Scribd
Upload
33 views27 pages

Lecture # 11 (Sequences and Introduction To Continuous Functions) SE

Uploaded by

muhammadshuja2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views27 pages

Lecture # 11 (Sequences and Introduction To Continuous Functions) SE

Uploaded by

muhammadshuja2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

Calculus &

Analytical
Geometry
(MATH- 101)
Instructor: Dr. Naila Amir ([email protected])
▪ Book: Thomas Calculus (14th Edition) by George B. Thomas, Maurice D. Weir, Joel R. Hass, Frank R. Giordano
▪ Chapter: 10 (10.1)
Sequence as a function
• A real sequence is a function 𝑎: ℕ → ℝ ,
whose domain is a subset of the natural
numbers N and whose range is a subset of R.

• If Dom 𝑎 is a finite subset of ℕ, the sequence


is called a finite sequence otherwise it is said
to be an infinite sequence.
Sequence as a function
• The values of the sequence 𝑎: ℕ → ℝ , are usually written as

𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , … , 𝑎𝑛 , …

instead of 𝑎 1 , 𝑎 2 , … . , 𝑎 𝑛 , … at the points 1,2, … , 𝑛, … of its domain ℕ.

• Each of the following are equivalent ways of denoting a sequence:


∞
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , . . . , 𝑎𝑛 , . . . , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛 𝑛=1
Limit of a sequence
• A sequence 𝑎𝑛 has the limit 𝐿 if for every 𝜀 > 0 there is a corresponding integer 𝑁
such that:
𝑎𝑛 − 𝐿 < 𝜀, whenever 𝑛 > 𝑁.
• We write:
lim 𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿 or 𝑎𝑛 → 𝐿 as 𝑛 → ∞.
𝑛→∞

• If we compare definition of limit of a function 𝑓 𝑥 with definition of limit of a


sequence, we observe that the only difference between lim 𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿 and
𝑛→∞
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 is that 𝑛 is required to be an integer.
𝑥→∞

• All limit laws that hold for functions are also valid for limit of sequences.
Convergence/Divergence
• If lim 𝑎𝑛 exists, we say that the sequence converges.
𝑛→∞

• Note that for the sequence to converge, the limit must be finite.

• If the sequence does not converge, we will say that it diverges.


• Note that a sequence diverges if it approaches to infinity or if the
sequence does not approach to anything.
Definitions
A sequence 𝑎𝑛 is called:

▪ Increasing, if 𝑎𝑛 < 𝑎𝑛+1 for all 𝑛 ≥ 1, that is, 𝑎1 < 𝑎2 < 𝑎3 · · ·

▪ Decreasing, if 𝑎𝑛 > 𝑎𝑛+1 for all 𝑛 ≥ 1.

▪ Monotonic, if it is either increasing or decreasing


Example
3
The sequence is decreasing because
𝑛+5
3 3 3
> =
𝑛 + 5 (𝑛 + 1) + 5 𝑛 + 6
and so 𝑎𝑛 > 𝑎𝑛+1 for all 𝑛 ≥ 1.

Practice:
𝑛
Show that the sequence 𝑎𝑛 = is decreasing.
𝑛2 +1
Bounded Sequence
A sequence 𝑎𝑛 is:

▪ Bounded above, if there is a number 𝑀 such that 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑀 for all


𝑛 ≥ 1.

▪ Bounded below, if there is a number 𝑚 such that 𝑚 ≤ 𝑎𝑛 for all


𝑛 ≥ 1.

▪ Bounded, If it is bounded above and below


Bounded Sequence
For instance,
▪ The sequence 𝑎𝑛 = {𝑛} is bounded below (𝑎𝑛 > 0)
but not above.

▪ The sequence 𝑎𝑛 = {𝑛/(𝑛 + 1)} is bounded because:


0 < 𝑎𝑛 < 1
for all 𝑛.
Remark
It is important to note that not every bounded sequence is convergent.

Example:
The sequence{𝑎𝑛 } = {(−1)𝑛 } satisfies the condition:
– 1 ≤ 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 1
So, it is a bounded sequence however we have already seen that this
sequence is divergent.
Remark
Similarly, not every monotonic sequence is convergent.

Example:
The sequence 𝑎𝑛 = {𝑛} is monotonic however, since
lim 𝑛 = ∞,
𝑛→ ∞
so, the given sequence is divergent.
Bounded and Monotonic Sequence
▪ If a sequence is both bounded and monotonic, then it must be convergent.
▪ If 𝑎𝑛 is increasing, then the first term is less than every other term of the sequence
and it is the infimum of the given sequence. Moreover, if 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑀 = sup 𝑎𝑛 : 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
for all 𝑛, then the sequence is bounded above and all the terms are forced to crowd
together and approach some number 𝐿, i.e.,
lim 𝑎𝑛 = sup 𝑎𝑛 : 𝑛 ∈ ℕ ⟹ 𝐿 = 𝑀 = 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐮𝐦.
𝑛→∞

▪ A sequence that is increasing and bounded above is convergent.


▪ Likewise, a decreasing sequence that is bounded below is convergent and
lim 𝑎𝑛 = inf 𝑎𝑛 : 𝑛 ∈ ℕ ⟹ 𝐿 = 𝑚 = 𝐈𝐧𝐟𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦.
𝑛→∞
Note: For a decreasing sequence, the first term will be greater than any other term of the sequence so the first term will be
supremum of the given sequence in this case.
Theorems:
• Every bounded, monotonic sequence is convergent.

• An unbounded sequence is divergent.

Note: Converse of above theorems is not true.


Commonly occurring limits in sequences
ln 𝑛
1. lim = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1/𝑛
2. lim 𝑛 = 1.
𝑛→∞
1/𝑛
3. lim 𝑥 = 1. (𝑥 > 0)
𝑛→∞
𝑛
4. lim 𝑥 = 0. ( 𝑥 < 1)
𝑛→∞
𝑥 𝑛
5. lim 1 + = 𝑒𝑥 . any 𝑥
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑥𝑛
6. lim = 0. (any 𝑥)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛!
Note: In Formulas (3) through (6), 𝑥 remains fixed as 𝑛 → ∞.
Commonly occurring limits in sequences
1 𝑛
7. lim 1 + = 𝑒.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

1 𝑛 1
8. lim 1 − = .
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑒

1/𝑛
9. lim 1 + 𝑛 = 𝑒.
𝑛→0
Practice Questions
Book: Thomas Calculus (14th Edition) by George B. Thomas,
Maurice D. Weir, Joel R. Hass, Frank R. Giordano

• Chapter: 10

• Exercise: 10.1
Q # 1 – 87
Continuity

▪ Book: Thomas Calculus (14th Edition) by George B. Thomas, Maurice D. Weir, Joel R. Hass, Frank R. Giordano
▪ Chapter: 2 (2.5)
Objectives
• Determine continuity at a point and continuity on open and closed
intervals.

• Use properties of continuity.

• Understand and use the Intermediate Value Theorem.


Continuity
▪ The idea of continuity is a direct consequence of the concept of limit.
▪ CONTINUOUS MOTION is motion that continues without a break.
▪ Calculus wants to describe that motion mathematically, both the distance
traveled and the speed at any given time, particularly when the speed is not
constant.
▪ In any real problem of continuous motion, the distance traveled will be
represented by a "continuous function" of the time traveled because we
always treat time as continuous.
▪ Therefore, we must investigate what we mean by a continuous function.
Continuity
▪ In mathematics, the term continuous has much the same meaning as it
has in everyday usage.

▪ Informally, to say that a function f is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐 means that


there is no interruption in the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑐.

▪ That is, its graph is unbroken at 𝑐 and there are no holes, jumps, or gaps.
Most of the techniques of calculus require that functions are continuous.
A function is continuous if we can draw it in one motion without picking up pencil.
Continuity Test
Example
Show that 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1 is continuous at 𝑥 = 1.
Solution:
1)𝑔(1) = 2.

2) lim 𝑔 (𝑥) = 2.
𝑥→1

3) lim 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑔(1) = 2.


𝑥→1
Since all conditions of continuity test are satisfied so we conclude thath𝑔(𝑥)
is continuous at 𝑥 = 1.
Example
𝑥 + 1; 𝑥 < 2
Is the function𝑓(𝑥) = ቊ continuous at 𝑥 = 2?
2𝑥−1; 𝑥 ≥ 2
Solution:
1) 𝑓(2) = 3.

2) lim− 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3,
𝑥→2

lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3,
𝑥→2

∴ lim 𝑓 (𝑥) exists and lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 3.


𝑥→2 𝑥→2

3) lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓(2) = 3.


𝑥→2
Since all conditions are satisfied so we conclude that 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 2.

You might also like