E3S Web of Conferences 430, 01051 (2023) https://doi.org/10.

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ICMPC 2023

Feasible Prediction of Multiple Diseases using

Machine Learning
Banoth Ramesh1*, G. Srinivas1, P. Ram Praneeth Reddy1, MD Huraib Rasool1, Divya
Rawat2, Madhulita Sundaray3
1Departmentof CSE (AI & ML), GRIET, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
2Uttaranchal
Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India
3KG Reddy College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, India

Abstract. Automated Multiple Disease Prediction System using Machine

Learning is an advanced healthcare application that utilizes machine
learning algorithms to accurately predict the likelihood of a patient having
multiple diseases based on their medical history and symptoms. The
system employs a comprehensive dataset of medical records and symptoms
of various diseases, which are then analysed using machine learning
techniques such as decision trees, support vector machines, and random
forests. The system's predictions are highly accurate, and it can assist
medical professionals in making more informed decisions and providing
better treatment plans for patients. Ultimately, the viable Multiple Disease
Prediction System using Machine Learning has the potential to improve
healthcare outcomes and reduce healthcare costs by predicting and
preventing disease early.

1 Introduction
Machine Learning (ML) gives computers the capability to learn without explicitly
programmed. ML is the technology that no one come across. It is apparent from its name
that makes the computer to work more similar to humans - the learning ability.
Arthur Samuel coined the term machine learning was coined in 1959. The term
‘machine learning’ discusses gathering information that may be measured or evaluated and
then used to train a machine learning model. How effectively a machine-learning model
works is significantly influenced by the quantity and quality of data utilized for training and
testing. Data can take many different formats, including numerical, category, or time-series
data, and can originate from a range of sources, including databases, spreadsheets, and
APIs. Machine learning algorithms use data to find relationships and patterns between input
parameters. Applications of ML are as follows:
1. Google Maps
2. Linkedin
3. Facebook
4. Medical Imaging
5. Art Restoration

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 430, 01051 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343001051
ICMPC 2023

6. Forensic Science
7. Robotics
8. Satellite Imaging
The advantages of ML are as follows:
1. Ability to learn complex representations
2. End-to-end learning
3. Improved accuracy
4. Improved performance
5. Scalability and parallel processing
6. Cost computation
Developing a Machine learning implementation comes with its fair share of challenges
and pitfalls. Firstly, acquiring and preparing a high-quality dataset can be time-consuming
and expensive, especially for niche domains. Secondly, choosing the right architecture and
hyper parameters requires extensive experimentation and can be computationally
demanding. Thirdly, over fitting is a common pitfall, where the model performs well on
training data but fails to generalize to unseen examples. Fourthly, training deep learning
models often requires significant computational resources. Lastly, deploying and scaling
learning models in production can be complex and may require additional infrastructure
and maintenance efforts.

2 Existing methods
The automated Multiple Disease Prediction System using Machine Learning is an advanced
healthcare application that utilizes machine learning algorithms to accurately predict the
likelihood of a patient having multiple diseases based on their medical history and
symptoms. The system employs a comprehensive dataset of medical records and symptoms
of various diseases, which are then analysed using machine learning techniques such as
decision trees, support vector machines, and random forests. The system's predictions are
highly accurate, and it can assist medical professionals in making more informed decisions
and providing better treatment plans for patients. Ultimately, the Multiple Disease
Prediction System using Machine Learning has the potential to improve healthcare
outcomes and reduce healthcare costs by predicting and preventing disease early.
Authors [16] highlighted the significance of ML in prediction, pattern recognition
and error reduction across diverse fields, emphasizing the impact of AI in broad domain.
Authors [17] presented text classification algorithms for various applications and explores
the use of machine learning in detecting phishing attacks. Authors [18] discussed the use of
machine learning and neural networks, especially CNN, for recognizing handwriting
patterns, with a focus on Telugu film industry names, achieving high accuracy (98.3%).
The paper [19] discussed the role of Intelligent Decision Support Systems (IDSS) in
Healthcare Monitoring, especially for heart disease. Results claimed that IDSS enhances
decision-making functionalities in uncertain healthcare scenarios, there by significantly
improving the monitoring and remedial activities. Authors [20] suggested data mining
techniques to predict disease-prevalence based on symptoms in healthcare data. The
appropriate prediction helps healthcare organizations avoid drug shortages and further
ensures timely treatment of patients. The paper [21] explores the distinct ML applications
in predicting heart attacks using patient health records. It compares Random Forest and
CNN methods, and findings showed that Random Forest’s better performance in terms of
accuracy.

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ICMPC 2023

Table 1. Summary of existing approach.

Ref.
Dataset Accuracy
No.
Data Collected from Local Hospitals Random Forest Preferred well compared
[1]
and Open Sources to Naive Bayes and Decision tree
Dataset obtained from Cleaveland
Highest Accuracy achieved by KNN
[2] Heart Disease database at UCI
with 87%
Repository
Dataset Obtained from UCI Highest Accuracy achieved by SVM
[3]
Repository with 89.34%
Dataset from different patients CNN - MDRP algorithm performed
[4]
experienced with different disease much better for unstructured data
Dataset used is public clinical In the model generated SVM gave high
[5]
available dataset precision and accuracy
Dataset Obtained from UCI A study on algorithms shown that SVM
[6]
Repository and LR Algorithms performed well.
Dataset is obtained from University of Highest Accuracy achieved by Logistic
[7]
California, Irvine regression 82.89%
Highest Accuracy achieved by Naive
Dataset Obtained from UCI
[8] Bayes 88.163%
Repository
Dataset is obtained from University of Highest Accuracy achieved by Logistic
[9]
California, Irvine regression 82.89%
Dataset used in this research is Rapid Miner tool should higher degree of
[10]
available at web source correctness than Matlab and Weka tool
Dataset Obtained from UCI Highest Accuracy shown by Naive Bayes
[11]
Repository 86.6%
Dataset Obtained from UCI Highest Accuracy shown by Naive Bayes
[12]
Repository 86.6%
The DT, LR and MLP algorithms
Dataset Obtained from UCI
[13] showed maximum precision and
Repository
minimum errors among all algorithms
Data collected from Hospitals, this Decision Tree, Regression model has the
[14] data consists of both structured and best prediction accuracy in the models
unstructured data generated
Datasets available in “Kaggle” and
In the model generated SVM gave high
[15] “University of California, Irvine (UCI)
precision and accuracy
database”

3 Problem statement and objectives

3.1 Problem Statement

The Multiple Disease Prediction System using Machine Learning is an advanced healthcare
application that utilizes machine learning algorithms to accurately predict the likelihood of
a patient having multiple diseases based on their medical history and symptoms. The
system employs a comprehensive dataset of medical records and symptoms of various
diseases, which are then analysed using machine learning techniques such as decision trees,
support vector machines, and random forests. The system's predictions are highly accurate,
and it can assist medical professionals in making more informed decisions and providing
better treatment plans for patients. Ultimately, the Multiple Disease Prediction System

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E3S Web of Conferences 430, 01051 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343001051
ICMPC 2023

using Machine Learning has the potential to improve healthcare outcomes and reduce
healthcare costs by predicting and preventing disease early.

3.2 Objective
The objective of this paper is to investigate how supervised Machine Learning (ML)
algorithms can enhance healthcare by enabling more precise and early detection of diseases.
In order to achieve this, we will evaluate research studies that employ multiple supervised
ML models for each disease recognition task. By using a variety of algorithms in our
analysis, we can obtain more comprehensive and accurate results. This approach helps to
mitigate biases that may arise from evaluating a single algorithm across different research
scenarios, which can lead to misleading conclusions.

3.3 Models used in proposed method

There are various methodologies that can be adapted to satisfy the objective of disease
prediction. Here are some of them:
• Machine learning algorithms Machine learning algorithms can be trained on a dataset
of features such as demographic information, medical history, lifestyle factors, and
biomarkers to predict the likelihood of an individual having a particular disease. There
are various machine learning algorithms such as logistic regression, random forests,
and neural networks that can be used for disease prediction.
• Risk scores Risk scores are widely used to predict the likelihood of developing a
particular disease. These scores are usually calculated based on a set of risk factors
such as age, sex, family history, and lifestyle factors. For example, the Gail model is
used to predict the risk of breast cancer, and the Framingham risk score is used to
predict the risk of cardiovascular disease.
• Decision trees Decision trees are a type of algorithm that can be used to predict the
likelihood of a particular disease based on a set of symptoms and risk factors. Decision
trees are particularly useful when the data is structured and can help identify the most
important factors for disease prediction.
• Bayesian networks Bayesian networks are a probabilistic graphical model that can be
used to represent the relationships between different diseases and risk factors. Bayesian
networks can be used for disease prediction by incorporating prior knowledge about
the relationships between diseases and risk factors and then predicting the probability
of an individual developing a particular disease.
• Deep learning Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that uses neural networks
to extract features from the data. Deep learning algorithms can be used for disease
prediction by training on large datasets of features such as medical images, electronic
health records, and genomic data.
• These methodologies can be adapted to different diseases and datasets to predict the
likelihood of an individual developing a particular disease. It is important to note that
these methodologies require large datasets and expert knowledge to ensure accurate
disease prediction.

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4 Proposed method
The Multiple Disease Prediction System using Machine Learning is an advanced healthcare
application that utilizes machine learning algorithms to accurately predict the likelihood of
a patient having multiple diseases based on their medical history and symptoms. The
system employs a comprehensive dataset of medical records and symptoms of various
diseases, which are then analysed using machine learning techniques such as decision trees,
support vector machines, and random forests. The system's predictions are highly accurate,
and it can assist medical professionals in making more informed decisions and providing
better treatment plans for patients. Ultimately, the Multiple Disease Prediction System
using Machine Learning has the potential to improve healthcare outcomes and reduce
healthcare costs by predicting and preventing disease early.

4.1 Architecture diagram of the proposed work

The process of disease prediction involves several steps that are designed to identify the
likelihood of an individual developing a particular disease. It starts with data collection,
where relevant information about the individual is collected, including their medical
history, lifestyle factors, demographic information, and biomarkers. Once the data is
collected, it is preprocessed to ensure that it is suitable for analysis. This may include
cleaning the data, handling missing values, and normalizing the data. Feature selection is
then performed to identify the most important features relevant to disease prediction. This
helps to reduce the dimensionality of the data and improve the accuracy of the prediction.

Fig. 1. Image deblurring architecture diagram.

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Next, an appropriate model is selected for disease prediction. This can involve choosing
a machine learning algorithm, decision tree, or Bayesian network based on the type of data
and disease being predicted. Once the model is selected, it is trained on the data to identify
patterns and relationships between the features and the disease being predicted. Model
evaluation is then performed to test the accuracy and generalization performance of the
trained model on a separate dataset. Finally, the trained model is used to predict the
likelihood of an individual developing the disease. Overall, the disease prediction process
requires expertise in data science, machine learning, and medical domain knowledge to
ensure accurate disease prediction.

5 Results and discussions

5.1 Description about dataset

In this paper we are using multiple datasets for training our model, these multiple datasets
are diabetes, heart, kidney, liver, and cancer and are downloaded from the web. These
multiple datasets contain multiple attributes among those attributes only attributes that help
in predicting disease are considered, and which help in increasing accuracy are considered.
The datasets used in this paper are:
• Diabetes Dataset Commonly used diabetes attributes are No. Of pregnancies, Glucose,
Blood Pressure, Skin Thickness, Insulin, BMI, Diabetes Pedigree Function, and Age.
• Breast Cancer Dataset Attributes helped in breast cancer detection are ID, Diagnosis,
Radius, Texture, Perimeter, Area, Smoothness, Compactness, Concavity, Concave
Points, Symmetry, Fractal Dimension, area worst, and symmetry worst.
• Heart Disease Dataset Commonly used attributes are Age, Sex, Chest Pain Type,
Resting Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, Fasting Blood Sugar, Resting
Electrocardiographic Results, Maximum Heart Rate Achieved, Exercise Induced
Angina, ST Depression Induced by Exercise, Slope of the Peak Exercise ST Segment,
Number of Major Vessels (0-3) Colored by Fluoroscopy, Thalassemia, Target Variable.
• Kidney Disease Prediction Attributes helped in kidney disease detection are Age,
Blood Pressure, Specific Gravity, Albumin, Sugar, Red Blood Cells, Pus Cell, Pus Cell
Clumps, Bacteria, Blood Glucose Random, Blood Urea, Serum Creatinine, Sodium,
Potassium, Hemoglobin, Packed Cell Volume, White Blood Cell Count, Red Blood
Cell Count, Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Coronary Artery Disease, Appetite.
• Liver Dataset Commonly used attributes in liver disease prediction are Age, Total
Bilirubin, Alkaline Phosphate, Aspartate Aminotranferase, Albumin, Gender,
Conjugated Bilirubin, Alamin Aminotransferase, Total Protein, Albumin and Globulin
Ratio.

5.2 Experimental results

The accuracy of Diabetes prediction model performed is given by ROC curve, among all
the models Random Forest gave an accuracy of 92.5%.
The actual web site that shows details about multiple disease, the web page include
details about the disease and symptoms related to disease. The patient now can choose his
preferred disease at top right and start entering values in the text boxes, diabetes web page
where user have to enter values in the text boxes. The breast cancer web page where user

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have to enter values in the text boxes. The user has to enter detailed values in the text
boxes, the user then clicked predict to get the results. It will redirect to result page.

Fig. 2. Diabetes performance evaluation.

Fig. 3. Home page.

Fig. 4. Diabetes page.

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Fig. 5. Inserting values.

Figure 5 represents results web page where user will get the results if the user is facing any
problem then the result page will display positive, the patient may be facing disease else
negative the patient is safe and also displays home button below. The figure 6 represents
the result page for diabetes. In this way for every page, the result page will be displayed as
shown above.

Fig. 6. Result page.

5.3 Significance of proposed method

Predicting multiple diseases using dedicated models offers several advantages:
1. Comprehensive risk assessment multiple disease prediction models consider a wide
range of risk factors and indicators associated with different diseases. By combining
these factors, they provide a more comprehensive evaluation of an individual's overall
disease risk. This allows for a more accurate assessment compared to individual
disease-specific models.
2. Holistic approach to healthcare multiple disease prediction models promote a holistic
approach to healthcare by considering the interplay between different diseases. They

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take into account the potential correlations, shared risk factors, and interactions among
diseases, providing a more accurate representation of an individual's health status.
3. Early detection of interconnected diseases often share common risk factors and may
co-occur in individuals. Multiple disease prediction models can identify such
interrelationships, enabling early detection of associated diseases. This early detection
facilitates timely intervention, leading to improved outcomes and potentially
preventing the progression of multiple diseases.
4. Efficient use of data and resources Developing multiple disease prediction models
allows for the integration and utilization of diverse datasets and resources. By
leveraging shared data and risk factors, researchers can optimize the use of available
resources, such as large-scale population health data or electronic health records, to
develop accurate and efficient models.
5. Personalized prevention and intervention strategies Multiple disease prediction models
enable the development of personalized prevention and intervention strategies. They
can identify individuals at high risk for multiple diseases and provide tailored
recommendations for risk reduction, lifestyle modifications, and targeted interventions.
This personalized approach enhances the effectiveness of preventive measures and
interventions.
6. Improved decision-making for healthcare providers Multiple disease prediction models
provide healthcare providers with comprehensive information to make informed
decisions. By considering the risks of multiple diseases, healthcare professionals can
prioritize preventive measures, screenings, and interventions based on an individual's
overall disease risk. This aids in optimizing healthcare management and resource
allocation.
7. Insights into disease interactions and comorbidities Multiple disease prediction models
contribute to a better understanding of disease interactions, comorbidities, and their
underlying mechanisms. They help identify common pathways, shared risk factors, and
potential synergistic effects between diseases. This knowledge can lead to
advancements in disease prevention, treatment, and the development of targeted
therapies.
In summary, multiple disease prediction models offer a holistic and integrated approach
to disease risk assessment, enabling early detection, personalized interventions, and
efficient resource allocation. They provide valuable insights into disease interrelationships,
promoting better healthcare decision-making and improving health outcomes for
individuals at risk for multiple diseases.

6 Conclusion
The primary objective of this paper is to automatically predict diseases accurately based on
patient-reported symptoms by implementing Machine Learning algorithms. In this study,
four Machine Learning algorithms were utilized, achieving a mean accuracy of over 95%.
This signifies significant improvement and higher accuracy compared to previous works,
making the system more reliable and satisfying for users.
Overall, the integration of Machine Learning in disease prediction has the potential to
revolutionize healthcare by improving prediction accuracy, enabling early interventions,
facilitating personalized medicine, optimizing resource allocation, and generating data-
driven insights. Continued research, collaboration between healthcare professionals and
data scientists, and ethical considerations are essential for harnessing the full potential of
Machine Learning in disease prediction and providing enhanced healthcare solutions for

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patients. Additionally, this system is user-friendly and accessible to a wide range of users
without any specific threshold.

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