Ap

plications of
Integrals

OVERVIEW Many things we want to know can be calculated with integrals:

the areas between curves, the volumes and surface areas or solids, the lengths of
curves, the amount of work it takes to pump liquids from belowground, the
forces against floodgates, the coordinates of the points where solid objects will
balance. We define all of these as limits of Riemann sums of continuous
functions on closed intervals, that is, as integrals, and evaluate these limits with
calculus.
There is a pattem to how we define the integrals in applications, a pattern that.
once leamed, enables us to define new integrals when we need them- We look at specific applications first. then examine the pattern
and show how it leads to integrals in new situations.

plane by
integrating the functions that define the regions' boundaries.

The Basic Formula as a Limit of Riemann Sums

Suppose we want to find the area of a region that is bounded above by the curve y
= f (x), below by the curve y = g(x), and on the left and right by the lines x = a
and x = b (fig. 5.1). The region might accidentally have a shape whose area we
could find with geometry, but if fand g are arbitrary continuous functions we
usually have to find the area with an integral.
To see what the integral should be, we first approximate the region with n
vertical rectangles based on a.panition P = (xo, Il. . , .rnJ of [a, b] (Fig. 5.2, on the
following page). The area of the klh rectangle (Fig. 5.3, on [he following page) is
A.4k = height x width = [f(q) — dXk.
We then approximate the area of the region by adding lhe areas of the n rectangles:

— g(ca Ax,. sum

5.1 The region between y = f(x) and
y = g(x) and the lines x = a end x = b. As P O the sums or. the right approach the limit If(x) — because
365
Scanned with
CamScannerm
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
372 Chapter
S:
Applications 16. y = — 21 and y
of Integrals 17. Y = and y = —x 2 4x
18. — 2xl and y = +
In Exercises 9—
12, find the total 4
shaded area-

9. 10.

(2.2)
2

-2 1 2

-3 o 1
(-2.-
20)
(-3.-
3)

Scanned with
CamScanner,
(1.-3) 22, y —41 and y = (1 2/2) +4

find the areas of the regions enclosed by the lines and curves in Exercises 23—30.
23. x = 2y2 . and y = 3 x ya and r y •F 2
11.
25. yt —4r 4 and 16
4
26. x — y' = O and x +2y2 — 3
2 27. x + y' —O and x -É3ya =2
_ y2D O and x + yd = 2
29. and
3 30, x = y' — Y2 and x =
find the areas of thc rcgions encloscd by the curvcs in Exercises
.31-34,

-5 (3.-5) 31. 4x2 +y=4 and

12. 32. — y O and 3x2 — y 4

33. x +4y2 =4 and x for x

34. x 3 and 4x O
6 (3.6)
find the areas of the regions enclosed by the lines and curves in Exercises 35—42.
35. y —2 sinx and y = sin2x, O < x
36. y 8 cosx and y = see x, —7/3 S S x 13
37. y = cos (rx/2) and y = I —
- 3 38. y sin (rx/2) and y
7 39. y = sec2x, y = tan' x, x —7/4. and x
40. X = tan2 y and x = tan* y. —x14 S y 7/4
41. x = 3 sin y.'ööü and x = O, O S y S 7/2
find the ayeaS of the regions encloscd by the lines and curves in Exercises 42. y = sect (rx/3) and y = x l/J, —l S x S
13, y=2 43. find the area Of the propeller-shaped region encloscd by the curve x — = O and the line x — y 0.
14. y 2x —3 44. find the area of the propeller-shaped region enclosed by the curves x — y in O and x — = O.
45. find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the line y x, the line x 2, the = l/x 2,
15. y
and y and the x-axis.
19. F x' —412 + 4 and y a > 0, and
2 i, y and 5y— x + 6 (How many intersection points are there?)
20.
curve y

Scanned with
CamScanner,
 Scanned with
CamScannerm
Volumes of Solids of and Waqhers 379

and Washers
most common application of the method slicing is to solids of revolution. Solids of revolution are solids whose shapes can be genetated by revolving plane regions about axes,
Thread spools are solids or revolution; so arc hand weights and billiard balls, Solids of revolution sometimes have volumes we can find with formulas from geometry, as in the case of
a billiard ball. when wc want to find the volume Of a blimp or to predict the weight Of a part we are going to have torned on a lathe, formulas from
geometry are of little help and we tum to calculus for the answers.

Generating

Generating region
If we can arrange for the region to be the region between the graph of a continuous function y = a S x S and the x-axis, and for the axis of revolution to be the x-axis (Fig, 5.14),
wc can find the solidis volume in the following way.
The typical cross section Of the solid perpendicular to the axis of revolution is a disk of radius R(x) and arca

Scanned with
CamScanner,
 being the integral of from x = a to x

Volume Ot u Solid Of Revolution (Rotation About the X-axis)

The volume of the solid generated by revolving about the x-axis the region
solid's volume. between the x-axis and the graph of the continuous function y = R(x). a S x S b, is the integral of
b. is
rcvoletion

n(radius12 dr = 0)

at from a b,
5.'4 The solid generated by revolving the region between
the curve y = and the ravis from a to b about the x-axis.
EXAMPLE •nie region between the curve y O S x S
4. and the x-axis is revolved about the x-axis to
generate a solid. Find its volume.

Scanned with
CamScannerm

Scanned with
CamScanner,
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
 tuogJ etnttUOJ V s,ëlîurpal JO Itjtodp!tu S!
suun f Sq suun alîuvpaa îupctu!xoadde •spurts 'Dl Itt,ualtj! JO d pascq
'P!IOS Oto JO ôt11n10A 01 •P!IOS 01 inoqt:
(ê$ed îu!M0110J uo) u0!î0J asoddns ejnunog IPMS aqL
-atUOS •gupenbs prat Katll
ato %-rrd

snpqs
stupea aseq pue 11 motu JO aun10A
JO avoo JO au:ni0A puy aw 01 susddeq 'U!tWOP C
(q UO put | 5 O )SJtJ
•ptnogs St (1 •ba) atun10A 'OJ
i
uopour,Jesc atun10,•,
tlnuzol aaaqds pues c awaua3 01
:noqe pue Éq pasotoua uo!îaa s.pqos tld0D 83HdV89
mous •au!0d asto c sv (C
R
IntL"0J 18E qpqs VS
prcputls uop»s
JO au:nto,•, ato sarturxttu [1 t.l! JO
u! sununoj (q
aun10A atu
'o uopgugpp snvt)le) aqJ •pqos JO aun10A ata
10
-p!10S
augsy t*voq ul oas /tu to 'O
JO It ç sngpu
JO tmoq 10 me
-aaqdsçu»q atanuoo uxtuns e suru 9CS
(sati patlûü) (q '(Moq JO
pug y e D srupea JO tmoq
• (c

(v JO e JO
sg aou!S 01
-aun10A su
TWOJ pauvo pug jnuu3nop e
podtus P!IOS e 01 (o <
q) q x au!l
Inoqepa.qo.sazs! + tr V!pat.1L
aujn10hàtu
ata 01) Fllnsu! s! nuo 0)
atqt tadooqaq agl IPM. sal!tu Kugtu
moq Suoltca
01 JI 1 WL sppq
100J (q
o
gqno 01) pta,l p '!qn• K atl!l
Kuctu (e

suo!suuyp) Inoqe F '(911, (un) r

x) auna paleaaua3 aoeyns 'deus
01 appap noK •pnoq Zuyt 9
%up no' puaua
mun
*duel g
Leqyxneuv
'
Jarnsut Inox suostûl ato 01) qapm qoq
asuas seoa tu01J qunld uontu sq3pm KJPôds 00K
JI s.qoq quunid
Scanned With
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
4

Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB
Scanned with
CamScanneB