2

1 (a) The graph in Fig. 1.1 shows the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.

rate of
photosynthesis

light intensity

Fig. 1.1

(i) Describe the results shown in Fig. 1.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain the reasons for the shape of the part of the graph labelled X.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(b) Fig. 1.2 shows a cross-section through a leaf.

Fig. 1.2

(i) Describe two features of the leaf shown in Fig. 1.2 that allow efficient gas exchange to
occur.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) On Fig. 1.2, use a label line to label an example of a cell that is best adapted for
photosynthesis.

Include the name of the cell. [2]

(c) State the chemical formulae of the two products of photosynthesis.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[1]

[Total: 9]

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 4

2 (a) Carbon is used to extract zinc from zinc oxide, ZnO.

(i) Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Zinc oxide consists of Zn2+ and O2– ions.

State which ion is being reduced in this reaction.

Explain your answer in terms of the movement of electrons.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why carbon cannot be used to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide.

Aluminium oxide consists of Al 3+ and O2– ions.

Fig. 2.1 shows the industrial apparatus used to produce aluminium.

– +
carbon anode

electrolyte carbon cathode

containing lining the electrolysis cell
aluminium oxide

molten aluminium

Fig. 2.1

(i) State the name of an ore that contains aluminium.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(ii) Explain why aluminium oxide must be in a liquid state for electrolysis to occur.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why cryolite is mixed with aluminium oxide for use in this electrolysis.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the cathode during this
electrolysis.

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Aluminium ore is a finite resource, so aluminium must be conserved.

(i) State what is meant by the term finite resource.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest how aluminium can be conserved.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 11]

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 6

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a motorcycle with a rear lamp.

rear lamp

Fig. 3.1

(a) The lamp has a resistance of 30 Ω and is powered by a 12 V battery.

(i) Show that the current in the lamp is 0.40 A.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the power used by the lamp.

Show your working.

power = ..................................................... W [2]

(iii) Calculate the charge that passes through the lamp in 30 minutes.

Show your working.

charge = ..................................................... C [2]

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(b) The battery is charged by an a.c. generator.

Fig. 3.2 shows a simple a.c. generator.

N
S

a.c. output

Fig. 3.2

(i) On Fig. 3.2, label the slip rings with the letter R. [1]

(ii) On Fig. 3.2, label the coil with the letter C. [1]

(iii) On Fig. 3.2, show the direction of the magnetic field with an arrow ( ). [1]

(iv) The output is an alternating current. Describe the difference between direct current (d.c.)
and alternating current (a.c.).

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The motorcycle engine is noisy and emits sound waves that pass through the air.

The sound waves pass through the air as a series of compressions (C) and rarefactions (R).

Fig. 3.3 shows the positions of the compressions and rarefactions as the sound wave passes
through the air.

C R C R C R C R C R

Fig. 3.3

Suggest how and explain why the positions of the compressions and rarefactions change if
the pitch of the sound increases.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 12]
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 8

4 The pie chart in Fig. 4.1 shows the different causes of deforestation in a country.

firewood, 8%

slash-and-burn
livestock agriculture, 39%
agriculture, 13%

logging, 18%

arable
agriculture, 22%

Fig. 4.1

(a) Calculate the total percentage of deforestation caused by agriculture.

............................% [1]

(b) Describe how slash-and-burn agriculture can increase the carbon dioxide concentration in
the atmosphere.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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(c) Describe the undesirable effects of deforestation on soil.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) Forests are ecosystems.

Define the term ecosystem.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]

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5 Petroleum is the raw material for the production of many useful substances.

Fig. 5.1 shows processes A, B and C that can be used in the production of ethanol.

petroleum

process diesel process ethene process

A B C

other other ethanol

materials materials

Fig. 5.1

(a) Name the processes by drawing one line from each process to its name.

process name

catalytic addition

A
cracking

B fermentation

fractional distillation
C

polymerisation

[2]

(b) The formula of ethanol is C2H5OH.

Explain why ethanol is not a hydrocarbon.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(c) Fig. 5.2 shows a camping stove which uses ethanol as the fuel.

boiling water

ethanol burner

Fig. 5.2

Complete combustion of ethanol produces carbon dioxide and water.

The balanced equation for this reaction is shown.

C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

The stove uses 22 g of ethanol to boil 1 dm3 of water.

(i) Complete steps 1 to 3 to calculate the maximum mass of carbon dioxide produced when
boiling 1 dm3 of water.

Show your working.

[Mr : carbon dioxide, 44; ethanol, 46]

Step 1

Calculate the number of moles in 22 g of ethanol.

number of moles = ...............................................................

Step 2

Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide produced when 22 g of ethanol burns.

number of moles = ...............................................................

Step 3

Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced when boiling 1 dm3 of water.

mass = ............................................................ g
[3]

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 12

(ii) A similar stove uses butane as the fuel.

Butane produces less carbon dioxide when boiling 1 dm3 of water.

Suggest whether using the butane stove or the ethanol stove causes less damage to the
environment.

Explain your answer.

type of stove .......................................................................................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

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6 (a) The visible light produced by the headlamps of a train is part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

(i) Write visible light in the correct position in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum in
Fig. 6.1.

gamma ultraviolet microwaves

Fig. 6.1
[1]

(ii) All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed.

State the speed of light in a vacuum.

.............................................................................................................................. m / s [1]

(b) The approaching train can be heard through the air and as a ringing sound in the steel rails.

The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s and the speed of sound in steel is 6000 m / s.

(i) Suggest a value for the speed of sound through water.

Explain your answer.

speed of sound in water = ....................................... m / s

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Calculate the time difference between a sound travelling 0.50 km through air and 0.50 km
through steel rails.

Show your working.

time difference = ...................................................... s [2]

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(iii) The train emits sound waves with a frequency of 500 Hz which travel through the air at a
speed of 330 m / s.

Calculate the wavelength of these waves.

Show your working.

wavelength = ..................................................... m [2]

(iv) Sound waves are longitudinal waves. Visible light waves are transverse waves.

Describe the differences between longitudinal and transverse waves in terms of the
direction of travel of the waves, and the direction of oscillation or vibration.

You may draw a diagram if it helps your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

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 16

7 (a) A student investigates the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion of red dye into agar
jelly cubes.

The student prepares three cubes of agar jelly A, B and C.

• Each cube is equal in size.

• A is kept at 30 °C, B is kept at 25 °C, C is kept at 20 °C.

• Three separate containers of red dye are also kept at 30 °C, 25 °C and 20 °C.

• Each cube is immersed in red dye equal to its temperature for 10 minutes.

• The cubes are then removed from the dye and cut in half.

Fig. 7.1 shows the cubes cut in half.

area of agar stained

by the red dye

A B C

Fig. 7.1

Table 7.1 shows the results.

Table 7.1

temperature of cube diffusion distance rate of diffusion /

cube
and dye / °C (after 10 minutes) / cm cm per min
A 30 1.0
B 25 0.7 0.07
C 20 0.5 0.05

(i) Calculate the rate of diffusion for cube A.

........................................ cm per min [1]

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(ii) Use the results in Table 7.1 to describe the relationship between temperature and the
rate of diffusion.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State one variable, other than the size of the cubes, that should be kept constant in this
investigation.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Explain why the red dye diffuses into the agar jelly.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Materials diffuse in and out of living cells.

Name the gas produced by respiration that diffuses out of cells.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

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8 (a) (i) Using information in the Periodic Table on page 32, calculate the relative molecular
masses of the gases nitrogen and chlorine.

Mr (nitrogen) = ................................................................

Mr (chlorine) = ...............................................................
[1]

(ii) Using your answer to (a)(i), state and explain which of these two gases diffuses at the
greater rate.

gas ....................................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Chlorine occurs naturally as a mixture of mainly two isotopes, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37.

Complete Table 8.1 to show some information about the atomic structures of these isotopes.

Table 8.1

isotope number of nucleons number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons

chlorine-35 35 17

chlorine-37 37 17

[2]

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(c) A student mixes colourless aqueous solutions of chlorine and sodium bromide.

Fig. 8.1 shows the apparatus she uses.

chlorine solution

mixture

sodium bromide solution

Fig. 8.1

(i) A reaction occurs when chlorine solution is mixed with sodium bromide solution.

Predict and explain the student’s observation when these solutions are mixed.

observation ........................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Write a word equation for the reaction that occurs when these solutions are mixed.

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) The student adds an orange solution of bromine to a colourless solution of sodium fluoride.

Predict and explain the student’s observation when the solution of bromine is added to the
solution of sodium fluoride.

observation ...............................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 10]

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 20

9 (a) During a mission to the Moon in 1971, an astronaut dropped a feather and a hammer.

The feather and hammer were released from the same height at the same time. Both fell for
1.3 s, and landed at the same time.

The acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is 1.6 m / s2.

Assume that the Moon has no atmosphere.

2.5

speed / 2.0
metres per
second

1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
time / s

Fig. 9.1

(i) On Fig. 9.1 draw the speed-time graph for the falling feather. [2]

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(ii) The experiment is repeated on Earth. State two differences in the results obtained.

Explain your answers.

difference 1 ........................................................................................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

difference 2.........................................................................................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) The astronaut wears a white suit rather than a black suit.

Suggest and explain a reason for this.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) The astronaut is exposed to more ionising radiation than people who remain on the Earth.

State one harmful effect of ionising radiation on the human body.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Alpha radiation is one form of ionising radiation.

An isotope of plutonium, 239

94Pu, decays by alpha emission to produce an isotope of uranium.

Use the correct nuclide notation to write a symbol equation for this decay process.

Pu
239
94 ........................ + ........................
[2]

[Total: 11]

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10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows a cross-section through a vein when seen under a light microscope.

Fig. 10.1

(i) On Fig. 10.1 draw two label lines to identify the:

• lumen
• wall of the vein. [2]

(ii) Name one structure of veins not visible in Fig. 10.1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Explain why the wall of an artery is much thicker than the wall of a vein.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Coronary heart disease is caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries.

State two lifestyle factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease.

1 .................................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(d) Hormones are released into blood.

(i) Name the hormone that:

• is released in stressful situations

....................................................................................................................................

• decreases the glucose concentration of the blood.

....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Auxin is a plant hormone.

State the effect of auxin on plant cells.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

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 24

11 (a) A student investigates the rate of reaction of calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid.

The word equation for the reaction is shown.

calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide

Fig. 11.1 shows some of the apparatus he uses.

calcium carbonate

dilute hydrochloric acid

Fig. 11.1

(i) Suggest what other equipment he needs and how he would use it to calculate the rate of
carbon dioxide produced.

You may draw on Fig. 11.1 to help your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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 25

(ii) He carries out the experiment using dilute hydrochloric acid at 20 °C.

He repeats the experiment at 30 °C.

Fig. 11.2 shows his results.

100

80
volume of Key
gas / cm3 30 °C
20 °C
60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
time / min

Fig. 11.2

State and explain the differences between the graphs in terms of the movement of
reacting particles.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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 26

(b) Lead chloride is an insoluble salt.

Describe a method of making solid lead chloride from reactants chosen from Table 11.1.

Table 11.1

compound solubility in water

calcium chloride soluble
calcium nitrate soluble
calcium sulfate insoluble
lead carbonate insoluble
lead nitrate soluble
lead sulfate insoluble
magnesium sulfate soluble
silver chloride insoluble
sodium chloride soluble
sodium nitrate soluble

reactants ...................................................... and .....................................................................

method ......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(c) Lead chloride has a melting point of 501 °C.

Explain how the structure of lead chloride causes it to have a high melting point.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 11]

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12 Fig. 12.1 shows a solar-powered golf cart, with solar cells on the roof.

Fig. 12.1

The solar cells produce electrical energy using solar energy. The Sun is the source of this energy.

(a) Name two energy resources that do not have the Sun as their source of energy.

1 ....................................................................................

2 .................................................................................... [1]

(b) During the golf cart’s journey, the temperature in the tyres increases.

The volume of air in the tyres does not change.

Explain in terms of molecules the effect on the pressure of a gas due to an increase in
temperature at constant volume.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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 28

(c) The golf cart often travels across sloping fields so stability is important in its design.

Fig. 12.2 shows the cart on a slope.

Fig. 12.2

The centre of mass of the golf cart is shown by the letter X.

State the effect of raising the centre of mass of the golf cart on its stability.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) A spectator takes a photograph of a golfer with a camera.

The camera uses a thin converging lens to focus light rays onto the light sensor inside the
camera.

(i) Complete the ray diagram in Fig. 12.3 to show this.

camera
lens

light rays
light from golfer
sensor

Fig. 12.3
[1]

(ii) The lens is made from glass. Glass has a refractive index of 1.33.

Define refractive index in terms of the speed of light in a vacuum and in glass.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(iii) The image produced by the lens on the light sensor is a real image.

Describe the difference between a real image and a virtual image.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) Describe in terms of the forces between the atoms why solids have a fixed shape.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

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13 Enzymes are biological catalysts with a specific shape.

(a) Explain the importance of the shape of an enzyme.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) A student tests different solutions for the nutrients they contain.

Table 13.1 shows the results.

Table 13.1

colour with iodine colour with Biuret colour with

solution
solution solution Benedict’s solution
A blue-black blue red
B yellow-brown blue blue
C blue-black purple red
D yellow-brown blue red
E blue-black blue green

One of the solutions A, B, C, D or E contains an enzyme.

Using the information in Table 13.1 identify which solution contains an enzyme.

Explain your answer.

solution .....................................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 6]

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0654/41 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2019
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) as light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis increases ; 2

then plateaus / levels off / remains constant ;

1(a)(ii) Rate of photosynthesis cannot be increased further by light intensity ; 2

other (named) factors (are limiting the rate of photosynthesis) ;

1(b)(i) large (air) spaces (in the spongy mesophyll layer) ; 2

guard cells / stoma / stomata (to allow entry and exit of gases) ;

1(b)(ii) palisade (cell) ; 2

labelled correctly ;

1(c) C6H12O6 and O2 ; 1

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Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) C + 2ZnO ÆCO2 + 2Zn 2

formulae ;
balanced ;

2(a)(ii) zinc (ions) / Zn2+ gain electrons ; 1

2(a)(iii) carbon is less reactive than aluminium ; 1

2(b)(i) bauxite ; 1

2(b)(ii) for mobility of ions ; 1

2(b)(iii) (aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite) to reduce melting point ; 1

2(b)(iv) Al3+ + 3e– Æ Al 2

correct charges on Al ;
correct number of electrons ;

2(c)(i) non-renewable / will run out / used faster than formed ; 1

2(c)(ii) recycle / example of recycling ; 1

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Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) 12/30 = 0.4 (A) ; 1

3(a)(ii) voltage × current or 12 × 0.40 ; 2

= 4.8 (W) ;

3(a)(iii) current × time or 0.4 × 30 (× 60) or 0.4 × 1800 ; 2

=720 (C) ;

3(b)(i) correct label ; 1

3(b)(ii) correct label ; 1

3(b)(iii) arrow drawn from N to S ; 1

3(b)(iv) direct current goes in one direction / alternating current changes direction ; 1

3(c) higher frequency / more waves produced per second ; 3

shorter wavelength ;
compressions and rarefactions get closer together ;

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Question Answer Marks

4(a) 74 (%) ; 1

4(b) combustion releases carbon dioxide ; 3

photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide ;
less carbon dioxide removed / less photosynthesis ;

4(c) soil erosion / lack of roots to hold soil together / rainfall washes soil away / landslides ; 3
loss of nutrients ;
flooding ;

4(d) (a unit containing all of the) organisms and their environment ; 2

interacting together (in a given area) ;

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PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

5(a) catalytic 2

A
cracking

B fermentation

fractional
C

polymerisation

1 correct ;
3 correct ;

5(b) a hydrocarbon consists of only hydrogen and carbon ; 1

5(c)(i) Step 1: (22/46 =) 0.48 ; 3

Step 2: (0.48 × 2 =) 0.96 ;
Step 3: 0.96 × 44 = 42 (g) ;

5(c)(ii) (butane) 2
least amount of greenhouse gas / carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas;
climate change / global warming / consequence of climate change ;

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0654/41 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2019
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

6(a)(i) visible placed correctly ; 1

6(a)(ii) 3 × 108 (m/s) ; 1

6(b)(i) value above 330 m/s and below 6000 m/s and 1
sound travels faster in a liquid than in a gas and
sound travels slower in a liquid than in a solid ;

6(b)(ii) (time in air=) 500/330 or 1.515(s) and (time in steel =) 500/6000 or 0.0833(s) ; 2
time difference = 1.4 (s) ;

6(b)(iii) (wavelength =) velocity / frequency or 330/500 ; 2

= 0.66 (m) ;

6(b)(iv) transverse waves – direction of oscillation/vibration perpendicular to direction of wave travel ; 2

longitudinal – direction of oscillation/vibration parallel to direction of wave travel ;

Question Answer Marks

7(a)(i) 0.1 (cm/min) ; 1

7(a)(ii) as temperature decreases rate of diffusion decreases ; 1

7(a)(iii) concentration of red dye ; 1

7(b) concentration of red dye is higher outside the agar cube ; max 2
(movement is) from high to low concentration / down a concentration gradient ;
by random motion of dye particles ;

7(c) carbon dioxide ; 1

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Question Answer Marks

8(a)(i) Mr (nitrogen) = 28 1
Mr (chlorine) = 71 ;

8(a)(ii) nitrogen 1
rate of diffusion increases with decreasing molecular mass / lighter particles move faster than heavier particles (with
same energy / in gas at same temperature) ;

8(b) 2
isotope number of neutrons number of electrons

chlorine-35 18 17

chlorine-37 20 17

correct neutron column ;

correct electron column ;

8(c)(i) yellow / orange solution ; 2

chlorine displaces bromine / chlorine is more reactive than bromine / bromine is formed ;

8(c)(ii) chlorine + sodium bromide Æ bromine + sodium chloride 2

bromine as product ;
all else correct ;

8(d) no change in colour / paler (due to dilution) ; 2

no reaction because bromine is less reactive than fluorine / reference to trend in reactivity down Group VII ;

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Question Answer Marks

9(a)(i) straight line from 0,0 through 1.0, 1.6 ; 2

stopping at t = 1.3 ;

9(a)(ii) hammer falls faster on Earth than on the Moon ; max 4

gravity on Earth greater ;

feather falls slower on Earth than on Moon ;

reference to air resistance on Earth ;

hammer falls faster than feather on Earth ;

reference to air resistance on Earth ;

9(b) astronaut stays cooler in white / would get very hot in black ; 2
white surfaces are better reflectors of thermal radiation (than black surfaces) / black surfaces are better absorbers of
thermal radiation (than white surfaces) ;

9(c) cancer/mutation ; 1

9(d) 2
;

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PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

10(a)(i) lumen labelled ; 2

wall labelled ;

10(a)(ii) valves ; 1

10(b) carries blood at high pressure ; 2

so it does not rupture / burst ;

10(c) any two from max 2

high stress ;
smoking ;
reference to poor / unbalanced diet ;

10(d)(i) adrenalin ; 2
insulin ;

10(d)(ii) causes cells to elongate ; 1

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Question Answer Marks

11(a)(i) gas syringe / measuring cylinder inverted over water ; 2

measure volume of carbon dioxide and divide by time ;
or
balance ;
measure loss in mass and divide by time ;

11(a)(ii) at higher temperature: 3

(initial) rate of reaction / rate at which gas is collected, is higher ;
more particles possess, activation energy / minimum energy to react, / there are more successful collisions ;
greater frequency of collision ;

11(b) lead nitrate ; 4

calcium chloride / sodium chloride ;
mix solutions ;
filter ;

11(c) Ionic lattice / giant ionic structure ; 2

many bonds / strong bonds / strong forces / require a large amount of energy to break bonds ;

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0654/41 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2019
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

12(a) any two from 1

geothermal
nuclear
tidal ;

12(b) increase in pressure because molecules are moving faster / have more KE ; 2
collide with walls of tyre more frequently / at greater speed / with greater force ;

12(c) less stable ; 1

12(d)(i) two straight rays brought to a focus on the light sensor ; 1

12(d)(ii) speed of light in vacuum ÷ speed of light in glass ; 1

12(d)(iii) real image can be projected onto a screen / is formed where the light rays converge ; max 1
virtual image is one from which the light rays appear to come from that image ;

12(e) (fixed shape because) strong forces (keep particles in regular / fixed arrangement) ; 1

Question Answer Marks

13(a) ref to active site ; 3

active site / enzyme, and substrate have complementary shape ;
so substrate can bind to active site / enzyme ;

13(b) C; 3
(C) contains proteins / enzymes are proteins ;
proteins turn Biuret solution purple ;

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