Paint and Varnishes

Paints
• A Paint is a Solution or suspension (emulsion) of
pigment, binder, and mineral solvent (or water) that
on drying forms an adhering film on the surface it is
applied for protection and/or decoration.
• Paint is considered as a decorative element that
provides protection to surface.
• Applied over metals, wood, plaster, concrete etc.
• For different surfaces different types of paints from
different companies are used.
 Uses Of paints
The main functions performed by paints are:
▪ It is used to give a high-class finish.
▪ It is used to give attractive colors.
▪ It is used to give pleasing surfaces design and
appearance.
▪ It is also used to protect the material from
atmospheric effects.
▪ To protect various substances from corrosion.
▪ To protect wooden articles from wet-rot and many
other types of defects.
▪ To make the materials long lasting.
 Classification of paints
Paints in common use are classified as
▪ Water based paints
▪ Oil based paints
 Water Based Paints
• It is a Mixer of Pigments, Binder, Drier and mainly
Water.
• The majority of wall paint sold today is water-
based.
• Water Based Paints comes in the Range of Cheap
to Highly Expensive Luxury Qualities.
• Many Categories of Water Based Paints Are Easily
washable when Set and Dried.
• It is suitable for Interior as well as exterior walls.
 Water Based Paints
• Only Water is added before its
application Process.
• Requires Lesser time than Oil
Paints to Dry.
• Maintains its Original Color For
longer period of time.
 Types of Water Based Paints
Distemper
• Distemper paint is an ancient type
of paint made of water, chalk and
pigment, bound with either an
animal glue or the adhesive.
• Distemper paint is thin and not
durable, but can be made
inexpensive and can achieve nearly
any color.
• It is used as a cost effective Painting
Solution.
• Used For Painting Interior Walls.
 Types of Water Based Paints
Emulsion
• These are superior Quality of paints formed by mixing
oil/water and an emulsifying agent to prevent the
separation of the Combination.
• They have much better ease of application, are
washable.
• Have greater overall Decorative appeal.
• They provide a higher coverage than a distemper or
Enamel.
• mostly washable and can be easily applied on
concrete and stucco surfaces.
• As per the interior and exterior painting
requirements both interior and exterior emulsion
paints exist.
Types of Water Based Paints
Cement Paint
• Cement paint is water based paint and is applied to
either exterior or interior walls including brick work
and concrete.
• It is used for painting exterior wall surface mainly for
preventing water penetration and reductions of dirt
collection.
• There are limited shades of the colors offered.
• It requires ample of water so that the cement paint
can keep going.
• It has to be used within two hours, else it can dry up
and harden up like a rock.
Cement Paint
• Durable and water resistant.
• It is extensively used for patios, garages, driveways,
sidewalks, and concrete furniture.
• It prevents growth of fungus and bacteria on
exterior surfaces.
 Oil Based Paints
• Oil-based paint is more durable, but it takes longer to
dry, and cleanup requires turpentine oil or paint
thinner for its application.
• Oil-based paints are made with either alkyd
(synthetic) or linseed (natural) oils.
• Generally termed as Enamel Paints which comes
under Different varied colours.
• Oil based paints are durable but it changes its
original colour after the year passes.
• Oil Based paints Comes In three Finishes i.e High
gloss, satin and matt.
 Oil Based Paints
• It can be used on walls, ceilings, doors, windows, Iron
frames/Furniture, Wooden frames/Furniture's, Art
craft Items etc.
• Usually when paint on iron a red oxide coat is applied
first to protect iron from getting rotten.
• Enamel Paints
Enamels are hard, washable and usually glossy paints.
They can be oil based or alkyd based and come in
several sheens, from eggshell or low-luster to satin,
semi gloss and high-gloss. They find application not
only on metal surfaces but also on interior walls and
wooden surfaces.
 Special Paints
Aluminum paints:
• These are often used as a primer on resinous woods
like Columbian and Oregon pine because they have a
good sealing effect.
• They contain aluminum powder in a quick drying
medium.
Bituminous paints:
• The vehicle for these is mostly bitumen.
• They provide a cheap method of protecting steel
where appearance is secondary.
 Special Paints
Fire-resistant paints :
• These are used to increase the resistance to fire of
wood and certain building boards.
• There are several proprietary types incorporating
ammonium phosphate.
Fungicidal paints:
• These include special ingredients which render them
resistance to mildew and other fungoid attack, useful
in humid surroundings.
 Special Paints
Heat-resisting Paints:
• They incorporate special varnishes and pigment which
do not discolor on heating.
Texture Paints :
• These contain different powders and pigments with
glue. They are used in a stiff consistency to make
textured surface on which patterns can be formed by
brush or special implements.
 Primers
• The first coating applied to the surface in order to
enhance the adhesion of the final paint (topcoat) and
to seal the substrate surface. Primer may be
formulated to impart additional protection to the
substrate (eg. anti-rust primer for steel substrates).
• It is essential, especially when the walls to be painted
are stained, porous, have water damage or when we
are painting a light color over a dark color or vice
versa. Primers help provide a smooth surface,
making the surface less absorbent, thus increasing
the spreading capacity of the paint.
 Primers
• Using primer on the kitchen, bathroom and exterior
walls is especially important to aid in the prevention
of mildew.
• Primer helps give uniform color and texture to the
finished paint, and provide better adhesion to the
top coats. The type of primer used is also dependent
on the kind of surface to be painted, i.e. different
primers exist for interior walls, exterior walls, wood,
metals etc.
 Painting defects
Bleeding:
Its an disruption and staining of the
painted surface by chemical action. It
happens when an incorrect paint is
applied over another such as bituminous
one. The remedy is to remove the old BLEEDING
paint and renew with a like one.
Blistering:
It is a common failure caused by poor
adhesion or by moisture pushing off the
paint. It is prevented by having a dry
background , proper priming and
removal of very resinous knots. BLISTRING
 Painting defects
Blooming :
It can appear on varnished or highly
glossed surfaces. It is due to the presence
of moisture, draughts or frost during
application or condensation on newly BLOOMING
painted areas. Remedy is to repaint.
Brush marks :
These may be due to the paint being too
stiff, by poor workmanship or by brushing
over paint which has partially set. They
are removed by rubbing down with
waterproof abrasive followed by BRUSH MARK
repainting.
 Painting defects
Cissing:
It is the shrinking of a paint film usually
in quite small, but sometimes large
areas. It is often due to a greasy
undercoat or lack of key between coats.
Repainting is the cure. CISSING

Flaking :
It is due to poor adhesion or presence
of moisture during painting or Due to
inadequate cleaning and preparation.
Remedy is the defective areas must be
redone. FLAKING
 Fundamental components of an
oil-based paint are:
An oil paint is generally made up of following
main constituents given below:
1. Body/Base
2. Vehicle
3. Pigment
4. Thinner
5. Dryer
 1.Body
• The pigments commonly used as the principal
constituents for forming the body of various types of
paints are given below:
• 1. White lead 2. Red lead 3. Lead 4. Zinc white or zinc
oxide 5. Iron oxide 6. Titanium white or titanium
dioxide 7. Iithopone
• Make the paint film harder and more resistant to
scratch.
• Reduce shrinkage cracks on drying.
• Paints more often named after the base as Lead
paint, Zinc paint, and Aluminum paint.
• It binds the pigments together, and strongly
influences such properties as gloss potential, exterior
durability, flexibility, and toughness.
• It prevents penetration of the paint to the underlying
surfaces.
 2. Vehicle
• Vehicle or carrier is the liquid which carries solid
materials of base and helps them to spread evenly
on the surface to be painted.
• Also known as the drying oil.
• Oily liquid in which the body and pigment are soluble
• Facilitates the paint to be conveniently spread over
the surface.
• It can also control flow and application properties.
• Water is the main vehicle for water based paints.
• It should dry out on exposure to atmosphere
 Vehicle
• It holds the pigments on the surface
• It acts as a binder for the base and pigments.
• It provides glow to the painted surface.
• It forms the protective film by evaporation or by
oxidation of the unsaturated constituent of the
drying oil.
• The various vehicles are: linseed oil, soybean oil,
dehydrated castor oil, fish oil, varnishes etc.
 3. Pigment
• Pigments are finely divided solid materials which
provides required shade and color to the paint.
• The best pigment do not change their color when
exposed to heat.
• In white paint the body is the pigment.
• Natural pigments (calcium carbonate, mica, silicas, and
talcs).
• Synthetic pigments (calcined clays, blanc fix, precipitated
calcium carbonate, and synthetic silicas).
• It reduces the intensity of development of cracks due to
drying of the vehicle.
 4. Thinner/solvent
• A thinner, solvent substance that is added to the
paint to make its application easy and smooth.
• Liquid thinner is added in the paint to:
– Increase fluidity
– Making paint more smooth
– Help penetration into porous surfaces
• Common thinner as turpentine (made by distilling
gum from a number of pine trees).
• Turpentine –thinning agent
 Thinner /solvent
• They evaporate quickly and thus facilitate the drying
of paint.
• Thinner reduces the gloss of the paint.
• As turpentine is affected by the weather, minimum
quantity of thinner should be used for painting
external surfaces.
 5. Dryers
• A drier is a substance which accelerates and
quickens the drying and hardening by extracting
oxygen from the atmosphere and transferring it to
the vehicle used in the paint.
• Added to quicken the drying of vehicle
• Organic salts of Iron, zinc, lead, manganese, Ca
• Dryers are not use at all in finishing coat of the
paint.
• Driers may be in the form of soluble or paste form.
• Driers reduces the elasticity of the paint thus
should not be used in final coat.
 Properties of good paints
• It should give a thin and uniform coating.
• Painted surface should not crack on drying.
• It should be hard and durable on drying.
• It should be resistant to weathering and corrosive
action.
• It should be water repellent[except water paints]
• It should have good spread, good adhesive power.
• It should give a good finish with attractive colors ,
design and appearance.
• Colors should be fast and permanent.
• It should be cheap and economical.
 Varnishes
• Varnishes are more or less transparent liquids which
are used to provide a protective surface coating in
much the same way as paints do”.
• At the same time they allow the original surface to
show but add a shiny and glossy finish to it.
 Function of Varnishes
• It brings about brilliance to the painted surface.
• It protects the surface against adverse effects of
atmosphere.
• It increase the durability of paints film.
• It beautifies the surface without hiding the beautiful
grains.
• It plays vital role in wooden products such as doors,
windows, floors, furniture's, etc.
 Types of varnishes
1. Oil varnishes
2. Spirit varnishes
3. Turpentine varnishes
4. Water varnishes
 Resins
• A sticky flammable organic substance, insoluble in
water, exuded by some trees and other plants
(notably fir and pine)
 Oil varnishes
• These varnishes use linseed oil as solvent in which
hard resins such as amber and copal are dissolved by
heating.
• These varnishes dry slowly, but form hard and
durable surface.
• Recommended for all external wood work and for
joinery, fittings.
 Spirit varnishes
• These varnishes have methylated spirit of wine as
solvent in which soft resins such as shellac are
dissolved.
• They dry quickly but are not durable. French polish is
a variety of this type of varnish.
• it is commonly used on furniture.
 Turpentine varnishes
• These varnishes use turpentine as solvent in which
soft resins such as gum dammar, mastic and rosin are
dissolved.
• They dry quickly but not so durable. These are
cheaper than oil varnishes.
• As a solvent, turpentine is used for thinning oil-
based paints, for producing varnishes, and as a raw
material for the chemical industry.
 Water varnishes
• These varnishes are formed by dissolving shellac in
hot water, using enough quantity of either ammonia,
borax, potash or soda.
• They are used for varnishing wall papers, maps,
pictures, book, jackets etc
Characteristics of a good varnishes
• It should not show cracks on drying
• It should appear uniform and pleasing
• Its color shouldn't fade
• It should dry rapidly and give permanent glossy film
• It should be tough, hard and durable.
• It should provide a brilliant and decorative covering
on wooden surfaces.