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Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)

02 NATIONALISM IN INDIA
THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION

THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION

The First World War took place between 1914-18. It created a new economic and political situation
and forged the new feeling of nationalism in India.

Impact of the First World War on Indian National Movement

1. Increase in the defence expenditure and was adjusted by war loans and increasing taxes.
Customs duties were raised, and income tax introduced.
2. Price of essential commodities increased which resulted in extreme hardship for common
people.
3. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas.
caused widespread anger.
4. Crop failures caused acute shortage of food. Moreover, an outbreak of Influenza epidemic.

According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and
the epidemic.

At this stage a new leader appeared and suggested a new mode of struggle.

The Idea of Satyagraha

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915. There he fought the racist regime in South Africa
with a novel method of mass agitation. The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and
the need to search for truth.

Meaning of Satyagraha

According to Gandhi, Satyagraha was a unique weapon to fight injustice. The idea of satyagraha
highlighted the power of truth and the need to search for the truth. Satyagraha was a novel method
of mass agitation, which stressed the principle of truth, tolerance, non-violence and peaceful
protests. If the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not
necessary to fight the oppressor.

Different Satyagraha in India

Champa ran, Bihar

In 1917 he travelled to Champa ran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive
plantation system.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)

02 NATIONALISM IN INDIA
DIFFERING STRANDS WITHIN THE MOVEMENT

DIFFERING STRANDS WITHIN THE MOVEMENT

The Movement in the Towns

Middle-class participation

Middle classes played an important role in the Non-cooperation movement in the cities.

• Thousands of students left the government- controlled schools and colleges headmasters and
teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
• The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.

The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic.

• Foreign goods were boycotted.

• Liquor shops picketed.
• Foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
• The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922.
• Merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign
trade.
• People began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones.
• Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

Limitation in towns

The elite class of Indian Businessmen didn't support the movement due to the boycott of foreign
goods. Khadi was expensive for the common people as compared to the foreign clothes so sustained
boycott of the foreign cloths were difficult.
Boycott of British institutions posed a problem. Alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so
that they could be used in place of the British ones. These were slow to come up. So, students and
teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government
courts.

Rebellion in the Countryside

Participation of Peasants

In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra.

• A sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.

• The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants
exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)

02 NATIONALISM IN INDIA
TOWARDS CIVIL-DISOBEDIENCE

TOWARDS CIVIL-DISOBEDIENCE

Events between NCM and Civil Disobedience

Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate
in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919.
C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a
return to council politics. But younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas
Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence.

Economic Depression

Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930.
Countryside was in turmoil. As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports
declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue.

The depression was caused due to an overflow of food grains in the market which led
to a fall in the agricultural prices. Canada, Australia, and America had emerged as new
alternate centres of wheat production during war. During and after the war the US had
emerged as an international money lender.

Simon Commission

The new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission

under Sir John Simon,

to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest
changes.

The commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all
British. Therefore, when the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it
was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’.

Lahore Session of Congress

• In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress
formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India.
• It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day.
• But the celebrations attracted very little attention.
• Hence, Mahatma Gandhi had to find a way to relate this abstract idea of freedom to more
concrete issues of everyday life.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)

02 NATIONALISM IN INDIA
THE SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING

THE SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING

Identity of the Nation through Images
History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints, and symbols, all played a part in the making
of nationalism. The identity of a nation symbolised in a figure or image helps to create an image
with which people can identify the nation.

• India was symbolised as Bharat mata.

• Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat
Mata. Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure. She is
calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In subsequent years, the
image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it
circulated in popular prints, and was painted by different artists.
• In the 1870s Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as
a hymn to the motherland.
• Later it was included in his novel Ananda math and widely sung during the
Swadeshi movement in Bengal.

Indian Folklore

• In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths,
and led the movement for folk revival.

• In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The
Folklore of Southern India.
 Nationalism in India

DPP-01

[Topic: The first world war, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation]

Objective Type Questions

1. Choose the correct answer from the given options. (MCQs)
(i) A process by which the colonial state forced people to join the army is called:
(a) Indentured
(b) Forced recruitment
(c) Child labour
(d) Colonies

(ii) Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915 from where?

(a) South Africa
(b) America
(c) Australia
(d) Britain

(iii) Satyagraha is also called

(a) Active resistance
(b) Neutral resistance
(c) Passive resistance
(d) All of the above

2. Correct and Rewrite Questions:

(i) According to the census of 1929,14 to 18 million people perished as a result of famines and the
epidemic.

(ii) Gandhiji in 1920 decided to launch a national wide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt
Act, 1919.

(iii) To defend the Khalifa's temporal powers, a Non-Cooperation Committee was formed in
Bombay in March 1919.

(iv) In his famous book Young India (1909), Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was
established in India with the cooperation of Indians and had survived only because of this
cooperation.

3. Picture/Figure Based Question

Study the picture and answer the question that follows:

Which one of the following option best signifies this picture?

(a) Khilafat Movement
(b) The boycott of foreign cloth
(c) Non-Cooperation Movement
 (d) People gathered at Jallianwalla Bagh

4. Assertion-Reason Based Question

In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reasons (R).
Read the statement and choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Gandhiji emphasised on Khilafat-Non-Cooperation Movement.

Reason (R): Gandhiji wanted to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national
movement.

Options:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) A is correct but R is wrong.

(d) A is wrong but R is correct.

5. Arrange in Correct Sequence Question

(i) Mahatma Gandhi return to India

(ii) First World War

(iii) Champaran Satyagraha

(iv) Rowlatt Act

Options:
(a) (ii), (i), (iii), (iv)

(b) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

 (c) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)

(d) (ii), (iii), (i), (iv)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

6. What is meant by forced recruitment?

7. Why was Satyagraha also known as passive resistance?

8. What was Champaran movement?

9. Why were Muslims angry with British policy in Turkey?

10. What decision was made in the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920?

Short Answer Type Questions

11. Who started Satyagraha? Explain the concept of Satyagraha. OR
What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha? OR

How can battles be fought with Satyagraha?

12. How did Mahatma Gandhi successfully organise Satyagraha movement in various places just after
arriving India? OR
Briefly explain the Satyagraha Movements organised between 1916 to 1918 by Gandhiji. OR

Name the places where Satyagraha movements were organised by Mahatma Gandhi and why?

13. Why was the Rowlatt Act of 1919 unpopular among the Indians? OR
Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed
Rowlatt Act? How was it organised? OR

Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act? OR

Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act
1919? Explain any three reasons.

14. How was Rowlatt Act opposed by the people in India?

15. How did the government suppress the Satyagrahis during Rowlatt Satyagraha?
16. What was the Khilafat Agitation? Why did Gandhiji gave support to this agitation?
OR

Explain the issue behind the Khilafat Movement.

17. How did Non-Cooperation become a movement?

18. How had the First World War created a new economic situation in India? Explain with three
examples.

19. Describe the incidence of Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre.

Long Answer Type Questions

20. Explain the new economic and political situation created during the First World War in India.
OR

How the First World War helped in the growth of the National movement in India?

OR

What was the impact of the World War-I on the National movement in India?

OR

Explain any five major problems posed by the First World War in India.

21. How did Non-Cooperation movement start with participation of middle class people in the cities?
Explain its impact on the economic front.

Source Based Question

22. Read the sources given below and answer the questions related to them

Source A: Cooperation
In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was
established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this
cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year,
and swaraj would come.

Source B: Non-Cooperation became a movement

Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrender
of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and
legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods. Then, in case the government used repression, a
full civil disobedience campaign would be launched. Through the summer of 1920 Mahatma
Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilising popular support for the movement.

Source C: The Khilafat Issue

While the Rowlatt satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was still limited mostly to
cities and towns. Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broadbased movement in
India. But he was certain that no such movement could be organised without bringing the Hindus
and Muslims closer together. One way of doing this, he felt, was to take up the Khilafat issue. The
First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And there were rumours that a
 harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor-the spiritual head of the
Islamic world (the Khalifa). To defend the Khalifa's temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was
formed in Bombay in March 1919. A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers
Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of
a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the
umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September
1920, he convinced other leaders of the need to start a noncooperation movement in support of
Khilafat as well as for swaraj.

Source A
(i) Why Gandhiji argued to not cooperate British rule?

Source B
(ii) What were the stages that Mahatma Gandhi proposed for the Non-cooperation movement?

Source C
(iii) How did Gandhiji see Khilafat issue as opportunity to unified national movement?

Map Based Question

23. On the given outline map of India, identify the places with the help of following information:
(i) The place associated with the movement of Indigo planters.

(ii) The place where a Satyagraha was organised to support the peasants.

(iii) The place where to organise a Satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

(iv) The place where infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place.

(v) The place where Congress session December 1920 took place.

(vi) The place where Congress session of September 1920 took place.
 Nationalism in India

DPP-02

[Topic: Differing Strands Within the Movement]

Objective Type Questions

Fill in the blanks

(i) __________is a form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop,
factory or office.

(ii) As the boycott movement spread, production of Indian textile mills and __________went up.

(iii) Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment called __________

(iv) The tribals chanted Gandhiji's name and raised slogans demanding __________

Picture/Figure Based Question

Study the picture and answer the questions that follows:

Which among the following is best signifies the above picture?

(a) Villagers take rest in summer.

(b) Violent clash in Bihar

(c) Chauri Chaura incident

(d) Lahore conspiracy

Assertion-Reason Based Question

 Nationalism in India

DPP-03

[Topic: Towards Civil Obedience]

Objective Type Questions

1. Choose the correct answer from the given options. (MCQs)
(i) Lala Lajpat Rai was assaulted by the British police during a peaceful demonstration against the
which one of the following?
(a) Simon Commission
(b) Indian Commission
(c) Rowlatt Act
(d) Quit India Movement

(ii) Identify the appropriate reason for the formation of the Swaraj Party from the options given
below:
(a) Wanted members of Congress to return to Council Politics
(b) Wanted members of Congress to ask for Poorna Swaraj for Indians
(c) Wanted members of Congress to ask Dominion State for India
(d) Wanted members of Congress to oppose Simon Commission

(iii) Why did the Simon Commission come to India? Identify the correct reason from the following
options.
(a) To control the campaign against the British in cities.
(b) To look into the functioning of the British.
(c) To initiate salt law in India.
(d) To suggest changes in the functioning of the constitutional system in India.

(iv) Identify the appropriate reason from the following options, for the non-participation of
industrial workers in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(a) Industrialist were close to the Congress.
(b) British offered them good salaries.
(c) They were reluctant towards the boycott of foreign goods.
(d) Growth of socialism

2. Match the following:

(i) Meeting of Congress leaders at Allahabad (a) 2nd Round Table Conference

(ii) December 1929 (b) Disciple of Gandhiji

(iii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan (c) Purna Swaraj

(iv) December 1931 (d) 1931

3. Correct and Rewrite Questions

 Nationalism in India

DPP-04

[Topic: The Sense of Collective Belonging]

Objective Type Questions

1. Fill in the blanks

(i) Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same

(ii) In Bengal, himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths.

2. State whether the following statements are true or false.

(i) In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales.

(ii) Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag a tricolour, had a spinning wheel in the Centre,
representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

3. Match the following:

(i) Anandamath (a) Abanindranath Tagore

(ii) Bharat Mata (b) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

(iii) Eight lotuses (c) Hindus and Muslims

(iv) Crescent moon (d) provinces

4. Picture/Figure Based Question

Study the given figures carefully and answer the questions that follow:

(i) Which of the following is/are correct regarding the figure?

(a) It is Bharat Mata, painted by Abanindranath Tagore.
(b) It is shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing.
(c) The mala is one hand emphasises her ascetic quality.
(d) All of the above.

(ii) Which among the following best signifies the Lion and Elephant in the figure of Bharat Mata?
(a) Power and authority
(b) Strength and loyalty
(c) Power and strength
(d) Authority and loyalty
 Very Short Answer Type Questions
5. What does the 'sense of collective belonging' mean?

6. How does nationalism spread?

7. Who created the first image of 'Bharat Mata'?

8. Mention some icons and symbols that were used for unifying the people and inspiring within them
the feelings of nationalism.

9. Who painted the first image of Bharat Mata?

10. Who created the spirit of nationalism through folklore?

Short Answer Type Questions

11. How did Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay create a spirit of motherland or nationalism?

12. The growth of nationalism associated with the image of Bharat Mata. How?

13. Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular prints, etc. in shaping the nationalism during
freedom struggle.

14. Who had designed the 'Swaraj flag' by 1921? Explain the main features of this 'Swaraj flag'. OR

How was the tri-colour flag designed during the Swadeshi Movement to create the spirit of
nationalism?

15. How the idea or feeling of nationalism was created through reinterpretation or revival of Indian
history?
16. Read the sources given below and answer the questions related to follow-
Source A: The Swaraj Flag
As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more aware of such
icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism. During the
Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tri-colour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight
lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and
Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tri-colour (red, green and
white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

Source B: Revive Indian Folklore

Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. In late-
nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured
villages to gather folk songs and legends. These tales, they believed, gave a true picture of
traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces. It was essential to
preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one's national identity and restore a sense of pride in
one's past. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and
myths, and led the movement for folk revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-
volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India. He believed that folklore
was national literature; it was 'the most trustworthy manifestation of people's real thoughts and
characteristics'.

Source C: Reinterpretation of History

Another means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. By the
end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the
nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently. The British saw Indians as backward and
primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to
discover India's great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times
when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts
and trade had flourished. This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline,
when India was colonised. These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India's great
achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

Source A
(i) What was the tricolour flag during Swadeshi movement in Bengal?

Source B
(ii) How did folklore encourage the national movement?

Source C
(iii) What were the response of Indian when British saw Indians as backward and primitive?
(i) C.R. Das and Jawaharlal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a
return to council politics.

(ii) Lord Mountbatten, announced in October 1929, a vague offer of dominion status for India in an
unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution.

(iii) When Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested in
April 1930, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar.

4. Picture/Figure Based Question

Study the figures carefully and answer the questions that follow-

(i) Which one of the following option best signifies the above figure?
(a) Khilafat Movement
(b) Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement
(c) Civil Disobedience Movement
(d) The Dandi March

(ii) Which of the following aspect best signifies the figure?

(a) Police cracked down on Satyagrahis
(b) The boycott of foreign cloth
(c) Women join nationalist processions
(d) Women Movement against liquor.

5. Arrange in Correct Sequence Question

(i) Gandhiji begins Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) Second Round Table Conference.
(iii) Congress adopts the demand for Purna Swaraj.
(iv) Civil Disobedience re-launched

Options:
(a) (i), (ii), (iv), (iii)
(b) (iii), (i), (ii), (iv)
 (c) (iii), (ii), (i), (iv)
(d) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

6. Name the leaders who pressed for mass agitation and full independence.

7. Why was countryside in turmoil by 1930 ?

8. Which two factors shaped Indian politics towards late 1920s?

9. What resolution was passed in Congress Lahore session in December 1929? OR What was the
significance of Congress Lahore session of 1929?

10. What were the main demands in the letter?

11. What were Gandhiji's views on women's participation in the national movement?

12. Name two groups which did not join the movement.

13. What were the views of Mahatma Gandhi regarding untouchables?

14. What was B.R. Ambedkar's proposal for Dalits?

15. What was Poona Pact?

16. What was Muhammad Ali Jinnah's proposal for Muslims?

17. Who formed Swaraj Party? What was the reason for forming Swaraj Party?

18. Who raised the slogan 'do or die'?

19. Why did Indians oppose the Simon Commission?

20. Name the association formed by Dr. BR Ambedkar for Dalits in 1930.

Short Answer Type Questions

21. Who was Sir John Simon? Why was Simon Commission rejected in India, and how?

22. Discuss the role of Lala Lajpat Rai in protest of the Simon Commission.

23. "British rule in India would have collapsed if Indians had not cooperated". How did this statement
help in starting a mass movement in India against the British rule?

24. Why did untouchables not move by the abstract concept of Swaraj?

25. Write a short note on the Dandi March. 26. Mention violent clashes that took place during the
movement.

26. What were the agreements made in Gandhi-Irwin Pact?

27. Why did Gandhiji relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement after Round Table Conference?

28. "When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust
between communities." Why was it so?

30. Name the different social groups that joined the Civil Disobedience movement.

31. How did Mahatma Gandhi uplift the condition of untouchables?

32. Why did some Muslim organisations not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?

OR

Why were Muslim organisations in India also give lukewarm response to the Civil Disobedience
Movement?

Long Answer Type Questions

33. Write a newspaper report on the Simon Commission.
34. Distinguish between the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement.
35. When and why did Gandhiji go on fast unto death? What was its outcome?

36. How did people and the colonial government react to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
OR

How did the colonial government repress the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.

37. Under what circumstances did Mahatma Gandhi start the Quit India Movement? What were its
consequences?
38. Why was Congress reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the
organisation? How did women participate in Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
39. The Civil Disobedience Movement saw the participation of different social classes and groups.
Give reasons for the participation of the following: 𝑎 rich peasants 𝑏 poor peasants 𝑐 business
classes 𝑑 industrial working classes and 𝑒 women.
40. Who had organised the dalits into the 'Depressed Classes Association' in 1930? Describe his
achievements.
41. Why did Mahatma Gandhi start the 'Civil Disobedience Movement'? How did this movement unite
the country? Explain.

Map Based Question

42. On the outline map of India, locate and label the following:
(i) The place from where Mahatma Gandhi started the famous Dandi March in 1930.

(ii) The place where Congress held its session in December 1929.

OR
The place where Congress formalised the demand of Purna Swaraj.

(iii) The place where Salt Law was broken by Mahatma Gandhi.
 In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reasons (R).
Read the statement and choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Thousands of plantation workers defied the authorities and headed home.

Reason (R): They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their
own villages.

Options:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) A is correct but R is wrong.

(d) A is wrong but R is correct

Arrange in Correct Sequence Question

(i) Chauri Chaura incident

(ii) Alluri Sitaram Raju was executed

(iii) Peasant Movement in Bardoli

(iv) Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement.

Options:
(a) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
(b) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)
(c) (iv), (i), (iii), (ii)
(d) (iv), (i), (ii), (iii)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

5. Who led the peasants movement in Awadh?

6. Which party of Madras did not boycott the council elections? 7. What does the term 'picket' mean?

7. What was Inland Emigration Act of 1859 ?

8. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922 ?

Short Answer Type Questions

10. Explain the role played by the tribal peasants of Andhra Pradesh during the Non-Cooperation
Movement.
OR
 How did the tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Swaraj in
the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh?

11. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooporation Movement in February 1922.
Explain any three reasons.
OR
Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off Non-Cooperation Movement?

12. Discuss the various stages of the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi.
13. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement spread in cities across the country?
OR

How did the Non-Cooperation start with middle class participation in the cities?

14. What were the effects of Non-Cooperation on the economic front?

OR

Describe briefly any three economic effects of Non-Cooperation Movement

15. Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slow down in the cities?

OR

Explain the circumstances in which Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowed down in cities.

16. Describe the role of Alluri Sitaram Raju in Andhra Pradesh during 1920s.

Long Answer Type Questions

17. Describe in brief the Awadh Peasants movement. OR
Describe major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation
Movement.

18. Who inspired the tribal peasants of Andhra Pradesh and how?

19. Explain the response of the plantation workers to the Non-Cooperation Movement started by
Gandhiji.

OR

What did freedom means for plantation workers in Assam? How did they react to the launch of
Non-Cooperation?

OR

"Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi's ideas and the notion of
'Swaraj'. Support the statement.
20. What was Bardoli Satyagraha? Give a brief description of Vallabh Bhai Patel's contribution to the
struggle.

21. How could Non-Cooperation become a movement? Give your opinion.

22. Describe the development which led to the launching of Non-Cooperation Movement.

23. The middle classes played an important role in the Non-Cooperation Movement in the cities.
Explain. Why do you think that the movement slowed down in the cities?

24. Why did Mahatma Gandhi launch the 'Non-Cooperation Movement'? How did this movement unite
the country? Explain.

Source Based Question

25. Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follows:

Source: The Movement in the Towns

The Movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left
government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave
up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras,
where the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way
of gaining some power something that usually only Brahmans had access to. The effects of non-
cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor
shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved
between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs. 102 crore to Rs. 57 crore. In many places
merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott
movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones,
production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

(i) Explain the role of 'Justice Party' in boycotting of council elections.

(ii) How was the effects of 'non-cooperation on the economic front' dramatic?

(iii) Explain the effect of 'Boycott' movement on 'foreign textile trade'.

Map Based Question

26. On the given outline map of India, identify the places with the help of information given:
(i) The province where Justice party was active.

(ii) The place where peasant rebel under Baba Ramchandra took place in 1920s.

(iii) The place where Bardoli Satyagraha took place.

(iv) The place where Gudem Hills militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920 s.

(v) The place where Chauri Chaura incident took place.

OR

The place where the Non-Cooperation Movement ended abruptly due to violence.
 PYQ
Nationalism in India

2.1 The First World War, Khilafat and Non - Cooperation

MCQ

1. In which one of the following places Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha for the first time in
India?
(a) Dandi
(b) Ahmedabad
(c) Kheda
(d) Champaran
(Delhi 2014)

VSA (1/2 mark)

2. Mention any two impacts of the First World War on Indian Economy.
(Term-II, 2021-22)

3. Why did Gandhiji support the 'Khilafat' issue ? Write main reason.
(2020)

4. Name the two main leaders of 'Khilafat Committee' formed in the year 1919.
(2020)

5. Trace the reason because of which Gandhiji started Satyagraha in 1919.

(2016)

6. What did British do to repress the Rowlatt Satyagrahis?

(2016)

SA I (3 marks)
7. "Mahatma Gandhi launched a more broad-based movement in India by joining Khilafat Andolan"
Explain the statement with any three arguments in the context of Non-Cooperation Movement.
(Term-II, 2021-22)

8. "The effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front were more dramatic". Support the
statement with examples.
(Term-II, 2021-22)

9. How could Non-Cooperation become a movement? Give your opinion.

 (Term-II, 2021-22 C, Foreign 2015)

10. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:
Why Non-cooperation?

In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909), Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established
in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians
refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come.

How could non-cooperation become a movement? Gandhiji proposed that the movement should
unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a
boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.

Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
Through the summer of 1920 Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilising
popular support for the movement.

(i) What was the weapon of Gandhiji to fight against British Empire in India?

(ii) How did the British survive in India?

(iii) Explain Gandhiji's idea for making noncooperation as movement.

(2020)

11. Discuss the various stages of the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi. (2016)

12. "British rule in India would have collapsed if Indian had not cooperated". How did this statement
help in starting a mass movement in India against the British rule?

(2015)

13. Explain the issue behind the Khilafat movement.

(2014)

SA II (4 marks)
14. Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that follows.

Nationalism in India
Modern nationalism in Europe came to be associated with the formation of nation-states. It also
meant a change in people's understanding of who they were, and what defined their identity and sense
of belonging. New symbols and icons, new songs and ideas forged new links and redefined the
boundaries of communities. In most countries the making of this new national identity was a long
process. How did this consciousness emerge in India?
 In India and as in many other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to
the anti-colonial movement. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggles
with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied
many different groups together. But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently,
their experiences were varied, and their nations of freedom were not always the same. The Congress
under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement. But the unity did
not emerge without conflict.

(i) What was people's understanding of nation?

(ii) How was the growth of modern nationalism intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement?

(iii) How did people in India develop a sense of collective belonging? Explain. (Term-II, 2021-22)

LA (5 marks)
15. Explain the implications of the 'First World War' on the economic and political situation of India.
(2023, Al 2019)

16. Describe any two Satyagraha movements launched by Gandhiji just after his return to India from
South Africa.
(2021 C)

17. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of
1919 ? How was it organised? Explain.
(Delhi 2017, 2016)

18. Describe the developments which led to the launching of Non-Cooperation Movement.
(2014)

19. How could Non-Cooperation become a movement? Explain with examples.

(Delhi 2014)

20. Describe any three suppressive measures taken by the British administration to clamp down on
nationalists.
(2014)

2.2 Differing Strands within the Movement

MCQ
21. Certain events are given below. Choose the appropriate chronological order :
I. Coming of Simon Commission to India
 II. Demand of Purna Swaraj in Lahore Session of INC.

III. Government of India Act, 1919

IV. Champaran Satyagraha

Choose the correct option :

(a) III - II - IV - I
(b) I - II - IV - III
(c) II - III-I - IV
(d) IV - III-I - II

(2020)

VSA (1 mark)

22. Why was the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 troublesome for plantation workers?
(2020)

23. Name the association formed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar for Dalits in 1930.
(2020)

SA I (3 marks)

24. Describe the spread of Non-Cooperation Movement in the countryside.

(Term-II, 2021-22 C, 2015)

25. Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slow down in the cities? Explain.
(Term-II, 2021-22 C, 2015, Foreign 2014)

26. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follows:

Source - Swaraj in the Plantations

Workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj. For
plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space
in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea
gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission. When they heard of
the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and
headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their
own villages. They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and
steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

(i) Explain the understanding of 'Swaraj' for plantation workers in Assam.

 (ii) Explain the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 as a barrier to freedom of plantation workers.

(iii) Explain the main outcome of the participation of workers in the Non-Cooperation Movement.

(2020)

27. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:

The movement in the towns

The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left
government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up
their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where
the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining
some power-something that usually only Brahmans had access to.

The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods were
boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign
cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from ₹ 102 crore to ₹ 57 crore. In many
places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott
movement spread and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones,
production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

(i) Explain the role of 'Justice Party' in boycotting of council elections.

(ii) How was the effects of 'Non-Cooperation on the economic front' dramatic?

(iii) Explain the effect of 'Boycott' movement on 'foreign textile trade'.

(2020)

28. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the 'Non-Cooperation Movement' in February, 1922? Explain
any three reasons.
(Al 2017)

OR

What were the causes of the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement? Explain.

(2015)

29. Describe any three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation
Movement.
(2015)

30. How did the peasants of Awadh use different methods to achieve their goal? Explain with example.
(2014)
 LA (5 marks)
31. How had Non-Cooperation Movement spread in cities/town? Explain.
(2019 C, 2016)

32. How did Non-Cooperation Movement start with participation of middle class people in the cities?
Explain its impact on the economic front.
(2018)

33. Explain the response of the plantation workers to the Non-Cooperation Movement started by
Gandhiji. What did freedom mean for them?

34. How did different social groups conceive the idea of 'Non-Cooperation'? Explain with example.

2.3 Towards Civil Disobedience

MCQ
35. Identify the appropriate reason from the following options, for the non-participation of industrial
workers in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(a) Industrialists were close to the Congress

(b) British offered them good salaries

(c) They were reluctant towards the boycott of foreign goods

(d) Growth of Socialism

(2020)

36. Why did the Simon Commission come to India? Identify the correct reason from the following
options.
(a) To control the campaign against the British in cities

(b) To look into the functioning of the British

(c) To initiate salt law in India

(d) To suggest changes in the functioning of the constitutional system in India

(2020)

37. In which one of the following Indian National Congress sessions was the demand of 'Purna Swaraj'
formalised in December 1929?
(a) Madras Session
(c) Calcutta Session
 (b) Lahore Session
(d) Nagpur Session
(Al 2014)

38. Who among the following was associated with the formation of 'Swaraj Party' within the Congress?
(a) Subhas Chandra Bose

(b) Motilal Nehru

(c) Jawahar Lal Nehru

(d) Dadabhai Naoroji

(Foreign 2014)

VSA (2 marks)

39. Mention any two causes that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(Term-II, 2021-22 C)

40. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931?

(Term-II, 2021-22)

SA I (3 marks)
41. Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow:
A. The Salt March and The Civil Disobedience Movement Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful
symbol that could unite the nation. On 31st January, 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating
eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; while others were specific demands of
different classes, from industrialists to peasants.

B. How Participants saw the Movement In the countryside, rich peasant communities - like the
Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the movement. Being producers of
commercial crops, they were very hard hit by trade depression and falling prices.

C. The limits of Civil Disobedience Movement When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there
was an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities.

(i) The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement

How did Gandhiji react to the Salt Law?

(ii) How Participants saw the Movement Why did the rich peasants become supporters of the Civil
Disobedience Movement?
 (iii) The limits of the Civil Disobedience Movement Examine the limits of the Civil Disobedience
Movement.

(2020 C)

42. Simon Commission was greeted with slogan 'Go Back Simon' at arrival in India. Support this reaction
of Indians with argument.
(Foreign 2016)

43. Explain in brief the 'Dandi March'.

(2016)

OR

Describe the main features of the 'Salt March'.

(Al 2014)

44. Why did the different social groups join the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
(2016)

45. How did women participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
(2015)

46. Describe the main features of 'Poona Pact'.

(AI 2015)

47. How did the 'Salt March' become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism? Explain.
(2015)

SA II (4 marks)
48. Read the given source below carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January, 1930

'We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have
freedom and to
enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of
growth. We believe also that if any government deprives people of these rights and oppresses them,
the people have a further right to alter it or to abolish it. The British Government in India has not only
deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and
has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India
must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence.'

(i) Why was freedom considered an inalienable right of the Indian people?
 (ii) Why was Purna Swaraj considered essential by the people of India?

(iii) Explain the significance of the Lahore Session of Congress (1930).

(Term-II, 2021-22)

LA (5 marks)
49. "Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation." Examine the
statement in context of Civil Disobedience Movement. (2023)

50. Examine the progress of the Civil Disobedience Movement among different strata of society. (2023)

51. Who had organised the dalits into the 'Depressed Classes Association' in 1930? Describe his
achievements.

(2019 C, Delhi 2019)

52. "Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi's ideas and the notion of
'Swaraj'.' Support the statement.
(2019 C, Delhi 2017, Al 2016)

53. Define the term 'Civil Disobedience Movement.' Describe the participation of rich and poor peasant
communities in the 'Civil Disobedience Movement.'
(Delhi 2019)

54. Explain the limitations of the 'Civil Disobedience Movement'.

(Al 2019)

55. Why was Congress reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation?
How did women participate in Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
(2018)

56. How did the Colonial Government repress the 'Civil Disobedience Movement'? Explain.
(Al 2017)

57. Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension?
Explain.
(Al 2017, 2016)

58. How did the Civil Disobedience Movement come into force in various parts of the country? Explain
with examples.
(2016)
59. Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and the industrialists towards the 'Civil Disobedience
Movement'.
(Al 2015)

60. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates for muslims and the
dalits?

(2014)

2.4 The Sense of Collective Belonging

MCQ
61. Who among the following wrote the Vande Mataram?
(a) Rabindranath Tagore

(b) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

(c) Abindranath Tagore

(d) Dwarkanath Tagore

(2020)

VSA (1 mark)
62. Name the author of the novel 'Anandamath'.
(2020, Delhi 2017)

SA I (3 marks)
63. Analyse the role of folklore and symbols in the revival of nationalism in India during late 19th
century. (2023) OR
Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular prints etc. in shaping the nationalism during
freedom struggle.

(2017)

64. "It was essential to preserve folk tradition in order to discover one's national identity and restore a
sense of pride in one's past." Support the statement in reference to India.
(Term-II, 2021-22)

65. What type of flag was designed during the 'Swadeshi Movement' in Bengal? Explain its main features.
(AI 2016)
66. Who had designed the 'Swaraj Flag' in 1921? Explain the main features of this 'Swaraj Flag'.
(2016)

SA II (4 marks)
67. Read the case given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The Sense of Collective Belonging

This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there
were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people's imagination.
History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of
nationalism. The identity of the nation, as you know, is most often symbolised in a figure or image.
This helps create an image with which people can identify the nation. It was in the twentieth century,
with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the
image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s
he wrote 'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel
Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Moved by the Swadeshi
movement, Abanindranath

Togore Painted his famous image fo Bharat Mata. In this painting, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an
ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, diving and spiritual. In subsequent years, the image of Bharat
Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints, and was painted by different
artists. Devotion to this mother figure cam to be seen as evidence of one's nationalism.

(i) How did the 'nation' become a reality in the minds of people? (ii) How did nationalism capture the
people's imagination.

(iii) How did people belonging to different groups develop a sense of collective belonging?

(Term-II, 2021-22)

LA (5 marks)
68. "Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they all are part of the same nation." Support
the statement.
(Delhi 2015)
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)

02 NATIONALISM IN INDIA
THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION

(Practice Sheet)
1 What was the primary impact of the First World War on India?
A. Industrial growth B. Economic stability
C. Increased defense expenditure D. Decreased taxation
2 Mahatma Gandhi's concept of Satyagraha emphasized:
A. Use of physical force against oppressors B. Tolerance and peaceful protests
C. Aggressive retaliation D. Power struggles for dominance
3 Which regions were involved in Gandhi's Satyagraha movements?
A. Chennai, Karnataka, and Maharashtra B. Champaran, Kheda, and Ahmedabad
C. Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan D. Hyderabad, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar
4 The Rowlatt Act aimed to:
A. Support civil rights B. Curtail political activities
C. Encourage free speech D. Promote democratic elections
5 The Jallianwala Bagh massacre resulted in:
A. Increased British popularity among B. Widespread nationalist fervor
Indians
C. Greater trust in British governance D. Decreased interest in the nationalist
movement
6 How did the First World War impact India's economy and society?
7 Describe Mahatma Gandhi's concept of Satyagraha and its significance in India's struggle for
independence.
8 What were the key events associated with Gandhi's Satyagraha movements in India?
9 Discuss the repercussions of the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on the Indian
nationalist movement.
10 How did the Jallianwala Bagh incident influence the attitude of Indians towards British rule?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)

02 NATIONALISM IN INDIA
DIFFERING STRANDS WITHIN THE MOVEMENT

(Practice Sheet)
1 What was the role of the middle class in the Non-cooperation Movement?
A. Encouraged violence and unrest B. Supported British institutions
C. Boycotted government-controlled D. Advocated for increased import of foreign
schools and legal practices goods
2 Which region saw peasant-led protests against oppressive landlords during the Non-
cooperation Movement?
A. Punjab B. Awadh
C. Gujarat D. Bengal
3 Who emerged as a prominent leader during the tribal revolt in the Gudem Hills?
A. Jawaharlal Nehru B. Baba Ramchandra
C. Alluri Sitaram Raju D. Mahatma Gandhi
4 What incident prompted Mahatma Gandhi to halt the Non-Cooperation Movement?
A. Dandi March B. Chauri-Chaura incident
C. Jallianwala Bagh massacre D. Quit India Movement
5 What did plantation workers seek during the Non-cooperation Movement in Assam?
A. Increased restrictions in tea gardens B. Better working conditions in plantations
C. Freedom to move in and out of tea D. Reduced wages
gardens
6 What significant roles did the middle class play in the Non-cooperation Movement in urban
areas?
7 How did the Non-cooperation Movement impact the economy, particularly regarding foreign
goods and cloth?
8 What limitations did the Non-cooperation Movement face in urban areas, particularly among
the elite Indian businessmen?
9 Describe the peasant participation in the Non-cooperation Movement, particularly in the
region of Awadh.
10 What were the limitations of the peasant participation in the Non-cooperation Movement?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)

02 NATIONALISM IN INDIA
TOWARDS CIVIL-DISOBEDIENCE

(Practice Sheet)
1 What event marked the formalization of the demand for 'Purna Swaraj' or full
independence for India?
A. The Salt March B. The Lahore Congress of 1929
C. The Simon Commission's arrival D. The Second Round Table Conference
2 The Salt March led by Gandhi aimed to protest against:
A. High revenues B. Foreign imports
C. Salt taxes and laws D. British military presence
3 How did the British government respond to the Civil Disobedience Movement?
A. By releasing political prisoners B. By initiating peaceful negotiations
C. By arresting Congress leaders and D. By granting full independence to India
employing brutal repression
4 What was one of the main reasons for the decline of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
A. Dissolution of the Congress party B. Government's concessions to protester
demands
C. Increasing support from business classes D. Alienation of Muslims and communal
clashes
5 Who organized satyagraha for the entry of 'untouchables' into public places during the
Civil Disobedience Movement?
A. B.R. Ambedkar B. Jawaharlal Nehru
C. Mahatma Gandhi D. C.R. Das
6 What were the main factors that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement in India?
7 Describe the significance of the Salt March in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
8 What was the response of the British colonial government to the Civil Disobedience
Movement?
9 How did different sections of Indian society participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
10 What were the limitations or challenges faced by the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)

02 NATIONALISM IN INDIA
THE SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING

(Practice Sheet)
1 What symbolism did the crescent moon hold in the tricolour flag associated with India's
nationalist movements?
A. Unity between Hindus and Muslims B. Representation of eight provinces
C. Signifying self-help D. None of the above
2 Who authored the hymn 'Vande Mataram' that became a significant part of the Swadeshi
movement?
A. Rabindranath Tagore B. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
C. Abanindranath Tagore D. Natesa Sastri
3 What was the central motive in Gandhi's Swaraj flag?
A. Eight lotuses B. A crescent moon
C. A spinning wheel D. A star
4 What was the primary objective of the Quit India Movement?
A. Immediate transfer of power to Indians B. Securing British support for Indian self-
governance
C. Collaborating with British authorities D. None of the above
5 Who delivered the famous 'Do or Die' speech during the Quit India Movement?
A. Rabindranath Tagore B. Jawaharlal Nehru
C. Mahatma Gandhi D. Subhas Chandra Bose
6 How did the image of Bharat Mata evolve over time in India's nationalist movement?
7 What role did folklore play in the formation of national identity in India?
8 Explain the symbolism behind the tricolour flags associated with India's nationalist
movements.
9 How did reinterpretation of history contribute to fostering feelings of nationalism among
Indians?
10 Discuss the significance of the Quit India Movement in India's struggle for independence
 Chapter :2 Nationalism in India

Write in Brief NCERT TEXTBOOK SOLUTION

Q.1A Explain:
Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial
movement?
Ans.: Anti-colonial movement gave a common platform to the people to
come along and fight for their rights. In several colonies including India
the growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-
colonial movement. In the process of their struggle with colonialism
people began discovering their unity. The sense of being oppressed under
colonialism provided a shared bond that tied all of them together. Hence,
the growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial
movement.

Q.1B Explain:
How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement
in India?
Ans.: The First World War (1914-18) pushed Britain into a brutal,
destructive war. To maintain the war effort, Britain needed huge supplies
of commodities and manpower. Being the biggest and the most populous
colony of Britain, India got drawn into the conflict as a major source of
men and material supply to the war. The massive mobilization of
resources from India unsettled the impoverished country in many ways.
Effects of First World War on India:

1. It created new economics and political situations,

2. Increase in defense expenditure: It created a new economic and political
situation by leading to huge expenditures in defense which were to be
financed by increasing taxes, raising custom duties and introducing
income tax.
3. Price hike: Through the War years prices increased leading to extreme
hardships for the common mass.
4. Villages were called upon for supply of soldiers: Forced recruitment of
soldiers bred resentment in villages caused widespread anger.
5. Shortages of food: The shortages of food and spread of influenza
epidemic, due to failure of crops in several parts of India in 1918-19 and
1920-21 made the life of the common people miserable and led to
widespread hardships.
6. Muslims were disenchanted with the treatment meted out to the
Ottoman Empire by the imperial powers. This led to a groundswell of
support for non-cooperation.
7. The business classes reacted against policies that restricted their
business.

People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But
that didn’t happen. All these reasons gave birth to the national movement
in the country.
The First World War had many economic and political benefits also:
1. Defense expenditure rose,
2. The war created demands for industrial goods,
3. Being Britain busy in the war Indian businessmen and individual
groups got opportunities to increase business,
Example - Setting up of TISCO.
4. Political parties started influencing people.
All this triggered the political and economical situation of India through
this the people started forming an alliance against British nation and thus
this led to the growth of the national movement in India.

Q.1C Explain:
Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
Ans.: In the year 1919, the British Government passed a new rule called
the Rowlatt Act, The Rowlatt Commission was appointed to investigate
the 'seditious conspiracy' of the Indian people. The Law passed
empowered the Viceroy Government with extraordinary power to stop all
violations by silencing the press, confining political activists without trial
and arresting any individual suspected of sedition and treachery and
arresting individuals without any warrant. A nationwide protest was
raised by calling a Hartal.

The Act was ill-famed as 'Black Act' by the people and Indians revolt in
protest against the Rowlatt Act.

Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act because:

1. This law stated that that the Government can arrest the political leaders
without any trail for 2years,

2. Political leaders were taken from Amritsar

3. Gandhi was not allowed to enter Delhi

4. Martial law was imposed

Mahatma Gandhi was extremely agitated by the enactment of the Rowlatt

Act. He argued that everyone cannot be punished for an isolated political
crime. This enraged Indian so, political leaders and the common public
came together against the act and Government adapted more repressive
measures to dominate the Native people. Gandhi and other leaders of
national Congress found it futile to take the measure of constitutional
opposition and thereby called a 'hartal' where Indians suspended all the
business and fasted to show their hatred for the British legislation.

Q.1D Explain:
Why Gandhi ji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Ans.: In February 1922, Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh.
People were protesting against the British policy and in return police
officials fired upon them which leads to death of few individuals. People
got agitated and they killed many police officials and burnt the police
station. Gandhiji was against any kind of violence so hearing of this
incident he called off the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt that the
movement was turning violent in many places which he never approved
in any circumstances and Satyagrahi needed to be properly trained before
they would be ready for mass struggles. He thought the masses have still
not understood his idea of Satyagraha and thus continuing the movement
may lead to complete chaos in the country. Also he was apprehended that
if his movement becomes a violent one then many innocent lives will be
compromised. Hence he ordered to withdraw this movement.

Q.2 What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?

Ans.: Satyagraha is derived from a sanskrit word 'satya' and 'agraha'
which means the path followed by truth. Gandhi ji believed that if the
cause was truth and the fight is against injustice then there is no need of
any physical force, and Satyagrahi can win the fight with the help of truth
and non-violence.
So, the idea of Satyagraha was based on truth and peace. He started the
movements in January 1915, to spread the idea of Satyagraha like civil
disobedience and non cooperation. He helped peasants, farmers and
plantation workers to retain their liberty to reduce taxes to get freedom.
S, the idea was comprised of:
(i) Following the path of truth and non-violence to attain freedom and
fight against injustice.
(ii) Philosophy of non-violent resistance adopted to end the British Raj in
India.
(iii) The idea emphasized the power of truth and need to search for truth.
(iv) It advocated that for true cause and struggle against injustice, physical
force is not required to fight with the oppressor.
(v) Without being aggressive, people can win battle through no
violence.
(vi) People-including the oppressors-had to be persuaded to see the truth,
instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence.
(vii) By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph.

Q.3A Write a newspaper report on:

The Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre
Ans.: 14th April, Amritsar
Today I visited the Jallianwalla Bagh here. Yesterday this place had
witnessed the ghastly scene which exposed cruelty of the colonial
government in India. A public meeting was announced here on 13th April
1919 to listen to their leaders who were gathered to show their protest
against the repressive laws. Suddenly, General Dyer came with armed
troops and closed the only exit and ordered the troops to fire on the crowd.
His purpose doing this was to ‘produce a moral effect’ and to create a
feeling of terror in the mind of Satyagrahis. Hundreds of innocent people
were killed. This agitated Indian minds resulting in strikes, clashes with
the police, attacks on government buildings and converted Mahatma
Gandhi into a non-cooperator.

Q.3B Write a newspaper report on:

The Simon Commission
Ans.: 4 February 1928, Bengal

The Indian Statutory Commission, a group of seven British Members, of

Parliament of United Kingdom under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon
assisted by Clement Attlee arrived in British-occupied India in 1928 to
study constitutional reform in Britain's most important colonial
dependency. It was commonly referred to as the Simon Commission after
its chairman, Sir John Allsebrook Simon. It was set up in response to the
nationalist movement and to look into the functioning of the constitutional
system in India and suggest changes. But the Commission has only British
members, no Indian members. Also the clauses of this Commission did
not contain any hope of ‘Swaraj’ for the Indians. This was followed by a
strike in Bengal on February 3rd, 1928. So when the Simon Commission
arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back, Simon’.
To pacify Indians, The Viceroy Lord, announced in October 1929
‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future and a Round Table
Conference was held to discuss a future constitution.

Q.4 Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this with the images of
Germania in Chapter 1.
Ans.:
Bharat Mata Germania
The image of Bharat Mata was the The image of Germania was the
symbol of Indian nation. symbol of Gennan nation.
The image of Bharat Mata was The image of Germania was
painted by Abindra Nath Tagore in painted by Philip Veit in 1848.
year 1905.
Portrayed as an ascetic figure. She Germania is shown as a brave and
is calm, composed, divine and courageous lady who is protecting
spiritual. her nation.
A motherly figure dispensing Germania is shown carrying sword
learning food and clothing. The in one hand and a flag in another
garland in one hand emphasis her hand.
Asiatic quality.
Another image of Bharat Mata is Germania was shown standing
shown with a trishul standing against a background where beams
beside a lion and an elephant-both of sunlight shine through the
symbols of power and authority. national flag.
 Germania is wearing a crown of
oak leaves, as the German oak
stands for heroism

Both images inspired nationalists who worked very hard to unify their
respective countries and to attain a liberal nation. The image of Bharat
Mata is different from that of Germania in the sense that former reflects
the religious basis of its making.

Discuss

Q.1 List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation
Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes
and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Ans.: Different social groups which joined the non-Cooperation
Movement of 1921 are given below:
(i) Middle class people: Teachers and students, merchants and traders
and Lawyers.
(ii) Countryside peasants
(iii) Tribal peasants
(iv) Plantation workers in Assam
(v) Nai and Dhobi.

1. Middle class people:

(i) Teachers and students: Thousands of students left government -
controlled schools and college students in large member joined the
movement. Headmasters and teachers resigned from the colleges
established by the government. New educational institutes such as jamia
Milia Islamia and Kashi Vidyapitha were established.

(ii) Merchants and traders: Merchants and traders refused to trade in

foreign goods or finance foreign trade. They joined the movement because
the boycott of foreign goods would make the sale of their textiles and
handlooms go up.

(iii) Lawyers: Lawyers gave up their legal practice.

2. Country side peasants:

Though the people In the country side interpreted the idea of ‘Swaraj’ in
their own way but they participated in the movement on large scale. In
Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi. The
movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded high
rents from peasants, and a number of other cesses. Peasants demanded
reduction of revenue, abolition of beggar and social boycott of oppressive
landlords. As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and
merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken
over. In several places, local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had
declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed
among the poor.

3. Tribal peasants:
Most of the tribal people were dependent on forest for their livelihood but
under the new forest policy, government had put many restrictions on the
people like:
● Closing large forest area for the tribal people,
● Forcing the local people to contribute beggar,
● Preventing people to enter forest to graze their cattle, or to collect
fuelwood and fruits.

4. Plantation workers in Assam: For plantation workers in Assam,

freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space
in which they were enclosed. It also meant retaining a link with the village
from which they had come.
● Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not
permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.
● When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of
workers defied the authorities, left plantations and head home.
● They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be
given land in their own villages.

5. Nai and dhobi: the movement in the country side had different angle.
In many places Nai-dhobi bandhs were organized by the Panchayats to
deprive the landlords of the services of barbers, cobblers, washer men etc.

Q.2 Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol
of resistance against colonialism.
Ans.: Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite
the nation against the British government in India. Gandhi ji started his
famous salt march (Dandi March) accompanied by 78 followers from his
ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. On 6 April he
reached Dandi, and openly violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling
sea water.
It was a smart political move against the unjustified tax. This demand was
quite wide ranging which brought all the classes of Indian society can
identify and walk together in a united campaign.

(i) He sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31 January, 1930 stating eleven

demands from specific to general in the interest of all classes.

(ii) The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes
within Indian society could identify with them and everyone would be
brought together in a united campaign.

(iii) The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish salt tax. Salt was
something consumed by the rich and the poor alike. It was one of most
essential items of food. Gandhi’s letter was an ultimatum.

(iv) It also threatened that if government did not exempt people from the
salt tax then they would launch a campaign against it.

(v) But Irwin showed reluctance and took the warning lightly. Thus, Civil
Disobedience Movement was started by Gandhi ji in the years 1930. It
was an important milestone in the history of Indian nationalism.

(vi) The main ideology behind the Civil Disobedience Movement was to
defy the laws made by the British.
Salt march was a symbolic movement to highlight the state of governance
under British rule in which restrictions were imposed even on basic
necessities of life like salt. Gandhi ji made efficient use of salt as a symbol
to which each and every Indian could relate himself, thus leading to
national unity in freedom struggle against colonial rule. Dandi march
inspired people from all castes, religions & regions to join national forces
against British ultimately led to Quit Indian Movement which made a
huge dent over British prospect of ruling over Indian for long.

Q.3 Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience

Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.
Ans.: It was a time when women were kept inside walls. A woman’s role
was considered to be of a homemaker. Though I had got good education,
I was not allowed to take part in social or political activities. But I thought
by participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement, I could be a part of
the nation making process. So, at the call of Gandhi ji, I couldn’t resist
myself. Revolting against my family traditions, and I became an active
member of the movement. It was a proud moment for me to participate in
Gandhi ji’s Civil Disobedience Movement. It was a motivating experience
for me when I tended to those injured in the lathi charge. It was like taking
care of my own brother. I was full of nationalistic fervor. It was the most
memorable and proud phase of my life.

Q.4 Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate
electorates?
Ans.: Nationalist Congress saw this movement as the seed of divide and
rule which can makes the national movement weak. By this the British
can rule over India as long they wish to rule. So, political leaders differed
sharply over the question of separate electorates because of differences in
opinion. While those supporting the cause of minorities and the dalits
believed that only political empowerment would resolve their social
backwardness, others like Gandhi ji thought that separate electorates
would further slow down the process of their integration into society.

Also, it was feared that the system of separate electorates would gradually
divide the country into numerous fragments because every community or
class would then ask for separate representations.

In 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, the President of the Muslim league, re-
stated the importance of separate electorates for the Muslims as an
important safeguard for their minority political interests.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organized the dalits into the Depressed Classes
Association in 1930, clashed with Gandhi at the Second Round Table
Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits. When the British
government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhi ji began a fast unto
death. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhi’s position.
Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)

02 NATIONALISM IN INDIA
MIND MAP
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