Ordinary Differential

Equations
Lec 2 Differential equation of the first order and first degree (2)
• Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations
• First - Order Differential Equations
• Non Exact O. D. E.
• Linear O. D. E.
• Non – Linear ODE (Bernoulli Equation)
Non-Exact Differential Equations
 ∆ 𝑴𝒚 −𝑵𝒙
‫𝒙𝒅𝑵׬‬ ∆
𝛍(𝒙) = 𝒆 if, =
𝑵 𝑵
Or;
∆ 𝑴𝒚 −𝑵𝒙
− ‫𝒚𝒅𝑴׬‬ ∆
𝛍 (𝒚) = 𝒆 if, =
𝑴 𝑴

Ex. 10: Solve the differential equation

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
we have M = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦²), 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑦²) , the equation is not exact.
Integrating factor :

∆ 𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙 4𝑦 cos 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 cos 𝑦 2 3
= = 2 =
𝑵 𝑵 𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑥
3
‫𝑥𝑑𝑥׬‬
μ= 𝑒 = 𝑒 3 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 3
Multiplication by μ = 𝑥³ gives the equation
2𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
• This equation is exact because
𝜕
• 2𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 4
= 𝑥 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑦 2 ) .
𝜕𝑥
• 𝑢 = ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑀 ׬‬+ 𝑘 𝑦 = ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘 𝑦

𝑥4
• 𝑢= 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑘(𝑦). 𝜕𝑢
2
= 𝑦𝑥 4 cos 𝑦 2 + 𝑘 ′ 𝑦 = 𝑁 = 𝑥 4 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑦 2 ).
𝜕𝑦
Hence, 𝑘 ′ 𝑦 = 0, so that 𝑘 𝑦 = 𝑐, by back substitution,
we get the answer
𝑥4
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑐.
Ex. 11:
First order linear differential equations:
 Example 13
Example 12
Example 14
• Ex. 15: Solve the differential equation
′ 1
• 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑥

• Solution: the equation can be rewritten as

The solution is
1 −1
• 𝑦 −2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 =𝑥
𝑥

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 1 1
• 𝑧 = 𝑦 −1 then = −𝑦 −2 𝑧 = න ∗ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧 1
• − 𝑧 =𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥 2
1
• Which is linear equation with 𝑝 = − , 𝑄 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑥
1
‫ ׬‬−𝑥𝑑𝑥
• The integrating factor is 𝜇 𝑥 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 − ln 𝑥
1
=
𝑥
 Applications

An RL series circuit as shown in the figure is an electrical circuit consisting of a

resistor and inductor, which can be modeled using first-order differential equations
with constant coefficients as
𝑑𝐼
𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
Newton’s Law of Cooling

The temperature (T) of a cooling substance at time (t) (in minutes) is:

−𝐤𝐭
T(t)=(𝐓° − 𝐓𝐒 ) 𝐞 + 𝐓𝐒
T(t) =temperature at time t
T° =initial temperature
TS =temperature of surrounding environment
k=constant cooling rate of the substance
 Newton’s Law of Cooling proof
Let us understand the mathematical expression for Newton’s Law of Cooling:
dT
∝(T− TS )
dt

dT
=k(T− TS )
dt

Let Tf be the temperature at time “t” and To be the initial temperature.

dT
=𝑘.𝑑𝑡
(T−TS )

On integrating both the sides, we get,

T dT
‫׬‬T ° (T−T ))=−∫𝑘.𝑑𝑡
f S

Tf −TS
ln =−𝑘.𝑡
(T° −TS )

Tf −TS
=e−k.t
(T° −TS )

(Tf − TS )= (T° − TS ) e−k.t

𝐓𝐟 = 𝐓𝐒 + (𝐓° − 𝐓𝐒 ) 𝐞−𝐤.𝐭

OR

T(t)= 𝐓𝐒 + (𝐓° − 𝐓𝐒 ) 𝐞−𝐤.𝐭 , which is the formula for Newton’s Law of Cooling.
 A cup of coffee at 190° F is left in a room of 70° F. At time t = 0 , th
Example: coffee is cooling at 15° F per minute.
a) Find the function that models the cooling of the coffee.
dT
dt
= -k(T – C) b) How long will it take for temperature to reach 143° F ?
dT
= -15 at t=0 , T=190 , C=70
dt
-15= -K(190-70) → K= 0.125 b) How long will it take for temperature to
a) Find the function that models the cooling of the reach 𝟏𝟒𝟑° F ?
coffee . T(t) = 120 𝑒 −0.125𝑡 + 70
dT 143 = 120 𝑒 −0.125𝑡 + 70 (-70)
=0.125(T-70) , T(0)=190
dt 73 = 120 𝑒 −0.125𝑡 (÷ 120)
𝑑𝑇= -0.125(T-70) 𝑑𝑡 73
1 ln = ln 𝑒 −0.125𝑡
‫𝑇 ׬‬−70 𝑑𝑇 = ‫ ׬‬−0.125 𝑑𝑡 120

Ln(T-70) = -0.125t + c 73
ln120 −0.125𝑡
T – 70 =𝑒 −0.125𝑡 . 𝑒 𝑐 let: 𝑒 𝑐 =a −0.125
=
−0.125
→ t=3.98 min
T(t) = a 𝑒 −0.125𝑡 + 70 , T(0)=190
T(0) = a 𝑒 0 + 70 = 190 → a=120
T(t) = 120 𝑒 −0.125𝑡 + 70
Matlab Code
 Modeling Temperature Change with
Newton's Law of Cooling

Newton's law of cooling describes the rate of temperature change of an object as it

approaches the surrounding temperature. This fundamental principle allows us to
model the cooling or heating of objects, from hot coffee to warm-blooded organisms.
 Applications of Newton's Law of Cooling

Food Safety Medical Applications Engineering Analyses Forensic Investigations

Monitoring the cooling rate Tracking the body Applying Newton's law allows Analyzing the cooling of a

of hot food items using temperature of patients using engineers to predict the victim's body can help

Newton's law helps prevent the cooling curve principle cooling rates of hot forensic scientists

bacterial growth and ensure aids in diagnosing fevers, components in machinery, estimate the time of

food safety in the food hypothermia, and other electronic devices, and death in criminal

service industry. medical conditions. industrial processes. investigations.

Since V is a vector, all its components must equal zero for V itself to be zero.
An RLC series circuit as shown in the figure is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor, inductor,
and capacitor, which can be modeled using second-order differential equations with constant
coefficients as
𝑑2 𝑞 𝑑𝑞 1
𝐿 2 +𝑅 + 𝑞 = 𝐸(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶