Khulna University

Electronics and Communication Engineering Discipline

Electrical Machine-I
0714 09 ECE 2105
Presented By,

Dr. Abdullah-Al Nahid

Professor
Electronics and Communication Engineering Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna-9208
Bangladesh.
[email protected]
[email protected]
Machine I
Machine I
MAGNETIC
MAGNETIC FIELD
MAGNETIC FIELD
MAGNETIC FIELD
MAGNETIC FIELD
MAGNETIC FLUX
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
CONDUCTOR
FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
LENZ’S LAW
MAGNETIC FIELD AND CONDUCTOR
FLEMING’S RIGHT-HAND RULE
FLEMING’S RULE
MAGNETIC FIELD AND CONDUCTOR
 GENERATOR

AC Generator DC Generator

Both of this generators works based on the Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
GENERATOR
DC GENERATOR
 DC GENERATOR

1. ABCD is conductor
2. Let consider this conductor is initially stay at a vertical position with maintain the axis ba.
3. Now the conductor start moving from the vertical position to the horizontal position.
In this processes of moving it will cut the Magnetic field/ line hence will create variable flux.
 DC GENERATOR

1. Now the electro-motive-force will be induced in the conductor AB as well as CD

2. As AB and CD are closed, then current will be flow through the loop.
DC GENERATOR
DC GENERATOR
 DC GENERATOR

It is found that every time, the side AB comes in front of South pole (S)
The current will flow from A to B; similarly, the side AB comes in front of North pole (N) The
current will flow from B to A.
DC GENERATOR
ACTION OF COMMUTATOR
ACTION OF COMMUTATOR
DC GENERATOR
DC GENERATOR
ACTION OF COMMUTATOR
ACTION OF COMMUTATOR
ACTION OF COMMUTATOR
DC GENERATOR
DC GENERATOR
 ACTION OF COMMUTATOR

• Let the commutator in the picture has two parts C1 and C2;
• C1 and C2 is separated by thin sheet by mica or micanite, the usual thickness of which is about 0.8
mm.
 ACTION OF COMMUTATOR

• Coil Side AB is under N-Pole

• Coil Side CD is under S-Pole
1. C1 is connected to coil side AB to point P of the load resistance R
2. C2 is connected to Coil side CD to point Q of the resistance R.
3. Now the direction of current through Q to P.
 ACTION OF COMMUTATOR

• After Half of the revolution, AB side of coil come to the South pole where the
CD side of the coil comes to the North Pole side.
• Interestingly current id now flowing from A to B.
• In this moment the commutator C1 and C2 also change their position.
• For changing the position of commutator, the current will again flow from Q
point to P point.
ACTION OF COMMUTATOR
 CONSTRUCTION OF D.C MACHINE

• Both the DC generator and DC Motor Has the same construction.

 CONSTRUCTION OF D.C MACHINE

• All the DC machines mainly constructed by following five components

1. Field System
2. Armature Core
3. Armature Winding
4. Commutator
5. Brushes
CONSTRUCTION OF D.C MACHINE
CONSTRUCTION OF D.C(A.C) MACHINE
CONSTRUCTION OF D.C(A.C) MACHINE
 FIELD SYSTEM

• It produces uniform magnetic field.

• It consist of solid circular frame, which is known as yoke. Yoke is normally made with solid
cast steel.
• Inside of the yoke, there are even number of poles are available.
• Pole pieces are made with stacked laminations.
• Pole are made with two parts such as Pole and Pole Shoes.
• Coils are surrounded around the pole for the production of Field.
CONSTRUCTION OF D.C MACHINE
FIELD SYSTEM
 FIELD SYSTEM

• The magneto motive force (m.m.f) is produced by the field coil.

• This m.m.f produces magnetic flux, which passes through the pole pieces, the air gap, the
armature and the frame.
• Practical D.C machines have air gaps in between the range 0.55 mm to 1.5 mm.
CONSTRUCTION OF D.C MACHINE
ARMATURE WINDING
ARMATURE CORE
ARMATURE CORE
 ARMATURE CORE

• Armature core holds the coils and rotates between the fields.
• Soft iron laminations are stacked one after another and create a cylindrical structure.

• 1. It permits rotation for mechanical generator actions.

• 2. Since conductors is surrounded around the armature, it produces electro motive force (e.m.f)
• It produces low reluctance path for the magnetic flux.
 ARMATURE WINDING

Windings are distributed in slots over the circumference of the armature core.
Each conductor lies at right angles to the magnetic flux to the direction of its movement.
The induced electromotive force in the conductor is given as
𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 volts
Here, 𝐵 is the magnetic flux density in 𝑊𝑏/𝑚2
𝑙 length of the conductor in meter
𝑣 is the velocity (in 𝑚/𝑠) of the conductor
 ARMATURE WINDING

• The basic component of all types of the Armature winding is the

armature coils.
• Armature coil may be single turn or multiple turns
• Each side of the coil is known as conductor or coil side.
• Conductors are connected through the back of the armature. This
connection is known as Back Connection.
 ARMATURE WINDING

• The coil sides or conductor are placed a pole span apart. It is meant that, if one conductor is in
South pole then another conductor of the same coil must be placed under North pole.
• The e.m.f induced in each conductors are added together to calculate the overall e.m.f.
 ARMATURE WINDING AND CALCULATION OF TOTAL E.M.F

• e.m.f of the generated coil add together.

• Let consider one conductor produce e.m.f 2.5 volt, then the two conductor of a single turn coil
will produced total 2.5+2.5=5 volt.
• If the coil is N turns, then the total number of e.m.f will be
2.5*2*4=20 volt
 ARMATURE WINDING

• Most of DC armature windings are Doubled Windings.

• Here one coil side lies on the other coil side.
• Normally one coil side lies on one coil slot(bottom) where as another col
side is lies upon another coil side(to another slot).
• The coil side at the top of the of a slot is given an odd number and the coil
side or conductor bottom at the slot is given an even number.
 ARMATURE WINDING

• Coil sides are connected through commutator segments.

• In here, conductors are connected with the commutator in such a manner that hey produced a
series-parallel connection.
In this figure coils are connected with
commutator. The voltage induced in
each conductor is 2.5 volt; so the total
voltage induced by the motor winding
is 2.5*4=10 volt.
CONSTRUCTION OF D.C MACHINE
ACTION OF COMMUTATOR
CONSTRUCTION OF D.C MACHINE
CONSTRUCTION OF D.C MACHINE
COMMUTATOR
COMMUTATOR PITCH
COMMUTATOR PITCH
COMMUTATOR PITCH
COMMUTATOR PITCH
POLE PITCH
POLE PITCH
 COIL SPAN OR COIL PITCH

• It is the distance measured in terms of the number of armature slots (or armature conductors)
spanned by a coil.
• If the coil span is 9 slots, it means one side of the coil is in Nth slot where another part of the
coil is in slot N+9.
 FULL-PITCHED COIL

• If the coil span or coil pitch is equal to pole pitch (i.e. distance between two sides of a coil is
180𝑜 electrical), it is called full-pitched coil.
• Specifically, for a full-pitched coil, one side of the coil must be under south pole and another
side of the coil must be under north pole.
 FULL-PITCHED COIL

• In this case the e.m.f in the coil side is additive and have a phase difference
is 0𝑜 .
• If coil side 1 induced 2.5 volt then the e.m.f induced through out the coil is
5 volt.
• The e.m.f induced in a full pitched coil is maximum.
• Coil span or coil pitched should full pitch to get maximum .
 FRACTIONAL PITCHED COIL

• If the coil span or coil pitch is less than the pole pitch (i.e. distance between two sides of a
coil is less than 180𝑜 electrical), it is called full-pitched coil.
EXAMPLE 2.1
EXAMPLE 2.1
TYPES OF D.C ARMATURE WINDINGS
 LAP WINDING

• For lap winding, the commutator pitch 𝑌𝑐 = 1 and the coil span 𝑌𝑠 = pole pitch.
• The name lap comes from the way in which successive coils overlap the preceding one.
 WAVE WINDING
• For simplex wave winding, the commutator pitch 𝑌𝑐 ≥ 2 and coil span is equal to pole
pitch.
• This creates coils under consecutive pole pairs will be joined together in series thereby
adding their e.m.f.
• This winding is called wave winding from the appearance (wavy) of the end connections.
LAP AND WAVE WINDING
LAP AND WAVE WINDING
 BACK PITCH AND FRONT PITCH
• Back pitch is the distance measured between top and bottom coil sides of a coil measured
around the back of the armature, away from the commutator.
• Front pitch is defined as the distance measured between two coil sides which are connected to
the same commutator segment.
WAVE WINDING
WAVE WINDING
 RESULTANT PITCH
• It is the distance between the beginning of one coil and the beginning of the next coil to which
it is connected.
COMMUTATOR PITCH
PROGRESSIVE AND RETROGRESSIVE WINDING
PROGRESSIVE AND RETROGRESSIVE WINDING
DUMMY COIL
RULES FOR D.C ARMATURE WINDINGS