PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Those quantities which can describe the laws of physics and possible to
measure are called physical quantities.

The physical quantities which do not depend upon other physical quantities are
called fundamental quantities.

The physical quantities which depend on fundamental quantities are called

derived quantities e.g. speed, acceleration, force, etc.

Units

The unit of a physical quantity is the reference standard used to measure it.
Types of Units

1. Fundamental Units-The units defined for the fundamental quantities are called
fundamental or base units.
2. Derived Units

The units defined for the derived quantities are called derived units. e.g. unit of
speed or velocity (metre per second), acceleration (metre per second2) etc.

Rest and Motion

An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position which respect to
its surroundings with time and said to be in motion if it changes its position
with respect to its surrounding with time.

• Rectilinear motion moving car on horizontal road, motion under gravity etc.

• Angular motion such as particle going on a circle, projectile motion, rotation

of machine shaft etc.

• Rotational motion such as motion of a fan.

Distance

The distance travelled by a body is the actual length of the path covered by a
moving body irrespective of the direction in which the body travels it is a
scalar quantity it says a unit is meter

Distance can never be negative.

Odometer is a device used to measure the distance travelled by the vehicle

Displacement.

When a body moves from one position to another the shortest distance that is
straight line between the initial position and final position of the body along
with direction is known as displacement it is a vector quantity directed from
initial position to final position it's SI unit is meter.
It an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, then it is said to
be in uniform motion.

• It an object travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time, then it is said

to be in non-uniform motion.

Speed

• The distance covered by a moving body in a unit time interval is called its
speed.
• Speed =Distance travelled/ Time taken
When a body travels for equal times with speeds 𝑣1 and 𝑣2, then average speed
is the arithmetic mean of the two speeds.

V= v1+v2 /2

Velocity

• The time rate of change of displacement of a body is called its velocity.

Velocity = Displacement/ Time

An object is said to be moving with uniform velocity if it undergoes equal

displacements in equal intervals of time.

• An object is said to be moving with non-uniform or variable velocity if it

undergoes un-equal displacement in equal intervals of time
Average Velocity= Total displacement/Total time taken.
Uniform velocity

If an object covers equal displacement in equal interval of time then it is said

to be moving with the uniform velocity or constant velocity.

Non uniform velocity

If an object covers unequal displacement in equal interval of time then it is

said to be moving with non uniform or variable velocity.

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Speed and velocity have the same units.

If a body is moving in a single straight line then the magnitude of its speed and
velocity will be equal.
Acceleration

• The time rate of change of velocity of a body is called its acceleration.

• Acceleration = Change in velocity/ Time taken

• It is a vector quantity and its SI unit is 𝑚𝑠−2.

• Acceleration at an instant of time is known as instantaneous acceleration.

When the velocity of a body increases with time, then its acceleration is

positive and if velocity decreases with time, then its acceleration is negative

called deceleration or retardation.

Types of acceleration

Uniform acceleration or constant acceleration

If the velocity changes uniformly at equal interval of time then acceleration is

said to be uniforms acceleration.

Non uniform acceleration or variable acceleration

If the velocity of the particle does not change equally in equal interval of time
then the acceleration is said to be non uniform acceleration.

Average acceleration =total change in velocity/total time taken.

When and object is moving with a variable acceleration then the average
acceleration of the object for the given motion is defined as the ratio of the total
change in velocity of the object during motion to the total time.
Examples

A body falling down from a height or a body rolling down on a smooth inclined
plane has uniform acceleration

The acceleration is created by the accelerator of the vehicle and the application
of break gives the uniform deceleration to the vehicle.
If acceleration does not change with time, it is said to be constant acceleration.

Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion (Along straight line)

If a body started its motion with initial velocity u and attains final velocity v in the
interval t. The acceleration assumed to be uniform in motion is a and the distance
travelled is s, then equations of motion:
If any body is falling freely under gravity, then a is replaced by g in above
equations.

• If an object is thrown vertically upward, then in above equations of

motion a is replaced by (–g).

• Velocity–Time Graph For accelerating or decelerating body the graph

will be a straight line inclined to time axis and velocity axis.

• Graph between position (distanc(e)-time for an accelerating or

decelerating body is always a parabola.

Acceleration-time graph for uniformly accelerating body is a line parallel

to time axis.

• In case of uniform accelerated, the graph between position and velocity

is always parabola.
In case of uniformly accelerated motion, the graph between velocity and time
is always a straight line.

• Slope of displacement-time graph gives velocity and slope of velocity-time

graph gives acceleration.
Freely falling object

The object falling towards the earth under the gravitational force alone are
called free falling objects and such fall is called free fall.

Whenever and object false towards the earth and acceleration is involved the
acceleration is due to the earth gravitational pull and is called acceleration due
to gravity the value of acceleration due to gravity near the earth surface is 9.8
m per second.
Projectile Motion

• When a body is thrown from horizontal making an angle (θ) except 90°, then
its motion under gravity is a curved parabolic path, called trajectory and its
motion is called projectile motion.

• Examples:

• The motion of a bullet shot from the gun

• The motion of a rocket after burn-out

• The motion of a bomb dropped from a aeroplane etc.

The motion of ball after hitting the bat.

The motion of a ball thrown in a horizontal direction.

Properties of Projectile Motion

If we drop a ball from a height and at the same time thrown another ball in a

horizontal direction, then both the balls would strike the earth

simultaneously at different places.

Circular Motion

• The motion of an object along a circular path is called circular motion.

• Circular motion with a constant speed is called uniform circular motion.

• The direction of motion at any point in circular motion is given by the tangent
to the circle at that point.

• In uniform circular motion, the velocity and acceleration both changes.

• In case of non-uniform circular motion, the speed changes from point to point
on the circular track.
Centripetal Acceleration

During circular motion an acceleration acts on the body towards the centre,

called centripetal acceleration. The direction of centripetal acceleration is

always towards the centre of the circular path.

Example

While going in a bus from plane to hill station on a road with slopes and curves
one feel the vomiting because on a slopy and curved road of the hill the
tangential and centripetal acceleration of the bus are not constant it causes
uneven vibrations in the stomach of the passenger sitting in the bus resulting in
vomiting.