p BLOCK ELEMENTS

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Group 17 & 18
Sakshi Vora
IIT Roorkee

❏ 7+ years Teaching experience

❏ 10th, 12th CBSE State Topper

❏ KVPY fellow
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SAKSHI SAKSHI
p block elements : group 17 & 18
Group 17
Group - 17 Halogens

F Cl Br I At

All non-metals

General electronic configuration : ns2 np5

Variations in Group 17
Variations in group - 17

Atomic Radius : F < Cl < Br < I

Ionization Energy : F > Cl > Br > I
Electron Affinity : Cl > F > Br > I
Electronegativity : F > Cl > Br > I
Variations in group - 17

Bond energy : Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2

Bond length : F2 < Cl2 < Br2 < I2
M.Rt / BpT : F2 < Cl2 < Br2 < I2

F2 : Pale yellow gas

Cl2 : dark yellow gas
Br2 : Reddish brown liquid
I2 : Violet Black solid
A.
Jan. 08, 2020 (II)
B.

C.

D.
A.

[Adv.2017]
B.

C.

D.
Anomalous behavior of F
Anomalous Behavior of F

- Small size
- Highest electronegativity
- Low covalency
- Low bond dissociation energy
- Highest oxidising nature
- Absence of d orbitals
Oxidising nature
 Oxidising & reducing nature of halogens
1/2 X2 (g) ⟶ X-(aq)

1/2 X2 (g) ⟶ X-(aq)

BDE/2 HE

X (g) X- (g)
EA
Oxidising & Reducing Nature of Halogens

On comparing BDE, EA and HE

Oxidising nature - F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
Reducing nature : F < Cl- < Br- < I-
Reactivity towards hydrogen
Reactivity towards Hydrogen -

X2 + H2 ⟶ 2HX

Reactivity : F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

Reaction of fluorine can occur in dark

Reaction of iodine requires hv/catalyst
Reactivity towards Hydrogen -

-△Hf HF > HCl > HBr > HI (all exothermic)

B length : HF < HCl < HBr < HI

Bond energy : HF > HCl > HBr > HI
Acidic nature : HF < HCl < HBr < HI
M.pt : HI > HF > HBr > HCl
B.pT. : HF > HI > HBr > HCl
A.

B.
[April 9, 2019
C. (II)]

D.
Reactivity towards Oxygen
Reactivity towards Oxygen -

Most of the compounds are OA (fluorides of oxygen)

O2F2 + XeF4 ⟶ XeF6 + O2
Cl, Br, I form oxides from +1 to +7
As +ve charge inc, stability of oxides inc
For a particular OS,
Stability I > Cl > Br
Interhalogen compounds
Reactivity towards Halogen -

X2 + X2’ ⟶ XX’n

Interhalogen compounds
n = 1, 3, 5, 7
eneg : X < X’
Interhalogen compounds -

IF IF3 IF5 IF7

BrF ClF3 BrF5
ClF BrF3 ClF5
BrCl ICl3
ICl
IBr

linear T-shaped Square Pentagonal

pyramidal Bipyramidal
sp3d sp3d sp3d2 sp3d3
Hydrolysis of interhalogen compounds -

XX’n + H2O ⟶ oxyacid + hydracid

XX’7 + H2O ⟶ HXO4 + HX’

XX’5 + H2O ⟶ HXO3 + HX’
XX’3 + H2O ⟶ HXO2 + HX’
XX’ + H2O ⟶ HXO + HX’
Reactivity order
Reactivity order-

F2 > Interhalogen compounds > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

Reactivity towards metals
Reactivity towards metals -

M + X2 ⟶ MXn

As +ve charge ↑
Covalent nature ↑
Ionic nature ↓
A.

B.

[April 10, 2016]

C.

D.
Preparation of Halogens
Preparation of halogens -

a. F2
Electrolysis of KHF2 : Moisson process
K+ HF2-
at anode : 2F- ⟶ 2e- + F2
at cathode : 2H+ + 2e- ⟶ H2

b. Cl2
Deacon’s process
HCl + O2 ⟶ Cl2 (↑) + H2O
Preparation of halogens -

Preparation of Br2
Br- + O3 / KMnO4 / H+ / K2Cr2O7 / H+ ⟶ Br2 + H2O / Mn2+ / Cr3+
Br- + MnO2 / Conc. HNO3 / Conc H2SO4 ⟶ Br2 +/ Mn2+ / NO2 / SO2
Preparation of halogens -
Preparation of I2
I- + MnO2 / K2Cr2O7 / H+ / KMnO4 / H+ ⟶ I2 + Mn2+ / Cr3+ / Mn2+
I- + Cl2 / Br2 / Conc HNO3 / Conc H2SO4 ⟶ I2 + Cl- / Br- / NO2 / SO2
Reaction with water
Reaction of Halogens with water -
F2 + H2O ⟶ HF + O2
Cl2 + H2O ⟶ HCl + HOCl
Br2 + H2O ⟶ HBr + HOBr
I2 _+ H2O ⟶ no reaction
Reaction with NaOH
Reaction with NaOH -
F2 + cold NaOH ⟶ NaF + H2O + O2
F2 + hot conc NaOH ⟶ NaF + H2O + O2

Cl2 + cold dil NaOH ⟶ NaCl + NaClO

Cl2 + hot conc NaOH ⟶ NaCl + NaClO3

Br2 + cold dil NaOH ⟶ NaBr + NaBrO

Br2 + hot conc NaOH ⟶ NaBr + NaBrO3

I2 + cold dil NaOH ⟶ NaI + NaIO

I2 + hot conc NaOH ⟶ NaI + NaIO3
 Jan. 07, 2020 (II)
A.

B.

C.

D.
A.

B.
[Jan. 12, 2019 (II)]
C.

D.
A.

B.
[Main 2017]
C.

D.
[Sep. 06,2020 (1)]
Reaction with Ammonia
Reaction with NH3 -
Cl2 + NH3 (excess) ⟶ NH4Cl + N2
Cl2(excess) + NH3 ⟶ NCl3 + HCl
Important points
Important Note
Poisonous Gases

Phosgene COCl2
Tear gas CCl3NO2
Mustard gas S(CH2CH2Cl)2
Hydrochloric acid
HCl
Preparation : NaCl + H2SO4 ⟶ NaHSO4 + HCl (↑)

NaHSO4 + NaCl ⟶ Na2SO4 + HCl (↑)

- HCl can be dried by conc. H2SO4

- HCl is colourless and has pungent smell and acidic
NH3 + HCl ⟶ NH4Cl
 [Adv.
2020]
A.

B.

C.

D.
Aqua Regia
Aqua Regia

- Conc HCl : Conc. HNO3

3:1
- Very strong oxidising agent
- Au + HCl + HNO3 ⟶ H[AuCl4] + NO + H2O
- Pt + HCl + HNO3 ⟶ H2[PtCl6] + NO + H2O
Oxyacids of Halogens
Oxyacids of Halogens
Oxyacids of Halogens
Oxyacids of Halogens
[Main. 2020]
Main [2020]
 [Adv.2017]

A.

B.

C.

D.
Group 18
Group 18
He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn

Ns2 ns2mp6

- All are non metals

- Rn is radioactive
- Size : He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe
- Ionization energy : He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe
- Electron affinity : He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe
Group 18

- Volatile nature : He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe

- Bpt / Mpt : He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe
- Ease of liquefaction : He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe
- Solubility in water : He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe
A.

B.

C.

[April 10, 2019 (II)]

D.
Chemical Reactions of Group 18
Chemical properties
Neil Bartlett

O2 + PtF6 ⟶ O2+ [PtF6]

Xe + PtF6 ⟶ Xe+ [PtF6] red colour
Fluorides of Xenon
Xenon Fluorides
Xe + F2 ⟶ XeF2

2:1
Xe ⟶ F2 ⟶ XeF4
1:5

Xe ⟶ F2 ⟶ XeF6
1 : 20
Hydrolysis of Xe Fluorides
Hydrolysis
XeF2 + H2O ⟶ Xe + 1/2 O2 + HF

XeF6 + H2O ⟶ XeOF4

XeO2F4 ⟶ XeO3 + HF

XeF4 + H2O ⟶ Xe + O2 + HF + XeO3

A. [Jan 10, 2019 (I)]

B.

C.

D.
A.
[April 15, 2018 (II)]
B.

C.

D.
Reactions of Xe compounds
Reactions

XeO3 + OH- ⟶ HXeO4- + OH- ⟶ XeO64- + Xe + O2

XeF4 + O2F2 ⟶ XeF6

PF3 + XeF2 ⟶ PF5 + Xe

KF + XeF4 ⟶ K+ [XeF5]-
PF5 + XeF4 ⟶ [XeF3]+ [PF6]-
A.

B.

C.

D.
JEE Main 2020
 [Adv.
2014]

A.

B.

C.

D.
[Adv. 2019]
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SAKSHI SAKSHI
 Personal Guidance Study Planner
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SAKSHI