risk. For example, women may face a plethora of overburdening factors resulting
from the lack of social and legal protection, which in turn intensifies the gendered experiences of
poverty, discrimination and inequality. Many representatives of these communities are agents of
change, yet still remain unrecognized for their roles, and lack access to safe and inter-sectionally-
sensitive resources. For example, involving Indigenous youth directly in designing and implementing
climate resilience and adaptation strategies, and acknowledging their traditional knowledge and
sustainable practices can prove critical in addressing climate change.

Data and Evidence on the Mobility-Environment Nexus has Limitations and Needs to be Strengthened

Several gaps remain in our knowledge on human mobility in the context of disasters, climate change
and environmental degradation, which are important for both policy planning and operational
response. They mainly stem from a lack of standardised data collection and analysis on human
mobility, coordination challenges between migration and environment actors, and the complexity of
multi-causal phenomenon like human mobility, and climate change. The above trends show the
evolution of research on this topic, but also that more and better data and evidence on this topic is
needed.

Firstly, robust data on the scale, duration, and severity of current human mobility in the context of
disasters, climate change and environmental degradation is needed. In particular, we need to better
understand the impact of displacement on development gains and trajectories of affected countries
and the conditions and criteria to determine if someone has sustainably benefited from durable
solutions. We also need to better assess the impacts of slow-onset processes on human mobility,
including for rural livelihoods, and identify losses and damages associated with such movements. We
are also in need of more data on the impact of climate change prior to, during and following migration
on the lives of women, children, youth, older people, persons with disabilities, members of the
LGBTQI+ community, and on people already experiencing displacement such as refugees and IDPs.

We also need to know more about the future human mobility patterns in the context of disasters,
climate change and environmental degradation. Current models trying to predict such movements
support some general statements on climate-related effects on human mobility (IOM 2023). However,

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a recent review of ‘climate mobility models’ indicates that results cannot yet reliably inform policy
decisions related to future migration, including for matters related to labour markets, regional
development, border policy, migrant protection and assistance (IOM 2023). To improve our
projections, we need to promote the development of models using state-of-the-art methods,
combined with standardised modelling protocols that account for the high complexity of migration
processes.

Evidence is needed on the impacts of regular migration pathways in the context of disasters, climate
change and environmental degradation. Information should be collected and analyzed on the types
of regular migration pathways and their impacts on development and rights, including impact to
reduce the risk of exploitation and human trafficking. It would be useful to assess the most strategic
migration corridors for opening safe, regular and orderly pathways in connection to the most affected
labour sectors and the most vulnerable regions to disasters, climate change and environmental
degradation. In addition, analysis of the engagement and contributions of migrants in the green
sectors and occupations as well as how climate mitigation efforts may affect future labour migration
flows, skills needs and migrant workers’ employment and working conditions, is also largely missing.

Finally, the need to better understand the profile of those on the move in the context of disasters,
climate change and environmental degradation is also increasing. This would allow immigration
offices to better assess migration flows and prepare migration legislation. Having more information
about the skills of migrants would also support ensuring their access into to the labour market.

3. Main policy considerations

Policy Development and Coherence Related to Regular Migration Pathways and Climate-Resilient
Development Has Progressed

With over 30 years of evidence, international policy is now acknowledging the links between human
mobility and the environment across the major policy sectors. The GFMD has discussed this topic since
its first edition in 2007 in Brussels, Belgium and has continued ever since, tackling the multiple facets
of human mobility linked to the environment and in a development context (IOM 2018, see textbox
in the Annex).

In the migration sector, the 2018 Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM), the
first ever international comprehensive migration governance framework, saw States commit to
address disasters, the adverse effects of climate change and environmental degradation as drivers of
migration (Objective 2) and to strengthen regular migration pathways in the context of both sudden
and slow onset events and processes (Objective 5). At the 2022 International Migration Review
Forum (IMRF), monitoring the progress made on the GCM, States reiterated these commitments and
acknowledged that accelerated action is needed to address climate change as a driver of migration,
to develop regular migration pathways, and to establish indicators of success towards this action.
States have also made commitments to implement the GCM in full coherence with the UN Framework
Convention for Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction, and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (Objective 23).

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Complementing the GCM, the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR), acknowledges that root causes of
refugee movements interact with environmental concerns around climate and disasters. This
emphasizes the need for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in refugee settings, in
addition to protection needs. In addition, the New Agenda for Peace (NAP) adopted in 2023
acknowledges the links between the climate emergency, instability and displacement. It calls for
climate-related investments in conflict contexts to reduce the exacerbating effects of climate change.

The UN Secretary General’s Action Agenda on Internal Displacement aims to better resolve, prevent
and address internal displacement crises, including in the context of disasters and climate change. It
takes an integrated approach, combining development, peacebuilding, human rights, climate action
and disaster risk reduction efforts. The priority on preventing and resolving displacement through
development efforts is of particular interest for GFMD.

In the environmental sector, the adoption of the 2015 Paris Agreement under UNFCCC was a historical
step for decarbonization and the first climate agreement to acknowledge the human rights of
migrants. Three years later in 2018, UNFCCC Parties went a step further and welcomed the Task Force
on Displacement recommendations for integrated approaches to avert, minimize and address
displacement related to the adverse impacts of climate change. At the 27th Conference of the Parties
(COP27) to the UNFCCC in 2022, Parties took decisions on several areas relevant to human mobility
(implementation, loss and damage, adaptation, financing). In particular, the COP27 decision to
establish funding arrangements for responding to loss and damage associated with the adverse effects
of climate change, including a focus on addressing loss and damage, coupled with the historical COP28
decision on the operationalization of the new funding arrangements for responding to loss and damage
and the fund, has created a potential opportunity to support more adequate and predictable climate
finance for human mobility.

In addition, at the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 15th Conference of the Parties
(COP15), States re-acknowledged desertification, land degradation and drought as a driver of forced
migration and decided to address the drivers of migration via sustainable land management, land
restoration as well as green jobs and livelihoods for vulnerable populations.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction acknowledges displacement as a consequence of
disasters and calls for people-centered DRR approaches. The 2022 Global Platform for Disaster Risk
Reduction (GP22/GPDRR), the forum monitoring the implementation of the Sendai Framework,
reiterated this and recommended addressing displacement risk and including it in disaster risk
reduction policies and strategies.

The New Urban Agenda (2017) recognizes the role of migrants in urban economies and the challenges
that climate change poses for cities. It calls for respecting the human rights of migrants, refugees, and
IDPs and supports access to climate finance for cities to support urban climate action, which can
improve conditions for people on the move in cities.

Overarching all these is the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), which establish the principle of leaving no one behind. The links between
mobility and the environment are not directly addressed by the SDGs. Nevertheless, several SDGs are

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relevant to the topic: SDG 8 (on decent work and economic growth), SDG 10 (on reduced inequalities)
and, more specifically, SDG Target 10.7 (on facilitating orderly, safe, and responsible migration and
mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration
policies), SDG 11 (on sustainable cities and communities), SDG 13 (on climate action), and SDG 17 (on
partnerships for the SDGs).

At the regional level, policy progress has been made too. Notably, the Pacific Regional Framework on
Climate Mobility, the Kampala Ministerial Declaration on Migration, Environment and Climate Change
for East and Horn of Africa States, the European Union Working Document on Addressing
displacement and migration related to disasters, climate change and environmental degradation, and
the Americas Regional Guidelines in Central America and South America, respectively, are some of
the most advanced. Regional free movement policies are also increasingly adapted to respond to
population movements in the context of disasters, climate change and environmental degradation,
such as the newly developed IGAD Free Movement Protocol, while others have been used for decades
in this context, such as the ECOWAS, EU or the Central America-4 free movement agreements. In
addition, policies to manage transhumant pastoralism are in place in certain regions already, such as
ECOWAS and IGAD, contributing to food security, sustainable livelihoods and economic development
in the context of the environment.

At the national level, countries have addressed the mobility-environment nexus in various policies
and legal frameworks, including on migration, internally displaced persons, climate change, disaster
risk reduction and development.

When it comes to regular migration pathways, for example, Italy, Switzerland and the United States
developed temporary protection status for people facing disasters in their home country. Other
countries are considering extending existing labour migration schemes for circular and seasonal
migration in the context of disasters and climate change too, such as in the Pacific between Tuvalu
and Australia. Several countries have also developed dedicated policies to human mobility and the
environment, such as Fiji and the Solomon Islands for planned relocation, or Bangladesh and Vanuatu
for internal disaster displacement management, or Argentina and Brazil’s humanitarian visa for
specific country nationals displaced by disasters. Some countries have also developed and
implemented measures for migrants caught in disasters, in line with the Guidelines to Protect
Migrants in Countries Experiencing Conflict or Natural Disaster (MICIC Guidelines).

Several other processes are ongoing at all levels, such as the Colombia draft law on climate migration,
the expansion of the Kampala Declaration to the African continent, the International Court of Justice
Advisory Opinion on States’ obligations concerning climate change, the Inter-American Court of
Human Rights advisory opinion on the scope of the state obligations for responding to the climate
emergency, including its impacts on human mobility, or the MERCOSUR regional binding normative in
discussion about disaster displacement.

In terms of climate-resilient development, multiple countries have integrated migration

considerations in their national climate change policies (NAPs, NDCs), such as the Fiji, Ethiopia, and
Guatemala NAPs and the Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, and Zimbabwe NDCs; or in their disaster risk
reduction plans and strategies. Multiple national development plans are also considering the

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implications of human mobility linked to the environment, including the climate prosperity plans of
Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, through the Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF). In other countries, migrants
are driving climate action, such as returning migrants working in agroecology and agroforestry in
Senegal (IOM, 2023c), and displaced persons in Cameroon and Central African Republic engaging in
sustainable land and agro-pastoral management (I Yeke Oko Project).

All in all, as highlighted by a recent review of existing instruments addressing human mobility in the
context of disasters, climate change and environmental degradation, policy development can be
identified, but it is uneven across countries and regions and most of it has focused on addressing
drivers than on facilitating human mobility i.e. regular pathways (PDD IOM, 2022). It also highlighted
that the transition from policy development to implementation is only in the beginning, and more
efforts need to be directed towards action. There is a clear need to enhance the availability and
flexibility of pathways in areas and regions already facing the limits of adaptation.

Finally, policy coherence is progressing too. The CLIMB Database on Human Mobility in the Context
of Disasters, Climate Change and Environmental Degradation (UNNM, 2023), compiles over 1578
national policy instruments in 172 countries and over 230 bilateral and/or regional policy instruments
between 140s and 2022 across sectors of human mobility, disasters, climate change and sustainable
development. This database shows the increasingly higher extent of references and provisions to the
distinct dimensions of human mobility in the context of disasters, climate change, and environmental
degradation in existing and diverse policies.

But more can be done to further strengthen policy coherence. There are opportunities in this regard
for GFMD Member States to take advantage of, including to: contribute to the GCM regional reviews
in 2024 and build upon the 2023 Global Refugee Forum outcomes; build upon the UNFCCC COP28 key
decisions related to loss and damage, the Global Goal on Adaptation and the Global Stocktake of the
Paris Agreement, and contribute to UNFCCC COP29; and contribute to the Summit of the Future, the
Sixteenth session of UNCCD Conference of the Parties (COP 16) in Riyadh, the 8th Session of the Global
Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, as well as the Fifth UN World Data Forum, all in 2024.

4. Ideas for action: Enhancing regular migration pathways and climate-resilient

development
In line with the key facts and figures presented and the policy development to date, two major
priorities emerge: the need for further inclusive policy development and implementation on regular
migration pathways and climate-resilient development. These priorities are contingent on resolving
some of the data and evidence gaps mentioned above as well as on new, additional, predictable and
adequate financial resources.

Policy Development and Implementation on Regular Migration Pathways and Climate-Resilient

Development Need to be Accelerated to Meet the Scale of Needs

The GCM has seen States commit to ensure the protection of migrants and their rights via pathways
for regular migration, including new and expanded regular pathways to admission and stay. Many
migrants lack access to regular migration options, but are compelled to leave their countries of origin

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due to disasters, the adverse effects of climate change and environmental degradation as well as lack
of access to rights, separation from families, gender-based violence and inequalities. With the
increasing adverse effects of climate change and environmental degradation adding on to the existing
impacts of natural hazards, more people could find themselves compelled to leave their home and
thus, in need of safe and regular pathways.

As explained by the UN Network on Migration Guidance Note on Regular Pathways for Admission and
Stay for Migrants in Situations of Vulnerability (2021) and building on GFMD conclusions, “providing
migrants with access to entry and/or residence through regular channels reduces their need to move,
live and work in unsafe circumstances. Regular pathways contribute to reducing the risk of migrants
becoming vulnerable to sexual and gender-based violence, abuse, exploitation and exclusion, and
ensure the protection of their human rights, including labour rights, decent work and social
protection, and access to services while facilitating integration into the community of the destination
country. Pathways for regular migration also benefit all countries, helping them to build strong
communities, contributing to sustainable development, responding to labour market needs,
strengthening their capacity to identify who enters, transits through and remains in the territory, as
well as supporting the rule of law by reducing human trafficking and other exploitation, and curbing
migrant smuggling across their borders. (…) Expanding the availability of accessible pathways for
admission and stay on the basis of labour migration, family reunification, education and other
considerations and working towards their long-term sustainability is an effective means to prevent
migrants from entering into situations of vulnerability,” including due to disasters, the adverse effects
of climate change and environmental degradation.

As such, States should develop and strengthen existing local, national and regional practices for
admission and stay based on compassionate, humanitarian, and rights-based considerations.
Regular migration pathways are legal, policy and/or administrative mechanisms that provide for
regular travel, admission and/or stay in the territory of a State (regardless of whether the initial entry
was regular and/or temporary) (UNNM, 2021). These include: medium to long-term labour migration
schemes with pathways to permanency, temporary or permanent residence and work permits,
transhumance/pastoralism certificates, free movement agreements, temporary protection statuses,
long-term humanitarian visas, student and family reunification visas, private sponsorship, non-return
policies in the context of sudden-onset disasters, and adjustment, extension or regularization of
migration status. Planned relocation processes and planned evacuations, if based on human rights
and designed jointly with the communities, are also considered by some as a regular way of moving
people living in at-risk areas.

Regular migration pathways must be inclusive and rights-based in order to avoid further
vulnerabilities and marginalisation. Temporary labour migration schemes can be highly exploitative
of workers, putting them in situations of vulnerability, including human smuggling and trafficking and
risking mal-adaptation. Therefore, decent work should be the driving principle for regular migration
and development. Such safe and regular pathways should also be aligned with strategies to fill labour
and skills shortages that are urgently required to speed up the just transition, including at the local
level. What is more, pathways for regular migration should also consider people’s ties to their
ancestral homelands and allow people to move temporarily, repeatedly, between home and

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destination communities. In the context of climate change increasingly rendering parts of the world
unhabitable, regular migration pathways should also facilitate permanent solutions.

The 2022 Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC identifies “Climate
Resilient Development to have a crucial role in merging the different strings into future-oriented and
progressive scenarios for sustainable development”. “[The approach] aims at integrating adaptation
measures and their respective enabling conditions with mitigation practices in a way that incorporates
the co-dependence of people and ecosystems on local scale levels whilst simultaneously advancing
ecosystem functions at a planetary scale. IPCC thus stresses the importance of including questions of
equity and emphasizes the need for various system transitions in land, ocean, ecosystems, urban and
infrastructure, energy, industry, and society. Most importantly, the report stresses the inextricable
interdependency of human, ecosystem, and planetary health and argues that action must be taken on
many levels at once to succeed. [The] climate-resilient development pathways are concrete
development trajectories for action that fruitfully merge the mitigation and adaptation practices to
achieve sustainable and equitable development for all” (IPCC, 2022; IOM, 2023).

Most notably, Chapter 18 of this IPCC report addresses human mobility in the context of climate
change. It refers to examples of displacement, pastoralism, labour migration, and planned relocation.
For example, in small islands, labour migration is increasingly recognized as a significant factor that
can contribute to climate-resilient development pathways (Schipper et al. 2022:31). The chapter also
recognises that the “low-cost adaptation to saline ingress [e.g., salt-tolerant rice varieties], that
increase food productivity and reduces the risk of outmigration for this vulnerable agricultural region
(Schipper et al. 2022:47)”.

Therefore, it is essential that migrants and the potential movement of people are further integrated
in national climate change plans, including NAPs and NDCs, national disaster risk reduction strategies,
national development plans, climate prosperity plans and nature-based solutions, and their
implementation. This would ensure that action can be taken to prevent, anticipate and respond to
needs, but also that migrants can act as actors of change, contributing to climate action and
sustainable development.

People on the move can boost global value chains and meet the needs for climate and development
finance (IOM, 2023a). They drive entrepreneurship, including sustainable enterprise development in
the context of a just transition, and bring knowledge and skills as well as innovation, social, and cultural
capital that they acquire and develop abroad or at home, and that is transferred to communities of
origin and destination. They contribute to building resilient and peaceful societies capable of adapting
to the impacts of climate change (IOM, 2023a; Migrants4Climate, 2023).

As such, the contribution of remittances to climate adaptation should be recognized, including as

catalysts of resilience. Remittances are already financing climate adaptation needs, and the demand
for climate adaptation and mitigation finance is on the rise as climate changes and its impact worsen.
Providing new options and incentives that could enable remittance families to more effectively build
resilience to climate-related shocks and economic and social fragility is therefore more important than
ever. The international community could also stimulate new strategies and initiatives to enhance the

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impact of remittances in support of families and rural communities affected by disasters and develop
specific products that can be used by remitters and their families.

What is more, diaspora investment for climate adaptation should be leveraged. Migrants’
investments can be – and in some cases are already – used by rural entrepreneurs to promote climate
adaptation solutions, thereby improving food and economic security, fostering the adoption of
sustainable agriculture, greater water efficiency, drought resilient crops and land restoration
practices, among other adaptive actions. Diaspora investors are often aware of changing conditions
facing agriculture and related activities and of the necessity to adapt to these changes, but they may
not be adequately informed about the opportunities to invest in climate adaptation and resilience
activities. Therefore, a better understanding of diaspora investments is needed as well as increasing
awareness on the importance and means to invest in climate adaptation strategies.

New, Additional, Predictable and Adequate Financial Resources are Urgently Needed for Tackling
Human Mobility Linked to the Environment

Despite the recognition of the links between human mobility and the environment and the
advancement of policy development, the current financial landscape is not aligned with the needs and
scale of present and projected human mobility in the context of disasters, climate change and
environmental degradation.

While solutions to human mobility linked to the environment are usually three-fold (i. migration
governance, ii. emergency preparedness and response, and iii. sustainable development and climate
action), financial support has mainly come from the migration and emergency field, with the climate
and development sources lagging behind. A 2018 study done by the Task Force on Displacement (TFD)
under the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage (WIM) showed that few of the
programmes funded by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) at the time were addressing human mobility. A
2020 analysis done by the UN SG’s High-Level Panel on Internal Displacement corroborates the same
finding. In 2023, the situation is similar, with most financial support for climate change-induced human
mobility coming outside of climate financing, as an analysis from the Migration Policy Institute (MPI)
shows.

The GCM/Migration Multi-Partner Trust Fund (M-MPTF) has already allocated resources to
programmes related to GCM Objectives 2 and 5 in the context of disasters, climate change and
environmental degradation. Whilst the Migration MPTF aims to continue investing in context of
disasters, climate change and environmental degradation, it remains the only pooled funding
instrument in the field of migration and there is a global lack of similar instruments.

This remains worrying as the global crisis response for human mobility is currently estimated by IOM
to be at USD 5.3 billion across 43 countries with 68.5 million people affected by multi-causal crises in
2023. The economic impact of internal displacement worldwide was estimated at more than USD 21
billion in 2021 by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). Both these figures include
both conflict and disasters settings, as there are no disaggregated figures available at time of writing.

Therefore, given the humanitarian and development financing gap, coupled with the ever-increasing
impacts of climate change on vulnerable populations, existing funding streams are not sufficient. If

12
the international community is to significantly work on regular migration pathways and climate-
resilient development, robust financial sources and mechanisms are required, including to:

• Make funds available and accessible directly to migrants, communities and local authorities,
and to the actors responding to the needs of countries and communities in the context of
human mobility linked to disasters, climate change and environmental degradation. In order
to reach the most vulnerable, funds need to be flexible, multi-year, and inclusive of grassroots
and ground-level realities.
• Strengthen responses, including national planning, that are inclusive of migrants and
displaced persons, to ensure access to relevant funding mechanisms for origin and host
countries and communities.
• Replenish and scale up existing funding arrangements, including through voluntary
contributions of Member States to the Migration MPTF, the Internal Displacement Solutions
Fund, and migration stakeholders; the climate funds: Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund,
Global Environmental Facility; and the Joint SDG MPTF, among others.
• Scale up climate financing to reach the annual USD 100 billion pledge with a balance between
adaptation and mitigation, to ensure at scale work towards climate resilient development,
adaptation and displacement prevention
• Ensure continuous funding for the newly operationalized fund and funding arrangements
on loss and damage, including to tackle human mobility in the context of climate change, in
line with the scope of the fund and funding arrangements.
• Integrate human mobility linked to the environment in the development financing reform
of Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), such as via the Bridgetown Initiative and through
new concessional lending for attaining the SDGs everywhere and building climate resilience
in climate-vulnerable countries.
• Integrate human mobility in the implementation of the Paris Pact for People and the Planet
(4P), such as in the private sector leveraging USD 100 billion of private money each year in
developing and emerging economies, and when increasing by USD 200 billion the MDBs'
lending capacity over the next ten years.

Funding going towards human mobility in the context of disasters, climate change and environmental
degradation should be new, additional, predictable and adequate, when possible. This means: i.
enhancing funding, its predictability and aligning funding priorities with countries’ needs; ii.
simplifying and streamlining processes and requirements for accessing climate financing; iii. ensuring
flexible eligibility criteria to overcome risk aversion that currently represents a barrier to the
availability of diverse funding for national and local response plans; and iv. encouraging diversification
of funding sources.

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5. Three guiding questions for the GRT-debate
1. What is needed to develop and ensure rights-based regular migration pathways in the context
of disasters, climate change and environmental degradation? What are some examples?
2. What are the main actions needed to accelerate inclusive, context-specific climate-resilient
development at local, national, regional and global levels for mobile and immobile
communities? What commitments have governments already made?
3. What mechanisms, including related to data and funding, need to be in place to support
stakeholders, including migrants themselves, to respond to the impacts of disasters, climate
change and environmental degradation on mobility?

6. Annexes
Annex 1 | GFMD – WORKSHOP ON LABOUR MIGRATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE (29 MARCH 2023)

Panel 1 key take-aways

o Shifting the narrative. The narrative around climate action should change from climate vulnerability to
climate prosperity. It is imperative to focus on the opportunities and the positive investments needed for
long-term development, while closing protection gaps experienced by migrants and displaced people.
More broadly, this workshop adopted a positive approach on labour migration, considered as a sustainable
development driver.

o Policy coherence across labour, migration and climate. Labour migration policies and programmes need
to be aligned with broader adaptation and just transition agendas. For example, Nationally Determined
Contributions and Climate Prosperity Plans should be consistent with migration policies, including with the
implementation of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. Livelihoods and skills are
common threads that can potentially tie these policy areas together.

o Protection. When people are compelled to move, they become more vulnerable to risks of forced labour,
indebtedness and human trafficking. It is necessary to guarantee minimum standards of protection in line
with international labour standards to ensure equal rights for all workers regardless of migratory status.
These should include protection in the workplace from climate-induced heat stress, rights to freedom of
association and collective bargaining. It is also key to provide reliable information throughout the migration
cycle from pre-departure to return.

o Permanent pathways. Most legal pathways available for climate-affected populations fall under
temporary protection regimes. This increases the risk of exploitation and the treatment of migrants as a
subclass of workers, limiting development outcomes. Permanent pathways allowing family reunification
can promote more resilient communities, facilitate socioeconomic integration, and harness a broad range
of benefits in terms of skills, intercultural dialogue, remittances, economic growth, etc. Besides creating
new pathways, existing ones could be expanded.

o Social dialogue. Meaningful consultations with a wide range of stakeholders including trade unions, the
private sector and migrants themselves are crucial. Moving out of silos, synergizing efforts and empowering
grassroots initiatives lead to a strong national ownership of responses. The important role of diasporas’

14
socio-economic and human capital in climate action is also largely untapped and should be actively
supported and promoted.

o Capacity development, data and financing. Increased cooperation is needed to develop userfriendly tools
to implement technical guidance on climate-related migration and displacement, such as those developed
by the UNFCCC Taskforce on Displacement. Quality data is also needed as a basis for any intervention and
the use of modern sources such as drone mapping technologies and satellites. The involvement of youth
in data collection should be explored. Pre-arranged financing mechanisms for climate-related human
mobility with a focus on slow onset events could be established, including in the loss and damage fund
created as an outcome of the UNFCCC Conference of Parties in Sharm el-Sheikh. o Addressing root causes.
Labour mobility is just one tool in the toolbox of climate adaptation. It is equally essential to provide
solutions for those who want to stay and more importantly, addressing root causes and inequalities to
make migration a choice instead of a necessity.

Panel 2 key take-aways

o Youth empowerment and diaspora engagement. Investing in green skills for young people and creating
decent jobs for them in countries of origin is of high importance. Without these, a lot of youth with green
skills move to countries where green transition is a priority, thereby contributing to brain drain. To mitigate
this, more countries like Argentina are attracting its diaspora to bring back new expertise and facilitate
technology transfers that could be instrumental in just transitions.

o Integrating humanitarian access and long-term sustainable development. Protection mechanisms for
migrants affected by climate change should include perspectives for longer term settlement and
socioeconomic integration to support wider sustainable development goals. The humanitarian visa in
Argentina shows how this approach can be implemented.

o Rights-based regular labour migration schemes. Growing demand for green talent to support just
transitions can be met by putting in place rights-based and targeted labour mobility schemes, bilateral
labour migration agreements, and regional migration schemes. This allows employers to benefit from
predictable and efficient mobility frameworks that foster intra-company transfers and respond to fast-
changing needs and business models. At the same time, international labour standards, including fair
recruitment policies should be mainstreamed to ensure respect for migrants’ fundamental human and
labour rights and guarantee migrant workers’ access to social protection.

o Skills recognition and development. Bilateral or regional labour migration agreements should include
qualifications and skills recognition and development (including technical and vocational education and
training) before and after departure in line with labour market demands. Migrants should enjoy accessible,
non-discriminatory and equal opportunities as nationals in terms of career progression and access to life-
long learning opportunities. This does not only empower and protect migrants, but also promotes green
transitions.

o Transition to formal employment. In many countries, including Bangladesh and cities like Accra, there is
heavy migrant presence in the informal economy. Migrants provide essential services, for instance in
health care, waste management, recycling, yet face exclusion from financial systems and social protection
frameworks, among others. This weakens their adaptative capacity. Upskilling and reskilling programmes

15
across all sectors and skill levels, as well as skills recognition of prior learning can help diversify employment
opportunities and contribute to the transition from informal to formal employment.

o Policy coherence and social dialogue. National labour migration and skills development policies should
be fit for purpose and aligned with national adaptation planning and just transition plans and, in the case
of disasters, reconstruction plans. To better anticipate skills and identify labour market shortages in rapidly
evolving workplaces, social dialogue, engaging employers’ and workers’ organizations, in designing policy
responses are essential.

o Gender-sensitive approach. Skills development policies can and should promote a gender sensitive
approach, taking into consideration specific challenges faced by women in accessing decent work
opportunities. For example, to ease the increased burden of care work, childcare services in workplaces
and training centres and maternity benefits should be made available.

Annex 2 | GFMD - WORKSHOP ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN MOBILITY (28 JUNE 2023)

Key Take-Aways

Multiple factors interplay with climate change and human mobility and significantly affect prospects for
sustainable development. Data shows that climate hazards associated with extreme events act as drivers
of migration and displacement. Though most climate-related mobility occurs within national boundaries,
with international migration movements occurring primarily between countries with contiguous borders,
multiple interconnected factors are at play including demographics and a web of socio-economic factors
which increase risks and vulnerabilities of populations.

Limiting global warming to reduce the impact of climate change on communities. The implementation of
the UN Framework Convention for Climate Change and the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions remains a key challenge. While progress on reducing gas emissions is stalling, the impacts of
climate change on communities are tangible and it is necessary to address vulnerabilities of affected
populations in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and minimize the structural
factors that displace populations or induce them to migrate, as stipulated by the Global Compact for Safe,
Orderly and Regular Migration.

Recognizing migration as an adaptation strategy to vulnerabilities created by climate change. Climate-

induced mobility may be forced or be a proactive adaptation strategy that allows affected populations to
minimize harm and improve their life conditions. Labour migration for instance can play a positive role for
affected populations and countries of origin and destination through, among others, entrepreneurship,
diasporas engagement, innovation in the green and blue sectors. The engagement of the private sector
and development financial institutions in this field is key.

Migrants and refugees are strong contributors to the economy and culture of countries of origin and
destination. Often successful entrepreneurs, thinkers and innovators, migrants play a key role for
sustainable development. It is important to stress the positive contribution of migration to societies also
when discussing challenges and crises linked to climate change and human mobility.

A Summit for a New Global Financing Pact was held in Paris on 22-23 June 2023 to rethink the global
financial architecture and mobilize financial support for developing and low-income countries (DLICs)
facing the challenges posed by excessive debt, climate change and poverty. The Summit recalled the

16
centrality of migration for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the importance of fighting
inequalities and the shared responsibility to protect the planet.

Displacement related to climate change is currently increasing. While conflict remains the major driver of
long-term displacement around the world, climate-induced displacements are starting to increase in
dangerous ways. Last year more people were displaced due to disasters (32million), the highest number
ever recorded, 98% of such displacements were weather related due to floods, droughts or storms.
Currently, over 70% of people internally displaced by conflict live in highly climate-vulnerable countries.

Managing today’s dynamics and migration challenges can help reduce the risk of displacement
tomorrow. Migration is in many cases about people seeking better opportunities and can be a force for
prosperity. Displacement is about being forcibly uprooted from one’s home, often long-term, and it is
about leaving one’s assets, livelihood and community behind. The World Bank’s Groundswell Reports
warned that 216million people could be displaced by2050 due to climate. According to the same analysis,
over 80% can be avoided with the right development interventions and Government leadership.

There is a need for structural responses, joined approaches and the inclusion of local governments in
planning for development. Climate is one of the long-term factors driving displacement and migration,
with accelerated urbanization, insecurity and loss of livelihoods. It is necessary to start planning for long-
term changes and collaborating among humanitarian actors, climate adaptation and mitigation actors,
migration and development actors, peace, security and financial institutions, and embracing the key role
of mayors and local governments.

[The mandate of the new funding arrangements, including a fund for responding to Loss and Damage
Fund, operationalized at COP 28, includes a focus on addressing loss and damage to assist developing
countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change in responding to
economic and non-economic loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change,
including extreme weather events and slow onset events.] Trends show that the more unstable a state is,
the less climate finance it receives. It is necessary to make climate financing accessible to countries facing
waves of displacement due to climate-related events.

The French Chair’s GFMD 2022-2023 overarching priority -Climate change and human mobility- is to be
addressed in line with the other priorities, such as human rights, taking into account the key role of
diasporas as agents of development, the importance of labour migration, promoting well-informed public
discourse on migration, and through a multi-level governance approach. Within these priorities, the
importance of data for policy development (panel 1) plays a central role, as well as the local dimension
(panel 2) and the need for strong partnerships for action (panel 3).

Annex 3 | GFMD - DISCUSSIONS ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION WITHIN THE GFMD (2009-2020)

Discussions on climate change and migration within the GFMD (2007-2020)

1. The GFMD has acknowledged disasters and climate change as drivers of migration since its
inception in 2007 at the first GFMD Summit in Belgium, as outlined in the Report of
Proceedings:

Access: www.gfmd.org/files/documents/gfmd_brussels07_final_report_en.pdf

17
 “2.3.1. Root causes of migration, 2.3.1.1. Background and main observations: Root causes of migration are
diverse and complex. They are not all sources of concern, but those that are, generally relate to major
economic, demographic and social disparities. They range from extreme poverty to unemployment,
institutional weakness, political instability, insecurity and conflict, undemocratic regimes and non-respect
of human rights, ineffective health systems, non-profitable agriculture, climate change and environmental
degradation or disasters.”

Following this initial Summit, the GFMD has held regular discussions on the links between migration,
climate change and disasters on several instances, in both governmental and civil society fora. The analysis
and debates ranged from the integration of migration considerations in climate change policies and
negotiations, the need for more and better data on the effects of climate change on migration, and to the
need for protection measures, especially for the most vulnerable.

2. The Philippines GFMD 2008

Access:
https://www.gfmd.org/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1801/files/documents/gfmd_manila08_report_of_the_procee
dings_en.pdf

Climate change was acknowledged as a driver of migration in both the governmental and civil society
deliberations, including in the dedicated session, Roundtable 3.1, on Strengthening data and research tools
on migration and development:

"Our deliberations took place at an extraordinarily challenging time: as the world’s governments struggle
for responses to the global financial crisis, and the threat of climate change, and as migration policies in
many regions became more restrictive."

"Capacity building was needed to equip border control bodies to collect more reliable data; and for research
on the impact of climate change."

3. Greece GFMD Summit 2009

Access: www.gfmd.org/files/documents/gfmd_athens09_report_of_the_proceedings_en.pdf

A. From the Opening Plenary Session, climate change was acknowledged as a driver of migration by, at the
time, UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon:

“Climate change is another major challenge and is already affecting and displacing millions in Asia and
Africa, so far mostly internally; international migration, however, is likely to increase if climate change
goes on unchecked.“

and by the representative of the Comoros:

“(…) migration and climate change to be the biggest challenges for his country. The Third GFMD comes
at a time of concurrent crises, which are particularly severe for Africa. North-South cooperation needs,
therefore, to be strengthened beyond traditional development aid.”

B. The dedicated Session 1.3: Addressing the root causes of migration through development, specifically in
light of the current global economic crisis, co-chaired by Bangladesh and United Kingdom, also touched

18
 on this topic and suggested to continue discussions in the context of the Forum, while also recommending
direct action:

“Linking the crisis to the root causes of migration, delegates stressed that these can also relate to conflict
or climate change. The latter should be taken into serious consideration in this discussion, as adaption to
climate change may be inevitable and also to avert “climatic” migration. Some delegates suggested that
root causes could be the topic of a separate session in a future GFMD meeting.”

“The final recommendations of the session were: Give serious consideration to the impact of climate
change on migration and to joint efforts to face this challenge.”

C. The Session 3.1: Policy and Institutional Coherence – Latest Data and Research Findings, co-chaired by
Morocco and Switzerland, recommended for migration to be integrated in national climate change
adaptation policies:

“Recommendations and Follow-up Actions: Sustained attention needs to be paid to mainstreaming and
integrating migration into development planning processes, including Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers
(PRSPs), activities to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, and National Adaptation Plans of Action
concerning climate change (NAPAs).”

4. Mexico GFMD Summit 2010

Access: www.gfmd.org/files/documents/gfmd_mexico10_report_of_the_proceedings_en.pdf

Following up on the recommendations of Session 1.3 at the Greece GFMD 2009, Roundtable Session 3.2:
Assessing the relevance and impact of climate change on migration and development in Puerto Vallarta,
at the Mexico GFMD, co-chaired by the same Governments, Bangladesh and the United Kingdom,
addressed the issue at hand directly and from various angles. The final recommendations recognized the
need for more data and knowledge on the topic as well as multi-stakeholder dialogue, including in the
context of UNFCCC:

“Outcomes and recommendations: 1. Expedite data and analysis exchange and sharing of first
experiences and best practices, and for this purpose create a Virtual Library that would become a global
public good on the available and soon-to-be-available data and analyses on the topic. 2. Strengthen the
dialogue at the local, regional and global levels on the interconnections of climate change, migration
and development, including exchanges on best practices and critical first experiences of policy intervention
that might not be finalized or definitive but might point the way forward for urgent action. Encourage the
GFMD to contribute to such dialogue in the future. 3. Recognize the need for all concerned stakeholders
to begin discussions on an appropriate legal and institutional framework to address these important
issues, including in the context of the UNFCCC.”

5. Mauritius GFMD Summit 2012

Access: www.gfmd.org/files/documents/gfmd_mauritius12_report_of_the_proceedings.pdf

A. As in Athens at the Greece GFMD 2009, the back then UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, through his
Special Representative for International Migration, Peter Sutherland, called the attention of States to
the role of climate change and disasters in human mobility:

19
 “He believed that the complex factors driving migration are the same problems at the top of the global
agenda – war, natural disasters, economic calamities and climate change.“

B. In the Common Space Panel 2: Common ground and partnerships to protect migrants in distress,
participants recognized the need for guidance on protecting migrants in situations of crisis and
recommended the development of a global initiative to support the elaboration of practical guidance,
which later on materialized into the Migrants in Countries in Crisis Initiative (MICIC), launched at the
Sweden GFMD 2014 in Stockholm, and its Guidelines to Protect Migrants in Countries Experiencing
Conflict or Natural Disaster of June 2016, analyzed below:

“Recognizing the need to assist all migrants in distress, it was suggested, nevertheless, that a global
initiative could in a first stage most usefully focus on the specific situations of migrants who are, through
no fault of their own, caught in humanitarian crises, either because of an outbreak of conflict in their
host country or a natural disaster.”

“Next steps: It was suggested that in preparation for the High Level Dialogue 2013 a working group
composed of all the stakeholders, including civil society, be established to bring together all the experience,
expertise and good practices in terms of protecting migrants in times of crisis. This working group could,
based on good practices, produce practical guidance on how states’ responsibilities under international
law could be best implemented in these situations to ensure more systematic and predictable responses.
Different international instruments and mechanisms define state responsibility for the protection of
migrants. The challenge lay in translating and linking the different applicable legal regimes. A matrix of
legal instruments could be developed, which could identify the international instruments applicable to a
specific situation, states’ responsibilities and the international organizations responsible.”

C. The Roundtable 2.2: Addressing South-South Migration and Development Policies, co-chaired by
Bangladesh and Ghana, with Argentina as Rapporteur, also discussed the Influence of environmental
change on migration in developing countries. Participants recognized the impact of climate change on
migration, the vulnerability of trapped populations, and recommended as in Greece GFMD 2009 to bring
these discussions into the UNFCCC and ensure human mobility is integrated in national climate change
adaptation policies, while also engaging at the policy level, including through the Nansen Initiative:

“Participants recognized environmental change and its impact on migration and development as an issue
of growing importance. They noted the need to focus not only on directly affected populations able to move
away from environmental threats, but also on those who do not have the means to leave these areas or
move towards other environmentally hazardous areas.”

“Some participants also referred to the need to build on the lessons learned from National Adaptation
Programmes of Action (NAPAs) which should more consistently include references to the impact of
environmental change on population movements, and highlight the role of migration as an adaptive
strategy, promote risk assessments and resilience building, enhance preparedness and response capacities,
and integrate migration into the NAPAs as part of national development strategies.”

“Such discussions should also take account of the Cancun Adaptation Framework of the UN Framework
Convention for Climate Change, and the UN Conference on Sustainable Development Rio+20.”

20
 “Finally, some delegates suggested to create an ‘environmental observatory on migration’, while others
referred to the recent Nansen Initiative launched by Norway and Switzerland, which addresses key
principles on protection of people affected by natural disasters, including those caused by climate change.”

6. Turkey GFMD Summit 2015

A. At this occasion, governments recognized disasters, climate change and environmental degradation as
drivers of migration and displacement, and encouraged international cooperation on this matter,
including through the Nansen Initiative, as well as future specialized discussions the Forum.

Access: www.gfmd.org/files/documents/report_of_the_gfmd_2014-2015_turkish_chairmanship_en.pdf
The Report of the Turkish Chairmanship, Turkey GFMD 2015 says:

“The first panel elicited an interesting exchange of views on the concept of displacements, i.e., on whether
or not 'forced migrants' should include refugees, and to what extent the discussion of refugees should be
covered in the GFMD. It also sparked the sharing of actual government experiences and initiatives in
assisting migrants who were forced to move for various reasons, e.g., climate change and environmental
degradation, collapse in the economy, end or lack of food, water of decent work in country of origin, wars
and other conflicts. Most of these efforts and state policies are carried out based on strong humanitarian
principles and international commitments to human development and human security. Many have built-in
migrant development programs spearheaded by the government, with support from international
actors, notably the IOM, UNHCR, UN Human Security and other relevant UN family members. (…)

The second panel looked at how to use mobility channels to harness the developmental potential of
migrants who are forcibly displaced due to a host of factors, including market failures, disasters and
climate change.”

“Recognizing that forced displacement is happening across regions of the world for various reasons, the
need for developing global and regional guiding principles was underscored. A range of protection solutions
must be inclusive for all those affected by forced migration at all points along the migration's cycle. In this
regard, delegates expressed support for ongoing international cooperation on specific groups of
displacements. One excellent example is the 'Nansen Initiative' led by Switzerland and Norway, which
has developed a framework for assisting people forced to flee due to disaster or climate change effects.
Already, 110 countries have signed up for this initiative. The US Philippine led "Migrants in Crisis
Initiative" is another cooperation framework that is focused on assisting migrants who are caught in
conflict situations or crises in the country of destination. The African Union, meanwhile, has developed a
common instrument for the protection of internally displaced persons.”

B. Roundtable 3.1 "International cooperation and responsibility-sharing and human security for people
forcibly displaced across international borders", chaired by Moldova and Eritrea, brought the topic in the
2015 GFMD, where the Nansen Initiative and MICIC were promoted as good examples of international
cooperation on this topic, and encouraged further discussions on this matter, leading to the Bangladesh
Roundtable:

Access: www.gfmd.org/files/documents/Report_on_Roundtable_3_1_Outcomes.pdf

“There is growing support for ongoing international cooperation on specific groups of displacements, some
excellent examples of which include the Swiss-led 'Nansen Initiative' which has developed a framework

21
 for assisting people forced to flee due to disaster or climate change effects. Already, 110 countries have
signed up for this initiative. The US-Philippine led "Migrants in Crisis Initiative" is another cooperation
framework that is focused on assisting migrants who are caught in conflict situations or crises in the
country of destination. Existing programs for refugees undertaken by the relevant UN agencies and
international body continues to be supported by donor countries.

Finally, RT3.1 called for continued discussion in the GFMD on particular groups of people -- those who are
extremely vulnerable, including those "in between”, and to recognize that they are brought to their
situation because of a host of factors, for instance market failure. The GFMD is asked continue to discuss
the conditions of people forcibly displaced across international borders, address policy gaps, and explore
solutions with great urgency in the context of sustainable development, under the next Chair, Bangladesh.”

7. Bangladesh GFMD Summit 2016

A. In GFMD in Dhaka, the issue of migration and displacement in the context of disasters and the adverse
effects of climate change was on the agenda and referred to by several delegations, with Roundtable 3.1
Migrants in situations of crises: conflict, climate change and natural disasters, specifically addressing the
topic.

States such as Germany, Bangladesh, Costa Rica, Mexico and Senegal referred to the work of the Platform
on Disaster Displacement (PDD) and its predecessor, the Nansen Initiative, in their interventions and
recommended for the topic to be included in the development of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and
Regular Migration (GCM). Other countries, such as Argentina, Algeria, Chile, Ethiopia, India, Norway,
Russia, Togo, Tuvalu and the United States of America also spoke to the issue of environmental migration
and disaster displacement and highlighted several initiatives, including: the Migrants in Countries in Crisis
Initiative (MICIC); a draft UN Resolution (Tuvalu) on the legal protection of persons displaced by the impacts
of climate change or natural disasters; plans for developing a Guide to admission and stay in South America
(Chile); and humanitarian visas, among others.

A mention on the work of MICIC and PDD were included in the overall Summary of the GFMD Chair, H.E.
Md. Shahidul Haque, Foreign Secretary of Bangladesh, as well as in the Roundtable 3 Summary presented
by Belgium. Both statements recommended to draw on the work of MICIC and PDD/the Nansen Initiative
in developing the GCM and encouraged the dissemination and application of this work.

Summary of the Chair:

Access: www.gfmd.org/files/documents/9th_gfmd_chairs_summary_12_dec_2016.pdf

“Roundtable 3.1 Migration in Situations of Crisis The international community must ensure that migrants
caught in such situations have access to safety; another is to protect them from exploitation and abuse.
The Migrants in Crisis (MICIC) initiative and the Platform for Disaster Displacement provide both valuable
policy options and examples of effective practice. We should encourage their dissemination and
application in situations of crisis. Together with the work of the GMG on the protection of vulnerable
migrants, these efforts could inform the state-led process to develop guiding principles and guidelines on
migrants in vulnerable situations, which is envisaged in the New York Declaration.”

Roundtable 3 Summary:

Access: www.gfmd.org/files/documents/report_by_the_general_rapporteur_of_rt_3.pdf

22
 “This Roundtable built on the outcomes and recommendations of RT 3.1 in Istanbul. A lot of progress has
been achieved since 2015. There was a clear consensus on the importance of the topic of RT 3.1. It was
underlined that no country is immune to crisis. (…) The MICIC Initiative and the Platform for Disaster
Displacement support these efforts by providing guidance and highlighting effective practices. There was
a call to fully integrate their principles in the Global Compact on Migration and be practical (concrete
recommendation of this roundtable).”

B. Other Roundtables reflected the messages of Roundtable 3.1 on climate migration issues and on the
already existing mechanisms such as PDD/Nansen Initiative and MICIC (RT 3.2). Others emphasized the
vulnerability of migrants due to the negative consequences of climate change as well as the unprecedented
focus on human mobility in the context of climate change at the climate change negotiations in Morocco
at COP22 (RT 2.2).

8. Germany and Morocco GFMD Summit 2017-2018

A. Rabat 2017 GFMD thematic workshop on climate change and human mobility entitled "Towards
dignified, coordinated and sustainable solutions"

Access: www.environmentalmigration.iom.int/analytical-report-gfmd-workshop

The objective of this workshop was to contribute to the elaboration of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly
and Regular Migration, in the context of the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development; and to contribute
to providing concrete tools for States to respond to the challenges created by all forms of human mobility
associated with climate change.

The first panel “Understanding and taking action” focused on actionable knowledge and evidence sharing.
Speakers shared the practices implemented in their represented organization or country. The second panel
“Toward responsibility sharing: collaborating to strengthen action” was dedicated to pursuing greater
consistency at the levels of global and national strategic frameworks and to formulate recommendations
for better access to climate funding.

The participants agreed that there was ample evidence of the link between human mobility and climate
change, and that there was a need to move beyond the call for evidence and translate knowledge into
action. A lack of adequate employment and livelihoods was raised as a particular area of concern in regions
enduring the brunt of climate change impacts. The participants highlighted the urgent necessity to support
the most vulnerable populations and states in the long run, as well as building upon various existing
initiatives. Lastly, participants stressed that taking into account and respecting human rights was a
prerequisite to successful initiatives and public policies.

B. Co-chairs Conclusions, Germany and Morocco GFMD 2017

Access:

Building upon the work undertaken during the Rabat meeting, the GFMD Summit in Berlin in December
2017 reaffirmed the GFMD engagement on climate change issues:

“Furthermore, the GFMD discussed the need for mainstreaming migration related SDGs in national action
and development plans. To this end, Germany and Morocco also brought human mobility linked to

23
climate change into the discussion and addressed the drivers of migration including the adverse effects
of climate change and natural disasters. “

Given the informal nature the of the GFMD, as a state-led dialogue on migration, the GFMD could continue
to be of value of states to regularly exchanged knowledge and expertise related to climate change and
migration. The GFMD is clearly acknowledged as a useful resource in the final text of the GCM and it could
be instrumental in the GCM implementation as well.

9. Ecuador GFMD Summit 2019

10. UAE GFMD Summit 2020

Annex 4 | BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE MOBILITY-ENVIRONMENT NEXUS

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environmental-migration

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CGD. Brief: Climate Change and Migration: An Overview for Policymakers and Development
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25
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