Introductio

The human body is a complex machine performing tons of functions and processes to maintain and
sustain life. Explore how the body controls its movements and coordinates its actions with other parts of
the body and the environment by exploring notes for Class 10 Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

The Nervous Syste

Movement in organism

The ability of organisms to move certain body parts is movement

When they move from one place to another, it is called locomotion

Organisms show movements in response to stimuli

Introduction to control & coordinatio

• Organisms move in response to various kinds of stimuli like light, heat, nutrients/food, etc
• All the activities in animals are controlled and coordinated by the nervous and endocrine
systems
• Hormones are chemical messengers, which assist the nervous system in carrying out various
functions. They are secreted by endocrine glands
• Hormones in plants coordinate the movements

To know more about The Nervous System, visit here

THE NERVOUS SYSTE

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 Neuro

Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system

• Each neuron has three main parts: dendrites, cyton/soma/cell body and axon
• Dendrites receive impulses from other neurons
• Cyton/soma processes the impulse
• Axon transmits the impulse, either to another neuron or to muscles/glands, etc
• Axon may be myelinated or non-myelinated
• The impulse transmission is faster in myelinated neurons
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 Central nervous syste

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. Functions of different
parts of the brain are

• The cerebrum is responsible for reasoning, logic, emotions, speech, memory, visual processing,
recognition of auditory and taste stimuli, etc
• Cerebellum regulates and coordinates body movements, posture and balance
• Pons relays signals from the hindbrain to the forebrain
• Medulla Oblongata controls all involuntary movements like vomiting, sneezing, yawning,
heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, etc
• Medulla oblongata continues as the spinal cord which runs through the vertebral column and it
controls re ex actions
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 Read more: Central Nervous System

Peripheral nervous syste

• The nerves coming out from the brain and the spinal cord constitute the peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
• There are 12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves in humans
Read more: Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic nervous syste

• It forms a part of the PNS

• The nerves of PNS that control the voluntary actions of the body form the somatic nervous
system
Autonomic nervous syste

• All the nerves of the PNS that control the involuntary actions in the body form the autonomic
nervous system. E.g. respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, etc. are regulated by the
autonomic nervous system
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 • Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous system
• The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for intense physical activity and is often
referred to as the ght-or- ight response, while the parasympathetic nervous system has almost
the exact opposite effect and relaxes the body and inhibits or slows many high-energy functions
Re ex actio

Re ex action is a sudden, involuntary reaction of the body in response to stimuli

To know more about Re ex Action, visit here

Re ex ar

• It is the path followed by an electrical impulse during a re ex action

• The impulse travels from the receptor organ to the spinal cord/brain. It is processed there and the
information is brought back to the concerned muscle to carry out the action
• Thus, the receptor organ, sensory/afferent neuron, interneuron, motor/efferent neuron and
effector organ are the components of a re ex arc
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Protection of CN

The brain is protected by 3 main layers

• The bony skull (cranium

• The cerebrospinal ui
• The meninges (Dura mater, Arachnoid and Pia mater)

Plant Hormones and Movement

Plant hormone

Control and coordination in plants are carried out by hormones

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 Plant
Function
Hormone
Auxin Helps in Growth of Plant Tissue
Cytokinin Promotes Cell division, delays ageing of cells
Helps in the growth of stems, initiates seed germination, promotes flowering, cell
Gibberellins
division and seed growth after germination
Abscisic acid Inhibits growth and causes wilting of leaves, promotes dormancy of buds and seeds
Ethylene This is a gaseous hormone which causes the ripening of fruits

To know more about Plant hormones, visit here

Growth independent movement

The movements which are not growth related are called nastic movements. These movements occur in
response to environmental stimuli but the direction of response is not dependent on the direction of the
stimulus

• The movement in the touch-me-not plant is thigmonastic movement (movement in response to

touch)
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 Growth-related movements in plant

The movements which are growth related are called tropic movements. These movements occur in
response to environmental stimuli and the direction of the response is dependent on the direction of the
stimulus

To know more about Tropic Movements in Plants, visit here

Examples

• Phototropic movement (light-dependent

• Geotropic movement (gravity-dependent
• Chemotropic movement (chemical-dependent
• Hydrotropic movement (water-dependent
• Thigmotropic movement (touch dependent

Geotropis

Movement of plant parts in response to earth's gravitational force is known as geotropism/gravitropism

• Towards gravity - positive geotropis

• Away from gravity - negative geotropis
• The root grows towards gravity and shoot grows away from gravit
 

Phototropis

Movement of plant parts in response to light is known as phototropism

• Towards light-positive phototropis

• Away from light - negative phototropis
• Stems move towards light and roots move away from ligh

To know more about Phototropism, visit here

Hydrotropis

Movement of plant parts in response to water or moisture

• Towards water-positive hydrotropis

• Away from water - negative hydrotropis
• Again, root movement in search of water is positive hydrotropis
• E.g. movement of roots towards high humidity leve

Chemotropis

Movement of plant parts in response to chemical stimuli is known as chemotropism

• Towards chemical - positive chemotropis

• Away from chemical - negative chemotropis
• The growth of pollen tube towards the ovule is positive chemotropis
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 Thigmotropis

Movement of plant parts in response to touch is called as thigmotropism

• Towards touch - Positive thigmotropis

• Away from touch - negative thigmotropis
• Movement of tendrils around the support is positive thigmotropis

The Endocrine Syste

Exocrine gland

Exocrine glands are glands that discharge secretions by means of ducts, which open onto an epithelial
surface

Endocrine gland

Endocrine glands are the ductless glands which secrete hormones into the bloodstream in humans

The endocrine glands present in the human body are the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas,
ovary (female), testis (male), etc. Let us now learn more about each of the glands below
 

To know more about Exocrine glands, visit here

Pituitary glan

•It is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain

•It is the master gland as it controls the secretions of all the other endocrine glands
•It also secretes Growth Hormone (GH). Under-secretion of GH causes Dwar sm and over-
secretion causes Gigantism in children and ‘Acromegaly’ in adults
To know more about Pituitary gland, visit here

Thyroid glan

• It is a butter y-shaped gland located in the throat

• It secretes the hormone ‘Thyroxine’ which regulates the metabolism of the body
• Iodine is required to synthesize thyroxine in the body
• In the case of iodine de ciency, under-secretion of thyroxine leads to goitre
To know more about Thyroid gland, visit here
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 Pancrea

• It is a leaf-like gland present behind the stomach in the abdomen

• It is an endocrine as well an exocrine gland
• As an endocrine gland, it manufactures two hormones - Insulin and glucagon. Both these
hormones act antagonistically and regulate the sugar level in the blood
• As an exocrine gland, it secretes enzymes to break down the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and
nucleic acids in food
• An insuf cient amount of insulin from the pancreas leads to diabetes
To know more about Pancreas, visit here

Adrenal glan

• Occurs in pairs above each kidney

• It decreases in size with age
• Secrets the hormone adrenaline which helps in ight and ght response
• Also secretes nor adrenalin
To know more about the Adrenal gland, visit here

Gonad

• Gonads are the gamete-producing organs - testes in males and ovaries in females
• The testes produce the male hormone testosterone and the ovaries produce the female hormones
oestrogen and progesterone
• Testosterone and oestrogen help in producing gametes and are responsible for the sexual
characteristics of males and females respectively
• Progesterone is the pregnancy hormone
To know more about Gonads, visit here

Other endocrine organ

• The other endocrine organs include the hypothalamus, parathyroid, pineal and thymus glands
To know more about The Endocrine System, visit here

Also Check:

• CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 6 Life Processes

• CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 8 How Do Organisms Reproduce Notes
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and Coordination
• NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Solutions for Chapter 7 - Control And Coordination
• Real Numbers Class 10 Notes: Chapter 1
• CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 1 - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
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Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 7: Control and
Coordinatio

What is the function of the Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind. It consists of two
parts: the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is the centre of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external
environment, and the origin of control over body movement

What are some facts about the human brain

1. 60% of the human brain is composed of fa

2. The brain contains about 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion connection

3. The texture of the brain is similar to that of rm jell

How many parts does the human eye have

The human eye totally consists of 7 parts that work together
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 CBSE Class 10 Science MCQ Chapter

7 Control And Coordination

Q1) What is the function of pituitary gland?

(a) to develop sex organs in males

(b) to stimulate growth in all organs
(c) to regulate sugar and salt level in the body
(d) to initiate metabolism in the body

Correct Answer: Option (b)

Q2) Which option correctly shows the order of events when a bright light is focused on our
eyes?

(a) Bright light → receptors in eyes → sensory neuronàspinal cord → motor neurons → eyelid
closes
(b) Bright light → receptors in eyes → spinal cord → sensory neuron → motor neurons → eyelid
closes
(c) Bright light → receptors in eyes → sensory neuron → motor neurons → spinal cord → eyelid
closes
(d) Bright light → receptors in eyes → spinal cordà motor neurons → sensory neuron → eyelid
closes

Correct Answer: Option (a)

 Q3) A female is suffering from an irregular menstrual cycle. The doctor prescribed her some
hormonal tablets. Which option shows the hormone she lacks in her body from the endocrine
gland?

(a) oestrogen
(b) testosterone
(c) adrenalin
(d) thyroxin

Correct Answer: Option (a)

Q4) When we touch the leaves of “touch-me-not” plant, they begin to fold up and droop. How
does the plant communicate the information of touch?

(a)The plant uses electrical signals to transfer information from the external environment to
cells.
(b) The plant uses electrical- chemical signals to transfer information from cell to cell.
(c) The plant uses electrical- chemical signals to transfer information from tissue to specialized
cells.
(d) The plant uses electrical signals to transfer information from cell to specialized tissues.

Correct Answer: Option (b)

Q5) How will information travel within a neuron?

(a) Dendrite -> cell body -> axon -> nerve ending
(b) Dendrite -> axon -> cell body -> nerve ending
(c) Axon -> dendrite -> cell body -> nerve ending
(d) Axon -> cell body -> dendrite -> nerve ending

Correct Answer: Option (a)

Q6) Raghav potted some germinated seeds in a pot. He put the pot in a cardboard box that was
open from one side. He keeps the box in a way that the open side of the box faces sunlight near
his window. After 2-3 days he observes the shoot bends towards light as shown in image.

Which type of tropism he observes?

(a) Geotropism
(b) Phototropism
(c) Chemotropism
(d) Hydrotropism

Correct Answer: Option (b)

Q7) Which parts of the brain controls the blood pressure?

(a) spinal cord, skull, hypothalamus
(b) cord, skull, cerebrum
(c) Pons, medulla, cerebellum
(d) pons, medulla, pituitary

Correct Answer: Option (c)

Q8) Organisms depend on hormones as well as electric impulses for the transmission of signals
from brain to rest of the body. What can be a likely advantage of hormones over electric
impulses?
(a) It is secreted by all types of cells present in the body.
(b) It is secreted by stimulated cells and reaches all cells of the body.
(c) It is relayed to the target organ at a faster rate than electric impulses.
(d) It does not depend on an external stimulus to be generated in the cells.

Correct Answer: Option (b)

Q9) Which option illustrates the location of the centre that controls the feelings associated with
hunger (M) and the centre that allows a person to walk in a straight line (N)?

(c)
Correct Answer: Option (d)

Q10) The image shows the structure of a neuron.

After our nose senses a smell, which option shows the mechanism of the travelling of sense in
our body?
(a) olfactory receptors → dendritic tip of a nerve cell → axon → nerve ending → release of
signal dendritic tip of other nerve cell
(b) olfactory receptors → dendritic tip of a nerve cell → axon → cell body → release of signal
→ dendritic tip of other nerve cell
(c) gustatory receptors → dendritic tip of a nerve cell → cell body → axon → release of signal
dendritic tip of other nerve cell
(d) gustatory receptors → dendritic tip of a nerve cell → axon → cell body → release of signal
dendritic tip of other nerve cell

Correct Answer: Option (a)