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Sheet 2 - Selected - Topics

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aromo.new
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Banha University Selected_ Topics

Shoubra Faculty of Engineering 4th level


Electrical Engineering Department (2024-2025)

Sheet 2
1. What is the main difference between Single-Carrier Transmission and
Multi-Carrier Transmission?
Single-Carrier : information is modulated only to one carrier, adjusting
the phase or amplitude of the carrier or Frequency .
Multi-Carrier: data are divided on different sub-carriers of one
transmitter.
2. Limitation of Single-Carrier Transmission for High Data Rate?
As the symbol rate increases, the signal bandwidth becomes larger.
When the signal bandwidth becomes larger than the coherence
bandwidth in the wireless channel, the link suffers from inter-symbol
interference (ISI).
3. How does Multi-Carrier Transmission reduce isi?
data are divided on different low data rate sub-carriers with small
bandwidth make the symbol period long with respect to the channel
delay spread in order to reduce ISI.
4. What is the main difference between OFDM and FDM?
OFDM saves the bandwidth as it uses overlapped orthogonal
sub-carriers for parallel transmission, while FDM uses non
overlapped carriers.
5. How is channel estimation typically done in OFDM systems?
it done using pilot signals (fixed set of symbols)called
reference signals known to both transmitter and receiver .the
receiver can use this known sequence of pilots to track
channel variations.
6. What are the Advantages of Pilot-based channel estimation?
It has a good performance to track channel variations.
7. What are the Disadvantages of Pilot-based channel estimation?
It reduces the system bandwidth efficiency as pilot symbols
themselves carry no information, they represent an overhead on
the communication system. It wastes not only bandwidth but
also power.
8. What is the block-type pilot channel estimation?
channel estimation is performed by inserting pilot tones into all
subcarriers of OFDM symbols. time-domain interpolation is
performed to estimate the channel along the time axis
9. What is the comb-type pilot channel estimation?
channel estimation is performed by inserting pilot tones into
certain sub-carriers of each OFDM symbol.
A frequency-domain interpolation is performed to estimate the
channel along the frequency axis.
10.What is the lattice-type pilot channel estimation?
pilot symbols are inserted into both time and frequency axes with
certain periods.
A time/frequency-domain interpolation is performed to estimate the
channel along the time/frequency axis.
• MCQ
1. What is the purpose of the guard band in an OFDM system?
a) To reduce out-of-band radiation.
b) To increase the bandwidth efficiency.
c) To eliminate inter-symbol interference.
d) To increase the number of subcarriers used for data
transmission.

2. How does the multipath fading channel affect the orthogonality


among subcarriers in OFDM?
a) It enhances the orthogonality among subcarriers.
b) It breaks the orthogonality among subcarriers.
c) It has no effect on the orthogonality among subcarriers.
d) It reduces the number of subcarriers used for data transmission.
3. What is the purpose of the Cyclic Prefix (CP) in an OFDM
system?
a) To avoid inter-symbol interference (ISI)
b) To increase the data rate
c) To enhance the power efficiency
d) To improve the system's spectral density
4. How does the Cyclic Prefix (CP) extend the OFDM
symbol?
a) By copying the first samples of the OFDM symbol into its end
b) By copying the last samples of the OFDM symbol into its front
c) By inserting additional samples at the beginning of the OFDM
symbol
d) By inserting additional samples at the end of the OFDM symbol
5. What does the Guard Interval ensure in an OFDM system?
a) Stable sampling of the data
b) Orthogonality among the subcarriers
c) Maximum delay of a multipath channel
d) Power efficiency of the system
6. How does the length of the Guard Interval (CP) affect the occurrence of
inter-symbol interference (ISI)?
a) Shorter CP length leads to ISI
b) Longer CP length leads to ISI
c) CP length has no effect on ISI
d) CP length affects the power efficiency
7. What is the purpose of Zero Padding (ZP) in an OFDM system?
a) To avoid inter-symbol interference (ISI)
b) To increase the data rate
c) To improve the system's power efficiency
d) To reduce the spectral density
8. What is the purpose of channel estimation in OFDM systems?
a) To improve the quality of communication
b) To increase the system bandwidth efficiency
c) To reduce the overhead on the communication system
d) To track channel variations
9. Which type of pilot arrangement is suitable for fast-fading channels?
a) Comb Type b) Lattice Type c) Both d) None
10. What conditions must be satisfied for the pilot symbol period in time and
frequency in order to keep track of the time-varying and frequency-selective
channel characteristics?
a) 𝑺𝒕≪ 𝑻𝒄 and 𝑺𝒇≪ 𝑩𝒄
b) 𝑺𝒕≫ 𝑻𝒄 and 𝑺𝒇≫ 𝑩𝒄
c) 𝑺𝒕≈ 𝑻𝒄 and 𝑺𝒇≈ 𝑩𝒄
d) 𝑺𝒕= 𝑻𝒄 and 𝑺𝒇= 𝑩

11.What is the spacing between pilot sub-carriers in the LTE system?


a) 1 sub-carrier
b) 2 sub-carriers
c) 3 sub-carriers
d) 6 sub-carriers

12. When are pilots transmitted in the LTE system with extended CP?
a) During the first and second OFDM symbols of every slot
b) During the first and fourth OFDM symbols of every slot
c) During the first and fifth OFDM symbols of every slot
d) During the first and sixth OFDM symbols of every slot

13.What is the spacing of reference symbols in time domain for the LTE system
with extended CP?
a) 1 OFDM symbol
b) 2 OFDM symbols
c) 3 OFDM symbols
d) 4 OFDM symbols

14.When are pilots transmitted in the LTE system with normal CP?
a) During the first and second OFDM symbols of every slot
b) During the first and fourth OFDM symbols of every slot
c) During the first and fifth OFDM symbols of every slot
d) During the first and sixth OFDM symbols of every slot

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