L.D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC ENGG.

DEPARTMENT

A Laboratory Manual for

Wireless Communication

(3171004)

B. E. Semester 7 (E & C Engineering)

L.D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Directorate of Technical Education

Gandhinagar, Gujarat

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L.D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC ENGG. DEPARTMENT
L.D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. Enrollment No.

of B.E. Semester 7th E&C Engineering of this Institute has

satisfactorily completed the practical / Tutorial work for the subject Wireless
Communication (3171004) for the Academic year 2024 July - 2024 October.

Date of Submission:

Faculty Incharge Head of Department

Prof. Nirali Kotak Dr. C.H. Vithalani

Signature:

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L.D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC ENGG. DEPARTMENT

Index
Sr.No. Title Date Page Sign

Study about GSM system architecture

1. and GSM handset

2. Calculate path loss in free space

Perform Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation and Demodulation in
3. MATLAB.

4. Perform AWGN channel modeling

5. Perform Rayleigh Channel modeling

6. Perform Rician channel modeling

Perform and observe channelization
7. scheme of cellular system
Perform and observe Adjacent channel
8. interference in cellular system
Perform and observe Co-channel
9. interference in cellular system
Perform outdoor propagation model
10. Okumara model
Perform outdoor propagation Model
11. Hata-Model
Performed received power and path loss
12. of Two Ray Model

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Experiment: 1
Aim: To study about GSM system architecture and GSM handset.

GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:

GSM FREQUENCIES

The GSM system is a frequency and time division system each physical channel is characterized by
a carrier frequency & a time slot number. GSM system frequencies a includes two bands at 900
MHz and 1800MHz commonly referred as GSM-900 and DCS1800. For the primary band in GSM-
900 system,124 radio carriers have been defined and assigned in two sub-bands of 25 MHz each in
the 890-915 MHz and 935-960MHz ranges, with channel width of 200 kHz.

The GSM system comprises of (refer Fig- 1) mobile station (MS), base transceiver station (BTS).
base station controller (BSC). mobile switching center (MSC) and a set of registers (databases) to
assist in mobility management & security functions. All signaling between MSC and various
registers as well as between MSCs takes place using Signaling System 7 (SS7) network.

Mobile Station (MS): GSM mobile station is nothing but your handset or subscriber unit. At the
time of manufacturing a handset, an international mobile equipment identity (IMEI) is
programmed into the terminal. A subscriber identity module (SIM) is required to activate and
operate GSM terminal. The SIM may be a removable unit that can be inserted by the user. Any
GSM terminal capable of receiving a detachable SIM card can become the user's MS upon plugging
into the SIM card.

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Basc_station_system (BSS); The base station system comprises a base station controller (BSC) and
one or more subtending base transceiver stations (BTS).The BSS is responsible for all functions
related to the radio resource management.

Mobile switching center (MSC): It's a local ISDN switch with additional capabilities to support
mobility management functions like location update, terminal registration, and handoff. MSC
performs the following major functions:

Call setup,

Release Call routine

Billing information

Paging & altering

Echo cancellation

Registration etc.

Figure 2: GSMNetworkarchitecture

Home location register (HLR): It is a centralized database that has the permanent data about the
mobile subscribers in a large service area

Visiting location register_(VLR): It represents a temporary data store, and generally there is one
VLR per MSC. This register contains information about mobile subscribers who are currently in the
service area & which features are activated locally.

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Authentication center (AC): Generally associated with HLR, contains authentication parameters
which are used in initial location registration, location updates etc.it uses authentication & cipher
key generation algorithm A3 & A8 respectively.

Equipment_identity register (EIR): It maintains information to authenticate terminal equipment

so that fraud can be identified and denied service.

GSM CAPABILITY & DATA SERVICES:

Characteristics of the initial GSM standard include the following:

Fully digital system utilizing the 900MHz frequency band.

TDMA over radio carriers (200 KHz carrier spacing)

User/terminal authentication for fraud control

Full international roaming capability

Compatibility with ISDN for supplementary services

Support of short message service (SMS)

GSM supports a range of basic and supplementary services like bearer services, tele-services and
supplementary services. The common ISDN like supplementary services

Supported by GSM include the following.

Call forwarding

Call barring

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Call waiting

Call hold

Call charge etc.

Call forwarding & barring are defined in the original GSM specification (phase 1). GSM data
services consist of circuit-switched and packet-switched data. Circuit switched data can be to an
analog modem, to an ISDN connection, or to a fax machine. Packet switched data connects to a
packet network.

The GSM GPRS extends the packet capabilities of GSM to higher data rates and longer messages.
The service supports sending point to point and point to multi-point messages. Two nodes are added
to the GSM network to support GPRS.

GSM- The Wireless Evolution: The Wireless Evolution is achieved through the GSM family of
wireless technology platforms - today's GSM, GPRS, EDGE & 3GSM. GSM is a living. evolving
standard - growing and adapting to meet changing customer needs. It is the basis of a powerful
family of platforms for the future - providing a direct-link into next generation solutions including
GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution) and 3GSM.

Conclusion:-

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Experiment: 2
Aim: Calculate path loss in free space.

Theory
The free space path loss, also known as FSPL is the loss in signal strength that occurs when an
electromagnetic wave travels over a line-of-sight path in free space. In these circumstances there are
no obstacles that might cause the signal to be reflected refracted, or that might cause additional
attenuation.

The free space path loss calculations only look at the loss of the path itself and do not contain any
factors relating to the transmitter power, antenna gains or the receiver sensitivity levels.

To understand the reasons for the free space path loss, it is possible to imagine a signal spreading out
from the transmitter. It will move away from the source spreading out in the form of a sphere. As it
does so, the surface area of the sphere increases. As this will follow the law of the conservation of
energy, as the surface area of the sphere increases, so the intensity of the signal must decrease.

As a result of this it is found that the signal decreases in a way that is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance from the source of the radio signal.

Free space path loss formula

The free space path loss formula or free space path loss equation is quite simple to use. Not only is
the path loss proportional to the square of the distance between the transmitter and receiver, but the
signal level is also proportional to the square of the frequency in use.

FSPL = (4rd/ λ)2 = (4rdf/ c)2

FSPL is the Free space path loss

d is the distance of the receiver from the transmitter (metres)

λ is the signal wavelength (metres)

f is the signal frequency (Hertz)

c is the speed of light in a vacuum (metres per second)

The free space path loss formula is applicable to situations where only the electromagnetic wave is
present, i.e, for far field situations. It does not hold true for near field situations

Decibel version of free space path loss equation

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Most RF comparisons and measurements are performed in decibels. This gives an easy and
consistent method to compare the signal levels present at various points. Accordingly, it is very
convenient to the express the free space path loss formula, FSPL, in terms of decibels.

FSPL (dB) = 20 log10 (d) + 20 1og10 (f) + 32.44

Where:

d is the distance of the receiver from the transmitter (km)

f is the signal frequency (MHz)

Procedure:

Calculating free-space path loss in a concise set of points:

1. Use the formula: FSPL (dB) = 20 10g10 (d) + 20 1og10 (1) + 32.44

2. Determine the distance (d) between the transmitter and receiver in meters

3. Find the frequency (f) of the electromagnetic wave in hertz (Hz).

4. Utilize the speed of light (c) at approximately 3 x 10^8 meters per second

5. Calculate FSPL (dB) by substituting d and f into the formula.

6. The result is the free-space path loss in decibels (dB).

Program:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
f=input('enter the frequency in Mhz: ');
L=300/f; disp(thus the wavelength is: ');
L
d=input('enter the distance in km:');
1s=32.44+20* log10(d)+20*log10(f);
disp(sprintf(%s %d %s','the path loss is:",ls,'db');
Output:

enter the frequency in Mhz: 2

thus the wavelength is:

L=150
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enter the distance in km: 10

the path loss is: 5.846060e+01 db

Conclusion:

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Experiment: 3
Aim: Perform Quadrature Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation in MATLAB.

Theory:

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is a modulation scheme that simultaneously varies the
amplitude and phase of a carrier signal to transmit digital data. In short:

Modulation (QAM):

- QAM represents digital information as points in a complex plane, where the amplitude and phase
of the carrier signal are adjusted to create a unique constellation point for each symbol.

- QAM can support various symbol constellations (e.g., 16-QAM, 64-QAM) with higher-order
constellations allowing for more bits to be transmitted per symbol.

- It's used in modern communication systems like Wi-Fi and cable television to achieve high data
rates and spectral efficiency.

Demodulation:

- Demodulation is the process of converting the received QAM signal back into digital data - The
received signal is compared to the points in the constellation, and the closest point is selected ta
decode the transmitted bits.

- Demodulation is susceptible to noise, and error correction techniques are often used to improve
reliability.

In essence, QAM allows for the efficient transmission of digital information over communication
channels by cleverly manipulating both the amplitude and phase of the carrier signal.

Matlab code:

M = 16; % Modulation order

k = log2(M); % Bits per symbol

n = 10000; % Number of symbols

snr_db = 5; % Signal-to-noise ratio in dB

data = randi([0 M-1], 1, n); % Random data for M-ary modulation

modulated_data = qammod(data, M); % QAM Modulation

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snr = 10^(snr_db/10);

noise_var = 1/(2*snr); % Variance of noise

noisy_data = modulated_data + sqrt(noise_var)*(randn(1,n) + 1i*randn(1,n)); % Add Gaussian

noise

% QAM Demodulation

demodulated_symbols = qamdemod(noisy_data, M);

% Calculate Bit Error Rate (BER)

[~,ber] = biterr(data, demodulated_symbols); % No need to scale by (n*k)

fprintf('Bit Error Rate (BER): %f\n', ber);

Output:

Bit Error Rate (BER): 0.004950

Conclusion:

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Experiment: 4
Aim: Perform AWGN channel modeling.

Theory:

Channel Modeling :
A channel model is a mathematical representation of the effects of a communication channel
through which wireless signals are propagated. The channel model can represent the power loss
incurred by the signal as it travels through the wireless medium. In a more general case, the channel
model is the impulse response of the channel medium in the time domain or its Fourier transform in
the frequency domain. The channel impulse response of a wireless communication system typically
varies randomly over time.

By using channel models with your wireless system design in MATLABR and Simulink R you can
optimize link performance, perform system architecture trade-offs, and provide a realistic
assessment of the overall system performance.

Channel models can be classified in four categories:

1. Path loss

2. Purely stochastic

3. Spatial

4. Ray tracing

AWGN Channel:

An AWGN channel adds white Gaussian noise to the signal that passes through it.

WGN is a noise that affects the transmitted signal when it passes through the channel. It contains a
uniform continuous frequency spectrum over a particular frequency band,

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Simulation for M = 8, S/N = 10 dB:

M S/N (db) BER No of Error Total No of Bits

8 5 0.4545 5 11

16 5 0.5455 6 11

32 5 0.9091 10 11

8 10 0.0000 0 11

16 10 0.3636 5 11

32 10 0.5455 6 11

Conclusion:

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Experiment: 5
Aim: Perform Rayleigh Channel modeling.

Theory:

Fading Channel :

In wireless communications, fading is deviation of the attenuation affecting a signal over certain
propagation media. Fading may vary with time, geographical position or radio frequency and is
often modeled as a random process. It is used to describe the rapid fluctuations of the amplitudes,
phase or multi-path delays of a radio signal over a short period of time or travel distance.

Fading is caused by interference between two or more versions of transmitted signal which arrive at
the receiver at slightly different times. it results in a such output signal which may largely vary in
amplitude and phase depending on the distribution of the intensity. relative propagation of the waves
and the band width of the transmitted signal

Rayleigh Channel-

When no LOS path exists in between transmitter and receiver, but only have indirect path than the
resultant signal received at the receiver will be the sum of all the reflected and scattered waves.

Simulation M = 32, f = 0.001 Hz:

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Dopler
M frequency shift BER No of Error Total No of Bits
(Hz)

8 0.001 1 11 11

16 0.001 1 11 11

32 0.001 1 11 11

8 0.1 0.9091 10 11

16 0.1 0.9091 10 11

32 0.1 0.9091 10 11

Conclusion:

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Experiment: 6
Aim: Perform Rician channel modeling.

Theory:

Fading Channel: In wireless communications, fading is deviation of the attenuation affecting a

signal over certain propagation media. Fading may vary with time, geographical position or radio
frequency and is often modeled as a random process It is used to describe the rapid fluctuations of
the amplitudes, phase or multipath delays of a radio signal over a short period of time or travel
distance. signal which

Fading is caused by interference between two or more versions of transmitted arrive at the receiver
at slightly different times, it results in a such output signal which may largely vary in amplitude and
phase depending on the distribution of the intensity, relative propagation of the waves and the
bandwidth of the transmitted signal.

Rician Channel: It occurs when there is a LOS as well as the non-LOS path in between the
transmitter and receiver, i.e., the received signal comprises on both the direct and scattered multipath
waves.

Simulation M = 16, k = 3:

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M K BER No of Error Total No of Bits

8 3 0.4545 5 11

16 3 0.6364 7 11

32 3 0.8182 9 11

8 10 0 0 11

16 10 0.3636 4 11

32 10 0.6364 7 11

Conclusion:

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Experiment: 7
Aim: Perform and observe channelization scheme of cellular system.

Objectives:

1.To measure BS and MS carrier frequency and understand concept of FDD (Frequency Division
Duplexing)

Apparatus:

MT-2000 trainer board, Spectrum analyzer (HM 5014), BNC to BNC, Connecting probe

Theory:

Frequency division duplex, FDD, uses the idea that the transmission and reception of signals are
achieved simultaneously using two different frequencies. Using FDD it is possible to transmit and
receive signals simultaneously as the receiver is not tuned to the samem frequency as the transmitters
shown.

For the FDD scheme to operate

satisfactority, it is necessary that the
frequency, i.e. channel separation between
the transmission_and reception frequencies
must be sufficient to enable the receiver not
to be unduly affected6y the transmitter
signal. This is known as the guard band.
Receiver blocking is an important issue with
FDD schemes, and often highly selective
filters may be required. For cellular systems
using FDD, filters are required within the
base station and also the handset to ensure sufficient isolation of the transmitter signal without
desensitizing the receiver.

The use of an FDD system does enable true simultaneous transmission and reception of signals
However two channels are required and this may not always use the available spectrum efficiently The
spectrum used for FDD systems is allocated by the regulatory authorities. As there is a frequency
separation between the uplink and downlink directions, it is not normally possible to reallocate
spectrum to change the balance between the capacity of the uplink and downlink directions if there are
changing capacity requirements for each direction

Procedure:
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Channelization:

1. Switch on both BS and MS module and their sub modules. 2. Select channel 1 from the control
module of BS. 5. Select channel 1 from the control module of MS. 4. Measure the received power and
frequency and the transmitting power and frequency at the MS using spectrum analyzer 5. Measure the
Duplexing distance as MS frequency minus BS frequency 6. Repeat above steps for all the channels. 7.
Prepare the observation table.

Observation Table:

M.S Frequency= 46.66 MHZ

B.S Frequency= 49.72 MHZ

Sr.No Channel MS Freq MS power BS Freq BS power Duplexxing

No. (MHz) (dbm) (MHz) (dbm) distance
(MHz)

1. 1 38.65 -62.0 46.2 -30.2 7.55

2. 2 38.7 -61.4 46.2 -29.8 7.5

3. 3 38.7 -61.4 46.21 -29.4 7.51

4. 4 38.60 -61.0 46.26 -29.0 7.66

5. 5 38.56 -63.0 46.12 -26.6 7.56

6. 6 38.47 -63.0 46.12 -26.2 7.69

7. 7 38.50 -63.0 46.16 -23.0 7.66

8. 8 38.41 -64.6 46.07 -23.0 7.6

9. 9 38.43 -65.0 46.00 -32.2 7.57

10. 10 38.37 -62.6 46.06 -29.4 7.69

Conclusion:

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Experiment: 8
Aim: Perform and observe Adjacent channel interference in cellular system.

Objectives:

1. To observe adjacent channel interference.

2. To find SIR for adjacent channel interference.

Apparatus:

MT-2000 trainer board, spectrum analyser (HM 5014), BNC-to-BNC, connecting probe

Theory:

Interference is the sum of all signal contributions that are neither noise not the wanted signal. Let's
understand how its effect, its type and what possible source for it.

Effect of interference:

1. Interference is a major limiting factor in the performance of cellular system.

2. It cause degradation of signal quality.

3. It introduce bit error in the received signal.

4. Bit error are partly recoverable by means of channel coding and error correction mechanisms.

5. The interference situation is not reciprocal in the aplink and down link direction.

6. Mobile station and base station are exposed to the different interference situation.

Sources of interference:

 Another mobile in the same cell.

 A call in progress in/fhe neighbouring cell.

 Other base station operating on the same frequency.

 Any non-cellular system which leaks energy in to the cellular frequency band.

Types of interference:

 There are two types of system generated interference.

1. Co-channel interference
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2. Adjacent channel interference

Adjacent channel interference:

Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired signal is call
adjacent channel interference.

Adjacent channel interference results from imperfect receivers filters which allow nearby
frequencies to leak into the pass band.

Adjacent channel interference can be minimized through careful filtering and channel assignments.

By keeping the frequency separations between each channel in a given cell is largest possible, the
adjacent interference may be reduced considerably.

Procedure:

Adjacent and co-channel interference:

1. For adjacent channel interference, select channel 4 on both MS 1and BS.

2. Take another MS 2 and select channel 5 or 3. Keep the MS 1 farand MS 2 the near to the BS.

3. Individually measure the received power of MS 1 and MS 2 at the base stations. This given the
signal power and interference power respectively.

4. Calculate the signal to interference ratio in db.

5. Simultaneously switch of both the MS .and the observed the received power and frequency at the
BS.

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Observation Table:

Frequency (MHZ) Power (dBm)

Position 1 Bet 38.95 -57.8

Position 2 90° 38.95 -63.0

Position 3 Linear 38.95 -61.4

Conclusion:

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Experiment: 9
Aim: Perform and observe Co-channel interference in cellular system.

Objectives:

1. To observe co- channel interference.

2. To find SIR for co channel interference.

Apparatus:

MT-2000 trainer board, spectrum analyser (HM 5014), BNC-to-BNC, connecting probe.

Theory:

Interference is the sum of all signal contributions that are neither noise not the wanted signal. Let's
understand how its effect, its type and what possible source for it.

Effect of interference:

1. Interference is a major limiting factor in the performance of cellular system.

2. It cause degradation of signal quality.
3. It introduce bit error in the received signal.
4. Bit error are partly recoverable by means of channel coding and error correction mechanisms.
5. The interference situation is not reciprocal in the uplink and down link direction.
6. Mobile station and base station are exposed to the different interference situation

Sources of inter ference:

 Another mobile in the same cell.

 A call in progress in the neighbouring cell.

 Other base station operating on the same frequency.

 Any non-cellular system which leaks energy in to the cellular frequency band.

Tyes of interference:

• There are two types of system generated interference.

1. Co-channel interference
2. Adjacent channel interference

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Co-channel interference:

This type of interference is the due to frequency reuse, i.e.several cells use same set of frequency

This cells are called co-channel cells.

Co-channel interference cannot be combated by increasing the power of transmitter This is because
an increasing in carrier transmit power increases the interference to neighbouring co-channel cell.

To reduce co-channel interference. co-channel cells must be physically separated by minimum

distance to provide sufficient isolation due to propagation or reduce of the footprint of the cell.

Some factors other than reuse distance that influence co-channel interference are antenna type,
directionality, height, site position etc.

 GSM specifies C/I>9db.

 In a cellular system, when the size of each cell is approximately the same, co-channel
interference is independent of the transmitted power and becomes a function of cell radius ®
and the distance to the centre of the nearest co-channel cell (D).

 QDR-O3N

 By increasing the ratio of D/R the spatial separation between the co-channel cells relative to the
coverage distance of the cell is increased. In this way interference is reduced from-prove the
isolation of RF energy from the co-channel cell • The perimeter Q. call the co-channel reuse

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ratio, is the related to the cluster size. A small Value of Q provides larger capacity since the
cluster size N is small whereas • a large value of Q improve the transition quality.

Procedure:

Co-channel interference:

1. For co-channel interference, select same channel on the BS, MS 1 and MS2.
2. Individually measure power received power MS 1 and MS 2 at the base stations This given the
signal power and interference power respectively
3. Simultaneously switch on both the MS. And observed the received power and frequency at the
BS.

Observations table:

Channel Frequecy (Mhz) MSI MS1 & MS2 Power

No. (dbm)

3 38.92 -69.2 -65.0

4 38.89 -66.2 -67.4

5 38.89 -64.2 -66.6

Conclusion:

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Experiment: 10
Aim: Perform outdoor propagation model Okumara model.

Theorv:

The Okumura model for Urban Areas is a Radio propagation model that was built using the data
collected in the city of Tokyo, Japan. The model is ideal for using in cities with many urban
structures but not many tall blocking structures. The model served as a base for the Hata Model.

Okumura model was built into three modes. The ones for urban, suburban and open areas. The
model for urban areas was built first and used as the base for others.

Coverage

Frequency = 150 MHz to 1920 MHz

Mobile Station Antenna Height: between 1 m and 10 m

Base station Antenna Height: between 30 m and 1000 m

Link distance: between 1 km and 100 km

Mathematical formulation

The Okumura model is formally expressed as:

L= LFSL + AMU - HMG - HBG - Σ KCORRECTION

where,

L The median path loss. Unit: Decibel (dB)

LFSL = The Free Space Loss. Unit: Decibel(dB)

AMU = Median attenuation. Unit: Decibel(dB)

HMG = Mobile station antenna height gain factor.

HBG =Base station antenna height gain factor.

K correction = Correction factor gain (such as type of environment, water surfaces. isolated obstacle
etc.)

Okumura model does not provide a mean to measure the Free space loss. However, any standard
method for calculating thefree space loss can be used.

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Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
LFSL= input('Enter the free space loss:');
AMU= input('Enter the medium attenuation value:');
HMG= input('Enter the Mobile station antenna height gain factor:');
HBG= input('Enter the Base Station antenna height gain factor:');
Kcorrection= input('Enter the correction factor gain:');
L= LFSL + AMU - HMG - HBG - Kcorrection;
disp(fprintf('%s %f %s','the medium path loss:',L,'db'));

Output:

Enter the free space loss:

10
Enter the medium attenuation value:
5
Enter the Mobile station antenna height gain factor:
2
Enter the Base Station antenna height gain factor:
4
Enter the correction factor gain:
4

Conclusion:

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Experiment: 11
Aim: Perform outdoor propagation Model Hata-Model.

Theory:

In wireless communication, the Hata Model for Urban Areas, also known as the Okumura-Hata
model for being a developed version of the Okumura Model. is the most widely used radio
frequency propagation model for predicting the behaviour of cellular transmissions in built up areas.
This model incorporates the graphical information from Okumura model and develops it further to
realize the effects of diffraction, reflection and scattering caused by city structures. This model also
has two more varieties for transmission in Suburban Areas and Open Areas.

Hata Model predicts the total path loss along a link of terrestrial microwave or other type of cellular
communications.

This particular version of the Hata model is applicable to the radio propagation within urban areas,
This model is suited for both point-to-point and broadcast transmissions and it is based on extensive
empirical measurements taken.

PCS is another extension of the Hata model. The Walfisch and Bertoni Model is further advanced.

Coverage

Frequency: 150 MHz to 1500 MHz

Mobile Station Antenna Height: between 1 m and 10 m

Base station Antenna Height: between 30 m and 200 m

Link distance: between 1 km and 20 km.

Mathematical formulation

Hata Model for Urban Areas is formulated as:

LU =69.55 + 26.16 log f - 13.82 log hB - CH + | 449 - 6.55 log hB | log d.

For small or medium sized city.

CH=0.8 + (1.1 log f - 0.7) hM - 1.56 log f.

and for large cities,

CH =8.29 (log (1.54hM)) 2-1.1, if 150 < f < 200

CH=3.2 (log(11.75 hM)) 2-4.97, if 200 < f < 1500

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Where,

LU = Path loss in Urban Areas (dB)

hB= Height of base station Antenna. (m)

hM = Height of mobile station Antenna. (m)

f= Frequency of Transmission (MHz)

CH = Antenna height correction factor d = Distance between the base and mobile stations (km)

The term "small city' means a city where the mobile antenna height not more than 10 meters. i.e. 1 ≤
hM ≤ 10m

Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
f= input('enter the frequency of transmission in mhz:');
Hb=input('enter the height of base station Antenna in meter:');
Hm=input('enter the height of mobile station Antenna in meter:');
d=input('enter the distance between the base and mobile stations:');
n=input('enter 0 for small city and 1 for large city:');
ch=input("Antenna height correction factor ")
if n==0
ch=0.8+(1.1*log10(f)-0.7)*Hm-1.56*log10(f);
else
if f>=150 && f<=200
ch=8.29*(log10(1.54*Hm))^.2-1.1;
else
if f>-200 && f<=1500
ch=3.2*(log10(11.75*Hm))^.2-4.97;
end
end
end
Lu=69.55+26.16*log10(f)-13.82*log10(Hb)-ch+(44.9-6.55*log10(Hb))*log10(d);
disp(fprintf('%s %f %s','Path loss in Urban Areas=',Lu,'dB'));

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L.D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC ENGG. DEPARTMENT

Output:

enter the frequency of transmission in mhz:

150-1500
enter the height of base station Antenna in meter:
30-200
enter the height of mobile station Antenna in meter:
1-10
enter the distance between the base and mobile stations:
1-20
enter 0 for small city and 1 for large city:
0
Antenna height correction factor
4

Conclusion:

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L.D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC ENGG. DEPARTMENT
Experiment: 12
Aim: Performed received power and path loss of Two Ray Model.

Theory:

The Two-Ray Ground Reflection Model is a simplified radio propagation model used to estimate
received power and path loss in wireless communication. It assumes that the signal propagates along
two paths: one direct path from the transmitter to the receiver and another path reflected from the
ground.

1. Received Power (Pr):

The received power (Pr) in the Two-Ray Model can be calculated using the formula:

Pr=Pt* Gt*Gr*(h^2)/(d^2*L)

Where:

⁃ Pr is the received power.

⁃ Pt is the transmitted power.

Gt is the transmitter antenna gain.

Gr is the receiver antenna gain.

⁃ h is the height of the antennas.

⁃ d is the distance between the transmitter and receiver.

⁃ L is the system loss.

2. Path Loss (L):

The path loss (L) can be calculated as:

L=(4*1*d)^2/(λ^2)

Where:

⁃ d is the distance between the transmitter and receiver.

- λ is the wavelength of the signal.

The Two-Ray Model simplifies path loss calculations and assumes that the signal strength is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance. This model works well in scenarios with a clear
line of sight and a reflecting ground, such as outdoor environments, Keep in mind thet uins is a

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L.D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC ENGG. DEPARTMENT
simplified model and may not account for all real-world propagation effects, like shadowing.
multipath, and interference, which can significantly affect wireless communication in practical
situations.

Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
Pt= input("Enter the value Transmitted power (in dBm) ");
Gt = input("Enter the value transmitter antenna gain (in dBi) ");
Gr = input ("Enter the value Receiver antenna gain (in dBi) ");
h = input("Enter the value Height of antennas (in meters)");
d= input("Enter the value Distance between transmitter and receiver (in meters)");
lambda =input("Enter the value Wavelength ");
Pr = Pt + Gt + Gr + 20*log10(h) - 20 * log10(d);
L= (4*pi*d/lambda)^2;
fprintf('Received Power (Pr); %.2f dBm\n', Pr);
fprintf('Path Loss (L): %.2f dB\n', L);

Output:

Enter the value Transmitted power (in dBm)

10
Enter the value transmitter antenna gain (in dBi)
5
Enter the value Receiver antenna gain (in dBi)
7
Enter the value Height of antennas (in meters)
10
Enter the value Distance between transmitter and receiver (in meters)
100
Enter the value Wavelength
0.3

Conclusion:

Wireless Communication 30